ALBERT

Note: Contents Table 1 Daily records Table 2 Extreme temperatures Table 3 Montly means Table 4 Mean temperature in the years 1775-1975 Table 5 Daily means of extreme temperatures Table 6 Relative frequency of daily maximum temperature in months Table 7 Relative frequency of daily minimum temperature Table 8 Relative frequency of relative humidity Table 9 Relative frequency of pressure Table 10 Relative frequency of wind Table 11 Relative frequency of cloud amount Table 12 Relative frequency of daily rainfall Table 13 Statistical characteristics of daily observations Table 14 Monthly means in 5 years periods Table 15 Monthly means in 10 years periods Table 16 Monthly means in 50 years periods Table 17 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in the years 1776-1975 Table 18 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 5 years periods Table 19 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 10 years periods Table 20 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 50 years periods Table 21 Mean daily temperature corresponding to the percent of the exceeding probability , In tschechischer, russischer und englischer Sprache , Zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift

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Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache (Seite 5-6)

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Note: Содержание = Soderžanie = Inhalt: Предисловие = Predislovie = Vorwort. - Дрейф научно-исследовательской станции 1950/51 года = Drejf naučno-issledovatel'skoj stancii 1959/51 = Driftende Forschungsstation 1950/51 / М. М. Сомов = M. M. Somov. Океанология = Okeanologia = Ozeanologie. - Организация океанографических работ = Organizacija okeanografičeskich rabot = Organisation der ozeanographischen Arbeit / М. М. Никитин = M. M. Nikitin. Измерение глубин = Izmerenie glubin = Tiefenmessung / 3. М. Гудкович = Z. M. Gudkovič. - Приложение = Priloženie = Anwendung. - Наблюдения над температурой воды и взятие проб на химический анализ = Nabljudenija nad temperaturoj vody i vzjatie prob na chimičeskij analiz = Beobachtungen zur Wassertemperatur und Probenahme für die chemische Analyse / 3. М. Гудкович = Z. M. Gudkovič. - Определение химического состава морской воды = Opredelenie chimičeskogo sostava morskoj vody = Bestimmung der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Meerwasser / М. М. Сомов = M. M. Somov, А. А. Мусина = A. A. Musina. - Результаты предварительного анализа глубоководных гидрологических наблюдений = Rezul'taty predvaritel'nogo analiza glubokovodnych gidrologičeskich nabljudenij = Ergebnisse der vorläufigen Analyse hydrologischer Beobachtungen im Tiefwasser / 3. М. Гудкович = Z. M. Gudkovič. - Приложелия = Priloželija =Anwendung. - Наблюдения над течениями = Nabljudenija nad tečenijamin = Beobachtungen zu Strömungen / М. М. Никитин = M. M. Nikitin. Приложение = Priloženie = Anwendung. - Гидробиологические работы = Gidrobiologičeskie raboty = Hydrobiologische Arbeiten / К. А. Бродский = K. A. Brodskij , М. М. Никитин = M. M. Nikitin. - Приложелия = Priloželija =Anwendung. - Результаты изучения донных отложений = Rezul'taty izučenija donnych otloženij = Die Ergebnisse der Sedimentuntersuchung / Н. А. Белов = N. A. Belov. Приложелия = Priloželija =Anwendung. , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface / G. A. Llano. - Welcoming Remarks / W. S. Benninghoff. - The Third Symposium in Historical Perspective / G. A. Knox. - Sir George E. R. Deacon: An Appreciation / K. J. Bertrand. - The Southern Ocean: History of Exploration / Sir George E. R. Deacon. - The Symposium. - Part I: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton Ecosystems. - The Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Primary Production and the Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Growth in the Southern Ocean / O. Holm-Hansen, S. Z. El-Sayed, G. A. Franceschini, and R. L. Cuhel. - Phytoplankton Biomass and Productivity in the Subtropical Convergence Area and Shelves of the Western Indian Subantarctic Islands / Jacqueline Plancke. - Sea Ice Habitats of Signy Island (South Orkneys) and Their Primary Productivity / Terence M. Whitaker. - Dissolved Oxygen and pH Increases by Primary Production in the Surface Water of Arthur Harbor, Antarctica, 1970-1971 / S. V. Shabica, J. W. Hedgpeth, and P. K. Park. - Heterotrophic Activity of Microorganisms in Antarctic Waters / R. Y. Morita, R. P. Griffiths, and S. S. Hayasaka. - Vitamins in the South Polar Seas: Distribution and Significance of Dissolved and Particulate Vitamin B12, Thiamine, and Biotin in the Southern Indian Ocean / A. F. Caducei and R. L. Cuhel. - Discussion. - Part II: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystems. - Adaptations within the Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystem / Patrick M. Arnaud. - Bacterial Sulfur and Nitrogen Cycles in Sedimentary Deposits of "Fjord Bossière" (Kerguelen Archipelago) / D. Delille. - Antarctic Soft-Bottom, Macrobenthic Community Adaptations to a Cold, Stable, Highly Productive, Glacially Affected Environment / Michael D. Richardson and Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Ecological Adaptations by Antarctic Poikilotherms to the Polar Marine Environment / Martin G. White. - Scoloplos marginatus mcleani: Life Cycle and Adaptations to the Antarctic Benthic Environment / P. Hardy. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Archipelago, Macrofauna 2, Diversity of Benthic Annelid Population in a Fjord Close to the Morbihan Gulf / D. Desbruyeres. - Seasonal Variations in the Structure of Populations of Antarctic Polynoids and the Part Played by Polychaetes in the Biocenoses of the Arctic and Antarctic / V. G. Averincev. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Islands: Quantitative Data on the Echinoderms of the Morbihan Gulf / Alain Guille. - Seasonal Alterations in Coastal Communities in the Davis Sea / E. N. Gruzov. - First Investigations on the Density of Soft Bottom Meiofauna in Morbihan Bay (Kerguelen Islands) / J. Soyer and F. de Bovee. - Foods and Feeding Characteristics of Antarctic Asteroids and Ophiuroids / John H. Dearborn. - Analysis of the Gigantism and Dwarfness of Antarctic and Subantarctic Gammaridean Amphipoda / Claude De Broyer. - The Breeding Biology of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) and Notocrangon antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) and Its Bearing on the Problems of the Impoverished Antarctic Decapod Fauna / J. Garrey H. Maxwell. - A Preliminary Investigation of the Lipids of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) at South Georgia / Andrew Clarke. - Some Additions to Schemes of the Vertical Zonation of Marine Bottom Fauna / A. P. Andriashev. - Quantitative Studies on the Soft-Bottom Macrobenthic Animal Communities of Shallow Antarctic Bays / V. A. Gallardo, J. G. Castillo, M. A. Retamal, A. Yáñez, H. l. Moyano, and J. G. Hermosilla. - Discussion. - Part Ill: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Physiology). - Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Animals / Bruce L. Umminger. - The Significance of Vertebrates in the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Richard M. Laws. - The Role of Glycoprotein Antifreezes in the Survival of Antarctic Fishes / Arthur L. DeVries and Yuan Lin. - New Cytological, Biochemical, and Physiological Data on the Colorless Blood of the Channichthyidae (Pisces, Teleosteans, Perciformes) / J. C. Hureau, J. M. Fine, M. Marneux, and D. Petit. - Respiratory and Circulatory Adaptations to the Absence of Hemoglobin in Chaenichthyid Fishes / Edvard A. Hemmingsen and Everett L. Douglas. - Thermo- and Osmoregulatory Responses Induced by Heating and Cooling the Rostral Brainstem of the Adelie Penguin / H. T. Hammel, J. E. Maggert, E. Simon, L. Crawshaw, and R. Kaul. - Body Temperature Regulation of the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri G.) During Physiological Fasting / Yvon Le Maho, Philippe Delclitte, and René Groscolas. - Cardiovascular Adaptations of the Giant Petrel, Macronectes giganteus, to the Antarctic Environment / David E. Murrish and Charles L. Guard. - Temperature Regulation in the Newborn Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes weddelli / R. Elsner, D. D. Hammond, D. M. Denison, and R. Wyburn. - Discussion. - Part IV: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Ecology). - Evolution Within Pelagic Ecosystems: Aspects of the Distribution and Evolution of the Family Myctophidae / Richard F. McGinnis. - Aspects of the Diet of the Antarctic Silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum / H. H. DeWitt and T. L. Hopkins. - The Bacterial Microflora in the Digestive Tracts of Penguins and Fishes from the Kerguelen Islands / R. Lesel and J. P. Menet. - The Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi), of Saint Paul and New Amsterdam Islands / T. Duroselle and B. Tollu. - Adaptive Significance of the Reoccupation Period of the Adelie Penguin / E. B. Spurr. - Interactions Between South Polar Skuas and Adelie Penguins / Dietland Müller-Schwarze and Christine Müller-Schwarze. - Comparative Feeding Ecology of the Giant Petrels Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin) and M. halli (Mathews) / G. W. Johnstone. - Feeding Methods in Seabirds: A Comparison of Polar and Tropical Nesting Communities in the Eastern Pacific Ocean / David G. Ainley. - Adaptations of Arctic Terns and Antarctic Terns Within Antarctic Ecosystems / D. F. Parmelee. - Distribution and Abundance of Seals in the Pack Ice of the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean / James R. Gilbert and Albert W. Erickson. - Adaptations of Weddell and Ringed Seals to Exploit the Polar Fast Ice Habitat in the Absence or Presence of Surface Predators / Ian Stirling. - Food Consumption of Seals in the Antarctic Pack Ice / Torger Øritsland. - The Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Palmer Station, Antarctica / R. J. Hofman, R. A. Reichle, D. B. Siniff, and D. Müller-Schwarze. - Distribution of Toothed Whales in the Antarctic Ocean / Masaharu Nishiwaki. - Discussion. - Part V: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems. - Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems: Review and Synthesis / Ronald B. Heywood. - Production and Periodicity of Antarctic Freshwater Phytoplankton / J. J. Light. - Studies on Some Saline Lakes of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica / K. R. Kerry, D. R. Grace, R. Williams, and H. R. Burton. - Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability to Plankton: and Benthic Communities in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Robert C. Hoehn, Bruce C. Parker, Richard D. Fortner, Barron L. Weand, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., and Jeffrey T. Whitehurst. - Changes in Dissolved Organic Matter, Photosynthetic Production, and Microbial Community Composition in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Bruce C. Parker, Robert C. Hoehn, Robert A. Paterson, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., Jeffrey T. Whitehurst, Richard D. Fortner, and Barron L. Weand. - Discussion. - Part VI: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. - Climatic Relationships in Antarctic and Northern Hemisphere Populations of a Cosmopolitan Moss, Bryum argenteum Hedw. / R. E. Longton and Marjorie A. Maclver. - The Growth of Mosses in Two Contrasting Communities in the Maritime Antarctic: Measurement and Pre , Includes some contributions in French

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Note: Contents 1. An Introduction to Mountain Effects 2. The Flow over Hills and the Generation of Mountain Waves 2.1 Buoyancy Forces 2.2 The Theory of Two- Dimensional Mountain Waves 2.3 Observations of Mountain Waves 2.4 The Three-Dimensional Flow over Isolated Hills 2.5 Large-Amplitude Mountains and Blocking 2.6 The Observed Barrier Effect of Mountains-The Fohn and Bora 2. 7 The Influence of the Boundary Layer on Mountain Flows 2.8 Slope Winds and Mountain and Valley Winds 3. The Flow near Mesoscale and Synoptic-Scale Mountains 3.1 Quasi-geostrophic Flow over a Mountain 3.2 The Effect of Inertia on the Flow over Mesoscale Mountains 3.3 Theories of Lee Cyclogenesis 4. Orographic Control of Precipitation 4.1 Observations of Rainfall Distribution 4.2 The Mechanism of Upslope Rain 4.3 The Redistribution of Rainfall by Small Hills 4.4 Orographic-Convective Precipitation 5. Planetary-Scale Mountain Waves 5.1 A Vertically Integrated Model of Topographically Forced Planetary Waves 5.2 The Vertical Structure of Planetary Waves on a ,8-Plane between Bounding Latitudes 5.3 Models of Stationary Planetary Waves Allowing Meridional Propagation and Lateral Variation in the Background Wind References

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Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Summary, Rezjume 1. Einleitung 2. Das Bewegungsverhalten von Eismassen, seine Untersuchung und Modellierung 2.1. Zum Modellbegriff 2.2. Typische Eismassen und ihr Bewegungsverhalten 2.2.1. Zur Theorie der Eisbewegung 2.2.2. Gletscher 2.2.3. Schelfeis und Eiskappe 2.3. Die Ermittlung von Eisbewegungen durch geodätische Verfahren 2.3.1. Die Vorplanung der Messungen 2.3.2. Die Durchführung der Messungen 2.3.3. Reduktion der Beobachtungen 2.3.4. Berechnung der Eisbewegungen 2.4. Das trendbehaftete vektorielle Zufallsfeld - Modell zur Beschreibung des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes einer Eismasse - in der Theorie stochastischer Prozesse 2.4.1. Definition des Vektorfeldes 2.4.2. Das Geschwindigkeitsfeld einer Eismasse - trendbehaftetes vektorielles Zufallsfeld 2.4.3. Definition eines vektoriellen Zufallsfeldes 2.4.4. Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte und Verteilungsfunktion 2.4.5. Die Momente und die Korrelationsfunktionen 2.4.6. Vektorielle Zufallsfelder mit Hormalverteilungsgesetz 2.4.7. Homogene und isotrope vektorielle Zufallsfelder 2.4.8. Das Ergodenproblem 3. Das Konzept der Kollokation und seine Anwendung auf die Bearbeitung von Eisbewegungsmessungen 3.1. Zur Theorie der Kollokation 3.1.1. Das Kollokationsmodell von Moritz [40] 3.1.2. Nichtlineare Prädiktion nach Grafarend [12] 3.1.3. Kollokation von Vektorgrößen 3.2. Analyse und Bearbeitung des Datenmaterials 3.2.1. Die Trendbestimmung 3.2.2. Die Analyse des Zufallsfeldes 3.3. Das Kollokationsmodell bei der Bearbeitung von Eisbewegungsmessungen 3.3.1. Zuordnung und Interpretation der Größen 3.3.2. Zur zeitlichen Variation des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes einer Eismasse 3.3.3. Kollokation mit den ursprünglichen reduzierten Beobachtungen 4. Praktische Untersuchungen 4.1. Geschwindigkeitsquerprofile des Fedtschenko-Gletschers (Pamir) 4.2. Geschwindigkeitslängsprofil des Kongsvegen-Gletschers (Spitzbergen) 4.3. Geschwindigkeitslängsprofil des Hays-Gletschers (Antarktika) 4.4. Geschwindigkeitsquerprofil des Ross-Schelfeises (Antarktika) 4.5. Vergleich mit früheren Untersuchungen zur Abschätzung von Geschwindigkeitskorrelationen natürlicher Eismassen 5. Zusammenfassung 6. Literaturverzeichnis , Zusammenfassung in englischer und russischer Sprache

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Note: Enthaltene Kapitel sind: Chapter 1 Laminar and turbulent flows Chapter 3 Reynolds equations and the semiempirical theories of turbulence Chapter 4 Turbulence in a thermally stratified medium

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Note: Contents Preface Units and Numerical Values Chapter 1 A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE ATMOSPHERE 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Origin and Composition of the Atmosphere 1.3 The Distribution of Atmospheric Mass and Gaseous Constituents 1.4 Charged Particles in the Atmosphere 1.5 The Temperature Distribution 1.6 Winds in the Earth's Atmosphere 1.7 Precipitation Problems Chapter 2 ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS 2.1 The Gas Laws 2.2 The Hydrostatic Equation and Its Applications 2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.4 Latent Heats 2.5 Adiabatic Processes 2.6 Water Vapor in the Air 2.7 The Concept of Static Stability 2.8 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy 2.9 Thermodynamic Functions and Equilibrium Conditions Problems Chapter 3 EXTRATROPICAL SYNOPTIC-SCALE DISTURBANCES 3.1 The 500-mb Flow 3.2 Surface Weather Elements 3.3 Interpretation of Synoptic Surface Reports 3.4 Upper Level Structure 3.5 Thickness and Its Relationship to Vertical Structure Problems Chapter 4 ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES 4.1 Atmospheric Aerosol 4.2 Nucleation of Water Vapor Condensation 4.3 The Microstructure of Warm Clouds 4.4 Growth of Cloud Droplets in Warm Clouds 4.5 The Microphysics of Cold Clouds 4.6 Thunderstorms Problems Chapter 5 CLOUDS AND STORMS 5.1 Cloud Morphology 5.2 The Air-Mass Thunderstorm 5.3 Severe Storms 5.4 Hurricanes 5.5 Extratropical Cyclonic Storms 5.6 Artificial Modification of Clouds and Precipitation Problems Chapter 6 RADIATIVE TRANSFER 6.1 The Spectrum of Radiation 6.2 Absorption and Emission of Radiation by Molecules 6.3 Quantitative Description of Radiation 6.4 Blackbody Radiation 6.5 Absorptivity and Emissivity 6.6 Atmospheric Absorption of Solar Radiation 6.7 Atmospheric Absorption and Emission of lnfrared Radiation 6.8 Scattering of Solar Radiation 6.9 The Role of Radiative Transfer in the Global Energy Balance Problems Chapter 7 THE GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE 7.1 The Globally Averaged Atmospheric Energy Balance 7.2 The Energy Balance of the Upper Atmosphere 7.3 The Tropospheric Energy Balance 7.4 The Energy Balance at the Earth's Surface 7.5 Time Variations in the Energy Balance Problems Chapter 8 ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 8.1 Coordinate Systems 8.2 Apparent Forces in a Rotating Coordinate System 8.3 Real Forces 8.4 The Horizontal Equation of Motion 8.5 The Vertical Equation of Motion 8.6 The Thermal Wind 8.7 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation 8.8 The Continuity Equation 8.9 The Primitive Equations Problems Chapter 9 THE GENERAL CIR CU LA TION 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Thermally Driven Circulations in the Absence of Rotation 9.3 The Influence of Planetary Rotation upon Thermally Driven Circulations 9.4 Thermally Driven Circulations in the Tropics 9.5 Baroclinic Disturbances 9.6 The Dissipation of Kinetic Energy 9.7 The Kinetic Energy Cycle 9.8 The Role of the Atmospheric General Circulation in the Hydrologic Cycle 9.9 The Atmospheric Transport of Energy 9.10 The Atmosphere as a Heat Engine Problems Index

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents = Soderžanie Die Flagge der Heimat = The flag of the motherland = Flag rodiny Arktis = Arctic = Arktika Die Drift geht weiter = Drift-ice research continues = Drejf prodolžaetsja Eisbezwinger = Ice fighters = Ledovye bojcy Auf fernen Inseln = On distant islands = Na dalekich ostrovach Antarktis = Antarctic = Antarktida Der sechste Erdteil = The sixth continent = Šestoj kontinent Polarflieger = Polar region pilots = Poljarnye letčiki Der Kältepol = The pole of cold = Poljus choloda Spuren im Schnee = Tracks on the snow = Sledy na snegu , Text in russischer, englischer und deutscher Sprache

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols Commonly Used in the Text. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Properties of Sea Water Relevant to Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Density. - Measurement of density, temperature and salinity. - Relative density, sigma-t and specific volume. - Tables for density and specific volume as functions of temperature, salinity and pressure. - Sources of data. - 3 The Basic Physical Laws Used in Oceanography and Classifications of Forces and Motions in the Sea. - Basic laws. - Classification of forces and motion. - 4 The Equation of Continuity of Volume. - The concept of continuity of volume. - The derivation of the equation of continuity of volume. - An application of the equation of continuity. - 5 Stability and Double Diffusion. - Static stabiIity. - Criterion for static stability (E). - Numerical values for stability. - Double diffusion. - Dynamic stability. - 6 The Equation of Motion in Oceanography. - The form of the equation of motion. - Obtaining solutions to the equations, including boundary conditions. - The derivation of the terms in the equation of motion. - The pressure term. - Transforming from axes fixed in space to axes fixed in the rotating earth. - Gravitation and gravity. - The Coriolis terms. - Other accelerations. - Coordinate systems. - 7 The Role of the Non-Linear Terms in the Equations of Motion. - The non-linear terms in the equation of motion. - The friction term for the instantaneous velocity. - What is the source of the difficulty?. - Scaling and the Reynolds Number. - Reynolds stresses. - Equations for the mean or average motion. - Reynolds stresses and eddy viscosity. - Scaling the equations of motion. - Dynamic stabiIity. - The effect of density variations on dynamic stability. - Effects of rotation. - 8 Currents Without Friction: Geostrophic Flow. - Hydrostatic equiIibrium. - Inertial flow. - GeopotentiaI. - Geopotential surfaces and isobaric surfaces. - The geostrophic equation. - Why worry about the geostrophic equation?. - The geostrophic method for calculating relative velocities. - An example of the calculation of a geostrophic velocity profile. - An alternative derivation of the geostrophic equation. - The 'thermal wind' equations. - Absolute velocities. - Relations between isobaric and level surfaces. - Relations between isobaric and isopycnal surfaces. - Comments on the geostrophic equation. - Justification for using the geostrophic approach to obtain the speeds of strong currents. - 9 Currents With Friction. - Wind-driven circulations - introduction. - Nansen's qualitative argument. - The equations of motion with friction included. - Ekman's solution to the equations of motion with friction present. - Comments on the above experimental observations. - Transport and upwelling. - Upwelling or downwelling away from boundaries. - Bottom friction and shallow water effects. - Limitations of the Ekman theory. - Sverdrup's solution for the wind-driven circulation. - Orders of magnitude of the terms. - Application of the Sverdrup equation. - The general form of the Sverdrup equation. - The mass transport stream function. - Westward intensification - Stommel's contribution. - The planetary wind field. - Munk's solution. - Comments on Munk's solution. - Vorticity. - Relative vorticity. - Planetary vorticity. - Absolute vorticity. - Potential vorticity. - Westward intensification of ocean currents explained using conservation of potential vorticity. - Equatorial undercurrents. - The boundary layer approach. - The use of the boundary layer approach to obtain a solution to Munk's equation. - A simple inertial theory by Stommel. - 10 Thermohaline Effects. - The deep circulation. - Equations for salt and temperature (heat) conservation. - Equations for the average salinity and temperature. - Reynolds fluxes and eddy diffusivity. - Thermoclines and the thermohaline circulation. - The mixed layer of the ocean. - 11 Numerical Models. - Introduction. - Numerical methods. - General approach to numerical modelling of ocean circulations. - Descriptions of some models of individual oceans. - O'Brien's two-dimensional wind-driven model of the North Pacific. - Cox's model of the Indian Ocean. - Holland and Hirschmann's model of the Atlantic Ocean. - Two models of the circulation of the world ocean. - Models of mesoscale eddies. - Comments on the numerical model solutions. - 12 Waves. - Introduction. - Some general characteristics of waves. - Small amplitude waves. - Orbital motion of the water particles. - Refraction and breaking in shallow water; diffraction. - The generation of waves. - Measurement of waves. - ReaI waves. - Wave generation by the wind; semi-empirical relations. - Energy of waves. - Tsunamis or seismic sea waves. - Internal waves. - Effects of rotation. - Modified gravity waves. - Kelvin waves. - Planetary or Rossby waves. - Topographic effects. - 13 Tides. - Introduction. - Tide-producing forces. - Components of the tide-producing forces. - Ocean responses to the tide-producing forces - tidaI theories. - The practical approach to tide prediction. - The measurement of tides. - Types of tides. - Tidal currents. - Tides in bays-resonance. - Storm surges. - 14 Some Presently Active and Future Work. - APPENDIX I Mathematical Review with Some Elementary Fluid Mechanics. - Introduction. - Scalars and vectors. - Derivatives. - The individual or total derivative. - Integrals. - Fields. - Descriptions of fluid flow. - Convergences and divergences. - Hydrostatic pressure. - Slope effects. - CompressibiIity. - Centripetal and centrifugal forces. - APPENDIX 2 Units Used in Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Base units. - Derived and temporary units. - Units used in dynamic oceanography and some numerical values. - SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING AND FOR REFERENCE. - INDEX.

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Note: Contents 1 Introduction I Definition of geocryology and periglacial II Objectives III Processes IV Environments V References 2 Environmental factors I Introduction II Basic factors Ill Dependent factors 3 Frozen ground I Introduction II Seasonally frozen ground Ill Permafrost 4 General frost-action processes I Introduction II Freezing process Ill Estimates of freezing and thawing IV Frost wedging V Frost heaving and frost thrusting VI Mass displacement VII Frost cracking VIII Sorting by frost action 5 Some periglacial forms I Introduction II Patterned ground Ill Periglacial involutions IV Stone pavements V String bogs VI Palsas VII Pingos 6 Mass-wasting processes and forms I Introduction lI Avalanching Ill Slushflow IV Thaw slumping V Frost creep VI Gelifluction VII Frost-creep and gelifluction deposits VIII Rock glaciers IX Taluses X Protalus ramparts 7 Nivation I Introduction II Nivation benches and hollows Ill Cryoplanation terraces and cryopediments 8 Slopewash I Introduction II Grèzes litées 9 Fluvial action I Introduction II Icings Ill Break-up phenomena IV Flat-floored valleys V Asymmetric valleys VI Dry valleys and dells 10 Lacustrine and marine action I Introduction II Lacustrine action Ill Marine action 11 Wind action I Introduction II Loess Ill Dunes IV Niveo-eolian deposits and forms V Deflation VI Ventifacts 12 Thermokarst I Introduction II Collapsed pingos Ill Thaw slumps IV Linear and polygonal troughs V Beaded drainage VI Thaw lakes VII Alases 13 Environmental overview 14 Environmental reconstructions I Introduction II Britain Ill Continental Europe IV USSR V Japan VI North America VII Southern Hemisphere VIII Some estimated temperature changes References Index

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Note: Contents: From the editor. - Introduction. - The first Antarctic Expedition. - Observatory Mirny. - Field stations. - Foreign relations. - The second Antarctic Expedition. - Routes of expedition ships. - Observatory Mirny. - The third Antarctic expedition. - Routes of expedition ships. - At Mirny. - Antarctic inland traverses. - First expedition traverse. - Second Expedition traverse. - Glaciological traverse. - Mirny - Komsomolskaya traverse. - To the south geomagnetic pole area. - Third expedition traverses. - To the pole of relative inaccessibility. - On penguin tractors to Pionerskaya. - To the area of the pole of relative inaccessibility and the south geomagnetic pole. - Work of the Antarctic stations. - Pionerskaya. - Oasis. - Vostok-1. - Komsomolskaya. - Vostok. - Sovetskaya. - Pole of Inaccessiblity. - Brief summary of results. - Arrival of the Fourth Expedition to Antarctica. - Abstract in English. - References. - Documental films produced on materials of the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions. - Appendixes. - 1. Main data of the Soviet Antarctic Stations. - 2. Disciplines under study. - 3. Calendar of the expedition ships operations. - 4. Personnel of the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions. - 5. List of members of the Antarctic Expeditions. , In kyrill. Schr. , Mit engl. Zsfassung

Note: Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1 Hydrological knowledge of Asia and used materials. - Chapter 2 Method of study. - Chapter 3 Distribution of water balance elements on territory of Asia. - Chapter 4 Water balance zonal features of Asia. - Chapter 5 Water resources of Asia. - Abstract. - References. - Supplement. , In kyrill. Schr.

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Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sites and ice cover properties Beam testing Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site description Background and objectives Project history Approach General Aircraft imagery and sensor data LANDSAT imagery Ground truth data Results and discussion Remote sensing techniques Conventional techniques Comparison of results Conclusions Advantages and disadvantages Applications Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling and analytical procedures Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) Units of measurement Introduction Test procedure Pavement types Deicing chemicals Description of tests Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Test results Appendix B: Portland cement concrete materials data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The protected membrane roof Winter construction considerations Construction costs Conclusion

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Description of experiment Apparatus Test procedure Experimental results Summary of experimental tests Influence of coolant water flow rates Approximation of the rate of melting Comparison of experimental and computed results Comparative analysis of the model sinks Approximation of the heat transfer coefficient Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Experimental data, heat sink Model II Appendix B. Heat sink scaling and similarity relationships Appendix C. Derivation of the relationships for the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers Appendix D. Determination of freezing rates and refrigeration loads Appendix E. Approximation of stresses in the heat sink tank

Note: CONTENTS Preface Abstract Chapter I. Introduction to problem 1. Previous attempts at blasting frozen ground 2. Necessity for fundamental approach 3. Terminology 4. Description, objectives, and scope of the Keweenaw Tests 5. Selection of explosives 6. Classification and properties of commercial explosives 7. Characteristics of explosives in the Keweenaw Tests 8. Comparison of Atlas, Hercules, and Du Pont nitroglycerine-base explosives Chapter II. Test program Section I. Field tests 1. General 2. Test site 3. Field test procedure a. Site preparation b. Instrumentation c. Snow removal d. Determining depth of frozen ground e. Soil sampling and coring f. Layout of the test site g. Spacing of blast holes h. Blast-hole drilling i. Blasting procedure j. Field analysis and crater surveys k. Data-sheet computations l. Photography Section II. Laboratory tests 1. Soil handling and storage 2. Soil classification tests a. Specimen preparation b. Test procedure c. Test results 3. Tests to determine stress-strain relationship a. General b. Specimen preparation for unconfined compression tests c. Test procedure d. Results e. Observations Chapter III. Analysis of blast tests Section I. Mechanics of crater formation in frozen Keweenaw silt 1. Introduction 2. Shock phenomena 3. Expansion of the gas bubble 4. Rupture of surface and conversion of pressure head to velocity head Section II. Blast Test A - Relationships of explosive, radius of crater, volume of crater, and depth of crater 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observations Section Ill. Blast Test B - Energy utilization in blasting 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observation Section IV. Blast Test C - The frozen-ground interface 1. Introduction 2. Relation of frozen-ground interface to scaling laws 3. Relation between the ratio of chamber volume to crater volume and the volume-utilization factor 4. Increase in volum.e-utilization factor for charges placed below the frozen layer 5. Position of the gas bubble relative to the frozen-ground interface 6. Igloo-type foxhole construction Section V. Blast Test D - Foxhole construction 1. Introduction 2. Application of shaped charges to foxhole construction 3. Application of hand-auget drilling to foxhole construction 4. Conclusions Section VI. Blast Test E - Temperature effect 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observations Section VII. Blast Test F - Effect of charge shape 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Conclusions Chapter IV. Summary of objectives; conclusions and recommendations Section I. Summary of objectives 1. Introduction 2. Objective 1: Most efficientt type of explosive for blasts in frozen ground 3. Objective 2: Fundamental relation between weight of explosive and depth of charge 4. Objective 3: Proper position of charge relative to the frozen-ground interface 5. Objective 4: Feasibility of fracturing the frozen layer by placing a charge in the underlying unfrozen material 6. Objective 5: Effect of diameter of the borehole and shape of charge on results of blasting Section II. Conclusions and recommendations 1. Feasibility of using explosives for constructing foxholes in frozen ground 2. Methods of placing the charge 3. Mechanics of crater formation 4. The crater equation 5. Future instrumentation 6. Classification of explosives 7. Correlation of blast data Appendix: Data sheets, Experiments 1-13

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Low slope roof problems and repair costs Protected membrane roofs and materials Installations of protected membrane roofs Performance evaluation Test program Effectiveness Thermal efficiency Heat balance Internal cooling due to rain Moisture absorption and thermal conductivity of insulations Durability and life expectancy Fire resistance Patent considerations Costs of roofs Design considerations Proposed specifications Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.