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  • bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
  • Frontiers Media SA  (26)
  • English  (26)
  • Norwegian
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  • English  (26)
  • Norwegian
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  • 1
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    Manipulation of the cellular microbicidal response and endocytic dynamic by pathogens membrane factors (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Intracellular pathogens, such as bacteria and parasites, have evolved specialized mechanisms to survive and replicate in their host, leading to disorders and diseases. The principle of these mechanisms is to reprogram the microbicidal cell function in order to disable the host cells defence that aims to control and eliminate foreign invaders. Devoid of their defence, cells become permissive to pathogens invasion. The aim of this Research Topic is to highlight and cover recent understanding of mechanisms and molecules used by pathogens to interfere with the microbicidal function of cells. This Research Topic will focus on the reprogramming of the cellular dynamics, the immune response, the phagolysosome biogenesis and the signal transduction pathways bypathogens. Special attention will be made on non-proteic virulence factors, however this Research Topic is not restricted to non-proteic virulence factors.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; rab ; RNAi ; Ubiquitination ; host-pathogens interaction ; Coxiella ; Brucella ; Planarians ; Body Lices ; mycobacteria ; granulomas ; Leshmania ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Microbial Modulation of Host Apoptosis and Pyroptosis (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Infectious disease is the result of an interactive relationship between a microbial pathogen and its host. In this interaction both the host and the pathogen attempt to manipulate each other using a complex network to maximize their respective survival probabilities. Programmed host cell death is a direct outcome of host-pathogen interaction and may benefit host or pathogen depending on microbial pathogenesis. Apoptosis and pyroptosis are two common programmed cell death types induced by various microbial infections. Apoptosis is non-inflammatory programmed cell death and can be triggered through intrinsic or extrinsic pathways and with or without the contribution of mitochondria. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory cell death and is typically triggered by caspase-1 after its activation by various inflammasomes. However, some non-canonical caspase-1-independent proinflammatory cell death phenomena have been reported. Microbial pathogens are able to modulate host apoptosis and pyroptosis through different triggers and pathways. The promotion and inhibition of host apoptosis and pyroptosis vary and depend on the microbe types, virulence, and phenotypes. For example, virulent pathogens and attenuated vaccine strains may use different pathways to modulate host cell death. Specific microbial genes may be responsible for the modulation of host cell death. Different host cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, can undergo apoptosis and pyroptosis after microbial infections. The pathways of host apoptosis and pyroptosis induced by different microbes may also differ. Different methods can be used to study the interaction between microbes and host cell death system. The articles included in this E-book report the cutting edge findings in the areas of microbial modulation of host apoptosis, pyroptosis and inflammasome.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; microbial infection ; pyroptosis ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; bacterial exploitation of apoptosis ; Brucella ; Infectious Disease ; Inflammasome ; Legionella ; programmed cell death ; Apoptosis ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    The biology and ecology of ticks shape the potential for the transmission of zoonotic pathogens (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Ticks are noticeable by the high diversity of pathogens they can transmit, most of them with implications in human and animal health. Ticks are arachnids, meaning that they do not share the biological and ecological features of the mosquitoes and other parasitic Diptera. The natural foci of tick-borne pathogens may be as large as a continent, or be restricted to small portions of a country, without apparently too many similar features. The life cycle of the ticks involved three developing instars. The precise relationships of ticks and their hosts, the specific seasonal pattern of activity of ticks, and the still poorly known molecular relationships between ticks and the pathogens they can transmit, make these vectors a specially fecund field of research. Importantly, extensive studies on the biological and ecological relationships of ticks and abiotic (climate and vegetation) conditions have revealed the fine-tuning of the ticks and the pathogens they transmit, together with the biological effects of host and the driving features by the climate. The studies on tick-transmitted pathogens have been on the rise in the last years. There is a growing interest in understand the somewhat complex relationships between the landscape, the climate, the vectors and the pathogens, because the concerns of spread, probably driven by subtle changes in climate and man made alterations of the landscape. Studies on Lyme borreliosis are addressing the interesting issue of the relationships between the climate, the tick activity patterns, and the selection of strains according to the reservoir availability. Furthermore, the expanding field of habitat suitability modeling has been applied with different degrees of success to evaluate and quantify the risk of disease transmission. In such exponentially growing field, revisionary books are clearly welcome additions to the bibliographical tools of researchers. It is however necessary the compilation of works devoted to explore the tip of the iceberg in the field of research. In this Research Topic, we wish to summarize and review the studies on ecology, molecular biology, and tick-host-pathogens interactions, provided to resolve the important issues of ticks and pathogens. We want not only the results obtained by newly developed molecular tools, but rigorous reviews of the most recent advances in these issues. This Topic will cover aspects of both human and animal health, with special interest on zoonoses. Aspects of the biology of the ticks, as affecting the transmission of pathogens, are of special interest in this Topic. Studies on ticks of the poorly known family Argasidae, as related to their involvement on pathogen transmission, are especially welcome. We also wish to describe the perspective of the field in the future. Finally, the presentation of ongoing original works is greatly encouraged.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; Review Literature as Topic ; Ticks ; tick-transmitted pathogens ; Ecology ; Epidemiology ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Advances in Ascochyta Research (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Legume crops provide an excellent source of high quality plant protein and have a key role in arable crop rotations reducing the need for fertilizer application and acting as break-crops. However, these crops are affected by a number of foliar and root diseases, being ascochyta blights the most important group of diseases worldwide. Ascochyta blights are incited by different pathogens in the various legumes. A number of control strategies have been developed including resistance breeding, cultural practices and chemical control. However, only marginal successes have been achieved in most instances, most control methods being uneconomical, hard to achieve or resulting in incomplete protection. This eBook covers recent advances in co-operative research on these diseases, from agronomy to breeding, covering traditional and modern genomic methodologies.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; Medicago truncatula ; Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) ; Disease Resistance ; Pea (Pisum sativum) ; legumes ; Lentil (Lens culinaris) ; Ascochyta blight ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 5
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    The role of viable but non-infectious developmental forms in chlamydial biology (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The chlamydiae are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria with a complex developmental cycle comprising a metabolically less-active, infectious stage, the elementary body (EB), and a metabolically more active stage, the reticulate body (RB). They are responsible for many acute and chronic diseases in humans and animals. In order to play a causative role in chronic diseases, chlamydiae would need to persist and to re-activate within infected cells/tissues for extended periods of time. Persistence in vitro is defined as viable but non-cultivable chlamydiae involving morphologically enlarged, aberrant, and nondividing RBs, termed aberrant bodies (AB). In vitro, alterations of the normal developmental cycle of chlamydiae can be induced by the addition of Interferon-? (IFN-?), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and penicillin G exposure as well as amino acid or iron deprivation, monocyte infection and co-infection with viruses. In vivo, key questions include whether or not ABs occur in infected patients and animals and whether such ABs can contribute to prolonged, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and scarring through continuing stimulation of the host immune system known from diseases such as trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, reactive arthritis and atherosclerosis. To date, the direct causal role in the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection and persistence in vivo has been questioned since there was no tractable animal model of chlamydial persistence so far. A very recent study was able to establish an experimental animal model of in vivo persistence, when C. muridarum vaginally-infected mice were gavaged with amoxicillin. Amoxicillin treatment induced C. muridarum to enter the persistent state in vivo. Recent in vivo data from patients indicate that viable but non-infectious developmental stages are present in the genital tract of chronically-infected women and that the gastrointestinal tract might be a reservoir for persistent chlamydial infections at other sites.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; stress response ; chlamydia ; Chronic Disease ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Function and Flexibility: Friend or Foe? (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Louis Sullivan (1856 - 1924) revolutionized architecture by designing the first skyscraper and he became famous by proclaiming that “form follows function”. When x-ray crystallographers visualized the structures of proteins for the first time, the structural biology field embraced the view that “function follows form” as the 3D-architecture of proteins could unveil various aspects of their function. Despite the original “1 gene - 1 protein structure - 1 function” relationship, nowadays a far more complicated picture emerges where the flexibility and dynamics of a protein can play a central role in a multitude of functions. The ultimate form(s) that a protein adopt when interacting with (a) partner molecule(s) are the most biologically relevant and in this context Sullivan’s quote is still appropriate: the conformation that the protein adopts follows from the function of that protein. Despite the fact that many well-characterized proteins have a well-folded structure, there is a growing interest in the conformational flexibility within proteins. This flexibility is also a balanced phenomenon: excess of flexibility can be detrimental for protein behaviour, as well as the lack thereof. Notwithstanding its importance, studying intrinsically disordered protein regions or conformational rearrangements can be a very challenging. Therefore, flexibility can be perceived as a friend or a foe, depending on the context. This e-book showcases the impact of the study of protein flexibility on the structural biology field and presents protein flexibility in the context of disease as well as its benign aspects. As detailed knowledge of the structural aspects of polypeptides remains essential to comprehend protein function, one of the future challenges for structural biology also lies with large macromolecular protein complexes. Also there the dynamics and flexibility are essential for proper functioning and molecular movement, which is an important aspect of living matter. This challenge stimulated the development of advanced techniques to study protein flexibility and the use of those techniques to address fundamental biological and biomedical problems. Those innovations should help us to unravel the intimate link between protein function and flexibility and explore new horizons.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; conformational selection and induced fit ; protein structure ; conformational ensemble ; Protein function ; protein dynamics ; Protein Conformation ; protein flexibility ; Protein Disorder ; intrinsically disordered proteins ; Structural transition ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 7
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    The Role of Iron in Bacterial Pathogenesis (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The collection of articles published in this eBook represent different facets of the interactions between pathogens and their host concerning the battle for iron. Pathogens have developed different strategies to acquire iron from their host. These include the production of siderophores, heme acquisition and ferrous iron uptake.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; Infection ; nutritional immunity ; Virulence ; Bacterial Pathogenesis ; bacterioferritin ; iron acquisition ; siderophore ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 8
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    The pathogenic Yersiniae - advances in the understanding of physiology and virulence (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: For decades, pathogenic Yersinia have served as an inventive model organism for researchers seeking to understand the complexities of bacteria-host cell interactions. In fact, seminal studies on Yersinia virulence mechanisms contributed to the emergence and recognition of the research field - cellular microbiology. Researching Yersinia infection biology continues to identify and define fascinating virulence and survival mechanisms that advance and expand existing perceptions of bacterial-host encounters. This also includes research that defines how the pathogenic Yersiniae respond to diverse physicochemical stimuli to spatially and temporally control this armory of customized virulence and survival factors. Yet additional research demonstrates how the application of powerful whole genomic-based methodologies can open new frontiers that further facilitate understanding of bacterial evolution and pathogenicity. This Research Topic is therefore focused on presenting and summarizing new developments in Yersinia patho-physiology through highlighting cutting- edge studies on the Yersinia-host cell interaction and the network of regulatory control mechanisms that define this outcome.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; stress ; pathogenicity ; secretion ; regulation ; immune response ; Yersinia ; Virulence ; evolution ; Survival ; Adhesion ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 9
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    Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in human, cattle and foods. Strategies for detection and control (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen associated with both outbreaks and sporadic cases of human disease, ranging from uncomplicated diarrhoea to haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). STEC affects children, elderly and immuno-compromised patients. STEC is capable of producing Shiga toxin type 1 (Stx1), type 2 (Stx2) or both, encoded by stx1 and stx2 genes, respectively. These strains are likely to produce putative accessory virulence factors such as intimin (encoded by eae), an enterohaemolysin (EhxA) and an autoagglutinating protein commonly associated with eae-negative strains (Saa), both encoded by an enterohaemorrhagic plasmid. Several studies have confirmed that cattle are the principal reservoir of STEC (O157 and non-O157:H7 serotypes) and many of these serotypes have been involved in HUS and HC outbreaks in other countries. Transmission of STEC to humans occurs through the consumption of undercooked meat, vegetables and water contaminated by faeces of carriers and by person-to-person contact. Diagnostic methods have evolved to avoid selective diagnostics, currently using molecular techniques for typing and subtyping of strains. Control is still a challenge, although there are animal vaccines directed against the serotype O157:H7.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; environment ; Cattle ; STEC ; Virulence Factors ; Food ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 10
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    New anti-infective strategies for treatment of tularemia (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is a paradigm among human pathogens. This Gram-negative bacterium has an intracellular lifestyle, which probably reflects an adaptation to its natural animal and protozoa reservoirs. This is one of the most infectious agents in humans and animals; only a few bacteria are needed to induce a severe infection in both types of hosts. The clinical presentation and severity of human tularemia varies according to the portal of entry of bacteria, the bacterial inoculum, the virulence of the infecting strain, and the immune response of the host. Although most infections occur after direct inoculation of bacteria through the skin (through skin wounds or bites of arthropods), pneumonia due to inhalation of infected aerosols is the most feared of the clinical forms of the disease, particularly in the context of biological threat. Two subspecies are responsible for tularemia (subsp. tularensis and subsp. holarctica), and several clades have been described for each, which might be associated with changes in disease severity in humans. Tularemia is also more severe in people with an impaired immune response. No safe vaccine is currently available for prophylaxis of tularemia in humans. On the other hand, control of proliferation of F. tularensis in wildlife is not feasible. Thus, only the anti-infective agents are used for treatment and prophylaxis of human tularemia. The standard options include aminoglycosides (gentamicin), tetracyclines (eg, doxycycline) and fluoroquinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin). The selection of acquired resistance to these antibiotics in F. tularensis, especially in the context of a biological threat, may quickly limit the therapeutic options. New prophylactic and therapeutic alternatives must be developed rapidly. The present Research Topic focuses on potential new strategies for treatment of tularemia, including the development and evaluation of new compounds having proper antibacterial activity, reducing the virulence of F. tularensis or enhancing the immune host response.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; antiinfective agents ; Virulence ; Tularemia ; immunomodulators ; Francisella tularensis ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 11
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    Use of Saliva in Diagnosis of Periodontitis: Cumulative Use of Bacterial and Host-Derived Biomarkers (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Periodontitis is an infection-induced inflammatory disease of the tooth supporting tissues. Treatment of periodontal diseases and regeneration of the effected tissues can be possible only in the early diagnosis of the disease. If left undiagnosed or untreated, periodontitis leads to irreversible soft and hard tissue destruction and finally to tooth loss. Saliva is known to contain inflammatory mediators, host tissue and cell degradation products as well as microbial metabolites and enzymes, reflecting the health status of the oral cavity. In this topic, in collaboration with the well-known scientists working on the field of salivary diagnostics, we demonstrate evidence on monitoring periodontitis by salivary analysis.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; host response ; Chair-side ; diagnostics ; Periodontal disease ; Salivary ; Bacteria ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 12
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    Metal economy in host-microbe interactions (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: From simple inorganic catalysts to vital biological cofactors, divalent transition metals are instrumental to electron transfers, catalysis and signaling. Their natural ability to bind, exchange and react with organic molecules including oxygen requires from living cells to regulate uptake with metabolic activities, sensing and chaperoning, distributing and storing, or excreting excess to prevent detrimental biochemical reactions. Since transition metal deficiency and overload both limit cell growth it is no surprise that the immune system evolved a dual strategy, of metal starvation or intoxication, to thwart microbial invasions. Like environmental metal availability determined biological use it also shaped host-microbe metal economy: Fe and Mn, available early in evolution and still required rather ubiquitously, are generally withheld by host in response to infection; Zn and Cu, which became bioavailable later, essentially to eukaryotic cells may be bombarded toward invaders. Successful microbial pathogens have evolved elaborate counter-measures to cope with host metal defenses. This research topic aims to review and discuss metal currencies in host-microbe interactions focusing on new findings about micro-organism pathogenesis determinants in the face of host innate strategies to interfere with microbial physiology.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; exporter ; regulation ; Virulence ; transporter ; metal ; host ; pathogen ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 13
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    Pathogenesis of Leptospira (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The present eBook, consisting of a compilation of research and review articles, focuses on the features and mechanisms adopted and explored by pathogenic leptospires to successfully establish infection in the host. Additionally, this eBook provides information to support future work focused on the development of new prevention approaches against this important yet neglected zoonotic disease.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; Leptospirosis ; regulation ; Pathogenesis ; immune response ; Virulence ; Leptospira ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 14
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    The oral microbiome in an ecological perspective (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The oral cavity harbors an immense diversity of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa and viruses. At health, oral microbial community is thought to be in a state of homeostasis, even after numerous perturbations (e.g., toothbrushing, food intake) a day. The breach in this homeostasis can occur for instance if the perturbations become too excessive (e.g., frequent carbohydrate intake leading to acidification of the community) or the host is compromised (e.g., inadequate immune response resulting in persistent inflammation of periodontal tissue). Aggressive antimicrobial therapy (e.g., antibiotics in case of periodontal disease or preventive antibiotic therapy before and after dental extractions) is commonly applied with all the negative consequences of this approach. So far little is known on the interplay between the environmental, host and microbial factors in maintaining an ecological balance. What are the prerequisites for a healthy oral ecosystem? Can we restore an unbalanced oral microbiome? How stable is the oral microbiome through time and how robust it is to external perturbations? Gaining new insights in the ecological factors sustaining oral health will lead to conceptually new therapies and preventive programs. Recent advances in high throughput technologies have brought microbiology as a science to a new era, allowing an open-ended approach instead of focusing on few opportunistic pathogens. With this topic we would like to integrate the current high-throughput ‘omics’ tools such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics or metabolomics with biochemical, physiological, genetic or clinical parameters within the oral microbial ecosystem. We aim to address questions underlying the regulation of the ecological balance in the oral cavity by including the following areas: • Ecology of oral microbiome at health • Ecology of oral microbiome under oral diseases • Ecology of oral microbiome during non-oral diseases • Shifts in the oral microbiome by therapeutic approaches (e.g., antimicrobials, replacement therapy, pre- and probiotics) • Modeling of oral ecological shifts (e.g., animal models, in vitro microcosm models) • Complex inter- and intra-kingdom interactions (e.g., bacterial-fungal-host) related to oral ecology • Environmental (e.g., diet, tobacco), host-related (e.g., immune response, saliva composition and flow) and biotic (e.g., bacterial competition) factors influencing oral ecology • Geographic variation in oral microbial ecology and diversity
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; Oral ecology ; Quorum Sensing ; Immune System ; metatranscriptomics ; Biofilm ; horizontal gene transfer ; Fungal bacterial interactions ; Dental Plaque ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 15
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    The Role of AAA+ Proteins in Protein Repair and Degradation (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities (AAA+) comprise a superfamily of proteins that are defined by the presence of the AAA+ domain containing canonical Walker A and B motifs required for ATP binding and hydrolysis. Members of this superfamily act on other proteins, DNA, RNA, or multicomponent complexes to affect their conformation or their assembly. There have been substantial advances in understanding the structure and mechanism of function of a large number of AAA+ proteins. In this Research Topic, review articles and original research papers discuss new aspects as well as provide a detailed overview of several AAA+ proteins, namely: ClpXP, Lon, ClpB, Hsp104, p97, AAA+ proteins of the proteasome, Rubisco activases, Torsin, Pontin, and Reptin.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities ; Hsp104 ; Torsin ; Pontin ; Lon ; Rubisco activase ; ClpXP ; Reptin ; p97 ; Proteasome ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 16
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    Modulating Prokaryotic Lifestyle by DNA-Binding Proteins (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The Overview of the Topic was the following: “One of the most active areas of research in molecular microbiology has been the study of how bacteria modulate their genetic activity and its consequences. The prokaryotic world has received much interest not only because the resulting phenomena are important to cells, but also because many of the effects often can be readily measured. Contributing to the interest of the present topic is the fact that modulation of gene activity involves the sensing of intra- and inter-cellular conditions, DNA binding and DNA dynamics, and interaction with the replication/transcription machinery of the cell. All of these processes are fundamental to the operation of a genetic entity and condition their lifestyle. Further, the discoveries achieved in the bacterial world have been of ample use in eukaryotes. In addition to the fundamental interest of understanding modulation of prokaryotic lifestyle by DNA-binding proteins, there is an added interest from the healthcare point of view. As it is well known the antibiotic-resistance strains of pathogenic bacteria are a major world problem, so that there is an urgent need of innovative technologies to tackle it. Most of the acquired resistances are spread by processes of horizontal gene transfer mediated by mobile elements in which DNA replication and gene expression are of basic interest. There is an imperative of finding new alternatives to the ‘classical’ way of treatment of bacterial infections and these new alternatives include the discovery of new drugs and of new bacterial targets. Nevertheless, these new alternatives will find a dead-end if we are unable to obtain a better understanding of the basic processes modulating bacterial gene expression. Our goal to achieve with this Topic of Frontiers is to accelerate our understanding of protein-DNA interactions. First, the topic will bring together several very active researchers in the study of gene replication, gene regulation, the strategies applied by the different proteins that participate in these processes, and their consequences. We will also acquire an in-depth knowledge of some of the mechanisms of gene regulation, gene transfer and gene replication. Further, the readers of the papers will realize the importance of the topic and will learn the most recent thinking, results, and approaches in the area”. We are fully confident that we have exceeded our expectations. Now we are proud to present the final output of the Topic, which is the eBook. It includes 24 articles contributed by 118 authors. As of today, Monday, 16th, January 2017, the total number of readings has reached 19,284, 14,921 article views, and 2,944 article downloads.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; control of gene expression ; Global Regulatory Networks ; prokaryotes ; DNA replication and DNA segregation ; bacterial pathogens ; horizontal gene transfer ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 17
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    Model organisms in inflammation and cancer (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: A link between inflammation and cancer was initially made by Rudolf Virchow back in the 19th century. Nowadays many cancers are considered dependent on inflammatory responses to microbial and damaged-self stimuli and both arms of immunity, innate and adaptive, are playing a role in promoting cancer. Moreover, besides environmental factors, opportunistic pathogens contribute to inflammation and cancer. Nevertheless, microbial influence on chronic disease is sometimes difficult to discern, especially in the context of polymicrobial communities, such as those found in the digestive tract. In this light, model organisms provide important insights into immune and growth signals that promote cancer, and suggest therapies that will selectively target potentially harmful microbes or modulate host responses. A number of review and opinion articles in this series address novel aspects and paradigms of the interactions between the microbiota and the host in relation to inflammation and cancer.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; microbiota ; mouse ; innate immunity ; Drosophila ; diet ; aging ; human ; Hologenome ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 18
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    Glycan Diversity in Fungi, Bacteria and Sea Organisms (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The cell surface of fungi, bacteria and sea organisms is highly glycosylated. These glycans are oligo- or polysaccharide molecules that can be secreted or attached to protein or lipids forming glycoconjugates. They present extraordinary structural diversity that could explain their involvement in many fundamental cellular processes, including growth, differentiation and morphogenesis. Considerable advances have been made on the structural elucidation of these glycans. Their primary structures were determined based on a combination of mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy techniques. The combination of these sensitive and powerful techniques has allowed us to increase our structural knowledge of a wide variety of glycans expressed by different fungi, bacteria and sea organisms.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; Fungal pathogens ; sea organisms ; NMR ; innate immunity ; Mass Spectrometry ; sulfated polysaccharides ; carbohydrate-based drug development ; Pattern Recognition Receptors ; Plant-Bacterium Interaction ; Adhesion ; fungal glycoconjugates ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 19
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    The HSP70 Molecular Chaperone Machines (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Members of the HSP70 family form a central hub of the molecular chaperone network, controlling protein homeostasis in prokaryotes and in the ATP-containing compartments of the eukaryotic cells. The heat-inducible form HSPA1A (HSP70), its constitutive cytosolic cognate HSPA8 (Hsc70), its endoplasmic reticulum form HSPA5 (BiP), and its mitochondrial form HSPA9 (Mortalin), as well as the more distantly related HSPHs (HSP110s), make up 1-2 % of the total mass of proteins in human cells. They use the energy of ATP-hydrolysis to prevent and forcefully revert the process of protein misfolding and aggregation during and following various stresses, presumably by working as unfoldases to lift aberrant conformers out of kinetic traps. As such, HSP70s, in cooperation with their J-domain co-chaperones and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs) and co-disaggregases, form an efficient network of cellular defenses against the accumulation of cytotoxic misfolded protein conformers, which may cause degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and aging in general. In addition to their function in repair of stress-induced damage, HSP70s fulfill many housekeeping functions, including assisting the de novo folding and maturation of proteins, driving the translocation of protein precursors across narrow membrane pores into organelles, and by controlling the oligomeric state of key regulator protein complexes involved in signal transduction and vesicular trafficking. For reasons not well understood, HSP70s are also found on the surface of some animal cells, in particular cancer cells where they may serve as specific targets for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we gathered seven mini reviews, each presenting a complementary aspect of HSP70’s structure and function in bacteria and eukaryotes, under physiological and stressful conditions. These articles highlight how, the various members of this conserved family of molecular chaperones, assisted by their various J-domain and NEF cochaperones and co-disaggregases, harness ATP hydrolysis to perform a great diversity of life-sustaining cellular functions using a similar molecular mechanism.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; Misfolding diseases ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; unfoldase ; proteostasis ; Disaggregase ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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    Basal ganglia: physiological, behavioral, and computational studies (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The basal ganglia has received much attention over the last two decades, as it has been implicated in many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Most of this research - in both animals and humans - attempt to understand the neural and biochemical substrates of basic motor and learning processes, and how these are affected in human patients as well as animal models of brain disorders. The current volume contains research articles and reviews describing basic, pre-clinical and clinical neuroscience research of the basal ganglia written by attendees of the 11th Triennial Meeting of the International Basal Ganglia Society (IBAGS) that was held March 3-7th, 2013 at the Princess Hotel, Eilat, Israel and by researchers of the basal ganglia. Specifically, articles in this volume include research reports on the biochemistry, computational theory, anatomy and physiology of single neurons and functional circuitry of the basal ganglia networks as well as the latest data on animal models of basal ganglia dysfunction and clinical studies in human patients.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; Subthalamic Nucleus ; dopaime ; Parkinson's disease (PD) ; human imagine studies ; animal studies ; Basal Ganglia ; computational modeling ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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    Flow and Transformations in Porous Media (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Fluid flow in transforming porous rocks, fracture networks, and granular media is a very active interdisciplinary research subject in Physics, Earth Sciences, and Engineering. Examples of natural and engineered processes include hydrocarbon recovery, carbon dioxide geo-sequestration, soil drying and wetting, pollution remediation, soil liquefaction, landslides, dynamics of wet or dry granular media, dynamics of faulting or friction, volcanic eruptions, gas venting in sediments, karst development and speleogenesis, ore deposit development, and radioactive waste disposal. Hydrodynamic flow instabilities and pore scale disorder typically result in complex flow patterning. In transforming media, additional mechanisms come into play: compaction, de-compaction, erosion, segregation, and fracturing lead to changes in permeability over time. Dissolution, precipitation, and chemical reactions between solutes and solids may gradually alter the composition and structure of the solid matrix, either creating or destroying permeable paths for fluid flow. A complex, dynamic feedback thus arises where, on the one hand, the fluid flow affects the characteristics of the porous medium, and on the other hand the changing medium influences the fluid flow. This Research Topic Ebook presents current research illustrating the depth and breadth of ongoing work in the field of flow and transformation in porous media through 15 papers by 72 authors from around the world. The body of work highlights the challenges posed by the vast range of length- and time-scales over which subsurface flow processes occur. Importantly, phenomena from each scale contribute to the larger-scale behavior. The flow of oil and gas in reservoirs, and the flow of groundwater on catchment scale is sensitively linked to pore scale processes and material heterogeneity down to the micrometer scale. The geological features of the same reservoirs and catchments evolved over millions of years, sometimes as a consequence of cracking and fracture growth occurring on the time scale of microseconds. The research presented by the authors of this Research Topic represents a step toward bridging the separation of scales as well as the separation of scientific disciplines so that a more unified picture of flow and transformation in porous media can start to emerge.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; QC1-999 ; Porous media ; precipitation ; stress ; rocks ; Friction ; dissolution ; fluid ; transport ; fractures ; granular media ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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    Biology and Pathogenesis of Legionella (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Legionella pneumophila was first isolated as the causative agent of a deadly infectious pneumonia at a convention of the American Legion forty years ago. Since then, Legionnaires’ disease continues to be a significant public health concern. Today, our understanding of the Legionella genus, comprising environmental bacteria and opportunistic human pathogens, has dramatically increased. The study of how pathogenic Legionella interact with host cells, both protozoan and mammalian, has not only taught us about host-pathogen interactions but has revealed novel and unexpected insights into human cell biology and immunology. The capacity of pathogenic Legionella to commandeer cellular processes such as eukaryotic vesicular trafficking to establish an ER-like replicative niche, reflects the exquisite ability of this pathogen to manipulate eukaryotic cell biology in order to replicate in an intracellular compartment. This requires the specific and targeted action of a cohort of translocated bacterial effector proteins. In addition, we have learnt much about cell autonomous innate immune sensing of intracellular bacteria through the inability of L. pneumophila to avoid intracellular mammalian defense mechanisms. Now, in the age of large-scale comparative “omics”, it is clear that different Legionella species utilize different cohorts of effectors to replicate inside eukaryotic cells. While we understand some of the strategies employed by L. pneumophila and L. longbeachae to replicate within eukaryotic cells, there is still much to learn about many aspects of the Legionella life cycle. This Research Topic highlights the latest findings regarding the biology of Legionella species, their interactions with eukaryotic host cells, and how the application of various technologies has increased our understanding of this important pathogen.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Legionnaires' Disease ; Legionella ; Dot/Icm effector ; intravacuolar pathogen ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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    At the Crossroads: Lessons and Challenges in Computational Social Science (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The interest of physicists in economic and social questions is not new: for over four decades, we have witnessed the emergence of what is called nowadays “sociophysics” and “econophysics”, vigorous and challenging areas within the wider “Interdisciplinary Physics”. With tools borrowed from Statistical Physics and Complexity, this new area of study have already made important contributions, which in turn have fostered the development of novel theoretical foundations in Social Science and Economics, via mathematical approaches, agent-based modelling and numerical simulations. From these foundations, Computational Social Science has grown to incorporate as well the empirical component —aided by the recent data deluge from the Web 2.0 and 3.0—, closing in this way the experiment-theory cycle in the best tradition of Physics.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; QC1-999 ; simulation ; Social Data Science ; mathematical modeling ; Agent-based modeling ; Data Mining ; big data ; computational social science ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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    Optogenetic Tools in the Molecular Spotlight (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The rise of optogenetics as a standard technique to non-invasively probe and monitor biological function created an immense interest in the molecular function of photosensory proteins. These photoreceptors are usually protein/pigment complexes that translate light into biological information and have become essential tools in cell biology and neurobiology as their function is genetically encoded and can be conveniently delivered into a given cell. Like for fluorescent proteins that quickly became invaluable as genetically encodable reporters in microscopy and imaging, variants of photosensory proteins with customized sensitivity and functionality are nowadays in high demand. In this ebook we feature reviews and original research on molecular approaches from synthetic biology and molecular spectroscopy to computational molecular modelling that all aspire to elucidate the molecular prerequisites for the photosensory function of the given proteins. The principle property of changing activity of biological function simply by application of light is not only very attractive for cell biology, it also offers unique opportunities for molecular studies as excitation can be controlled with high time precision. Especially in spectroscopy the usually fully reversible photoactivation of photosensory proteins allows researchers to to perform time resolved studies with up to femtosecond resolution. In addition, functional variants can be investigated and quickly screened in common biochemical experiments. The insights that are obtained by the here presented various yet complementary methods will ultimately allow us write the script for a molecular movie from excitation of the protein by a photon to activation of its biological function. Such deep understanding does not only provide unique insights into the dynamics of protein function, it will also ultimately enable us to rationally design novel optogenetic tools to be used in cell biology and therapy.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; photoreceptors ; Opsins ; Photochemistry and photophysics ; spectroscopy ; optogenetics ; Phytochrome ; Protein Engineering ; computational modeling ; Flavins ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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    Host-adapted metabolism and its regulation in Bacterial Pathogens (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Pathogens adapt their metabolism rapidly to the host. Our topic covers these phenomenon regarding extracellular and intracellular pathogens as well as general methods to elucidate different metabolic adaptation processes - an essential guide for any scientist wanting to keep abreast of recent developments in infection biology.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; enteric pathogens ; bacterial pathogens ; isotopologue profiling ; Metabolism ; host-pathogen adaption ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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    Molecular Pathogenesis of Pneumococcus (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Streptococcus pneumoniae has been for decades the number one bacterial killer of children in the world. Although vaccination with pneumococcal vaccines [PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 (children) or PPSV23 (adults)] has helped decrease the burden of pneumococcal disease (PD), mortality remains high. Therefore, pathogenesis studies are still key toward our understanding of PD and its control. The introduction of pneumococcal vaccines has also created a niche for vaccine-escape clones. Moreover, the rise of multi-drug resistant clones around the world has also posed a serious threat in recent years. The proposed special issue of Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology highlights many of the recent advances that have been made in pneumococcal pathogenesis, colonization and antibiotic resistance by groups in Latino America, Europe, and the USA.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; RC109-216 ; pathogenesis ; macrophages ; co-infection ; gene regulation ; biofilm ; drug resistance ; microbial ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
    Language: English
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