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  • 1
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    The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept; Part II: horizontal sorting (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-85,2
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 85,2
    In: The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept, Part II
    Description / Table of Contents: Laboratory experiments were performed with a specil closed-system side-freezing cabinet in which completely saturated soil samples were subjected to alternate freeze-thaw cycles without surcharge. A vertical or nearly vertical freezethaw plane was obtained in the side-freezing cabinet. The soil used was a straight graded noncohesive material with 14 finer than the No. 200 0.074 mm mesh sieve. According to frost criterion based only on gradation, the soil would be classified as a never frost-heaving moraine soil or non-frost-susceptible. All experiments were run for 20 and 22 cycles. Freezing rates used were as follows 30.0 mmhr 33.0 mmhr and 4 .0 mmhr. The initial dry density was approximately constant for each test at 1.8 gcm3 or 112.4 lbft3, and complete saturation was maintained in the tests.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 85,2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0288295
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Mechanism for the formation of inner moraines found near the edge of cold ice caps (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-94
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 94
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A new mechanism is described which explains the formation of moraines in the ablation areas of cold ice caps. The mechanism involves the freezing of water onto the bottom surface of an ice cap. This water comes from regions of the bottom surface where the combination of the geothermal heat and the heat produced by sliding of ice over the bed is sufficient to melt ice. A number of criticisms are made of the shear hypothesis, which has been advanced to explain moraines occurring on Baffin Island and near Thule, Greenland. It is concluded that this older hypothesis may be inadequate to account for these moraines. Although in theory the mechanism proposed here undoubtedly would lead to the formation of moraines, the existing field data are insufficient to prove conclusively that actual moraines have originated in this way.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 94
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5876
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Comments on the shear hypothesis Appearance of the debris layers The possibility of cold ice scraping up debris The shear across a debris layer The geometry of the debris layers Freezing model Theory Discussion Conclusion References
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  • 3
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    Relationship between four ground patterns, structure of the active layer, and type and distribution of ice in the permafrost (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-88
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 88
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Four ground patterns were investigated by means of trenches cut in the outwash near Thule, Greenland: circular and linear depressions in unsorted material, polygonal troughs in unsorted material, sorted circles, and irregular mounds and depressions of low relief formed in unsorted finer grained material. Correlation is made between surface pattern, grain size and structure of the active layer, and type and distribution of ground ice for the patterns investigated. Classification of the active layer as disturbed, slightly disturbed, and undisturbed is based on the condition of primary depositional bedding and the presence or absence of vertical sorting. Other features of the active layer, depending upon its type, are an accumulation of fines at the bottom of the active layer and on top of stones, and a siliceous calcareous evaporite on the under surface and clean washed coarser particles beneath the larger stones. Fabric analysis of four kinds of ground ice is presented: ice wedge, relict ice, ice mass, and ice lens, as well as analysis of the contact of ice wedges with relict and mass ice. Practical applications, based on the conclusions, are given for the selection of foundation sites and the location of non-frost-susceptible building materials. NOTE: This is a very large file. Please give your browser several minutes to download the file.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: viii, 79 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 88
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5867
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Glossary Part 1 : Surface pattern, structure of the active layer, and type and distribution of ground ice in the permafrost Pattern type 1: Circular and linear depressions in unsorted outwash Circular depressions, area 1 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Linear depressions, area 5 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Pattern t ype 2 and 3: Polygonal troughs in unsorted outwash and sorted circles or centers of fines Area 3 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Area 4 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relat ion to surface morphology Pattern type 4: Mounds and depressions of low relief in unsorted outwash Area 4a Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relatiop. to surface morphology Part 2: Ground ice studies Area 1 Lens ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Wedge ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Relict ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Contact between ice wedge and relict ice Ice sockets Area 5 Wedge ice Fabric analysis Relict ice Fabric analysis Area 3 Ice mass History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Ice wedge Fabric analysis Contact between ice mass and wedge Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Summary and conclusions Pattern type 1: Linear and circular depressions in. unsorted outwash Pattern type 2: Polygonal troughs formed in unsorted outwash Pattern type 3: Sorted circles or centers of fines Pattern type 4: Mounds and depressions of low relief in fine-grained unsorted outwash Engineering applications References Appendix A: Associated studies Appendix B : Recommendations for further field and laboratory work Appendix C: Recommendations for field and laboratory techniques
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  • 4
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    Analysis of data from a snow profile (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-90
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 90
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A new method is presented for extracting more meaningful information from snow profile data which will simplify the study of the permeability of snow. Earlier analyses normally employed statistical methods to determine property variations with depth, with the line of mean values established by the method of least squares. The mean curves derived in this manner may not represent properly the true nature of the snow pack, or aid in understanding the dynamic processes which are in action. The new graphical methods described distinguish the separate effects of densification and thermal metamorphism on permeability, permitting future advances in the analysis. Profile data obtained in 1954 and 1960 are reanalyzed using the new techniques. For a natural polar pack under conditions when no melting occurs and the accumulation is assumed continuous, the following conclusions may be made: permeability for a given density of snow increases with depth and time except possibly near the surface or at depths below 30 m; the rate of permeability change with depth for given densities decreases in a calculable way relative to the density; and, mean permeability changes with depth in a complex manner.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 14, A3, B2, C2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 90
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5875
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Standard methods of data presentation- A class interval method of data presentation Interpretation of the numerical data Interpretation of thin sections Conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C
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  • 5
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    Cooling of an undersnow camp (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-95
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 95
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: An investigation was conducted at Camp Century, Greenland, to study the feasibility of using air wells to cool undersnow structures in the arctic during the summer months. From results obtained during the summers of 1959,and 1960 and late November, 1960, it was found that the air well is a practical and effective means of providing a -20°C air supply at volumetric flow rates of 1200 to 1700 ft^3/min. The extent and rate of warming of the snow beneath the trench floor by heat exchange between the air and the snow foundation was found to depend upon trench air temperature, fan capacity, fan arrangement, and casing length. For example, in a well cased to a depth of 17. 5 ft and equipped with a 5 hp fan drawing in air at a rate of 1700 ft^3/min, the maximum warming was found to be 12.5°C during a 42-day period. Snow temperature differences of about 7°C were found between similar trenches with and without a fan installation. The minimum permissible distance between two adjacent fans to eliminate, overlap in warming up the snow foundation is approximately 80 ft.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 95
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5877
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Theoretical background Test method and equipment Test operations Effectiveness of the air well Estimation of fan capacity Natural cooling in winter Change of trench foundation temperature Trench wall warm-up Conclusions and recommendations
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  • 6
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    The narrow free infinite wedge on an elastic foundation (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-79
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 79
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The theory of a plate on an elastic foundation will closely predict the radial cracks observed in loading tests on floating ice sheets. However, the plate theory does not predict accurately the circumferential crack which forms ultimately with increased loading. The wedge theory is developed in an attempt to better predict the location and magnitude of the stresses causing the circumferential crack. The results obtained can be applied to help predict the ultimate bearing capacity of an ice sheet, provided the modulus of elasticity and flexural strength of the ice are known.
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    Pages: Getrennte Zählung , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 79
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5890
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Solution Applications Conclusions References Appendix A Computer program Graphs of nev functions, derivatives, and integrals Tables of nev functions, derivatives, and integrals
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  • 7
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    Climatological means and extremes on the Greenland ice sheet (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-78
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 78
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: This climatological study makes use of the temperature, wind, and precipitation records from 12 stations on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Many of these stations were not in operation for concurrent periods and records for a year or more were available from only a few of them. The mean, mean maximum, mean minimum, absolute maximum, and absolute minimum temperatures were computed from the records. The highest absolute maximum temperature reported was 44°F at Mint Julep in southwestern Greenland. The lowest absolute minimum was -94°F at Northice in northern Greenland. This study shows that the prevailing wind usually was from the direction of the high central area of the ice sheet. Stations on the west slope had prevailing winds with an easterly component whereas stations on the east slope had prevailing winds with a westerly component. The wind speed varied from 0 to approximately 60 kt, but was predominantly in the 0 to 20 kt range. At some of the stations on the ice sheet, precipitation was measured in precipitation gages, at others it was measured as surface accumulation. At many locations the annual accumulation was determined from stratigraphic studies of the snow profile. The number of days on which snow occurred, expressed as percent of total days of observation, was used as an index to the amount of snowfall. The mean annual accumulation shows precipitation to be heavier on the west slope of the ice sheet than in other areas. The precipitation records at Northice indicate that the annual precipitation in that part of northern Greenland may be very light. The means for the various climatological parameters covered in this study are presented in tables and on a climatological map which presents a cartographic picture of the overall climatology of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13, A5, B4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 78
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5885
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Air temperature Wind direction and speed Precipitation and accumulation Climatological map for the Greenland Ice Sheet Appendix A: Temperature data Appendix B: Precipitation data
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  • 8
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    Studies of salt ice; I: the tensile strength of NaCl ice (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-80
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 80
    Description / Table of Contents: From the Introduction: During the last few years, there has been an increased interest in developing a rational explanation for the rather considerable variation in such bulk properties of sea ice as its strength, density, thermal conductivity, latent heat of melting, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Of these properties, sea-ice strength has received by far the most attention for practical reasons.
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    Pages: iv, 30, A6, B10, C2, D5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 80
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5889
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimentation Method of growing salt ice Strength test procedures Bulk properties of salt ice Phase relations Density and air content Strength results Strength of fresh-water ice Strength of NaCl ice as a function of brine volume Strength of NaCl· 2H2O ice as a function of the relative volume of solid salt Effect of thermal history on salt-ice strength Phase hysteresis Geometric hysteresis Effect of short-term cooling on the strength of fresh-water and NaCl·2H2O ice Effect of the volume of inclosed air on the strength of salt ice Conclusions NaCl ice Sea ice References Appendix A: Volume of brine and NaCl· 2H2O in NaCl ice as a function of salinity and temperature Appendix B: Ring test results Normal test sequences Appendix C: Ring test results Hysteresis test sequences Appendix .b: Ring test results Thermal history test sequences
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  • 9
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    The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept; Part I: vertical sorting (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-85,1
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 85,1
    In: The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept, Part I
    Description / Table of Contents: Partial summary: Laboratory experiments have been performed with special cabinets in which soil samples, under complete saturation and without surcharges, were subjected to alternate freezing and thawing cycles. Tests included series with both freezing and thawing from the top and with freezing from the bottom and thawing from the top. The soil materials used were well-graded, sandy gravels, the finest one with 14% finer than no. 200 mesh (0. 074 mm).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 85,1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5895
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction to the problem Laboratory data Preliminary experiments Vertical sorting and volume changes produced by cyclic freeze -thaw Volume increase by sorting in straight graded samples without freezing and thawing Field data Vertical sorting of the active layer Correlation between laboratory and field data Conclusion and recommendations References
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  • 10
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    Petrographic characteristics of young sea ice, Point Barrow, Alaska (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-101
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 101
    Description / Table of Contents: Partial Summary: This paper is a pilot study of interrelations between structural features readily observed in horizontal thin sections of sea ice under low magnification. The core studied was 31.4 cm in length and was collected from Elson Lagoon at Point Barrow, Alaska on 26 October 1960.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 101
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5910
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Petrographic characteristics Intercrystalline features Intracrystalline features References
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