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  • 1
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    Arsenic-poor fluids promote strong As partitioning into pyrite (2024)
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Pyrite is a ubiquitous sulfide mineral found in diverse geological settings and holds great significance in the formation of Au deposits as well as the safe utilization of groundwater due to its remarkable ability to incorporate substantial amounts of As. However, despite its importance, there remains a dearth of fundamental data on the partitioning of As between pyrite and fluid, which is key for accurately modeling the As distribution in these environments. Here, we present new insights into the partitioning behavior of As between pyrite and fluid at conditions that mimic natural fluid systems. Pyrite was synthesized by replacement of natural siderite in hydrothermal experiments at 200 °C and pH 5 applying a wide range of fluid As concentrations, spanning from 0.001 to 100 µg/g. The As distribution and concentration in synthetic pyrite was analyzed by quantitative LA-ICP-MS mapping providing a high spatial resolution and sensitivity at 2–3 µm image pixel size at a detection limit of ∼1 µg/g at the single pixel scale. Pyrite-fluid partitioning coefficients (DAs(py/fluid)) between synthetic pyrite and experimental fluid agree with previously published data for high fluid As concentrations of 1 µg/g to 100 µg/g (DAs 〈 2000). However, at low As concentrations in the experimental fluid (〈1 µg/g), a steep increase in the DAs(py/fluid) values of up to ∼30,000 was detected, demonstrating even stronger As partitioning into pyrite. This is confirmed by the analyses of natural pyrite that precipitated from As-poor fluids (0.3–0.4 ng/g) within a deep anoxic aquifer in SE Sweden. The discovery holds significant implications for the mobility and scavenging of As, which in turn is important for understanding the formation and fingerprinting of mineral deposits as well as for the secure utilization of groundwater resources.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
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    The role of protolith composition in the formation of tin-enriched granitic melts: A modeling study using the example of the southwest China tin province (2024)
    In:  Ore Geology Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Important features of Sn mineralization are the heterogeneous geographic distribution and frequent regional separation from W mineralization in spite some similarities of Sn and W behavior during magmatic processes. Major Sn and W mineralization is often spatially associated with peraluminous granites, which are derived from partial melting of metasediments. Several concepts have been suggested to explain those features, such as a weathering-related Sn-enriched source, Sn redistribution between melts and restite during protolith melting, and extensive fractional crystallization. We demonstrate the importance of protolith composition for the formation of Sn (and W) granites by using a comprehensive bulk-rock composition dataset from Precambrian metasediments of the South China Sn-W province and employing a thermodynamic modeling approach. We used four compositional proxies for phase equilibria calculations, which are the metasediments of the Mengdong, Sibao, Pingbian, and Shuangqiaoshan Groups. It is well documented that those Precambrian metasediments are important protoliths of Sn granites in South China. We present quantitative evaluation of the control of protolith composition in the generation of Sn-enriched granitic melts using South China as example, but our conclusions may also be applicable to worldwide Sn–enriched granites. Our results indicate that the protolith major-element geochemistry controls the anatectic reactions and melt productivity at specific melting conditions, and consequently the partitioning behavior of Sn. Further, pre-enrichment of Sn is crucial to the fertility of granitic melt and may be a prerequisite, particularly for the formation of giant Sn deposits. We propose that the heterogeneous distribution of favorable source rocks is one of the important factors that control the spatial distribution of major Sn (and W) districts in South China and other regions worldwide.
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Morpho‐Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Apennines and Calabrian Arc: Insights From Pollino Range and Surrounding Extensional Intermontane Basins (2024)
    In:  Tectonics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The evolution of topography in forearc regions results from the complex interplay of crustal and mantle processes. The Southern Apennines represent a well‐studied forearc region that experienced several tectonic phases, initially marked by compressional deformation followed by extension and large‐scale uplift. We present a new structural, geomorphic and fluvial analysis of the Pollino Massif and surrounding intermontane basins (Mercure, Campotenese and Castrovillari) to unravel their evolution since the Pliocene. We constrain multiple tectonic transport directions, evolution of the drainage, and magnitude and timing of long‐ term incision following base level falls. Two sets of knickpoints suggest two phases of base level lowering and allow to estimate ∼500 m of long‐term uplift (late Pleistocene), as observed in the Sila Massif. On a smaller spatial scale, the evolution and formation of topographic relief, sedimentation, and opening of intermontane basins is strongly controlled by the recent increase in rock uplift rate and fault activity. At the regional scale, an along‐strike, long‐wavelength uplift pattern from north to south can be explained by progressive lateral slab tearing and inflow of asthenospheric mantle beneath Pollino and Sila, which in turn may have promoted extensional tectonics. The lower uplift of Le Serre Massif may be explained as result of weak plate coupling due to narrowing of the Calabrian slab. The onset of uplift in the Pollino Massif, ranging from 400 to 800 ka, is consistent with that one proposed in the southern Calabrian forearc, suggesting a possible synchronism of uplift, and lateral tearing of the Calabrian slab.
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Subduction of active spreading ridges and the disappearance of Andean-type cordilleras (2024)
    In:  Comptes Rendus Geoscience
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: We address the possible link between the age of subducting oceanic lithosphere and growth of elevated cordilleras versus extension-dominated arc regions. Singularity exists in South America: the lowest elevated Andean segments are found in Patagonia where the active Chile Ridge enters the trench. Subduction of active ridge triggers thermal doming, crustal extension and attenuation of former cordilleras. At the Antarctica–South America connection, three active ridge subductions induced the disruption of a former continuous cordillera during the opening of Drake Passage. Active ridge subduction induces lithosphere thermal erosion and related crustal extension in the upper plate. Evolution of regions worldwide experiencing ridge subduction confirms this hypothesis.
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Plate tectonics : continental drift and mountain building (2022)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer
    Details Availability
    Call number: M 24.95738
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Contractional theory, continental drift and plate tectonics -- 2 Plate movements and their geometric relationships -- 3. Continental graben structures -- 4. Passive continental margins and abyssal plains -- 5. Mid-ocean ridges -- 6. Hot spots -- 7. Subduction zones, island arcs and active continental margins -- 8. Transform faults -- 9. Terranes -- 10. Early Precambrian plate tectonics -- 11. Plate tectonics and mountain building -- 12. Old orogens -- 13. Young orogens - the Earth's loftiest places.
    Description / Table of Contents: This textbook explains how mountains are formed and why there are old and young mountains. It provides a reconstruction of the Earths paleogeography and shows why the shapes of South America and Africa fit so well together. Furthermore, it explains why the Pacific is surrounded by a ring of volcanos and earthquake-prone areas while the edges of the Atlantic are relatively peaceful. This thoroughly revised textbook edition addresses all these questions and more through the presentation and explanation of the geodynamic processes upon which the theory of continental drift is based and which have led to the concept of plate tectonics. It is a source of information for students of geology, geophysics, geography, geosciences in general, general natural sciences, as well as professionals, and interested layman.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: X, 245 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 2nd ed. 2022.
    ISBN: 978-3-030-88998-2 , 978-3-030-89000-1 , 978-3-030-89001-8
    Series Statement: Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment
    Language: English
    Location: 19
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 6
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    Finding tipping points in the global steel sector: A comparison of companies in Australia, Austria, South Korea and the USA (2024)
    In:  Global environmental change: human and policy dimensions
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The global steel sector is responsible for 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the need for significant changes in production practices and the adoption of low-carbon breakthrough technologies to achieve net-zero emissions. This study was conducted to explore positive tipping points at the company level, taking into account socio-political, economic and industry pressures that initiate the tipping process. The study operationalizes tipping points using the Triple Embededdness Framework, which incorporates indicators from the socio-political and economic environment, as well as the industry regime of companies. An analysis is performed of secondary data from four steel companies: BlueScope (Australia), POSCO (South Korea), voestalpine (Austria), and U.S. Steel (USA). The findings indicate that voestalpine is on the verge of reaching a positive tipping point, and POSCO is also on a promising track. In contrast, both BlueScope and U.S. Steel are lagging behind. In the tipping process, national policies play a critical role in expediting the transition to low-carbon steel production for frontrunners, while global climate policy has a greater leverage by influencing producers who operate in a less stringent national policy context. Additionally, the customer demand for low-carbon steel serves as a driving force for innovation and can incentivize steelmakers to produce low-carbon products.
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Managing systemic risk through transformative change: Combining systemic risk analysis with knowledge co-production (2024)
    In:  One Earth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Increasing interconnectedness, along with the effects of climate change and other global risk drivers, has led to mounting systemic risks in the complex systems that characterize our world. Systemic risks, with their cascading impacts and long-term sustainability concerns, necessitate transformative approaches to manage their effects across system scales and dimensions. To date, however, an “operationalization gap” impedes translating between propositions for transformative change and policy options for addressing systemic risk. Here, we propose combining systemic risk analyses with local approaches, prominently including knowledge co-production, to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of complex systems. This combined approach can support stakeholders in designing transformative risk management and adaptation interventions that balance individual and higher-order interactions, incorporate diverse viewpoints, and thus manage systemic risks and leverage transformation potential more effectively. Furthermore, we suggest that a risk-layering approach can help differentiate, prioritize, and orchestrate these options for incremental and transformative changes.
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Interpolation and sampling effects on recurrence quantification measures (2023)
    In:  Chaos
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The recurrence plot and the recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) are well-established methods for the analysis of data from complex systems. They provide important insights into the nature of the dynamics, periodicity, regime changes, and many more. These methods are used in different fields of research, such as finance, engineering, life, and earth science. To use them, the data have usually to be uniformly sampled, posing difficulties in investigations that provide non-uniformly sampled data, as typical in medical data (e.g., heart-beat based measurements), paleoclimate archives (such as sediment cores or stalagmites), or astrophysics (supernova or pulsar observations). One frequently used solution is interpolation to generate uniform time series. However, this preprocessing step can introduce bias to the RQA measures, particularly those that rely on the diagonal or vertical line structure in the recurrence plot. Using prototypical model systems, we systematically analyze differences in the RQA measure average diagonal line length for data with different sampling and interpolation. For real data, we show that the course of this measure strongly depends on the choice of the sampling rate for interpolation. Furthermore, we suggest a correction scheme, which is capable of correcting the bias introduced by the prepossessing step if the interpolation ratio is an integer.
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    A framework for synthetic power system dynamics (2023)
    In:  Chaos
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: We present a modular framework for generating synthetic power grids that consider the heterogeneity of real power grid dynamics but remain simple and tractable. This enables the generation of large sets of synthetic grids for a wide range of applications. For the first time, our synthetic model also includes the major drivers of fluctuations on short-time scales and a set of validators that ensure the resulting system dynamics are plausible. The synthetic grids generated are robust and show good synchronization under all evaluated scenarios, as should be expected for realistic power grids. A software package that includes an efficient Julia implementation of the framework is released as a companion to the paper.
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Toward dynamic stability assessment of power grid topologies using graph neural networks (2023)
    In:  Chaos
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: To mitigate climate change, the share of renewable energies in power production needs to be increased. Renewables introduce new challenges to power grids regarding the dynamic stability due to decentralization, reduced inertia, and volatility in production. Since dynamic stability simulations are intractable and exceedingly expensive for large grids, graph neural networks (GNNs) are a promising method to reduce the computational effort of analyzing the dynamic stability of power grids. As a testbed for GNN models, we generate new, large datasets of dynamic stability of synthetic power grids and provide them as an open-source resource to the research community. We find that GNNs are surprisingly effective at predicting the highly non-linear targets from topological information only. For the first time, performance that is suitable for practical use cases is achieved. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of these models to accurately identify particular vulnerable nodes in power grids, so-called troublemakers. Last, we find that GNNs trained on small grids generate accurate predictions on a large synthetic model of the Texan power grid, which illustrates the potential for real-world applications.
    Language: English
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