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  • thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues  (20)
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  • InTechOpen  (20)
  • English  (20)
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  • English  (20)
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  • 1
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    InTechOpen | Molecular Photochemistry - Various Aspects
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a branch of phototherapy that has seen a surge of interest in the last few decades, due to its potential in the treatment of various cancers, infections and heart disease.(Bonnett, 2000) This chapter aims to give an overview of the various photochemical steps involved in PDT as a cancer therapy, and in particular the challenges and insight gained from their theoretical description. After a brief review of PDT in general, in a biological and chemical context, the photochemical steps involved will be discussed, detailing the computational techniques required to model these chemical pathways theoretically. We will detail the methodologies that can currently be applied, as well as their limitations of use at present, and areas requiring further development.
    Keywords: computational modelling ; photodynamic therapy ; computational modelling ; photodynamic therapy ; Electron ; Excited state ; Ground state ; Molecule ; Multi-configurational self-consistent field ; Pacific Time Zone ; Photosensitizer ; Porphyrin ; Wave function ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    InTechOpen | Advances in Bioengineering
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: In the textile market industry, technical textiles are one of the fastest growing businesses. Part of that industry consists of textiles for medical and healthcare applications and are responsible for a continuous increase in its market potential [1]. Next to their need in hospital environments, there is a growing demand in other sectors such as the food and hotel industry, due to stricter hygiene regulations. In most cases biomedical textile meets a well-defined set of requirements such as minimizing non-specific protein adsorption, drug delivery coatings or the presence of active functional coatings and most importantly excellent biocompatibility (blood-, tissue-or cyto-compatibility) [2]. In general there are very few materials meeting all these characteristics, while at the same time offering the needed structural and mechanical properties. Furthermore, depending on the application, the production process has to be cost-effective and approved by local legislation.
    Keywords: plasma modified textiles ; biomedicine ; plasma modified textiles ; biomedicine ; Blood plasma ; Electrospinning ; Nonwoven fabric ; Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins ; Tissue engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    InTechOpen | Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, which was launched by NASA in June 2008, is a powerful space observatory which studies the high-energy gamma-ray sky Atwood (2009). Fermi’s main instrument, the Large Area Telescope (LAT), detects photons in an energy range between 20 MeV to greater than 300 GeV. The LAT is much more sensitive than its predecessor, the EGRET telescope on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, and is expected to find several thousand gamma-ray point sources, which is an order of magnitude more than its predecessor EGRET Hartman et al. (1999).
    Keywords: spherical ; poisson noise removal ; spherical ; poisson noise removal ; Algorithm ; Curvelet ; Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope ; Gamma ray ; HEALPix ; Shot noise ; Standard deviation ; Wavelet ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The photoacoustic method allows direct determination of the energy-storage efficiency of photosynthesis by relating the energy stored by it to the total light energy absorbed by the plant material (Canaani et al., 1988; Malkin & Cahen, 1979; Malkin et al., 1990). These authors applied the photoacoustic method to leaves in the gas phase, where brief pulses caused concomitant pulses of oxygen that caused a pressure transient detected by a microphone. This method is based on the conversion of absorbed light to heat. Depending on the efficiency of the photosynthetic system, a variable fraction of the absorbed light energy is stored, thereby affecting the heat evolved and the resulting photoacoustic signal. The higher the photosynthetic efficiency, the greater will be the difference between the stored energy with and without ongoing photosynthesis (Cha & Mauzerall, 1992). These authors collected microalgal cells onto a filter and studied them by an approach similar to that previously used with leaves. In both cases, the oxygen signal is combined with that of thermal expansion resulting from conversion of the fraction of the light energy in the pulse that is not stored by photochemistry.
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photoacoustics ; photosynthesis ; photoacoustics ; Algae ; Chlorophyll ; Nannochloropsis ; Phaeodactylum tricornutum ; Thermal expansion ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    InTechOpen | Laser Pulse Phenomena and Applications
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: There are many industrial and medical applications of CO2 (λ=10.6 μm) and Nd:YAG (λ=1.06 μm) infrared lasers for which the quality of the process are tightly connected to the characteristic of the laser pulse. These two types of lasers deliver pulses with duration, repetition frequency and power that can be controlled by means of a programmable electronic control unit. An open-loop control generally optimize the process performances by availing of a laser system model. However, this method cannot control that during the operation the laser source and the optical delivering system could deteriorate; moreover the laser beam characteristics and laser pulse temporal envelope could change by several factors like power supply variations, optical beam misalignments, dirty deposits on mirrors, changes in laser efficiency and many others .
    Keywords: laser pulses ; pyroelectric sensors ; laser pulses ; pyroelectric sensors ; Hertz ; Micrometre ; Polyvinylidene fluoride ; Power density ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    InTechOpen | Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering - From Analysis and Modeling to Technology Applications
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Surface texture is one of the most critical factors and important functionality indicators in the performance of high precision and nanoscale devices and components. The functions that have been identified in various studies include wear, friction, lubrication, corrosion, fatigue, coating, paintability, etc. [1-3]. It is also reported that the wear rates of surfaces in operational service is determined by roughness, waviness and the multi-scalar topographic features of a surface, such as random peaks/pits and ridges/valleys. These functional topographical features will impact directly on wear mechanics and physical properties of a whole system, such as hip joint replacement system in bioengineering [4-9]. For example, during functional operation of interacting surfaces, peaks and ridges will act as sites of high contact stresses and abrasion; consequently wear particles and debris will be generated by such surface topographical features, whereas the pits and valleys will affect the lubrication and fluid retention properties. In this situation, a vitally important consideration for functional characterisation must be the appropriate separation of the different components of surfaces, which is not only to extract roughness, waviness and form error, but should also be extended to all multi-scalar topographical events over surfaces.
    Keywords: orthopaedic bearing surfaces ; orthopaedic bearing surfaces ; Biorthogonal wavelet ; Cutoff frequency ; Discrete wavelet transform ; Lifting scheme ; Low-pass filter ; Wavelet ; Wavelet transform ; Waviness ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Humans have been exposed to a plethora of pathogens (bacteria, viruses) ever since. Infectious diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide. For example, in 2011, 1.34 million people died of tuberculosis, which is caused by an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Even more died of an infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; 1.78 million) or lower respiratory tract infection (3.46 million) [1]. In addition, recurring pandemic outbreaks of the influenza A virus, as in 2009, or an epidemic outbreak of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) in Germany in 2011, show quite plainly that pathogens in the 21th century still are a severe health problem, not only in developing countries.
    Keywords: toxin ; pathogen ; toxin ; pathogen ; Actin ; Bacteria ; Cell membrane ; Endocytosis ; Glycosphingolipid ; Influenza A virus ; Shiga toxin ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    InTechOpen | The Delivery of Nanoparticles | The Delivery of Nanoparticles
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Drug delivery systems traditionally relied on passive diffusion mechanisms for targeting and releasing of therapeutically active molecules. The major problems associated with traditional delivery are poor specificity and dose-limited toxicity. Nanoparticles have found applicability in the development of novel drug delivery systems by easily overcoming toxicity problem. However, specificity of delivery has remained as a challenge. Developments in the methods of reaching to targeted tissue have lead to new and improved drug delivery platforms. Recently, active targeting has been incorporated by cell specific ligands such as antibodies, lectins, growth factor receptors. More recently, aptamers gained popularity in construction of novel actively targeted drug delivery systems (Ozalp et al., 2011). Considerable proportions of aptamer-based delivery systems have been incorporated to a variety of nanomaterials in order to improve their specific targeting properties (Chen et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011).
    Keywords: drug delivery ; nanoparticles ; drug delivery ; nanoparticles ; Aptamer ; Protein ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    InTechOpen | Laser Pulse Phenomena and Applications
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: In 1979 Tajima and Dawson, Tajima & Dawson (1979), on the basis of theoretical work and simulations, have shown that relativistic plasma waves are suitable for the development of compact accelerators. In the proposed schemes, electrons were injected externally and were accelerated through the very high electric field (GV/m) sustained by relativistic plasma waves driven by lasers, in the laser beatwave regime or in the laser wakefield regime. Several experiments have been performed following their idea and injected electrons at the few MeV level have indeed been accelerated by electric fields in the GV/m range in a plasma medium using the beat wave and laser wakefield schemes. With the development of more powerful lasers, much higher electric fields were achieved, from few GV/m to more than 1 TV/m, Malka et al. (2002).
    Keywords: laser plasma accelerators ; laser plasma accelerators ; Cathode ray ; Electric field ; Electron ; Waves in plasmas ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    InTechOpen | Protein Phosphorylation in Human Health | Protein Phosphorylation in Human Health
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: During our lifetime, the genome is constantly being exposed to different types of damage caused either by exogenous sources (radiations and/or genotoxic compound) but also as byproducts of endogenous processes (reactive oxigen species during respiration, stalled forks during replication, eroded telomeres, etc). From a structural point of view, there are many types of DNA damage including single or double strand breaks, base modifications and losses or base-pair mismatches. The amount of lesions that we face is enormous with estimates suggesting that each of our 1013 cells has to deal with around 10.000 lesions per day [1]. While the majority of these events are properly resolved by specialized mechanisms, a deficient response to DNA damage, and particularly to DSB, harbors a serious threat to human health [2]. DSB can be formed [1] following an exposure to ionizing radiation (X- or γ-rays) or clastogenic drugs; [2] endogenously, during DNA replication, or [3], as a consequence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during oxidative metabolism. In addition, programmed DSB are used as repair intermediates during V(D)J and Class-Switch recombination (CSR) in lymphocytes [3], or during meiotic recombination [4]. Because of this, immunodeficiency and/or sterility problems are frequently associated with DDR-related pathologies.
    Keywords: dna damage ; dna damage ; Apoptosis ; Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related ; ATM serine/threonine kinase ; DNA repair ; DNA-PKcs ; Phosphorylation ; Protein ; Ubiquitin ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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