ALBERT

Note: Contents Table 1 Daily records Table 2 Extreme temperatures Table 3 Montly means Table 4 Mean temperature in the years 1775-1975 Table 5 Daily means of extreme temperatures Table 6 Relative frequency of daily maximum temperature in months Table 7 Relative frequency of daily minimum temperature Table 8 Relative frequency of relative humidity Table 9 Relative frequency of pressure Table 10 Relative frequency of wind Table 11 Relative frequency of cloud amount Table 12 Relative frequency of daily rainfall Table 13 Statistical characteristics of daily observations Table 14 Monthly means in 5 years periods Table 15 Monthly means in 10 years periods Table 16 Monthly means in 50 years periods Table 17 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in the years 1776-1975 Table 18 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 5 years periods Table 19 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 10 years periods Table 20 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 50 years periods Table 21 Mean daily temperature corresponding to the percent of the exceeding probability , In tschechischer, russischer und englischer Sprache

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Table of contents = Table des matières. - Einleitung = Introduction = Introduction. - Bemerkungen zum Inhalt und zur Gestaltung des Buches = Comments on the Contents and lay-out of the book = Remarques quant au contenue et à la structure du livre. - Methode = Methods = Methode. - Oekogramm = Ecogram = Ecogramme. - Bestimmungsschlüssel = Identification key = Clé d'identification. - Charakterisierung der Makroreste = Description of the macro-remains = Description des macrorestes. - Weitere Makroreste = Further macro-remains = Autres macrorestes. - Literatur = Literature = Litterature. - Index der Arten = Index of species = Index des espèces. , Text dt., engl. u. franz.

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Topography and hydrography. - Climate, glaciation, permafrost. - Notes on the scientific exploration of the area. - Sea level changes. - C-14 dates on shell material, corrections and errors. - Marine limits. - Emergence curves. - Marine faunas. - Glaciation history. - Pleistocene glaciation. - The Milne Land Moraines. - Glacial retreat, the Rødefjord stages. - Glacial readvance. - Climatic implications. - Comparison with other areas. - Pollen analytical investigations. - Field methods. - Lake sediments. - C-14 dates of lake sediments and rates of sedimentation. - Pollen preparation and calculation procedures. - Pollen identification. - Description of sites and pollen diagrams. - Notes on the present vegetation. - Discussion and reconstruction of vegetation types. - Plant immigration and climatic change. - Summary of the vegetation history. - Comparison with other areas. - General notes on the climatic development. - Acknowledgements. - References.

Note: Contents Table 1 Daily records Table 2 Extreme temperatures Table 3 Montly means Table 4 Mean temperature in the years 1775-1975 Table 5 Daily means of extreme temperatures Table 6 Relative frequency of daily maximum temperature in months Table 7 Relative frequency of daily minimum temperature Table 8 Relative frequency of relative humidity Table 9 Relative frequency of pressure Table 10 Relative frequency of wind Table 11 Relative frequency of cloud amount Table 12 Relative frequency of daily rainfall Table 13 Statistical characteristics of daily observations Table 14 Monthly means in 5 years periods Table 15 Monthly means in 10 years periods Table 16 Monthly means in 50 years periods Table 17 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in the years 1776-1975 Table 18 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 5 years periods Table 19 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 10 years periods Table 20 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 50 years periods Table 21 Mean daily temperature corresponding to the percent of the exceeding probability , In tschechischer, russischer und englischer Sprache , Zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: J.S. Daly, R.A. Cliff, and B.W.D. Yardley: Preface / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.01 --- E. J. Essene: The current status of thermobarometry in metamorphic rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:1-44, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.02 --- L. Ya. Aranovich and K. K. Podlesskii: Geothermobarometry of high-grade metapelites: simultaneously operating reactions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:45-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.03 --- Frank S. Spear: Relative thermobarometry and metamorphic P-T, paths / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:63-81, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.04 --- R. H. Vernon: Porphyroblast-matrix microstructural relationships: recent approaches and problems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:83-102, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.05 --- John Ridley: Vertical movement in orogenic belts and the timing of metamorphism relative to deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:103-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.06 --- R. A. Jamieson and C. Beaumont: Deformation and metamorphism in convergent orogens: a model for uplift and exhumation of metamorphic terrains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:117-129, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.07 --- Peter K. Zeitler: The geochronology of metamorphic processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:131-147, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.08 --- James J. Irwin, Charles Kirschbaum, Tek. H. Lim, Derek Powell, and William E. Glassley: A laser-microprobe study of argon isotopes in deformed pegmatites from the Northern Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:149-160, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.09 --- A. Reuter and R. D. Dallmeyer: K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of cleavage formed during very low-grade metamorphism: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:161-171, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.10 --- Hanan J. Kisch: Discordant relationship between degree of very low-grade metamorphism and the development of slaty cleavage / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:173-185, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.11 --- J. J. De Yoreo, D. R. Lux, and C. V. Guidotti: The role of crustal anatexis and magma migration in the thermal evolution of regions of thickened continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:187-202, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.12 --- C. P. Chamberlain and Douglas Rumble III: The influence of fluids on the thermal history of a metamorphic terrain: New Hampshire, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:203-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.13 --- Howard W. Day and C. Page Chamberlain: Implications of thermal and baric structure for controls on metamorphism: northern New England, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:215-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.14 --- L. Aguirre, B. Levi, and J. O. Nyström: The link between metamorphism, volcanism and geotectonic setting during the evolution of the Andes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:223-232, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.15 --- T. M. Gordon: Thermal evolution of the Kisseynew sedimentary gneiss belt, Manitoba: metamorphism at an early Proterozoic accretionary margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:233-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.16 --- Peter H. Thompson: An empirical model for metamorphic evolution of the Archaean Slave Province and adjacent Thelon Tectonic Zone, north-western Canadian Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:245-263, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.17 --- Amalbikash Mukherjee: P-T-time history and thermal modelling of an anorthosite-granulite interface, Eastern Ghats metamorphic belt, India / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:265-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.18 --- Leonid L. Perchuk: P-T-fluid regimes of metamorphism and related magmatism with specific reference to the granulite-facies Sharyzhalgay complex of Lake Baikal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:275-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.19 --- D. Ackermand, B. F. Windley, and A. Razafiniparany: The Precambrian mobile belt of southern Madagascar / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:293-296, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.20 --- I. Cartwright and A. C. Barnicoat: Evolution of the Scourian complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:297-301, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.21 --- M. A. H. Maboko, I. McDougall, and P. K. Zeitler: Metamorphic P-T path of granulites in the Musgrave Ranges, central Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:303-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.22 --- Eileen McLellan, Daniel Linder, and Jenny Thomas: Multiple granulite-facies events in the southern Appalachians, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:309-314, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.23 --- James M. McLelland: Pre-granulite-facies metamorphism in the Adirondack Mountains, New York / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:315-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.24 --- F. Mengel and T. Rivers: Thermotectonic evolution of proterozoic and reworked Archaean terranes along the Nain-Churchill boundary in the Saglek Area, northern Labrador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:319-324, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.25 --- Motoyoshi Yoichi, Satoshi Matsubara, and Hiroharu Matsueda: P-T evolution of the granulite-facies rocks of the Lützow-Holm Bay region, East Antarctica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:325-329, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.26 --- H. R. Rollinson: Garnet—orthopyroxene thermobarometry of granulites from the north marginal zone of the Limpopo belt, Zimbabwe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:331-335, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.27 --- Volker Schenk: P-T-t path of the lower crust in The Hercynian fold belt of southern Calabria / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:337-342, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.28 --- Daniel Vielzeuf and Christian Pin: Geodynamic implications of granulitic rocks in the Hercynian belt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:343-348, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.29 --- R. G. Warren and B. J. Hensen: The P-T evolution of the Proterozoic Arunta Block, central Australia, and Implications for tectonic evolution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:349-355, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.30 --- D. J. Waters: Metamorphic evidence for the heating and cooling path of Namaqualand granulites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:357-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.31 --- I. S. Buick and T. J. B. Holland: The P-T-t path associated with crustal extension, Naxos, Cyclades, Greece / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:365-369, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.32 --- M. Franceschelli, I. Memmi, F. Pannuti, and C. A. Ricci: Diachronous metamorphic equilibria in the Hercynian basement of northern Sardinia, Italy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:371-375, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.33 --- P. K. Verma: The Himalayan metamorphism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:377-383, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.34 --- A. J. Barker and M. W. Anderson: The Caledonian structural—metamorphic evolution of south Troms, Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:385-390, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.35 --- Kevin W. Burton, Alan P. Boyle, Wendy L. Kirk, and Roger Mason: Pressure, temperature and structural evolution of the Sulitjelma fold-nappe, central Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:391-411, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.36 --- A. H. N. Rice, R.

Note: Contents: Preface / Olav Orheim. - General report of the expedition / Olav Orheim. - Geodetic-topographic measurements in Dronning Maud Land and Bouvetøya / Trond Eiken & Knut Svendsen. - Ornithological investigations in Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Fridtjof Mehlum, Claus Bech & Svein Haftorn. - Geology of Gjelsvikfjella and Western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella / Yoshihide Ohta & Bjørn Tørudbakken. - Botany of Gjelsvikfjella and Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Torstein Engelskjøn. - Terrestrial invertebrates of Mühlig-Hofmannfjella / Lauritz Sømme. - Meteorological and glaciological studies in Dronning Maud Land / Yngvar Gjessing. - Geological and paleomagnetic research in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Harald Furnes & Reidar Løvlie. - Sedimentological research in northwestern part of Dronning Maud Land / Snorre Olaussen. - Geomorphological and glaciological observations in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Stig Jonsson. - Geophysical studies in the southern Weddell Sea / Kristen Haugland & Yngve Kristoffersen. - Marine geological studies on the Weddell Sea shelf / Anders Solheim & Yngve Kristoffersen. - Radiolaria in surface plankton collected on trans-Atlantic crossing of NARE 1984/85 / Kjell R. Bjørklund. - Hydrographic observations on the southern Weddell Sea shelf break / Arne Foldvik & Tor Gammelsrød. - Iceberg research and other glaciological studies from K/V "Andenes" / Monica Kristensen & Olav Orheim.

Note: In engl., span. und franz. Sprache

Note: Contents 1 Introduction I Definition of geocryology and periglacial II Objectives III Processes IV Environments V References 2 Environmental factors I Introduction II Basic factors Ill Dependent factors 3 Frozen ground I Introduction II Seasonally frozen ground Ill Permafrost 4 General frost-action processes I Introduction II Freezing process Ill Estimates of freezing and thawing IV Frost wedging V Frost heaving and frost thrusting VI Mass displacement VII Frost cracking VIII Sorting by frost action 5 Some periglacial forms I Introduction II Patterned ground Ill Periglacial involutions IV Stone pavements V String bogs VI Palsas VII Pingos 6 Mass-wasting processes and forms I Introduction lI Avalanching Ill Slushflow IV Thaw slumping V Frost creep VI Gelifluction VII Frost-creep and gelifluction deposits VIII Rock glaciers IX Taluses X Protalus ramparts 7 Nivation I Introduction II Nivation benches and hollows Ill Cryoplanation terraces and cryopediments 8 Slopewash I Introduction II Grèzes litées 9 Fluvial action I Introduction II Icings Ill Break-up phenomena IV Flat-floored valleys V Asymmetric valleys VI Dry valleys and dells 10 Lacustrine and marine action I Introduction II Lacustrine action Ill Marine action 11 Wind action I Introduction II Loess Ill Dunes IV Niveo-eolian deposits and forms V Deflation VI Ventifacts 12 Thermokarst I Introduction II Collapsed pingos Ill Thaw slumps IV Linear and polygonal troughs V Beaded drainage VI Thaw lakes VII Alases 13 Environmental overview 14 Environmental reconstructions I Introduction II Britain Ill Continental Europe IV USSR V Japan VI North America VII Southern Hemisphere VIII Some estimated temperature changes References Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Climate. - 1.1 The components of climate. - 1.2 Climate modelling and climate prediction. - 1.3 Climate changes and human perception. - 1.4 Feedback mechanisms in climate. - 1.4.1 The ice-albedo feedback mechanism. - 1.4.2 The water vapour “greenhouse”. - 1.4.3 Cloud feedbacks. - 1.4.4 Combining feedback effects. - 1.5 Perturbations on the climate system. - 1.5.1 External causes of climatic change. - 1.5.2 Internal causes of climatic change. - 1.6 Range of questions for climate modelling. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 2 A history of and introduction to climate models. - 2.1 Introducing climate modelling. - 2.2 Types of climate models. - 2.2.1 Energy balance climate models. - 2.2.2 One-dimensional radiative-convective climate models. - 2.2.3 Two-dimensional climate models. - 2.2.4 General circulation climate models. - 2.3 History of climate modelling. - 2.4 Sensitivity of climate models. - 2.5 Parameterization of climatic processes. - 2.6 Simulation of the full, interacting climate system: one goal of modelling. - Chapter 3 Energy balance models. - 3.1 Balancing the planetary radiation budget. - 3.2 The structure of energy balance models. - 3.3 Parameterizing the climate system for energy balance models. - 3.4 A BASIC energy balance climate model. - 3.5 Experiments with energy balance models. - 3.5.1 Explicit modelling of the cryosphere. - 3.6 Box models — another form of energy balance model. - 3.6.1 A simple box model of the ocean-atmosphere. - 3.6.2 A coupled atmosphere, land and ocean energy balance box model. - 3.7 Energy balance models: deceptively simple models. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 4 Radiative-convective models. - 4.1 The concept of a radiative-convective climate model. - 4.2 The structure of global radiative-convective models. - 4.3 Radiation computation. - 4.3.1 Shortwave radiation. - 4.3.2 Longwave radiation. - 4.3.3 Eleat balance at the ground. - 4.4 Convective adjustment. - 4.5 Sensitivity experiments with radiative-convective models. - 4.6 Development of radiative-convective models. - 4.6.1 Cloud amount and height predicted from ‘convection’. - 4.6.2 A water vapour transport model. - 4.7 Radiation: the driver of climate. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 5 Two-dimensional models. - 5.1 Why two-dimensional models?. - 5.2 Two-dimensional statistical dynamical climate models. - 5.3 Convection, cloud cover and precipitation in two-dimensional statistical dynamical models. - 5.4 Radiation and surface characterization in two-dimensional statistical dynamical models. - 5.4.1 Radiation. - 5.4.2 Surface characterization. - 5.5 Intercomparison of a two-and a three-dimensional model. - 5.6 Other types of two-dimensional models. - 5.6.1 An upgraded energy balance model. - 5.6.2 A severely truncated spectral general circulation climate model. - 5.7 Why are some climate modellers Flatlanders?. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 6 General circulation climate models. - 6.1 The structure of general circulation climate models. - 6.2 Dynamics in general circulation climate models. - 6.2.1 Cartesian (or rectangular) grid general circulation climate models. - 6.2.2 Spectral general circulation climate models. - 6.3 Physics in general circulation climate models. - 6.3.1 Radiative transfer. - 6.3.2 Boundary layer. - 6.3.3 Surface parameterization. - 6.3.4 Convection. - 6.3.5 Large scale rainfall. - 6.4 Including ‘other’ elements in general circulation climate models. - 6.4.1 Cloud prediction. - 6.4.2 Modelling the cryosphere. - 6.5 Land surface parameterization in general circulation climate models. - 6.6 Coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation climate models. - 6.7 Future climate projects and their importance to general circulation climate models. - 6.8 Epilogue. - Recommended reading. - Appendices. - A. Glossary. - B. Climate models: examples of simple microcomputer software. - I. Daisyworld: a simple biospheric feedback climate model. - II. Modelling the climatic impact of anthropogenerated albedo change. - III. An energy balance climate model (EBM). - IV. Carbon dioxide feedback using a simple ocean model. - General Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Static Structure of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.2 Zonal Mean Temperature and Wind Distributions. - 1.3 Composition of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.4 The Vertical Distribution of Eddy Amplitudes. - 1.5 Observational Techniques. - References. - Chapter 2 Radiative Processes and Remote Sounding. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Fundamentals. - 2.3 Gaseous Absorption Spectra. - 2.4 Transmission Functions. - 2.5 Infrared Radiative Exchange and Radiative Damping. - 2.6 Departure from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 2.7 Absorption of Solar Radiation. - 2.8 Radiative Equilibrium Temperature and Heating-Rate Distributions. - 2.9 Remote Sounding. - References. - Chapter 3 Basic Dynamics. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 The Beta-Plane Approximation and Quasi-Geostrophic Theory. - 3.3 The Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.4 Linearized Disturbances to Zonal-Mean Flows. - 3.5 The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.6 The Generalized Eliassen-Palm Theorem and the Charney-Drazin Nonacceleration Theorem. - 3.7 The Lagrangian Approach. - 3.8 Isentropic Coordinates. - 3.9 The Zonal-Mean Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3A. Derivation of Some Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3B. Boundary Conditions on the Residual Circulation. - References. - Chapter 4 Linear Wave Theory. - 4.1 Introduction and Classification of Wave Types. - 4.2 Wave Disturbances to a Resting Spherical Atmosphere. - 4.3 Atmospheric Thermal Tides. - 4.4 Free Traveling Planetary Waves. - 4.5 Forced Planetary Waves. - 4.6 Gravity Waves. - 4.7 Equatorial Waves. - Appendix 4A. Ray-Tracing Theory and Wave Action in a Slowly Varying Medium. - References. - Chapter 5 Extratropical Planetary-Scale Circulations. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The Observed Annual Cycle. - 5.3 Detailed Linear Models of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere. - 5.4 Detailed Linear Models of Free Traveling Planetary Waves in the Atmosphere. - 5.5 Barotropic and Baroclinic Instability. - 5.6 Planetary-Wave Critical Layers. - References. - Chapter 6 Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Observed Features of Sudden Warmings. - 6.3 Theoretical Modeling of Sudden Warmings. - 6.4 Conclusions. - References. - Chapter 7 The Extratropical Zonal-Mean Circulation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Some Simple Zonally Averaged Models of the Middle Atmosphere. - 7.3 The Upper Mesosphere. - 7.4 The Winter Polar Stratosphere. - 7. 5 Interpretation and Generalization. - References. - Chapter 8 Equatorial Circulations. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 The Observed Structure of the Equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.3 Theory of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.4 Observed Structure of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.5 Dynamics of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.6 Inertial Instability in the Equatorial Zone. - References. - Chapter 9 Tracer Transport in the Middle Atmosphere. - 9.1 Introduction: Types of Tracers. - 9.2 Long-Lived Chemical Tracers. - 9.3 Transport in the Meridional Plane. - 9.4 Formulations of Eddy and Mean-Flow Transport. - 9.5 Dispersive Wave Transport: Irreversible Mixing of Tracers. - 9.6 Troposphere-Stratosphere Exchange. - 9.7 Transport Modeling. - Appendix 9A. The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Transport for Small-Arnplitude Eddies. - References. - Chapter 10 The Ozone Layer. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 The Climatology of Ozone. - 10.3 Elementary Aspects of Photochemical Modeling. - 10.4 Photochemistry of Ozone: Catalytic Cycles. - 10.5 Models of the Natural and Perturbed Ozone Layer. - Appendix 10A. The Continuity Equation for Chemical Species. - References. - Chapter 11 General Circulation Modeling. - 11.1 Models of the Lower Stratosphere. - 11.2 The GFDL SKYHI Model. - 11.3 Forecasting of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. - 11.4 Transport Modeling. - References. - Chapter 12 Interaction between the Middle Atmosphere and the Lower Atmosphere. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Links: Deductions from Simple Models. - 12.3 Radiative Links: Deductions from GCMs. - 12.4 Dynamical Links: Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves. - 12.5 Interannual Variability in the Stratosphere. - References. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Contents PREFACE LIST OF SYMBOLS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Remarks 1.2 Historical Notes 2 EQUATIONS 2.1 The Continuity Equation 2.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations 2.3 The Equation of State 2.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.5 Simplification of the Basic Equations 2.6 Averaging Procedures 2.7 Further Simplifications 3 STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE 3.1 Transition and Instabilities 3.2 Statistical Description of Turbulence 3.3 Scales of Turbulent Flow 3.4 Equations of Higher Moment 3.5 Budgets of Turbulent Fluxes and Variances 3.5.1 Balance of turbulent kinetic energy 3.5.2 Heat flux balance 3.5.3 Momentum flux balance 3.5.4 Temperature and humidity variance and covariance balances 4 SIMILARITY 4.1 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 4.2 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 4.2.1 Free convection regime 4.2.2 Neutral regime 4.2.3 Very stable regime 4.2.4 Empirical verification 4.3 The Rossby Number Similarity Theory 4.4 Local Similarity Theory 4.4.1 Stable boundary layer 4.4.2 Convective boundary layer 5 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 5.1 General Considerations 5.2 Energy Spectra 5.3 Cross Spectra 5.4 Spatial Spectra 5.5 Spectral Curve-Fitting 5.6 Spectra and Cospectra in the Surface Layer 5.7 Spectra and Cospectra in the Mixed Layer 5.8 Spectra and Cospectra in the Stable Outer Layer 6 MODELING 6.1 General Remarks 6.2 Integral Models 6.3 First-Order Closures 6.3.1 Flow in the surface layer 6.3.2 The Ekman model 6.3.3 Effects of baroclinicity 6.3.4 Effects of thermal stability 6.3.5 Effects of slightly inclined terrain 6.3.6 The effects of nonstationarity 6.4 Nonlocal Closures 6.5 Higher-Order Closures 6.5.1 The momentum flux equation 6.5.2 The heat flux equation 6.5.3 The temperature variance equation 6.5.4 The dissipation rate equation 6.6 Large Eddy Simulation Models 7 DIFFUSION 7.1 General Considerations 7.2 The Statistical Theory of Diffusion 7.3 K-Theory Models 7.4 Gaussian Models 7.5 Laboratory and Large Eddy Simulation Experiments 7.6 Higher-Order Closure Models 7.7 Monte Carlo Methods 8 MEASUREMENTS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sensors 8.2.1 Wind sensors 8.2.2 Temperature sensors 8.2.3 Measurements of humidity fluctuations 8.2.4 Measurements of concentration 8.2.5 Static and dynamic characteristics of sensors 8.3 Platforms 8.3.1 Aircraft measurements 8.3.2 Balloons 8.4 Remote Ground-Based Observing Systems 8.4.1 Radars 8.4.2 Lidars 8.4.3 Sodars 8.5 Averaging of Measured Quantities 8.6 Major Field Experiments 8.6.1 The 1953 Great Plains experiment 8.6.2 The 1967 Wangara experiment 8.6.3 The 1968 Kansas experiment 8.6.4 The 1973 Minnesota experiment Epilogue APPENDIX A.1 Fourier Analysis A.2 The Sweeping Method A.3 Vector Operators REFERENCES INDEX

Note: CONTENTS Geology and Structure of the Ross Sea Region / F. J. Davey Recording and Processing Procedures for Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Data Collected in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / S. V. Dadisman, H. F. Ryan, D. M. Mann Seismic Stratigraphy and Structure of the Victoria Land Basin, Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, J. C. Behrendt Extent and Nature of Ross Sea Unconformity in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, B. D. Edwards Structure of Extensionally Rifted Crust Beneath the Western Ross Sea and lselin Bank, Antarctica, from Sonobuoy Seismic Data / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, G. R. Cochrane Gravity Studies of the Victoria Land Basin and lselin Bank / F. J. Davey, A. K. Cooper The Antarctic Continental Margin Magnetic Gradiometer Data: Suppression of Time Variations / R. O. Hansen, J. R. Childs Interpretation of Marine Magnetic Gradiometer and Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Observations over the Western Ross Sea Shelf, Antarctica / J.C. Behrendt, A. K. Cooper, A. Yuan Heat Flow and Tectonics in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / D. K. Blackman, R. P. Von Herzen, L. A. Lawver Geology and Physical Properties of Ross Sea, Antarctica, Continental Shelf Sediment / B. D. Edwards, H. J. Lee, H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, L. A. Timothy Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of Sediments Offshore from Antarctica / J. B. Rapp, K. A. Kvenvolden, M. Golan-Bae Diatoms from the 1984 USGS Antarctic Cruise in the Ross Sea / J. A. Barron, L. H. Burckle Petrography of Rock Samples Dredged from lselin Bank, Ross Sea, Antarctica / F. L. Wong, P. J. Barrett, J. Gamble, D. G. Howell

Note: Contents: Preface. - Contributors. - 1. The Present Climate of the Arctic Ocean and Possible Past and Future States / R. G. Barry. - 2. Arctic Ice-Ocean Dynamics / W. D. Hibler III. - 3. Chemical Oceanography of the Arctic Ocean / L. Anderson and D. Dyrssen. - 4. Polar Marine Ecosystem Evolution / M. J. Dunbar. - 5. Arctic Sea-Ice Biota / R. A. Horner. - 6. Primary Production, Chlorophyll, Light, and Nutrients Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice / O. G. N. Andersen. - 7. Arctic Ocean Phytoplankton / B. R. Heimdal. - 8. Foraminifera and Pteropoda Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice: New Distributions / Y. Herman and O. G. N. Andersen. - 9. Ecology of Arctic Ocean Cryopelagic Fauna / I. A. Mel'nikov. - 10. Evolution of Arctic Ecosystems During the Neogene Period / A. N. Golikov and O. A. Scarlato. - 11. Distributional Patterns of Echinoderms in the Eurasian Sector of the Arctic Ocean / N. A. Anisimova. - 12. Marine Bivalvia of the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Fedyakov and A. D. Naumov. - 13. Arctic Ocean Gastropod Prosobranchs / A. N. Golikov. - 14. Arctic Ocean Bryozoa / V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko. - 15. Arctic Ocean Mysids (Crustacea, Mysidacea): Evolution, Composition, and Distribution / V. V. Petryashov. - 16. Hydrozoa of the Eurasian Arctic Seas / S. D. Stepanjants. - 17. Arctic Ocean Cumacea / S. V. Vassilenko. - 18. Quarternary Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy: The Eastern Arctic Ocean Record / C. Card. - 19. Arctic Ocean Radiolarians / S. B. Kruglikova. - 20. Diatoms in Arctic Shallow Seas Sediments / E. I. Polyakova. - 21. Ecology of Recent Foraminifera on the Canadian Continental Shelf of the Arctic Ocean / C. Vilks. - 22. Thorium and Uranium Isotopes in Arctic Sediments / B. L. K. Somayajulu, P. Sharma, and Y. Herman. - 23. Late Neogene Arctic Paleoceanography: Micropaleontology, Stable Isotopes, and Chronology / Y. Herman, F. K. Osmond, and B. L. K. Somayajulu. - 24. Sediment Composition and Sedimentary Processes in the Arctic Ocean / D. A. Darby, A. S. Naidu, T. C. Mowatt, and C. A. Jones. - 25. Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Barents Sea / V. S. Zarkhidze and Yu. C. Samoilovich. - 26. The Last Glaciation of Eurasia / A. A. Velitchko, L. L. Isayeva, D. B. Oreshkin, and M. A. Faustova. - 27. Geological and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Arctic During Late Cenozoic Time / I. D. Danilov. - 28. Organic Geochemistry of Barents Sea Sediments / A. N. Belyaeva, A. I. Daniushevskaya, and E. A. Romankevich. - 29. Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean Seafloor / J. R. Weber. - 30. Tectonic History of the Arctic Region from the Ordovician Through the Cretaceous / L. P. Zonenshain and L. M. Napatov. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Nature of Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.1 Pollen Analysis as a Quaternary Palaeoecological Technique 1.2 Types of Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.3 Methods of Presenting Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.4 The Data Used 2 Basic Statistical Concepts 2.1 The Rôle of Statistics in Pollen Analysis 2.2 Description of the Binomial and Multinomial Distributions 2.3 The Binomial and Multinomial Distributions in Palynology 2.4 Further Statistical Examples in Quaternary Palynology 2.5 Exploratory Data Analysis and Classification 2.6 The Measurement of Dissimilarity 3 The Analysis of Pollen Stratigraphical Data: Zonation 3.1 The Concept of the Pollen Zone 3.2 Numerical Approaches to Pollen Zonation 3.3 The Constrained Single Link Method 3.4 Binary Divisive Procedures 3.5 Dynamic Programming Algorithm 3.6 The Variable Barriers Approach 3.7 Examples of Numerical Zonations 3.8 Advantages and Limitations of Numerical Zonations 4 The Analysis of Pollen Stratigraphical Data: Comparison of Sequences 4.1 Rationale of Comparing Pollen Sequences 4.2 Numerical Approaches to Comparing Stratigraphical Sequences 4.3 Comparison of Sequences in the Absence of Stratigraphical Constraints: Zone-By-Zone Comparisons 4.4 Comparison of Sequences in the Absence of Stratigraphical Constraints: Classification Methods 4.5 Comparison of Sequences by Slotting 4.6 Numerical Comparisons of Abernethy Forest 4.7 Other Examples of Numerical Comparisons 4.8 Properties of the Numerical Methods of Comparison 5 The Analysis of Modern Pollen Data 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Numerical Approaches to the Analysis of Modern Pollen Data 5.3 Presentation and Comparison of Modern Pollen Spectra from Different Vegetation Types 5.4 Modelling Modern Pollen-Vegetation Relationships 6 The Interpretation of Pollen Stratigraphical Data 6.1 Quantitative Approaches to Interpretation 6.2 Sequence-Splitting, Curve-Fitting, and Time Series-Analysis 6.3 The Use of Pollen-Representation Factors 6.4 Comparing Modern and Fossil Pollen Spectra 6.5 Recurrent Groups 6.6 Environmental Reconstructions Appendix: The Program ZONATION References Index

Note: Contents: Introduction / Professor James H. Zumberge. - 1. First Impressions and the Setting. - 2. Why Are Scientists Interested in the Antarctic?. - 3. First Studies of Antarctica to the Treaty. - 4. Logistics, Transportation, and Telecommunications. - 5. Geodesy and Cartography in Antarctica. - 6. Geology and Solid-Earth Geophysics. - 7. "Land of Mountainous Ice". - 8. Cold Waters Run Deep. - 9. Antarctic Meteorology. - 10. Cold Climates and Frozen Atmospheres. - 11. The Upper Atmosphere from Antarctica. - 12. The Living Edge of Antarctica. - 13. Hostile Environment for Mankind. - 14. Environmental Impact of Man. - 15. Freedom of Exchange of Antarctic Scientific Information. - 16. A Continent for Collaboration. - Appendix 1: SCAR Publications. - Appendix 2: Antarctic Treaty. - Acknowledgements. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols Commonly Used in the Text. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Properties of Sea Water Relevant to Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Density. - Measurement of density, temperature and salinity. - Relative density, sigma-t and specific volume. - Tables for density and specific volume as functions of temperature, salinity and pressure. - Sources of data. - 3 The Basic Physical Laws Used in Oceanography and Classifications of Forces and Motions in the Sea. - Basic laws. - Classification of forces and motion. - 4 The Equation of Continuity of Volume. - The concept of continuity of volume. - The derivation of the equation of continuity of volume. - An application of the equation of continuity. - 5 Stability and Double Diffusion. - Static stabiIity. - Criterion for static stability (E). - Numerical values for stability. - Double diffusion. - Dynamic stability. - 6 The Equation of Motion in Oceanography. - The form of the equation of motion. - Obtaining solutions to the equations, including boundary conditions. - The derivation of the terms in the equation of motion. - The pressure term. - Transforming from axes fixed in space to axes fixed in the rotating earth. - Gravitation and gravity. - The Coriolis terms. - Other accelerations. - Coordinate systems. - 7 The Role of the Non-Linear Terms in the Equations of Motion. - The non-linear terms in the equation of motion. - The friction term for the instantaneous velocity. - What is the source of the difficulty?. - Scaling and the Reynolds Number. - Reynolds stresses. - Equations for the mean or average motion. - Reynolds stresses and eddy viscosity. - Scaling the equations of motion. - Dynamic stabiIity. - The effect of density variations on dynamic stability. - Effects of rotation. - 8 Currents Without Friction: Geostrophic Flow. - Hydrostatic equiIibrium. - Inertial flow. - GeopotentiaI. - Geopotential surfaces and isobaric surfaces. - The geostrophic equation. - Why worry about the geostrophic equation?. - The geostrophic method for calculating relative velocities. - An example of the calculation of a geostrophic velocity profile. - An alternative derivation of the geostrophic equation. - The 'thermal wind' equations. - Absolute velocities. - Relations between isobaric and level surfaces. - Relations between isobaric and isopycnal surfaces. - Comments on the geostrophic equation. - Justification for using the geostrophic approach to obtain the speeds of strong currents. - 9 Currents With Friction. - Wind-driven circulations - introduction. - Nansen's qualitative argument. - The equations of motion with friction included. - Ekman's solution to the equations of motion with friction present. - Comments on the above experimental observations. - Transport and upwelling. - Upwelling or downwelling away from boundaries. - Bottom friction and shallow water effects. - Limitations of the Ekman theory. - Sverdrup's solution for the wind-driven circulation. - Orders of magnitude of the terms. - Application of the Sverdrup equation. - The general form of the Sverdrup equation. - The mass transport stream function. - Westward intensification - Stommel's contribution. - The planetary wind field. - Munk's solution. - Comments on Munk's solution. - Vorticity. - Relative vorticity. - Planetary vorticity. - Absolute vorticity. - Potential vorticity. - Westward intensification of ocean currents explained using conservation of potential vorticity. - Equatorial undercurrents. - The boundary layer approach. - The use of the boundary layer approach to obtain a solution to Munk's equation. - A simple inertial theory by Stommel. - 10 Thermohaline Effects. - The deep circulation. - Equations for salt and temperature (heat) conservation. - Equations for the average salinity and temperature. - Reynolds fluxes and eddy diffusivity. - Thermoclines and the thermohaline circulation. - The mixed layer of the ocean. - 11 Numerical Models. - Introduction. - Numerical methods. - General approach to numerical modelling of ocean circulations. - Descriptions of some models of individual oceans. - O'Brien's two-dimensional wind-driven model of the North Pacific. - Cox's model of the Indian Ocean. - Holland and Hirschmann's model of the Atlantic Ocean. - Two models of the circulation of the world ocean. - Models of mesoscale eddies. - Comments on the numerical model solutions. - 12 Waves. - Introduction. - Some general characteristics of waves. - Small amplitude waves. - Orbital motion of the water particles. - Refraction and breaking in shallow water; diffraction. - The generation of waves. - Measurement of waves. - ReaI waves. - Wave generation by the wind; semi-empirical relations. - Energy of waves. - Tsunamis or seismic sea waves. - Internal waves. - Effects of rotation. - Modified gravity waves. - Kelvin waves. - Planetary or Rossby waves. - Topographic effects. - 13 Tides. - Introduction. - Tide-producing forces. - Components of the tide-producing forces. - Ocean responses to the tide-producing forces - tidaI theories. - The practical approach to tide prediction. - The measurement of tides. - Types of tides. - Tidal currents. - Tides in bays-resonance. - Storm surges. - 14 Some Presently Active and Future Work. - APPENDIX I Mathematical Review with Some Elementary Fluid Mechanics. - Introduction. - Scalars and vectors. - Derivatives. - The individual or total derivative. - Integrals. - Fields. - Descriptions of fluid flow. - Convergences and divergences. - Hydrostatic pressure. - Slope effects. - CompressibiIity. - Centripetal and centrifugal forces. - APPENDIX 2 Units Used in Physical Oceanography. - Introduction. - Base units. - Derived and temporary units. - Units used in dynamic oceanography and some numerical values. - SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING AND FOR REFERENCE. - INDEX.

Note: Contents: OVERVIEW. - 1. WORKSHOP ON THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM: OVERVIEW / James H. Zumberge and Lee A. Kimball. - Trends in the Debate at the Workshop. - Ideas and Suggestions Put Forward. - The Antarctic Setting. - INTRODUCTION. - 2. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE / Trevor Hatherton. - Early Notions. - The Routes Open. - Reduction to Size. - Exploitation - The Seals. - Science and National Interests. - Because It Is There. - Exploitation - The Whales. - The Modern Era. - The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958. - 3. JURIDICAL NATURE OF THE 1959 TREATY SYSTEM / Yuri M. Rybakov. - Peaceful Use. - Scientific Investigation. - Inspection. - Consultative Meetings. - Recommendations. - Additional Conventions. - LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND. - 4. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY: A POLITICAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE / Cristian Maquieira. - 5. ANTARCTIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION / Francisco Orrego Vicuna. - The Early Trends Toward Antarctic Conflict. - Localized Territorial Disputes. - Generalized Territorial Disputes and International Implications. - Strategic Uses and Disputes in Antarctica. - Major-Power Rivalry in Antarctica. - The Antarctic Treaty: Cooperation as a Factor of Stabilization. - 6. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM / Arthur D. Watts. - 7. PANEL DISCUSSION ON THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY. - ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - 8. SUMMARY OF SCIENCE IN ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO AND INCLUDING THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR / Robert H. Rutford. - 9. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM (POST-IGY) - CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTARCTIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH / William F. Budd. - Introduction. - The Post-IGY International Antarctica Quarter Century. - The Profitable Nonrenewable Resources Fallacy. - Antarctica as a Global Environmental Science Resource. - Antarctic Publications and the Knowledge Explosion. - Highlights of Antarctic Discoveries and Research. - The Treaty Nations as the United Nations "Antarctic Rangers". - 10. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM - THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTIC RESEARCH AND THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / James H. Zumberge. - Introduction. - The Origin and Growth of SCAR. - SCAR Structure and Procedures. - The Interaction of SCAR with the Antarctic Treaty System. - A Look at SCAR's Future. - 11. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / E. Fred Roots. - Background. - The Political Role of Science in Antarctica. - Different Approaches to Science in Antarctica. - What Results Can Antarctic Science Deliver?. - The Setting of Scientific Priorities in Antarctica. - The Future. - 12. PANEL DISCUSSION ON ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES A. CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT 13. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISM - AN APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES / John A. Heap and Martin W. Holdgate. - Introduction. - Characteristics of the Antarctic Environment. - Human Impacts on the Environment of Antarctica. - The Evaluation of Environmental Goals. - Environmental Conservation Within the Antarctic Treaty System. - The Antarctic Treaty System as a Mechanism for Environmental Conservation. - 14. PANEL DISCUSSION ON CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT. - B. LIVING RESOURCES. - 15. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - LIVING RESOURCES / John A. Gulland. - Introduction. - Marine Resources. - International Whaling Commission. - The Role of the Antarctic Treaty. - Terrestrial Activities. - The Role of SCAR. - 16. PANEL DISCUSSION ON LIVING RESOURCES. - Biomass. - Experimental Fishery. - Inspection and Other CCAMLR Measures. - C. NONLIVING RESOURCES. - 17. ARCTIC OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE ANTARCTIC / K. R. Croasdale. - Introduction. - Geography and Oil and Gas Resources. - The Arctic Offshore Environment. - Technology for Arctic Offshore Petroleum Operations. - Conclusions. - 18. DISCUSSION ON TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF MINERALS DEVELOPMENT IN POLAR AREAS. - 19. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - NONLIVING RESOURCES / Christopher D. Beeby. - 20. PANEL DISCUSSION ON NONLIVING RESOURCES. - Participation. - Common Heritage of Mankind. - Participation in the Minerals Regime Negotiations. - Participation in the Adoption of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Implementation of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Activities and Benefits. - Urgency and Timing of Minerals Activities. - The Regime. - Enforcement and Reporting Requirements. - INSTITUTIONS. - 21. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A STATE NOT PARTY TO THE SYSTEM / Zain Azraai. - The Response of the Nontreaty Parties (NTPs). - 22. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NON-CONSULTATIVE PARTY TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY / Peter Bruckner. - Introduction. - Motives for Accession. - Functioning of the Treaty System. - Rights and Obligations of the NCPs Under the Treaty. - The Observer Issue. - Antarctica and the U.N. General Assembly. - Concluding Remarks. - Appendix. - 23. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW CONSULTATIVE PARTY / L. F. Macedo de Soares Guimaraes. - 24. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW MEMBER / S. Z. Qasim and H. P. Rajan. - Introduction. - Background of the Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System. - India's Scientific Expeditions. - Political Issues. - Conclusions. - 25. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AND THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM / Richard A. Woolcott. - Promotion of Principles and Purposes of United Nations Charter. - Links with the United Nations Specialized Agencies. - The Future. - Relationship to the United Nations System in the Future. - 26. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM - THE INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE / R. Tucker Scully. - Introduction. - The Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Substantive Content. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Institutional Response. - Operation of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Conclusion. - 27. PANEL DISCUSSION ON INSTITUTIONS OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM. - Legitimacy. - Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Concluding Remarks.