ALBERT

Note: 1. Deutscher Landesbericht (DDR) für die XIII. Generalversammlung der IUGG in Berkeley/Cal. 1963, Fachgruppe Geomagnetismus und Aeronomie 2. Bericht über die Sitzung des Europäischen Seismologischen Kommission (ESC), Assoziation für Seismologie und Physik des Erdinnern der IUGG 3. IQSY-Beauftragter: Übersicht über die bisher (Stand vom 1.2.65) von DDR-Instituten im Rahmen der IQSY-Verpflichtungen des NKGG an die Weltdatenzentren versandten Beobachtungsmaterialien und Sonderdrucke wissenschaftlicher Veröffentlichungen 4. Nr. I/3: Final Report on IQSY Activities in the German Democratic Republic 1964-1965 (Presented by G. Cumme and E. A. Lauter) 5. IQSY-Activities in the GDR: Report to the IV Assembly of the Special Committee for the IQSY, London 1967 (Compiled by Cumme, G. und Wagner, C.-U.) , 1. Deutscher Landesbericht (DDR) für die XIII. Generalversammlung der IUGG in Berkeley/Cal. 1963, Fachgruppe Geomagnetismus und Aeronomie 2. Bericht über die Sitzung des Europäischen Seismologischen Kommission (ESC), Assoziation für Seismologie und Physik des Erdinnern der IUGG 3. IQSY-Beauftragter: Übersicht über die bisher (Stand vom 1.2.65) von DDR-Instituten im Rahmen der IQSY-Verpflichtungen des NKGG an die Weltdatenzentren versandten Beobachtungsmaterialien und Sonderdrucke wissenschaftlicher Veröffentlichungen 4. Nr. I/3: Final Report on IQSY Activities in the German Democratic Republic 1964-1965 (Presented by G. Cumme and E. A. Lauter) 5. IQSY-Activities in the GDR: Report to the IV Assembly of the Special Committee for the IQSY, London 1967 (Compiled by Cumme, G. und Wagner, C.-U.)

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Results at Site 2 Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Chapter I. Introduction Greenland Glaciers and stratigraphy The Greenland ice sheet - a rock formation Region of investigation Chapter II. Methods of investigation Stratigraphy Accumulation measurements Work program at pit stations General description of pits Temperature Hardness Density, stratigraphy, and grain size Accuracy of density measurements Photography Core drilling Air permeability and mechanical tests Elevation measurements Barometric altimetry Transit leveling Chapter III. Basic concepts and definitions Summer melt Soaking Complete soaking Localized percolation Stability Diagenetic facies Chapter IV. Presentation and discussion of results Grain size and morphology Grain size Morphology Temperature Seasonal variation and mean annual temperature Thermal effect of an open pit Constancy of climate Facies in terms of temperature data Hardness Continuity of strata Effect of wind Increase in R with depth below snow surface Facies in terms of hardness data Density Depth vs density data Depth vs load data Attempts to formulate depth vs density Facies in terms of density data Glacier facies - a classification of glaciers Chapter V. Stratigraphy and accumulation Stratigraphy Stratigraphic interpretation at station 1-0 Correlation between stratigraphic and meteorological records Accumulation Integrated qepth-density curves Measurement of accumulation on surface marker plates Pole-marker measurements Stratigraphic correlation Selection of a reference datum in the annual stratigraphic sequence Correlation across the traverse Effects of topography Chapter VI. Meteorological and climatological implications Winds Precipitation Annual heat exchange References Appendix A: Stratigraphy, meteorology and glaciology Appendix B: Logistics and development of the research program Appendix C: Tables

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Snow samples Procedure Experimental results Fraction 150-300 µ Fraction 0-150 µ Mixture of fractions Conclusions

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION Chapter I. APPLICATION OF ISOLINES FOR DEPICTING ASPECTS OF THE SNOW COVER Visual Problems Use of a simplified base map Other solutions Substantive Problems Observational errors Sampling errors Bias error Effect of reliability of data on isolines Conclusion The ''reasoned distribution'' Effects of substantive problems Conclusion II. DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER MEASURES, INDICES, AND METHODS FOR DEPICTING SNOW COVER CONDITIONS Examples of Possible Normal Indices of Snow Cover Average snow depth at end of the maximum month Average monthly snow depths by superimposed or located line graphs Time aspects Snowfall Selected Statistical Parameters of a Particular Value Extreme values Frequency values Measures of variability Conclusion III. SNOW REGIONS: AN APPROACH TO MAPPING SNOW COVER Snow Region Concept Descriptions of Snow Regions 1. Pacific Coast and Coastal Valley Region 2. The Mountain Zone 3. Great Plains Region 4. The Mackenzie-Manitoba Region 5. Upper Ontario Region 6. Northern Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Region 7. Labrador Region 8. The Northern Arctic Region 9. Ungava-Baffinland Region Conclusions IV. CURRENT SNOW DATA MAPS Introduction Ground Observer's Code Suggested code for "Ground Observer's Snow Report" Comments Symbols for a comprehensive station model Air Observation Code Comments Station Model for Aircraft Snow Observations A Simplified Snow Observation Report . Introduction Proposed code and symbols for station model based on Simplified Snow Observation Report Conclusion Chapter V. MAPPING SNOW DENSITY Introduction Limitations of Data for Mapping Available data Reliability of the data Natural variations in density Snow Density Maps of Eastern Canada Statistical Investigation of Density: Eastern Canada Test for area differences Estimating regional trends in density: Orthogonal polynomials Regional density changes during the winter Conclusions: Statistical investigations Estimating Snow Density from Meteorological Data Relation of density to wind speed and temperature Application of Dmitrieva's equation Conclusion VI. CONCLUSION Snow Cover Maps: Small Scale Compilations of Various Aspects of Their Parameters Preparation of Synoptic Current Snow Data Maps Snow Density Research Investigation of Drift and Erosional Surfaces Initiation of Systematic Collection and Recording of Snow Data Internationally Research Reports Based on Existing Literature .

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Comments on the shear hypothesis Appearance of the debris layers The possibility of cold ice scraping up debris The shear across a debris layer The geometry of the debris layers Freezing model Theory Discussion Conclusion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Glossary Part 1 : Surface pattern, structure of the active layer, and type and distribution of ground ice in the permafrost Pattern type 1: Circular and linear depressions in unsorted outwash Circular depressions, area 1 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Linear depressions, area 5 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Pattern t ype 2 and 3: Polygonal troughs in unsorted outwash and sorted circles or centers of fines Area 3 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relation to surface morphology Area 4 Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relat ion to surface morphology Pattern type 4: Mounds and depressions of low relief in unsorted outwash Area 4a Structure of the active layer Ground ice and its relatiop. to surface morphology Part 2: Ground ice studies Area 1 Lens ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Wedge ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Relict ice History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Contact between ice wedge and relict ice Ice sockets Area 5 Wedge ice Fabric analysis Relict ice Fabric analysis Area 3 Ice mass History Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Ice wedge Fabric analysis Contact between ice mass and wedge Appearance of the ice Fabric analysis Summary and conclusions Pattern type 1: Linear and circular depressions in. unsorted outwash Pattern type 2: Polygonal troughs formed in unsorted outwash Pattern type 3: Sorted circles or centers of fines Pattern type 4: Mounds and depressions of low relief in fine-grained unsorted outwash Engineering applications References Appendix A: Associated studies Appendix B : Recommendations for further field and laboratory work Appendix C: Recommendations for field and laboratory techniques

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Theoretical background Test method and equipment Test operations Effectiveness of the air well Estimation of fan capacity Natural cooling in winter Change of trench foundation temperature Trench wall warm-up Conclusions and recommendations

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Part 1. Data analysis Introduction Estimating snow temperature distributions from meteorological information Radiative heat transfer Short-wave radiation Long-wave radiation Net radiation exchange Convective heat transfer Liljequist method Monin-Obukhov method Conductive heat transfer Heat transfer in soil Heat transfer in snow Direct relationships Measurement of snow properties Cold content of snow Vertical temperature gradient in snow and its effects Snow hardness Summary of the analysis Thermal radiative heat transfer Convective heat transfer Heat transfer processes in soil and snow Part II. Tabulated data for Keweenaw Field Station Description of data Location and periods of measurement Instrumentation Data processing Explanation of tables Thermal radiation data, Keweenaw Field Station References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental procedure Experimental results Conclusions and recommendations References

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Methods of preparation Measurements of structural properties Measurements on homogeneity and isotropy Results Structure data Orientation of c-axes Analysis of the distribution of the orientation of c-axes Preferred directions of the fabric Distribution of grain cross sections Size and shape of the counting areas Interrelations of the structure, data Conclusions Recommendations for further studies References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Derivation of mean annual air temperature data Annual accumulation References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Definition of whiteout Scope of this study Instrumentation and observations Location of project: Fog particle measurements Atmospheric humidity measurements Visibility measurements Air temperature measurements Radiation measurements Atmospheric nuclei Observations of fog whiteout Conditions prior to onset of whiteout Conditions at time of arrival and during whiteout Micro-structure of fog whiteout Analysis of moisture balance during two selected cases Synoptic situation for case 1 Synoptic situation for case 2 Computations Attempts at fog whiteout dispersal References Appendix A - Freezing nuclei observations Appendix B - Absolute humidity gradient data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Methods of testing Sampling Preparation of samples Preparation of structure pictures Results Influence of time and place Porosity Number of grains/cm2 Mean grain cross section Relative length of grain boundaries (KM ratio) Mean number of adjacent grains per grain Number of new boundaries/cm 2 Mean length of new grain-to-grain boundaries Some interrelations of the structure data Structure of a 1-yr old Peter snow Suggestions for an exact study of the age-hardening process of snow References Appendix: Structure pictures

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Types of ice Experiments Results Creep curves Flow law References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Procedure Preparation of test plots Measurements of ice and gravel surfaces Composition of the gravel covering Results Sorting in a smooth layer of sandy gravel over an uneven ice surface Sorting in a uniform layer of sandy gravel over depressions in the ice surface Sorting in a uniform layer of sandy gravel over a uniform ice surface Sorting in a non-uniform layer of sandy gravel over a uniform ice surface Discussion and recommendations Conclusions References

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Ring tensile strength Flexural strength of small beams Flexural strength of inplace beams Crushing strength Shear strength Discussion of results References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction and statement of the problem Solution of the boundary value problems for simply supported boundaries Semi-infinite plate Wedge-shaped plate Rectangular corner plate Infinite strip Semi-infinite strip Rectangular plate Remarks on the problem of arbitrary load distribution References Appendix A Appendix B

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Open-loop system Method of analysis Time dependence of pond size Temperature of water in the pond Effect of inlet water temperature Effect of convection duct Power consumption for circulation of cooling water Condlusions Closed-loop system Method of analysis Time dependence of pond size Flow conditions of glycol solutions inside coil Discussion and conclusions References Appendix: Examples of calculations

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus Experimental results Ice/metal interface Ice/quartz interface Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Materials Apparatus and procedure Results Discussion References Appendix: Compression of an assembly of cylinders

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Experimental Materials Apparatus Experimental results Deformation under constant hydrostatic pressure Deformation as a function of hydrostatic pressure Deformation as a function of temperature at constant pressure Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Mathematical development Method of solution Discussion of results Base temperature Minimum temperature Effect of rate of growth Effect of geothermal influx Comparison with observed results References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction The Sorge depth-density curve Generalization for time-variable rate of accumulation Path of a particle on the surface y=B(h,t) Effect of temperature Computational procedure Densification under high loads References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Air temperature Wind direction and speed Precipitation and accumulation Climatological map for the Greenland Ice Sheet Appendix A: Temperature data Appendix B: Precipitation data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Notation Stress analysis Analysis of densification process Non-Newtonian densification Equation for hyperbolic sine densification law Determination of parameters Discussion Glaciological engineering aspects References Appendix A: Example of calculation Appendix B: Snow density profiles

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Definitions Computation Results

Note: Table of Contents Part 1: Introduction Arthur Holmes Frederick Henry Stewart Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 1-11, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.03 The history of attempts to establish a quantitative time-scale L. R. Wager Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 13-28, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.04 A review of recent Phanerozoic time-scales N. J. Snelling Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 29-36, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.05 Sedimentation rates in relation to the Phanerozoic time-scale J. D. Hudson Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 37-42, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.06 The relationship between radiometric ages obtained from plutonic complexes and stratigraphical time R. St J. Lambert Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 43-54, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.07 The geological significance of radiometric age studies on volcanic and hypabyssal rocks F. J. Fitch and J. A. Miller Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 55-69, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.08 Part 2: Radiometric Methods with Respect to the Time-Scale Uranium–thorium–lead age-determinations with respect to the phanerozoic time-scale A. G. Darnley Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 73-86, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.09 The rubidium–strontium method Stephen Moorbath Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 87-99, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.10 Potassium—argon methods with special reference to basic igneous rocks John Alfred Miller and Frank John Fitch Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 101-117, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.11 Potassium—argon ages of sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks Halfdan Baadsgaard and Martin Henry Dodson Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 119-127, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.12 Potassium—argon decay constants and age tables Alan Gilbert Smith Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 129-141, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.13 Part 3: Original Data Glauconite dates from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Martin Henry Dodson, David Charles Rex, Raymond Casey and Percival Allen Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 145-158, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.14 The age of the paroxysmal Variscan orogeny in England Frank Joseph Fitch and John Alfred Miller Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 159-175, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.15 Part 4: Stratigraphical Review The Tertiary period Brian Michael Funnell Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 179-191, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.16 The Cretaceous period Raymond Casey Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 193-202, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.17 The Jurassic period Michael Kingsley Howarth Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 203-205, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.18 The Triassic period Edward Timothy Tozer Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 207-209, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.19 The Permian period Denys Barker Smith Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 211-220, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.20 The Carboniferous period Edward Howel Francis and Austin William Woodland Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 221-232, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.21 The Devonian period Peter Furneaux Friend and Michael Robert House Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 233-236, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.22 The Silurian period I. Strachan Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 237-240, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.23 The Ordovician period H. B. Whittington and A. Williams Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 241-254, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.24 The Cambrian period J. W. Cowie Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 255-258, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.25 GENERAL DISCUSSION OF PAPAERS IN PART 4S Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 259, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.26 Summary of the Phanerozoic time-scale: the Geological Society Phanerozoic time-scale 1964 Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 260-262, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.27 Part 5: Abstracts of Published Radiometric and Stratigraphical Data with Comments Introduction Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 265-268, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.28 Items Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 269-442, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.29 Erratum Errata Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 443, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.01 Corrigenda Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1, 444, 1 January 1964, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1964.001.01.30

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus and method Experimental results and discussion Historical background Range of Darcy's law Effect of porosity on the permeability of snow Bader's equation Conclusion References Appendix I. Snow conversion table: Density to absolute porosity Appendix II. Effect on permeability of varying porosity in the sample Porosity varies with length Porosity varies with cross section

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Climatic parameters which may affect arctic snow-cover density Results of study Regional variations in snow-cover density Prediction of average monthly snow-cover density in the arctic from air temperature and wind velocity Comparison of observed snow-cover density with density computed from the nomographs Relation between snow-cover temperature and air temperature Relation between hardness and density of the snow cover References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental General Apparatus Procedure Theoretical relations Additive theory Relationship between tests run for constant change in density and tests for constant time Results and discussion Group I experiments Group II experiments Stress dependence for group II tests Variability Time dependence Activation energy Relations between creep rates under different stress conditions Density dependence Lateral stress for confined-side tests Conclusions References

Note: 1961 , In tschechischer Sprache mit russischen, deutschen und englischen Zusammenfassungen

Note: With : Distribution of rainfall in Arizona / Christine R. Green. -- Climatological data for Sonora and Northern Sinaloa / James Rodney Hastings. -- Probabilities of precipitation at selected points in Arizona / Paul C. Kangieser and Christine R. Green. Tucson, 1964-1965. Bound together subsequent to publication.

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Temperature correction factors Crushing strength Tensile strength · Shear strength Torsional shear strength Work of disaggregation of snow Angle of internal friction and apparent unit cohesion Discussion of results References

Note: CONTENTS Introduction I. Physiographic description of study area II. Structure of the marginal zone of the ice cap III. Geomorphologic processes IV. Recent glacial history of the ice margin

Note: Contents: I The mechanical properties of rocks. - II The theory of elastic waves. - III Observational seismology. - IV The theory of the figures of the earth and moon. - V The figures of the earth and moon. Discussion of observations. - VI Stress-differences in the earth. - VII The variation of latitude and the bodily tide. - VIII Tidal friction. - IX The age of the earth. - X The thermal history of the earth. - XI The origin of the earth's surface features. - XII Special problems. - Appendices. - A Critical stress-difference. - B The straining of a uniform sphere. - C Castigliano's principle. - D Cooling of a sphere. - E Long-period tides. - Notes. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Theory Effective sliding velocity Estimate of stresses Surface profilecalculations Effect of the weight of ice on the bedrock base Sample calculations References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Standard methods of data presentation- A class interval method of data presentation Interpretation of the numerical data Interpretation of thin sections Conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Field investigations Application of profile data Densification theory Engineering applications References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Solution Applications Conclusions References Appendix A Computer program Graphs of nev functions, derivatives, and integrals Tables of nev functions, derivatives, and integrals

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Experimental methods Experimental results Series A Series B Series C Series D Series E Discussion Conclusions References Appendix A

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method of investigation Location Pit studies Temperature Hardness Density Stratigraphic measurements Thermal studies Stratigraphic features Grain size Grain shape Crusts Discussion of results Temperature Altitude gradient Latitude gradient Depth-density relationship Depth-load relationship Densification Stratigraphic analysis Facies relationship Climatological aspects 1960 meteorological observations Temperature Wind Barometric pressure Radiation Cloudiness Visibility Thermal studies Summary and conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary ­Introduction Sample preparation Sample homogeneity Distribution of samples Analysis Conclusions and suggested standardization References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Measurements and results Tunnel North-south trench East-west trench Deep pit Theoretical development Sorge's Law Deformation of acylindrical tunnel in a viscous compressible medium Discussion Tunnel Trenches Deep pit References Appendix

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method Procedure Test results Tests conducted Data and calculations Discussion of results References Appendix A. Drawings of apparatus Appendix B. Load-deflection and time-deflection curves for snow beams of various densities

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Test apparatus and experimental procedures Experimental results Conclusions References

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental Analysis The shear of glaciers Tunnel closure Conclusions References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Apparatus Materials Procedure Experimental results References

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus and technique Preparation of snow fractions Experimental results Aging of snow cylinders Compressive strength as a function of particle size Mixture of fractions Influence of gases on the compressive strength of snow Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Observations on the Nuna ramp Sample collection Distribution of the cryoconite holes Observations in the Thule ramp Physical analyses of the cryoconite Biological assay of the cryoconite References Appendix: A study of the bacteria and fungus content of the cryoconite of the Thule area

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Principle of measuring the visco-elastic nature of snow and ice by the vibration method Experimental method for determination of visco-elastic properties of snow and ice Visco-elastic properties of tunnel ice Elastic properties of snow samples from the deep pit Elastic properties of core samples obtained by drilling Elastic properties of snow near the ice-cap surface Vertical variation of Young's modulus near the surface Wind-packed snow Peter snow Relation between Young's modulus and density of snow Relation between Young's modulus and density over the range from surface snow to ice Supplementary experiments on the elastic nature of snow and ice at Site 2 Anisotropy of Peter snow Age hardening Temperature dependence of Young's modulus of core ice Viscosity measurement of snow and ice in Greenland Further experiments on the elastic nature of tunnel ice Temperature dependence of Young's modulus Frequency dependence of Young's modulus Further experiments on the viscous nature of tunnel ice Temperature dependence of loss factor Activation energy Frequency dependence of loss factor and viscosity Relation between viscosity and density Conclusions References Appendix: Experimental data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus Specimens Experimental procedures and results Analysis of the data Discussion References

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Summary. - Chapter I. Introduction. - Operations and logistics. - Chapter II. Methods of investigation. - Region of investigation. - Pit studies. - Elevation measurements. - Chapter Ill. Stratigraphy and accumulation. - Introduction. - Diagenesis without melt. - Diagenesis with melt. - Diagenetic facies defined on glaciers. - Grain size. - Description of three stratigraphic features. - Principles of stratigraphic interpretation. - Selection of a reference datum in the annual stratigraphic sequence. - Stratigraphic correlation. - Distribution of annual accumulation. - Independent checks on the stratigraphic interpretations. - Chapter IV. Temperature distribution. - Seasonal temperature variation on the snow surface. - Seasonal temperature variation below the snow surface. - Distribution of mean annual temperature on the ice sheet. - Chapter V. Diagenetic facies- a classification of glaciers. - Temperature. - Hardness. - Density. - Glacier facies - a classification of glaciers. - Chapter VI. Densification of snow and firn. - Load-volume relationship. - Depth-density relationship. - Chapter VII. Climatological implications. - Introduction. - Katabatic winds and accumulation. - Annual heat exchange. - The balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet. - References. - Appendix A: Stratigraphy, meteorology and glaciology. - Appendix B: Mean annual temperature. - Appendix C: The data sheets.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Summary. - Introduction. - Basis of theory. - Basic equations. - Ice sheets with only accumulation or ablation. - Growing ice sheets which contain only an accumulation zone. - Shrinking ice sheets which contain only an ablation zone. - Comments. - Ice sheet with both accumulation and ablation zones. - Growing ice sheets. - Shrinking ice sheets. - Conclusions. - References.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History of Arctic exploration. - 3. The meteorology and climate of the Arctic. - 4. Landforms of the Arctic. - 5. The Arctic Seas. - 6. Arctic flora and fauna. - 7. Native peoples. - 8. Transportation. - 9. Political geography of the Arctic. - 10. Regional description of the Canadian Arctic. - 11. Alaska. - 12. The Soviet Arctic. - 13. Svalbard. - 14. Greenland. - 15. The history of Antarctic exploration. - 16. The Antarctic continent. - 17. Meteorology and climate of the Antarctic. - 18. The Antarctic Seas. - 19. The sub-Antarctic islands. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Instrumentation Recording of data III. Results Global radiation Albedo of snow Diffuse sky radiation Effect of clouds on radiation Atmospheric and terrestrial radiation Effect of low sun angle on measured radiation Global radiation gradient Atmospheric transmission coefficient Heat balance of snow cover Applied use of solar energy References. Appendix

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Soil material Soil Preparation of the soil material Containers Temperature and humidity of the air Moisture content and dry density of the soil Experimental procedures and results General procedures Definition of the characteristics of cracking of soil Cracking moisture content Size of cells made by cracking of the soil Length of cracks Number of sides of cells Development of cracks Additional experiments Interfacial fracture markings Method of auxilliary tests on physical properties of the soil Elastic constants of the soil Shrinkage of soil due to desiccation Tests of the adhesion between the soil and the bottom material Results of auxiliary tests Elastic constants of the soil Free shrinkage process of the soil due to desiccation Adhesion between the soil and glass or wood Mechanism of crack formation due to the desiccation of soil Geometric interpretation Mechanical interpretation Conclusions References Appendix: Table of experiments