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  • 1
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    A generative toolkit to help raise industrial design students' awareness of low metal recycling rates (2024)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Education for Sustainable Development requires raising individuals' awareness of problems relevant to the environment. We designed a Generative Toolkit that supports industrial design students carrying out a Speculative Design task and through this process initiates greater problem awareness of low metal recycling rates. In this paper we give insights into the Toolkit's theoretical derivation and the design process. Findings from testing suggest that there are several opportunities for improvement, such as considering further content-related competencies in the Toolkit's design.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Humboldtn and the sustainable transformation of universities (2024)
    Cham : Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The sustainable transformation of society is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Universities are central actors for knowledge generation and transfer in the sustainability field and, at the same time, are facing the question of how they can become sustainable social actors and make their activities and infrastructure sustainable. Against this background, the 16 member universities of the State Rectors' Conference of North Rhine-Westphalia have joined forces in the Humboldtn initiative to pool their efforts in the field of sustainability and to anchor generational responsibility for sustainable action in research, teaching, administration, infrastructure, and transfer. How the joint responsibility for the questions for the future in the aforementioned complex of topics is addressed via Humboldtn and which focal points are set in the process will be presented and discussed using examples from the institutional sustainability transformation and examples from the research area from RWTH Aachen University. In this way, the implementation of transformation processes at universities and their possible blueprint effect can be illuminated.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Comparative analysis of residential building decarbonization policies in major economies : insights from the EU, China, and India (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The global building sector, responsible for over 30% of CO2 emissions, necessitates urgent decarbonization efforts. This paper examines residential building decarbonization policies in three major economies - the European Union (EU), China, and India. It provides an overview of diverse policies through policy landscape analysis and delves into the design specifics with a detailed policy intensity analysis of building energy codes, information disclosure, and financial incentives in each region. Our findings reveal a diverse mix of policies targeting residential building decarbonization in all three regions. While the EU and China have long-established diverse policy instruments, India's building energy efficiency policies are relatively recent and limited. Detailed analyses of building energy codes, information disclosure, and financial incentives expose variations in ambition, scope, and implementation, even with shared policy instruments. Significant advancements in building energy codes, particularly in stringency and compliance checks, are evident in the EU and China. Conversely, India faces a notable obstacle with limited adoption of residential building energy codes, impacting its journey towards net-zero. The EU leads in building energy labelling policies, while China and India encounter various challenges hindering widespread implementation. Financial incentives across the three regions predominantly take the form of subsidies, potentially straining public budgets. The study concludes with reflections on the pressing need for future research extending beyond the operational phase of buildings.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    A micromechanical analysis of marble pulverization under quasi-static progressive cyclic loading (2024)
    In:  International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Highly fragmented rocks (i.e., pulverized rocks) in the fault damage zone presumably develop during co-seismic deformation processes. These pulverized rocks close to the fault core are generally thought to originate from high strain rates, whereas the genesis of pulverized rocks that can be found several hundred meters away from the fault core – where quasi-static conditions prevail – remains unclear. We thus conducted uniaxial cyclic loading experiments with axial strain rate of ∼10−3 s−1 on Leiyang marble in a stress-controlled manner in order to produce crushed rocks for analysis. We found that cyclic loading between 0.8 σc and 1.3 σc can simultaneously compact pre-existing cracks and generated new cracks in marble, which strengthened and stiffened the rock. The stiffened marble developed a higher crack density and energy density before rupture, thereby facilitating rock fragmentation compared with the reference sample, which was fractured monotonically in one cycle. Our results provide a plausible explanation for the genesis of pulverized marble at quasi-static strain rate in the field.
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Semi-Airborne Electromagnetic Survey Design and Inversion for Large-Scale Mineral Exploration in the Harz Area, Germany (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: This study investigates the optimization of Semi-Airborne Electromagnetic (SAEM) surveys for enhanced subsurface imaging in mineral exploration. It highlights the utility of multi-transmitter systems and explores real data utilization and the challenges of large-scale surveys. With emphasis on Data obtained from DESMEX project surveys. The use of multiple transmitters is crucial. Single transmitters can distort results and mask subsequent bodies. Employing two transmitters on both sides of the target enhances resolution and depth accuracy. results are based on finite element forward operator custEM and pyGIMLi’s inverse solver [1]. substantial advantages of combining single and multi-patch inversion data. This integration results in improved resolution, reduced artifacts, enhanced continuity of geological structures, superior anomaly detection, minimized edge effects, and improved depth penetration [2]. These findings open promising avenues for further exploration and research in geosciences, offering valuable insights into the Earth's subsurface and its intricate geological features. The next logical step involves expanding our methodology to large-scale inversion using more than three transmitters.
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Multidimensional inversion of sedimentary sequences in the Atacama Desert, Chile, using transient electromagnetic data (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The Atacama Desert along the Chilean Coastal Cordillera is a unique landscape to understand the Earth's evolution in hyper-arid and arid environments. The Paranal clay pan has studied by the CRC 1211 project to recover a continuous climate record for paleoclimate research. The goal is to provide the sedimentary architecture and bedrock topography of the Paranal site by interpreting multidimensional inversion of loop source transient electromagnetic (TEM) data. A total of 133 TEM soundings were carried out using a central loop configuration, with a transmitter loop size of 40×40 m2 and a receiver of about 10×10 m2. The TEM data was processed and analyzed, exhibiting high-quality data, with an average of noise level of about ηnoi = 3·10−10V/Am2. The 1D Occam inversion results exhibits a clear three-layered resistivitydepth structure with a second conductive layer of roughly 20 Ωm. The clay pan's resistivity distribution is well-resolved with a global misfit of around 1.1. However, the study site showed 2D effects that were stronlgy visible at the edges of the clay pan, leading to misinterpretations of the TEM data. This was confirmed based on 2D forward modelling. In this manner, to better deal with the observed 2D distortions in the TEM data and to derive a more accurate geometry of the clay pan, the recently developed Julia Package (3DTEMinv) for time-domain 3D inversion and modeling data was performed. The resulting 3D inversion presents a high convergence rate, and acceptable solutions are obtained after ten iterations with a good misfit of about 1.6. The 3D model exhibits a well-resolved geometry of the clay pan, with a high resolution of the derived conductive body. The drill core results confirm the 1D and 3D TEM models at the center of the clay pan, which is in good agreement with the resulting lithology with a maximum thickness of about 171 m depth and a weathered granodioritic bedrock below. These results agree with the local and regional geological context, improving the understanding of sediment deposition and transportation in this hilly and arid environment.
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    3D Inversion of Loop-Source Time-Domain Electromagnetic Data - Application to Synthetic & Field Data (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Multi-dimensional inversion of Transient electromagnetic data is a computationally expensive task. Only few developments and practical interpretation tools exist. Here, we present a multidimensional inversion framework for loop source time-domain electromagnetic data. The developed algorithm is a robust, efficient, and user-oriented tool for the multi-dimensional inversion of typical loop source time-domain electromagnetic configurations. A time-domain finite volume discretization and the direct solver MUMPS are utilized to solve the 3D TEM forward problem. An iterative Gauss-Newton optimization method is implemented for the inversion kernel. The code is parallelized for calculating multiple sources simultaneously to accelerate the inversion. Based on exploration tasks, different configurations exist for commonly used loop source TEM configurations and typical field scales. Synthetic examples are used to verify the effectiveness and benchmark the developed 3D algorithm. Considering that TEM data is often gathered along profiles, adjusting the model roughness along the different modeling domain directions, sufficiently constrains to allow for 2D imaging. In addition to the vertical signal components, we also included horizontal components for large scale fixed loop applications. Subsequent to synthetic validation, the inversion algorithm is further verified using ~120 dense TEM soundings collected over a clay pan site in the Atacama Desert, Chile, to provide bedrock geometry information and suitable coring sites. The 3D inversion result provided an excellent depth estimate of sedimentary infill as well as the bedrock topography and was later confirmed by deep coring. Another interesting site is the Roter Kamm impact crater in Namibia. Our preliminary results obtained from largescale multicomponent fixed loop TEM data reveal a sedimentary infill down to ~300 m depth. In conclusion, our presented 3D inversion code is capable to handle data from various exploration scenarios and provides a robust tool for advanced EM interpretation.
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Smart data selection - First insights from using machine learning for controlled-source RMT data processing (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Virtual experiments on an IP laboratory measurement (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Carrying out laboratory experiments is usually a time-consuming process. In addition, the options for varying parameter studies are limited and adjustments to the design of the measuring equipment are often not possible at all. In order to circumvent these limitations, we supplement our laboratory experiments with virtual experiments as best as possible. For this purpose, we have expanded our finite element library FEMALY [1] to include the so-called complete electrode model [2], which allows us to simulate electrodes of any shape for DC and IP applications and also provides us with explicit mathematical expressions for calculating sensitivities [3]. As a first case study, we consider an IP measurement on a measuring cylinder with embedded ring electrodes to virtually reproduce the time-varying change of the apparent resistivity for laboratory tracer experiments (Figure 1). We present the real and imaginary part of the sensitivity distribution of the underlying measurement configuration that confirms our initial assumption that the actual electrode surface shape has a relatively small influence on the observed measurement quantities.
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  • 10
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    Semi-airborne electromagnetic exploration for deep earth resources - large scale multi source 3D imaging of a graphite deposit (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The transition towards renewable energies demands secure supply with critical raw material and requires efficient non-invasive methods for deep earth resources exploration. The novel DESMEX (Deep electromagnetic sounding for mineral exploration) semi-airborne electromagnetic (semi-AEM) exploration concept aims at efficient exploration of resources down to 1 km depth. Here we present a large-scale semi-AEM exploration study in a graphite mining district in eastern Bavaria, Germany. At the ground, several horizontal electrical dipole transmitters were deployed and helicopter-towed magnetic field sensors measure the EM fields along flight lines within several overlapping flight areas, providing a fast data acquisition and a high spatial coverage. Imaged shallow high conductivity structures can be correlated with graphite-rich zones and match well with existing helicopter-borne EM results. The presence of graphite leads to significant induced polarization (IP) effects with considerably high chargeabilities superposing electromagnetic induction. We include these effects in a realistic 3D inversion using a synthetic data study to analyse, if the IP effect alters the overall conductivity structure and demonstrate that the obtained 3D model is reliable.
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    FEMALY: A Finite Element MAtlab LibrarY for Electromagnetics (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: We present a finite element software library written in Matlab for the numerical simulation and inversion of electromagnetic fields in two and three dimensions. It is designed in a modular way to easily plug together fundamental building blocks for various electromagnetic applications from DC to the inductive range in the frequency and even time domain. External modules comprise the mesh generator and the equation solver library. Through its homogeneous software concept the adoption to any field application is relatively simple and makes the code suitable to open source distribution. We introduce the key features of this library including higher-order Lagrange and Nédélec finite elements formulated on unstructured tetrahedral grids, a Gauss- Newton inversion approach using linear Raviart-Thomas elements for H1 regularization, and the ability to incorporate any geometric feature such as topography, bathymetry and internal voids like caves, tunnels and mine buildings. The library is currently being tested with large real data sets to confirm its usefulness as a tool for practical data interpretation. Therefore, case studies for the magnetotelluric, direct current resistivity, controlled source electromagnetic and induced polarization methods in the field and laboratory are briefly outlined as examples with challenging geometric features.
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Effect of microvariability on electrical rock properties: investigations based on microstructure simulations (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: In petrophysics, physical rock properties are typically established through laboratory measurements of individual samples. These measurements predominantly relate to the specific sample and can be challenging to associate with the rock as a whole since the physical attributes are heavily reliant on the microstructure, which can vary significantly in different areas. Thus, the obtained values have limited applicability to the entirety of the original rock mass. To examine the dependence of petrophysical measurements based on the variable microstructure, we generate sets of random microstructure representations for a sample, taking into account macroscopic parameters such as porosity and mean grain size. We show that the methodology can adequately mimic the physical behavior of real rocks, showing consistent emulation of the dependence of electrical conductivity on connected porosity according to Archie's law across different types of pore space (micro-fracture, inter-granular, and vuggy, oomoldic pore space). Furthermore, properties such as the internal surface area and its fractal dimension as well as the electrical tortuosity are accessible for the random microstructures and show reasonable behavior. Finally, the possibilities, challenges and meshing strategies for extending the methodology to 3D microstructures are discussed.
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Hydraulic conductivity imaging by induced polarization and hydraulic tomography (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    1D modeling of TEM data influenced by IP effects (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Transient electromagnetic (TEM) data can be significantly distorted by induced polarization (IP) effect, leading to a sign reversal feature and, if overlooked, false geological interpretation. The aim of this paper is to incorporate IP effects in the forward modelling and recover the distorted TEM data using an efficient inversion algorithm. To achieve this aim, we developed a 1D forward solver to incorporate the IP effects using various IP parameterizations including Cole-Cole, maximum phase angle (MPA), maximum imaginary conductivity (MIC) (Fiandaca et al., 2018) and the Jeffrey transform of Cole-Cole parameters (Ghorbani et al., 2007). For 1D inversion of distorted TEM data we used Levenberg-Marquardt and very fast simulated annealing algorithms. The result of 1D forward calculation and inversion of synthetic IPdistorted TEM data revealed that, for incorporation the IP effects into the TEM data, the Cole- Cole parametrization is more robust and reliable than MPA, MIC, and Jeffrey transform. Moreover, the result of inversion using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is strongly depends on the starting model. We successfully implemented these algorithms for 1D inversion of synthetic IP-affected TEM data (Fig. 1 ). For synthetic data generation, a 3-layered half space model with the thickness of the first and second layers of 5 m was considered. The resistivities of the layers from top to bottom are 10, 5 and 300 Ωm, respectively. To include the IP effect, second layer considered to be chargeable with Cole-Cole parameters of m = 0.5, τ = 0.01 s and c = 0.5. TEM central-loop configuration with a loop size of 50*50 m2 and step-off current of 1 A with a zero ramp time was used for data simulation. We evaluated the performance of our algorithm using field data, successfully.
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Ongoing Approaches for utilizing Neural Networks in DC Resistivity Inversion (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: As part of an investigation into applications of Neural Networks for EM problems, different approaches have been tested for DC resistivity modeling and inversion. The first approach consists of using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for DC resistivity inversion. For this purpose, dipole-dipole pseudosections were simulated using the in-house FEMALY toolbox and used as input data for a CNN, which was trained to output underground resistivity. Training results showed qualitatively good match with the ground truth. However, the predictions are characterized by lack of extrapolation to unseen types of data (e.g. homogeneous half-spaces) and coarse grid enforced by the approach. The second approach laid in the use of Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN). In this approach, the relevant partial differential equation is included as a regularization term in the loss function, leading to a network whose outputs are guided by physics. Derivatives for the PDE termare obtained via automatic differentiation, removing the need for discretization. This also necessitated a move to solving the forward problem. While this approach has the benefits of being mesh-free and incorporating physics into the training process, in practice it failed at even elementary modeling cases, particularly involving resistivity anomalies. A third approach aimed at combining the previous two, by creating a physics-informed Convolutional Neural Network. This was achieved by replacing the previous loss approaches by a convolution with a Laplace-operator Kernel. This approach produces results that look promising qualitatively for homogeneous half-spaces, however full Dirichlet boundary conditions are required and resistivity anomalies can again not be easily incorporated.
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    First results from a new surface-towed controlled source electromagnetic experiment to detect offshore extensions of freshwater aquifers in the Adriatic Sea (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: play significant roles in coastal hydrologic systems. Despite the importance of these offshore groundwater systems and their interactions with onshore systems along global coastlines, a lack of understanding persists due to limitations in geophysical methodologies. Controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) techniques are one promising noninvasive avenue for identifying and characterizing OFG and SGD. However, the current availability of CSEM systems in academic research is limited, and applications are still restricted to specific regions. Existing CSEM systems are commonly associated with high deployment costs, logistical complexity, limited modification options and in case of seafloor-towed applications, slow data acquisition rates. To address these limitations, we introduce SWAN - a low-cost, modular, surface-towed hybrid time-frequency domain CSEM system capable of detecting OFG and SGD up to water depths of 100 m. A field test conducted in the central Adriatic Sea showcased the system's capabilities at water depths ranging from several tens to approximately 160 m. SWAN's ability to provide continuous measurements has proven effective in acquiring high-quality data while operating at towing speeds of 2.5 to 3 knots. The system's data coverage allows for the detection of subsurface resistivity variations to depths of approximately 150–200 m below the seafloor. With its user-friendly, modular design, SWAN offers a cost-efficient solution for investigating the hydrogeology of shallow offshore environments. The presentation shows the technological developments of SWAN, including illustrations of measured time series, processed data and first 2D inversion results from the Adriatic Sea.
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  • 17
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    Modelling seismic ground motion and its uncertainty in different tectonic contexts: challenges and application to the 2020European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) (2024)
    In:  Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS)
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Current practice in strong ground motion modelling for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) requires the identification and calibration of empirical models appropriate to the tectonic regimes within the region of application, along with quantification of both their aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. For the development of the 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) a novel approach for ground motion characterisation was adopted based on the concept of a regionalised scaled-backbone model, wherein a single appropriate ground motion model (GMM) is identified for use in PSHA, to which adjustments or scaling factors are then applied to account for epistemic uncertainty in the underlying seismological properties of the region of interest. While the theory and development of the regionalised scaled-backbone GMM concept have been discussed in earlier publications, implementation in the final ESHM20 required further refinements to the shallow-seismicity GMM in three regions, which were undertaken considering new data and insights gained from the feedback provided by experts in several regions of Europe: France, Portugal and Iceland. Exploration of the geophysical characteristics of these regions and analysis of additional ground motion records prompted recalibrations of the GMM logic tree and/or modifications to the proposed regionalisation. These modifications illustrate how the ESHM20 GMM logic tree can still be refined and adapted to different regions based on new ground motion data and/or expert judgement, without diverging from the proposed regionalised scaled-backbone GMM framework. In addition to the regions of crustal seismicity, the scaled-backbone approach needed to be adapted to earthquakes occurring in Europe's subduction zones and to the Vrancea deep seismogenic source region. Using a novel fuzzy methodology to classify earthquakes according to different seismic regimes within the subduction system, we compare ground motion records from non-crustal earthquakes to existing subduction GMMs and identify a suitable-backbone GMM for application to subduction and deep seismic sources in Europe. The observed ground motion records from moderate- and small-magnitude earthquakes allow us to calibrate the anelastic attenuation of the backbone GMM specifically for the eastern Mediterranean region. Epistemic uncertainty is then calibrated based on the global variability in source and attenuation characteristics of subduction GMMs. With the ESHM20 now completed, we reflect on the lessons learned from implementing this new approach in regional-scale PSHA and highlight where we hope to see new developments and improvements to the characterisation of ground motion in future generations of the European Seismic Hazard Model.
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  • 18
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Geophysical modelling of the polar motion (2020)
    Berlin : De Gruyter
    Details Availability
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXVI, 372 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme , 25 cm x 18 cm
    ISBN: 9783110298048 , 311029804X
    Series Statement: De Gruyter studies in mathematical physics volume 31
    URL: Inhaltstext
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    Language: English
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 19
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    Quantifying surface urban heat island variations and patterns: Comparison of two cities in three-stage dynamic rural–urban transition (2024)
    In:  Sustainable Cities and Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Urban heat island (UHI) not only reflects the environmental thermal comfort and energy consumption, but also affects the urban meso‑scale climate. There are many researches related with UHI mainly focusing on urban and rural area, while neglecting dynamic rural–urban transition especially in a rapid urbanization in China. Beijing and Zhengzhou are studied by using city clustering algorithm (CCA) and boundary generation algorithm (BGA) to delineate the urban, peri‑urban and rural boundaries from 2000 to 2023 within three stages. Fourier transform model was used to identify the UHI patterns. Results show: 1) Two cities have undergone obvious expansions in 20 years, with a consistent mean LST decrease from urban to peri‑urban and rural areas in three stages. 2) The distribution of UHII was more consistent in Beijing, while it varied more in Zhengzhou across seasons. 3) The UHI patterns notably differ, with Zhengzhou experiencing variable patterns and Beijing consistently showing oblate patterns. 4) The profiles of UHII and NDVI in two cities varied seasonally and reflected urban expansions in terms of longitude and latitude. Understanding the long-term changes and patterns of urban heat islands in different cities will provide information for formulating adaptive policies for urban sustainability.
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  • 20
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    Emergence of rigidity percolation in flowing granular systems (2023)
    In:  Science Advances
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Language: English
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