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  • Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (22)
  • English  (22)
  • Danish
  • 2000-2004
  • 1970-1974  (22)
  • 1
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    Series available for loan
    Measurements of laser extinction in ice fog for design of SEV pilotage system (1972)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-302
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Literature review. - Experimental procedure. - Experimental and theoretical equations. - Results and discussion. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. Some problems in the experimental determination of the extinction coefficient of ice fog. - Appendix B. Ice fog production technique. - Appendix C. Ice fog samples and their corresponding particle spectra. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Laser extinction measurements in ice fog were made at wavelengths of 0.6328, 1.15 and 3.39 microns. The ice fog was generated in an environmental chamber whose temperature could be lowered to -43°C. Particle sampling was carried out simultaneously with the laser measurements using an impactor. Size distributions were derived from the impactor measurements. These data were used to compute Mie extinction coefficients at the three laser wavelengths. These coefficients were compared with the coefficients derived experimentally. Although some discrepancy exists between theory and experiment, both agree fairly well on the behavior of the extinction coefficient as a function of particle concentration.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 302
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5974559
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Adhesion of ice frozen from dilute electrolyte solutions (1974)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-317
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments by Smith-Johannsen on the adhesion of ice frozen from a number of 1 x 10^-3 ? electrolyte solutions to a wax-treated aluminum surface at -10°C are discussed. It is concluded that the adhesive strength measured by the force per square centimeter needed to shear the ice off the substrate surface is mainly due to a liquid interfacial solution layer between the ice and the substrate surface. The thickness of such a layer is largely determined by the same considerations as the thickness of grain boundary layers in ice obtained from dilute electrolyte solutions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 317
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5968382
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Soil failure under inclined loads (1972)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-303
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Notation. - 1.Introduction. - 1.1Definition and scope of problem. - 1.2 Theoretical background. - 1.3 Previous work on the single plate-grouser problem. - 1.4 Background of the present investigation. - 2.Theory of two-dimensional soil failure by a plate-grouser. - 2.1 Basic criteria and assumptions. - 2.2 Rupture zones and boundaries. - 2.3 Forces in the spiral and Rankine zones. - 2.4 Solution to forces of the equilibrium wedge abc when [Theta]c 〉 [Theta] 〉 (- [Epsilon] [equal to or greater] -[Beta]). - 2.5 Solution to the forces H and V. - 3. Observation of soil rupture patterns. - 3.1 General. - 3.2 Test equipment and photographic technique. - 3.3 Photographing failure patterns. - 3.4 Observation of the equilibrium wedge when [Theta]c 〉 [Theta] 〉 - [Epsilon]. - 3.5 Rupture patterns at [Theta] = 90°. - 4. Force measurements. - 4.1Test program. - 4.2 The plate-grouser test apparatus. - 4.3 The measurement of soil strength. - 4.4 Results of controlled [Theta] tests. - 5. Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Details of mathematical methods. - Appendix B: Computer program. - Appendix C: Examples of application. - Appendix D: Photographs of failure patterns. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: The most common example of the application of inclined loads to the soil is the plate-grouser. This consists of a strip footing with a vertical arm at one end. The most usual loading arrangement is one in which a fixed vertical load is applied and then the horizontal load is increased until failure occurs. A theory has been developed which will predict the maximum horizontal force, assuming that the soil is dense enough to be reasonably described by the Coulomb equation. The theory is based on slip line fields including wedges of soil that are not failing. These slip line fields vary systematically with the interface angle [Beta] and the angle of internal shearing resistance of the soil [Phi] and they are a function of the direction of motion of the interface [Theta]. A computer program is provided which will solve the problem directly if the direction of motion [Theta] is given. It will also solve the more practical situation described above by an iterative procedure. The postulated slip line fields have been shown to be correct by means of glass box photographs giving excellent agreement with the theory. The predictions of passive pressure have been verified by a series of force measurements on quite large grousers driven into saturated clay, dry sand and an intermediate loam.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 93 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 303
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5963520
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Influence of soil on detection of buried explosives and tunnels by trace gas analysis (1971)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-292-288
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - List of symbols. - Introduction. - Adsorption of volatile chemicals by soil. - Introduction. - Experimental procedure. - Results and discussion. - Diffusion of volatile chemicals in soil. - Introduction. - Experimental procedure. - Calculations. - Results and discussion. - Prediction of vapor diffusion in soil. - Introduction. - Construction of model. - Computations. - Results and discussion. - A statistical method for analysis of diffusion through soil. - Introduction. - Theory. - Application. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Detection of mines, explosives, and tunnels may be accomplished by sensing associated volatile effluvia. This investigation was undertaken to provide a basis for predicting the diffusion of volatile compounds from underground sources into the atmosphere. Diffusion of a volatile compound was studied for a range of soil conditions utilizing soils from the mine detection sites in Puerto Rico. A new mathematical analysis based on the Monte Carlo method was developed for predicting vapor diffusion through soil into the atmosphere. It was determined that diffusion in soil can be reliably predicted if soil porosity, moisture content, and affinity for the compound are known. Appearance in the atmosphere is also dependent on accumulation of the compound in air at the soil/atmosphere interface. Diffusion of volatile compounds through soil into the atmosphere is not likely to be an important factor in tunnel detection due to depth of overburden. However, adsorption of compounds at tunnel walls is likely to significantly reduce the amount of vapor appearing in the atmosphere through entrances and vents. Detection in the atmosphere of TNT vapor from mines and explosives buried in moist, porous soil should be possible under ideal sample collection conditions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 288
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227635497
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Summer temperatures in interior Alaska (1971)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-244
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Summer temperature data. - Station network and history. - Parameters for data reduction. - Analysis of summer temperatures. - Temperature trends. - Summer temperatures in the highlands. - Lapse rates for summer temperatures. - Spatial variation of summer temperatures. - Summary. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - Appendix C. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Annual degree-day summations over bases of 43°F and 50°F in 15-day periods from May through August are given for the period of record for five interior Alaska climatic stations. Average temperature and precipitation data are included. Patterns of summer temperature in interior Alaska are analyzed in terms of historical, elevational and areal differences. Since 1900, summer temperatures show little long-term change but significant short-term changes. In contrast, winter temperatures show considerable fluctuations, which are reflected in mean annual temperatures to a much greater degree than are summer temperature fluctuations. Average summer lapse rates for the 1600 to 3300 and 3300 to 6600-ft levels were 3.4 and 3.7°F/1000 ft, respectively, based on timberline temperature observations and on upper air data from Fairbanks. Correlation analysis of daily and monthly average July temperatures indicates areas of uniformity with respect to temperature variation. This provides information on lowland climatic stations that are representative of highland locations, especially the Yukon-Tanana Uplands
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 37 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 244
    URL: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210025591825&seq=3
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Phase boundary water in frozen soils (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-274
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - The ice/ice interface. - The ice/air interface. - The silicate/water/silicate interface. - The silicate/water/ice interface. - Summary. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Interfacial regions in frozen soils are of the following types: ice/ice (grain boundary) ice/water/air, silicate/water/silicate (interlamellar) and silicate/water /ice (extralamellar). For the last, the mid-portion of the interfacial region should be regarded as a liquid-like solution of the ionic and undissociated substances sorbed by the interface and expelled from the ice during freezing. The interfacial forces operative in these regions result in distinct differences in the properties and behavior of the interfacial water, compared with water in bulk; but, in spite of strong interfacial forces, the interfacial water exhibits liquid-like mobility in its response to many kinds of driving forces. From the evidence and arguments considered, it is concluded that distinctly different zones of orientational order can be distinguished within the interfacial regions. For an advancing silicate/water/ice interface it is proposed that there is a zone of strong perturbation and disorder immediately proximate to silicate surfaces in which the protons of water molecules are partially delocalized; this makes them more easily dissociated. Two or three molecular diameters removed from the silicate surface the interfacial forces operative there combine to create a zone of enhanced order in the molecular configurations. At some farther distance, depending upon the temperature below freezing, it is suggested that there exists a disordered transition zone proximate to the ice surface as portrayed in Drost-Hansen's model. It is suggested that future investigations will contribute refinements in the model and will uncover still further complexities in the various interfaces mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 274
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5973960
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Prevailing wind directions in the Arctic Ocean (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-306
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - 1. Coastal stations. - Alaska. - Canada. - Greenland. - Europe and Russia. - II. The interior Arctic Ocean. - Zone 1. - Zone 2.. - Zone 3. - Zone 4. - Zone 5. - Zone 6.. - Summary and discussion. - Supplemental data. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. Winds. - Appendix B. Arctic surface winds. - Appendix C. Excerpt from Cold Regions Science and Engineering, USA CRREL Monograph I-A3b. - Appendix D. Excerpt from Proceedings of the Arctic Basin Symposium October 1962. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Prevailing monthly and seasonal surface wind directions were obtained from 1) weather records for 21 coastal stations around the Arctic Ocean and 2) a series of U.S. Navy wind charts for 15 to 20 locations in the arctic marginal seas and the ocean's interior. This information was combined and analyzed to develop 2 charts which depict the surface flow of air in these areas during the mid-summer and mid-winter months. Since the ice floe stations used in the offshore wind analysis are not permanently located, the Arctic Ocean was selectively divided into 6 zones. Three of these zones separate Polar regions north of 84°N latitude, and 3 other zones each separate the seas bordering the north coasts of Europe, Siberian Russia and North America. Except for a few stations where wind directions are apparently controlled by local influences the results showed the following mid-winter patterns: 1) a near anticlockwise flow within the circle north of 75°N, 2) winds from the north in and near the Chukchi and Bering Seas, 3) northeast winds along the Alaskan coast and northwest along the Canadian Archipelago Islands, and 4) southwest and southeast winds along the northern coasts of Europe and Asia respectively. Although the wind directions during mid-summer become more variable the study showed that the prevailing surface winds for most areas in this season are nearly opposite those observed in winter.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 306
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5965620
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Effects of stratigraphic layers on water flow through snow (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-311
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Notation. - Introduction. - Review of observations. - Review of theory. - Water flow through textured layers. - Water flow past semipermeable layers. - Discussion. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: The flow of water through layered snowpacks is discussed. A method for predicting flow through unsaturated layers is given. The flow along ice layers and through ice layers is analyzed in terms of the slope, permeability, thickness and length of the layers. It is shown that the permeability of ice layers required to cause large flow diversions is quite small. The effect of slope is large even at small angles.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 311
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035634712
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Isua, Greenland : calculations of glacier flow for an open-pit mine (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-309
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Symbols. - Introduction. - Physical setting. - Flow model. - Calculated flow. - Existing profile. - Proposed profiles. - Profile 1. - Profile 2. - Profile 3. - Profile 4. - Profile 5. - Profile 6. - Profile 7. - Total excavation. - Interpretation and conclusions. - Sources of error. - Recommendations. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: The Marcona Corporation and Kryolitselskabet ?resund, A/S (a Danish corporation) are cooperatively investigating the possibility of developing an open-pit mine along the edge of the Greenland Ice Cap. The response of the glacier to a sudden change in surface slope and thickness is calculated. The existing flow is diverted away from the mineral deposit but will increase when the excavation begins. It is calculated that 66 million cubic meters of ice must be removed in order to establish a stable profile beyond the pit. An additional 7.9 million cubic meters of ice must be removed yearly in order to maintain the profile.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 309
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5965695
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Theory of soil plasticity with indefinite angle of non-coaxiality (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-307
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Part 1.The concept of isotropy clarified by the introduction of non-coaxial mechanics. - Part 2. Systematization of the theory of plasticity with indefinite angle of non-coaxiality. - Analysis of stress. - Analysis of strain-rate. - Principle of partial coincidence. - Strain-rate characteristic directions. - Equations for practical use. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A.The sense of the [Sigma],[Gamma] coordinate system. - Appendix B. Another derivation of the equations of velocity components. - Appendix C. Equations of velocity components in stress characteristic directions.
    Description / Table of Contents: One of the difficulties that have hampered the development of the mathematical theory of soil plasticity was recently overcome by Mandl and Luque. They showed that the non-coaxiality of the principal axes of a stress tensor and a strain-rate tensor can occur only in plane deformation. Their assumption that the angle of non-coaxiality should be a material constant cannot be supported, however. The angle of noncoaxiality should be determined so that the solution to the given problem can exist. It is demonstrated in one of the examples in this paper that a well-known solution in which the angle of non-coaxiality is assumed to be zero does violate the assumed boundary condition. The theory was reorganized bv using new insights given by Mandl and Luque. It is concluded that still missing is one condition that enables us to determine the angle of non-coaxiality as a function of space.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 307
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1103309860
    Language: English
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