ALBERT

Note: Contents: Figures. - Tables. - Preface. - Illustrations. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 Background. - 1.2 Scope of the text. - 1.3 World vegetation types. - 1.3.1 Vegetation formations and zones. - 1.3.2 Zonobiomes. - 1.3.3 Exoclimates. - 1.3.4 The Canadian vegetation classification system. - 1.3.5 Ecozones. - 1.3.6 Floristic realms. - 1.3.7 Plant species nomenclature. - 1.4 Soil classification and soil systems. - 1.5 Climatic parameters. - 1.5.1 The role of climate. - 1.5.2 Moisture indices. - 1.5.3 Climate diagrams. - 1.6 Plant strategies. - 1.6.1 Competition. - 1.6.2 Hydrature and moisture regulation. - 1.6.3 Life forms. - 1.6.4 Leaf morphology and adaptation. - 1.7 Biomass and net primary productivity. - 2. Tundra 2.1 Tundra distribution. - 2.2 Climate. - 2.3 Soils. - 2.4 Tundra in North America. - 2.4.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces and regions. - 2.4.2 High and mid-Arctic. - 2.4.3 Low Arctic. - 2.5 Tundra in other Northern Hemisphere locations. - 2.5.1 Arctic Tundra. - 2.5.2 Typical Tundra. - 2.5.3 Southern Tundra. - 2.5.4 Tundra on Arctic Islands. - 2.6 Tundea in the Southern Hemisphere. - 2.6.1 The Antarctic Subregion. - 2.6.2 The Sub-Antarctic Subregion. - 2.7 Alpine Tundra. - 2.7.1 Temperate-latitude alpine Tundra. - 2.7.2 Low-latitude (equatorial) alpine Tundra. - 2.8 Primary production and phytomass in Tundra. - 3. Forest-Tundra or Boreal-Tundra Ecotone. - 3.1 Definitions. - 3.2 Distribution. - 3.3 Climate. - 3.4 Soils. - 3.5 Forest-Tundra in Canada. - 3.5.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces. - 3.5.2 The shrub subzone (Northern Forest-Tundra). - 3.5.3 The forest subzone (Southern Forest Tundra). - 3.6 Eurasian Forest-Tundra. - 3.7 Primary production and phytomass in forest-Tundra. - 4. Boreal Forest (Taiga) and Mixed Forest Transition. - 4.1 Distribution. - 4.2 Climate. - 4.3 Soils. - 4.4 Boreal forest in North America. - 4.4.1 Open Lichen Woodland. - 4.4.2 Northern Coniferous Forest. - 4.4.3 Mixed-Forest (Boreal-Broadleaf ecotone). - 4.4.4 Mixed-Forest transition to grassland (Northern Mixedwoods). - 4.5 Eurasian Boreal. - 4.5.1 The European Boreal. - 4.5.2 The Siberian Boreal. - 4.5.3 Northwest Pacific Fringe Boreal. - 4.6 Primary production and phytomass in boreal forest. - 5. Prairie (Steppe). - 5.1 Distribution. - 5.2 Climate. - 5.2.1 North America. - 5.2.2 Climate in Eurasia and elsewhere. - 5.3 Soils. - 5.4 Prairie in North America. - 5.4.1 The Canadian Prairie. - 5.4.2 Prairie in the USA. - 5.5. Eurasian Steppe. - 5.6 Southern Hemisphere Grasslands. - 5.6.1 The High Veldt. - 5.6.2 The Pampas/Campos Grasslands. - 5.7 Primary production and biomass. - 6. Cordilleran Environments in Western North America. - 6.1 Canada's Cordilleran ecoclimatic provinces. - 6.1.1 Distribution. - 6.1.2 Climate. - 6.1.3 Soils. - 6.1.4 Pacific Coastal Mesothermal Forest. - 6.1.5 Pacific Coastal Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.6 Cordilleran Forest Region. - 6.1.7 Cordilleran Cold Steppe and Savanna Forst. - 6.1.8 Canadian Cordilleran Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.9 Alpine Tundra and Boreal Forest. - 6.2 The Cordilleran Region in the USA. - 6.2.1 Distribution. - 6.2.2 Northwest Coast Conifer-Hardwood Forests. - 6.2.3 Montane Pine Forests. - 6.2.4 Sagebrush and Grasslands. - 6.2.5 Interior Hemlock-Douglas-Fir-Larch. - 6.2.6 Subalpine Forest. - 6.3 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 7. Temperate Deciduous Forests. - 7.1 Distribution. - 7.2 Climate. - 7.3 Soils. - 7.4 Temperate Deciduous Forest in North America. - 7.4.1 Canada. - 7.4.2 United States of America. - 7.4.3 Southern Mexico and South America. - 7.5 Europe. - 7.5.1 Atlantic Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.2 Central European Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.3 East European Deciduous Forest. - 7.6 Asia. - 7.7 Southern Hemisphere. - 7.8 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 8. Wetlands. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Climate. - 8.3 Soils. - 8.4 Canadian Wetland Classification. - 8.4.1 Canadian Wetland Classification System. - 8.4.2 Wetland classes. - 8.4.3 Wetland forms and types. - 8.5 Canadian Wetlands. - 8.5.1 Arctic Wetlands. - 8.5.2 Subarctic Wetlands. - 8.5.3 Boreal Wetlands. - 8.5.4 Prairie Wetlands. - 8.5.5 Temperate Wetlands. - 8.5.6 Oceanic Wetlands. - 8.5.7 Mountain Wetlands. - 8.6 Wetlands in the USA. - 8.7 Eurasian Wetlands. - 8.7.1 European Wetlands. - 8.7.2 Asian Wetlands. - 8.8 Central and South American Wetlands. - 8.9 African Wetlands. - 8.10 Austromalesian and Pacific Wetlands. - 8.11 Phytomass and Primary Production. - 9. Conclusion. - Appendix: Biomials and their local names as used in the text. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Zugl.: Bonn, Univ., Diss., 1994 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einleitung. - Notation. - 1 Lineare Theorie. - 1.1 Das lineare Problem mit glatten Koeffizienten. - 1.1.1 Starke Lösungen. - 1.1.2 Reguläre Lösungen. - 1.2 Beispiele. - 1.3 Strikt negative Randbedingungen. - 1.4 Das lineare Problem mit Sobolev-Koeffizienten. - 1.4.1 Glatte Randbedingungen. - 1.4.2 Strikt negative Randbedingungen. - 2 Lokale quasilineare Theorie. - 2.1 Lineare Randbedingungen. - 2.2 Quasilineare Randbedingungen. - 3 Globale quasilineare Theorie spezieller Gleichungen. - 3.1 Lokaler Energieabfall. - 3.1.1 Der Ganzraumfall. - 3.1.2 Elliptische Systeme im Außengebiet. - 3.1.3 Die Abschätzung der Resolvente. - 3.1.4 Lokaler Energieabfall. - 3.2 Lp - Lq-Abschätzungen. - 3.2.1 Lp-Lq-Abschätzungen im ℝ3. - 3.2.2 Die Lp-Lq-Abschätzung in Ω. - 3.3 Globale Existenz für eine Klasse von nichtlinearen Weyl-Gleichungen. - 3.3.1 A-priori-Abschätzung der lokalen Lösung. - 3.3.2 Der Beweis von Theorem 3.60. - A Regularität von Produkten von schwach differenzierbaren Funktionen. - B Regularität zusammengesetzter Funktionen. - C Die Abschätzung des nichtlinearen Terms. - D Diverse Beweise.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einführung 1.1 Übersicht 1.2 Modernes naturwissenschaftliches Klimaverständnis 1.3 Modelle in der Klimaforschung 2 Klimarelevante Prozesse 2.1 Energie und Strahlung 2.1.1 Strahlung 2.1.2 Wärmetrausporte 15 2.1.3 Transport von Energie im Wasserkreislauf 2.2 Dynamik der Atmosphäre 2.2.1 Erzeugung von Bewegung 2.2.2 Vertikalstruktur der Atmosphäre 2.2.3 Allgemeine Zirkulation 2.2.4 Regionale Strukturen 2.2.5 Turbulenz 2.2.6 Aerosolpartikel 2.2.7 Wolken und Niederschlag 2.3 Zirkulation des Ozeans 2.3.1 Meeresoberflächenströmungen 2.3.2 Tiefenzirkulation 2.3.3 Wellen und Wirbel 2.4 Spurenstoffkreisläufe 2.4.1 Wasserdampf 2.4.2 Kohlendioxid 2.4.3 Methan 2.4.4 Stickstoffverbindungen 2.5 Kryosphäre 3 Natürliche Klimavariabilität 3.1 Jahres- und Tagesgang 3.2 Wetter 3.3 Interannuale Klimaschwankungen 3.3..1 ENSO-Phänomen 3.3.2 Nordatlantische Oszillation 3.3.3 Temperaturentwicklung seit 1900 3.3.4 Die Frage der Sonnenflecken 3.1 Homogenitätsproblematik 3.5 Historische Klimavariationen 3.6 Paläoklimatologie 3.6.1 Vereisungen 3.6.2 Klimarekonstruktion der Kalt- und Warmzeiten 3.6.3 Milanković-Theorie 4 Konzeptionelle Modelle 4.1 Klimazonen 4.2 Ein exemplarisches Energiebilanzmodell 4.2.1 Vereinfachte Bilanzgleichung für Energie 4.2.2 Diskretisierung 4.2.3 Schließung der Gleichung 4.2.4 Berechnungen: Integration 4.3 Physikalisch orientierte Modelle 4.4 Nichtlinearität und Chaos 4.5 Fluktuationen als stochastische Vorgänge 4.6 Wechselwirkungen verschiedener Prozesse 4.6.1 Gedämpftes System mit Störungen 4.6.2 Wirkung von positiven Rückkopplungen 5 Grundlagen von Strömungsmodellen 5.1 Grundgleichungen der Strömungs- und Thermodynamik 5.1.1 Zustandsvariablen 5.1.2 Gesetz der Massenerhaltung 5.1.3 Prinzip der Energieerhaltung 5.1.4 Impulserhaltung 5.1.5 Massenbilanzen für Beimengungen 5.1.6 Zustandsgleichungen 5.1.7 Zusammenfassung 5.2 Diskretisierung 5.2.1 Räumliche Diskretisierung 5.2.2 Zeitliche Diskretisierung 5.3 Parametrisierung und subskalige Prozesse 5.3.1 Schließungsproblem 5.3.2 Beispiel 1: Turbulenz 5.3.3 Beispiel 2: Konvektion und Wolkenbildung 5.3.4 Kritische Übersicht 5.4 Numerische Integration 6 Realitätsnahe Modelle des Klimasystems 6.1 Wettervorhersagemodelle 6.2 Modelle zur Klimasimulation 6.2.1 Methodik von Simulationen 6.2.2 Wechselwirkung von Atmosphäre und Ozean 6.2.3 Klimadrift und Flußkorrektur 6.2.4 Technische Details 6.2.5 Modellierung von Stoffkreisläufen und Biosphäre 6.3 Simulationen von Klimazuständen 6.3.1 Kontrollsimulationen des derzeitigen Klimas 6.3.2 Rekonstruktion von Paläoklimaten 6.3.3 Klimate anderer Planeten 6.3.1 Regionale und lokale Strukturen 6.4 Numerische Experimente mit Modellen 6.1.1 Zielsetzung 6.4.2 Wirksamkeit von Prozessen 6.4.3 Einschwingzeit der Atmosphäre 6.4.4 Sensitivität gegenüber Randbedingungen 6.5 Anwendung zur Klimavorhersage 6.5.1 Prognosen des ENSO-Phänomens 6.5.2 Großskalige Ölbrände in Kuwait 6.6 Beurteilung der Klimamodelle 7 Anthropogene Klimänderung 7.1 Übersicht 7.2 Emissions- und Konzentrations-Szenarien 7.2.1 Szenarien zukünftiger Emissionen 7.2.2 Erwartete Konzentrationen der Treibhausgase 7.3 Klimaszenarien realitätsnaher Modelle 7.3.1 Transiente Szenarienrechnungen 7.3.2 Ergebnisse eines exemplarischen Klima-Szenarios 7.3.3 Problem Kaltstart 7.3.4 2 x CO2-Simulationen 7.3.5 Informationswert von Szenarienrechnungen 7.3.6 Kritische Bewertung der Szenarien 7.4 Nachweis anthropogener Klimabeeinflussung 7.4.1 Zielsetzung 7.4.2 Natürliche Variabilität 7.4.3 Gewichtungsmuster und Nachweisvariable 7.4.4 Nachweis 7.4.5 Beurteilung 7.5 Lokale und regionale Szenarien 7.5.1 Hochaufgelöste Zeitscheibenexperimente 7.5.2 Regionalmodelle 7.5.3 Empirische Modelle 7.5.4 Implikationen 8 Klima und Gesellschaft 8.1 Übersicht 8.2 Historischer Überblick : gesellschaftliche Vorstellungen zum Einfluß von Klima 8.3 Klimafolgenforschung 8.3.1 Grundproblematik 8.3.2 Direkt beeinflußte Systeme 8.3.3 Indirekt beeinflußte Systeme 8.4 Ökonomische Aspekte des Klimawandels 8.4.1 Klimaänderung als Kostenfaktor 8.4.2 Ein zeitabhängiges Sechs-Komponenten-Modell 8.4.3 Beurteilung 8.4.4 Übersicht Klimapolitik 8.5 Vorstellungen von Klimawandel 8.5.1 Problemstellung 8.5.2 Natürliche Variabilität versus Kausalitätsdenken 8.5.3 Die Kempton-Studie 8.5.4 Soziale Interpretationsmechanismen 9 Résumé 10 Anhang 11 Literatur Stichwortverzeichnis

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1995

Note: Contents: Abstract. - Acknowledgements. - Introduction: Environmental change, paleolimnology, and diatoms. - Chapter 1: Diatoms as indicators of salinity and brine composition. - Chapter 2: Diatoms as indicators of lake trophic status. - References. - Plates. - Appendices. - Species Index.

Note: Contents Observed Climatic Variability: Time Dependence / J. M. WALLACE Observed Climatic Variability: Spatial Structure / J. M. WALLACE Predictability of the Atmosphere and Oceans: From Days to Decades / T. N. PALMER Mechanisms for Decadal-to-Centennial Climate Variability / E. S. SARACHIK, M. WINTON and F. L. YIN Long-Term Coordinated Changesin the Convective Activity of the North Atlantic / R. DICKSON, J. LAZIER, J. MEINCKE and P. RHINES Mechanism for Decadal Climate Variability / M. LATIF, A. GROTZNER, M. MUNNICH, E. MAIER-REIMER, S. VENZKE and T. P. BARNETTA The Climate Response to the Changing Greenhouse Gas Concentration in the Atmosphere / L. BENGTSSON Analysis of Thermohaline Feedbacks / J. MAROTZKE An Overview of Century Time-Scale Variability in the Climate System: Observations and Models / T. F. STOCKER Steady States and Variability in Oceanic Zonal Flows / D. OLBERS and C. VOLKER Spectral Methods: What They Can and Cannot Do for Climatic Time Series / M. GHIL and P. Yiou Subject Index List of Participants

Note: Bremerhaven, Hochschule, Diplom-Arbeit, 1995 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einleitung. - IST-AUFNAHME. - 1. Grundlagen der Höchstleistungsrechner. - 1.1. Rechnerklassifikation. - 1.2 Speicherkonzepte. - 1.3 Verbindungsstrukturen. - 2. Parallele Programmierung. - 2.1 Partitionierung. - 2.2 Prozeßkommunikation. - 2.3 Agglomeration. - 2.4 Abbildung paralleler Prozesse. - 2.5 Beispiele paralleler Programme und Programmiermodelle. - 3. KSR1-Systemarchitektur. - 3.1 Prozessoreinheit. - 3.2 ALLCACHE-System. - 3.3. ALLCACHE-Engine. - 3.4. Externe Verbindungen. - 3.5 Betriebssystem und Software. - 4. Ozeanische Simulationsmodelle. - 4.1 Modular Ocean Model. - 4.1.1. SA-Diagramme. - 4.1.2 Datenbeschreibung. - 4.1.3 Prozeßspezifikationen. - 4.1.4. Petri-Netz des dynamischen Ablaufs. - SOLL-KONZEPT. - 5. Visualisierungsanforderungen. - 5.1 Funktionale Anforderungen. - 5.2 Gegebene Randbedingungen. - 6. Visualisierungsdaten. - 6.1 Petri-Netz der Datengenerierung. - 7. Programmierumgebung. - 7.1 OSF/Motif. - 7.2 Die p4-Bibliothek. - 8. Programmentwurf Xmom. - 8.1 SA-Diagramme. - 8.2 Datenbeschreibungen. - 8.3 Prozeßspezifikationen. - 8.4 Widget-Layout. - 8.5 Petri-Netz des dynamischen Ablaufs. - Bibliographie. - Anhang A Programmlisting. - Anhang B Graphikausdrucke.

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: INHALT Einführung / Günter Myrell Gigant aus Eis und Schnee / Ole Marquardt und Jens-Christian Manniche Grönland Die Frühgeschichte der Polarvölker, Grönland / Robert McGhee Aufbruch ins Unbekannte / William R. Morrison Kanadas Norden Die Nordwestpassage Die Frühgeschichte der Polarvölker, Kanada / Robert McGhee Im Land des Weißen Todes / Peter P. Schweitzer Sibirien Die Nordostpassage Die Frühgeschichte der Polarvölker, Sibirien / Robert McGhee Sturm auf Alaska / James R. Gibson Kamtschatka und Russisch-Amerika Das Große Land / Stephen Haycox Alaska, USA Die Frühgeschichte der Polarvölker, Alaska / Robert McGhee Die Völker des Nordens / Peter P. Schweitzer Von kolonialer Vergangenheit zu selbstbestimmter Zukunft Ein Wort zum Ausklang / Jürgen F. Boden Hinweise auf unsere Autoren Hinweise zu weiterführender Literatur Personen- und Ortsregister Der Blick aus dem Weltraum

Note: Zugl. : Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1995

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1994

Note: Contents Contributors Abbreviations and symbols Introduction Section 1. Isotope sources, analysis and interpretation of organic composition 1. High-precision deuterium and BC measurement by continuous flow-lRMS: organic and position-specific isotope analysis / J. T Brenna, H.J. Tobias and T.N. Corso Introduction CF-IRMS analysis of HD/H2 Carbon isotopes: automated position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA) References 2. Carbon isotope effects on key reactions in plant metabolism and 13C-patterns in natural compounds / H.-L. Schmidt and G. Gleixner Introduction Influence of carboxylations on the initial 13C distribution pattern Influence of aldol reactions and decarboxylations on secondary distribution patterns Ester and aldol reactions during secondary metabolism Effect of other lyase reactions Reactions involving C1-metabolism Isotope effects on reactions introducing hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in biological compounds Conclusion References 3. Interpretation of oxygen isotope composition of leaf material/ G.D. Farquhar, M.M. Barbour and B.K. Henry Why are we interested in the oxygen isotope ratio of organic matter? Oxygen isotopes in plant organic matter: a historical perspective On the enrichment of 18O in water within the plant Variation within the leaf 30 Isotopic exchange of oxygen during metabolism Isotopic history of oxygen in organic molecules The potential for oxygen isotopes in evaluating plant water use Oxygen isotope composition of organic matter: methodology and analysis References Appendix 1 Appendix 2 4. lntramolecular deuterium distributions and plant growth conditions / J. Schleucher Introduction Methodology Variation of intramolecular D distributions Discussion and outlook References Section 2. Soils, nutrients and plants 5. Stable isotope studies of soil nitrogen / D.W. Hopkins, R.E. Wheatley and D. Robinson Introduction Transformations of soil nitrogen Distribution of soil nitrogen Spatial variability of soil N Use of 15N natural abundance to investigate soil processes Conclusions References 6. 15N at natural abundance levels in terrestrial vascular plants: a précis / L.L. Handley, C.M. Scrimgeour and J.A. Raven Introduction What are the patterns in the δ15N signal? Experimental systems Needs for research References 7. Variations in fractionation of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in higher plants : N metabolism and partitioning in phloem and xylem / T. Yoneyama, H. Fujiwara and J.M. Wilson Introduction Acquisition of nitrogen Metabolism of nitrogen Translocation of nitrogen C and N concentration and isotope composition in castor bean (Ricinus communis) Conclusions and future directions References Section 3. Photosynthesis, plants and water 8. Carbon isotope discrimination in terrestrial plants: carboxylations and decarboxylations / J.S. Gillon, A.M. Borland, K.G. Harwood, A. Roberts, M.S.J. Broadmeadow and H. Griffiths Introduction Net carbon isotope discrimination Photosynthetic discrimination Respiratory discrimination Refixation of respiratory CO2 Discrimination under natural conditions Conclusions References 9. Carbon isotope discrimination in structural and non-structural carbohydrates in relation to productivity and adaptation to unfavourable conditions / E. Brugnoli, A. Scartazza, M. Lauteri, M.C. Monteverdi and C. Máguas 133 Introduction Theoretical background to carbon isotope discrimination WUE and plant productivity 1 Carbon isotope discrimination in soluble carbohydrates and productivity Soluble carbohydrate Δ13C and CO2 mesophyll conductance Concluding remarks References 10. Oxygen-18 of leaf water: a crossroad for plant-associated isotopic signals / D. Yakir Introduction Evaporative enrichment Source water Atmospheric moisture and boundary layers Bulk leaf water 2-D simulation of 18O in leaf water 18O of water in chloroplasts Conclusions References 11. The role of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in understanding water movement along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum / T.E. Dawson, R.C. Pausch, H.M. Parker Introduction Stable isotopes and our understanding of water movement along the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum Future research on isotopes and the SPAC References Section 4. Integration of terrestrial ecosystems 12. Oxygen isotope effects during CO2 exchange: from leaf to ecosystem processes / L.B. Flanagan Introduction Discrimination against C18O16O during photosynthetic gas exchange Oxygen isotope effects during respiratory CO2 exchange Relative influence of photosynthesis, respiration and turbulent fluxes on the isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 in plant canopies Regional and global variation in the influence of terrestrial ecosystems on the oxygen isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 References 13. Carbon isotope discrimination of terrestrial ecosystems / N. Buchmann, R.J. Brooks, L.B. Flanagan and J.R. Ehleringer Introduction Methodology Variation in Δe estimates Conclusions References 14. Assessing sensitivity to change in desert ecosystems - a stable isotope approach / J.R. Ehleringer, R.D. Evans and D. Williams Introduction Deserts as pulse-driven ecosystems Water uptake patterns by aridland plants Stomatal limitations as inferred from carbon isotope ratios Nitrogen sources Sensitivity of Colorado Plateau arid land ecosystems to invasions Conclusions References Section 5. Integration of marine ecosystems 15. Carbon stable isotope fractionation in marine systems: open ocean studies and laboratory studies / A.M. Johnston and H. Kennedy Introduction Open ocean studies Laboratory studies Recommendations for future research References 16. 15N and the assimilation of nitrogen by marine phytoplankton: the past, present and future? / N.J.P Owens and L.J. Watts Introduction The past - a short historical review Natural abundance v tracer studies The present - methods and techniques The present - a discussion of results from recent studies The future - possible developments for 15N studies in biological oceanography Summary and conclusions References Section 6. The immediate past: the Holocene 17. Archaeological reconstruction using stable isotopes / A.M. Pollard Introduction Isotope archaeology Dietary reconstruction using stable isotopes Isotopes and human mobility Summary References 18. Stable isotopes in tree ring cellulose / R. Switsur and J. Waterhouse Introduction Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon stable isotope ratios Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios References Section 7. Palaeoclimatic reconstructions from Precambrian to Quaternary 19. Phylogeny, palaeoatmospheres and the evolution of phototrophy / J.A. Raven Introduction The phylogeny of O2-producing phototrophs and their carboxylases Timing of origin of taxa of O2-evolving phototrophs in relation to changes in atmospheric composition The contribution of 13C/12C measurements to our understanding of the evolution of phototrophy Is the 13CO2/12CO2 discrimination factor of RUBISCO subject to direct natural selection? Conclusions and prospects References 20. Modelling changes in land plant function over the Phanerozoic / D.J. Beerling and F.I. Woodward Introduction Atmospheric evolution Phanerozoic changes in leaf function Terrestrial productivity in the Carboniferous Global patterns of leaf carbon isotope composition Concluding remarks References 21. Carbon isotopes, diets of North American equids, and the evolution of North American C4 grasslands / T.E. Cerling, J.M. Harris and B.J. McFadden Introduction Sampling protocol and sources of material Transition to C4 diet in equids: occurrence of C4-dominated diets, hypsodonty, and the radiation of equid genera Geographical and temporal distribution of C4 grasses in North America Regional patterns and variations History of C4 grasses versus C4 grasslands in North America Equid diversity during the Neogene Global expansion of C4 ecosystems Summary and implications References 22. Carbon isotopes in lake sediments and peats of last glacial age: implicati

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: Contents Preface 1 Chemical equilibrium 1.1 Some introductory concepts 1.2 Equilibrium constants 1.3 Reaction quotient 1.4 LeChatelier' s principle Exercises 2 Chemical thermodynamics 2.1 The first law of thermodynamics; enthalpy 2.2 Enthalpies of reaction and formation 2.3 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics 2.4 The third law of thermodynamics; absolute entropies 2.5 Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneous transformation 2.6 Standard free energy changes 2. 7 Free energy change and the equilibrium constant 2.8 Chemical potential; homogeneous nucleation of water-vapor condensation Exercises 3 Chemical kinetics 3.1 Reaction rates 3.2 Reaction mechanisms 3.3 Reaction rates and equilibria 3.4 Collision theory of gaseous reactions 3.5 The effect of temperature on reaction rates: the Arrhenius' relation 3.6 Catalysis 3.7 Half-life, residence time, and renewal time Exercises 4 Solution chemistry and aqueous equilibria 4.1 Definitions and types of solutions 4.2 Solution concentrations 4.3 Factors affecting solubility 4.4 Colligative properties 4.5 Aqueous solutions; electrolytes 4.6 Aqueous equilibria 4.7 Strong and weak electrolytes; ion-product constant for water Exercises 5 Acids and bases 5.1 Some definitions and concepts 5.2 The nature of H+(aq) 5.3 The Brønsted-Lowry theory; conjugate acid-base pairs 5.4 The Lewis theory 8 5.5 Strengths of acids and bases; acid-dissociation (or ionization) constant 5.6 The pH scale 5.7 Polyprotic acids 5.8 Hydrolysis 5.9 Buffers 5.10 Complex ions 5.11 Mass balance and charge balance relations 5.12 The pH of rainwater Exercises 6 Oxidation-reduction reactions 6.1 Some definitions 6.2 Oxidation numbers 6.3 Balancing oxidation-reduction reactions 6.4 Half-reactions in electrochemical cells 6.5 Strengths of oxidants and reductants; standard cell and half-cell potentials 6.6 Standard cell potentials and free-energy change 6.7 The Nernst equation 6.8 Redox potentials; Eh-pH diagrams 6.9 Gram-equivalent weight and normality Exercises 7 Photochemistry 7.1 Some properties of electromagnetic waves 7.2 Some photochemical terminology and principles 7.3 Quantum yields 7.4 Rate coefficients for photolysis 7.5 Photostationary states 7.6 Stratospheric ozone and photochemistry; depletion of stratospheric ozone Exercises Appendix I International system of units (SI) Appendix II Some useful numerical values Appendix III Atomic weights Appendix IV Equilibrium (or dissociation) constants for some chemical reactions Appendix V Some molar standard Gibbs free energies of formation, molar standard enthalpies (or heats) of formation and molar absolute entropies at 25°C and 1 atmosphere Appendix VI Names, formulas, and charges of some common ions Appendix VII Answers to exercises and hints and solutions to selected exercises Index

Note: Contents List of contributors Preface Introduction Guidelines and codes of conduct for Arctic tourism: implementation and evaluation of an operator program / Margaret E. Johnston and David G. Twynam Drafting tourism codes for the Arctic / Peter Mason The importance of an overall visitor education program - experiences with tour operators in the Antarctic / Debra J. Enzenbacher Mechanisms for promoting and monitoring compliance with Arctic tourism guidelines / Debra J. Enzenbacher Polar ship-borne tourism: do guidelines and codes of conduct work? / Bernard Stonehouse The conservation perspective on Antarctic tourism / Cassandra Phillips Tourism regulation - cultural norms or legislation? Outdoor life and tourism regulation in Finnmark and on Svalbard / Arvid Viken Opportunities and problems associated with the development of Arctic tourism: a case study from Svalbard / Reidar Hindrum Mechanisms and organisational structures for implementing Arctic tourism guidelines / Tutta May Endresen Report on the IUCN and tourism-related activities in the Arctic / Jeanne Pagnan Planning for ecotourism in Kangerlussuaq - Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland / Jeppe Mordhorst Whale-watching guidelines: a special case / Cassandra Phillips Guidelines for whale-watching in Norway / Tiu Similä The frame conditions for ecologically acceptable tourism and its guidelines on Svalbard / Andreas Umbreit Appendices

Note: Zugl. Univ. Bremen, FB Geowiss., Diss. 1997 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung. - Summary. - I Vorbereitung der Einzeldatensätze. - 1 Einführung. - 2 Digitale Geländemodelle. - 2.1 Grundlagen digitaler Geländemodelle. - 2.1.1 Flächentreue Transformation der Daten nach Lambert. - 2.1.1.1 Koordinatentransformation. - 2.1.1.2 Resampling. - 2.1.2 Korrektur der Höhendaten und Fehlerbestimmung. - 2.2 Das Grönland Modell. - 2.2.1 Bearbeitung der Daten des dänischen Katasteramtes. - 2.2.2 Fehlerbestimmung. - 2.3 Das Nordost Grönland Modell. - 2.3.1 Lage und Größe. - 2.3.2 Fehlerbestimmung. - 2.4 Das Storstrømmen Modell. - 2.4.1 Kartenmaterial. - 2.4.2 Import der Vektordaten und Interpolation des DGM. - 2.4.3 Fehlerquellen und Fehlerabschätzung. - 3 Fernerkundung von Schnee und Eis. - 3.1 Grundlagen der Radiometrie. - 3.2 Wechselwirkung elektromagnetischer Strahlung. - 3.3 Fernerkundung von Schnee und Eis. - 4 Bearbeitung von LANDSAT Daten. - 4.1 Der Multispectral Scanner des LANDSAT Satelliten. - 4.2 Digitale Rektifizierung der Daten. - 4.2.1 Geometrische Rektifizierung. - 4.2.2 Radiometrische Rektifizierung. - 4.3 Multispektrale Klassifizierung. - 5 Bearbeitung von AVHRR Daten. - 5.1 Beschreibung des Sensors und der Plattform. - 5.2 Empfang von AVHRR HRPT Daten auf Polarstern. - 5.3 Geometrische Rektifizierung. - 5.4 Radiometrische Rektifizierung. - 5.4.1 Berechnung des Sonnenstandes. - 5.4.2 Korrektur der Blickrichtungseffekte. - 5.5 Wolkenerkennung in AVHRR Aufnahmen. - 6 Bearbeitung von ERS-1 SAR Daten. - 6.1 Beschreibung des Sensors und der Abbildungsgeometrie. - 6.2 Kalibrierung und Geokodierung der ERS-1 SAR Szene. - 7 Feldarbeiten in Nordost Grönland. - 7.1 Durchgeführte Arbeiten. - 7.2 Darstellung des Datenmaterials. - 8 Akkumulationsmodellierung. - 8.1 Reproduktion der Ausgangskarte. - 8.1.1 Das geeignete Interpolationsverfahren?. - 8.1.2 Ergebnis der Kartenreproduktion. - 8.2 Daten der AWI Nordgrönland Traverse. - 8.2.1 Kernanalyse. - 8.3 Neuberechnung der Akkumulationsverteilung. - 8.4 Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 9 Gletschereinzugsgebiete in Grönland. - 9.1 Die Berechnung der Einzugsgebiete. - II GIS-Studien. - 10 Geo-Informationssysteme. - 10.1 Grundlagen eines GIS. - 10.2 Das Grönland-GIS. - 10.2.1 Eismächtigkeit und Hypsometrie der Oberfläche und des Eisvolumens. - 10.2.2 Kinematik und Massenfluß der Einzugsgebiete. - 10.2.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 10.2.4 Vergleich der Modellergebnisse. - 10.3 Das Nordostgrönland-GIS. - 10.3.1 Die Einteilung der Gletscheroberfläche in verschiedene Zonen. - 10.4 Das Storstrømmen-GIS. - 10.4.1 Die Massenbilanz des Storstrømmen Gletschers. - 10.4.1.1 Die Berechnung der Massenbilanz. - 10.4.2 Der Surge des Storstrømmen Gletschers. - 10.4.2.1 Dynamik des Storstrømmen Gletschers aus LANDSAT und ERS-1 Satellitenbilddaten. - 10.4.2.2 Gletscherbewegung aus Pegelmessungen. - 10.4.2.3 Der Massenumsatz in der Ablationszone. - Literatur. - III Anhang. - 11 Daten und Ergebnisse. - 12 Symbole und Variablen. - 12.1 Variablen im Kapitel 2. - 12.2 Variablen im Kapitel 3. - 12.3 Variablen im Kapitel 4, 5, 6. - 12.4 Variablen im Kapitel 5. - 12.5 Variablen im Kapitel 6. - 12.6 Variablen im Kapitel 8. - 12.7 Variablen im Kapitel 10.2. - Dank.

Note: Contents: Editor's Preface. - Preface. - Chapter 1. Introduction. - 1.1 Spatial and temporal averaging in meteorological problems. - 1.2 Some information on the statistical characteristics of meteorological fields. - Chapter 2. Statistical Description of Averaged Fields. - 2.1 Statistical structure of averaged data. - 2.2 Representativeness of point measurements with respect to averaged values. - 2.3 Influence of area shape on the representativeness of a point value. - Chapter 3. The Accuracy of Averaging Discrete Data. - 3.1 The accuracy of representing average quantities by discrete data. - 3.2 Approximate evaluation of the averaging accuracy. - 3.3 Optimal averaging of discrete data. - 3.4 Accuracy of averaging the characteristics of statistical structure. - Chapter 4. Problems of Averaging Some Meteorological Fields. - 4.1 The representativeness of precipitation data. - 4.2 Accuracy of zonal averaging of air temperature. - Chapter 5. Practical Aspects of the Spatial Averaging of Meteorological Fields. - 5.1 Methods of averaging meteorological fields and numerical applications. - 5.2 A brief description of the averaging algorithms. - 5.3 Comparative accuracy of some averaging algorithms. - Conclusions. - List of Symbols. - References. - Subject Index. , Aus dem Russ. übers.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Preliminary information. - 1.1 Definition of the climatic system. - 1.2 Scales of temporal variability and its mechanisms. - 1.3 Predictability and non-uniqueness. - 1.4 Methods of experimental research. - 1.4.1 Ground-based measurements. - 1.4.2 Satellite measurements. - 2 Present state of the climatic system. - 2.1 Initial information. - 2.2 Mass budget. - 2.3 Heat budget. - 2.4 Moisture budget. - 2.5 Energy budget. - 2.6 Angular momentum budget. - 2.7 Carbon budget. - 3 Small-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 3.1 Surface atmospheric layer. - 3.2 Vertical distribution of the mean velocity over an immovable smooth surface: viscous sublayer; logarithmic boundary layer. - 3.3 Vertical distribution of the mean velocity over an immovable rough surface: roughness parameter; hydrodynamic classification of underlying surfaces. - 3.4 Hydrodynamic properties of the sea surface. - 3.5 Wind-wave interaction. - 3.6 Vertical distribution of the temperature and passive admixture over an immovable surface. - 3.7 Coefficients of resistance, heat exchange and evaporation for the sea surface. - 3.8 The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. - 3.9 Transformation of the thermal regime of the surface atmospheric layer in the presence of wind-wave interaction. - 3.10 Methods for estimating surface fluxes of momentum heat and humidity. - 3.11 Methods for estimating C02 flux at the ocean-atmosphere interface. - 3.12 Features of small-scale ocean- atmosphere interaction under storm conditions. - 4 Mesoscale ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 4.1 The planetary boundary layer. - 4.2 Problem of closure. - 4.2.1 First-order closure. - 4.2.2 Second-order closure. - 4.3 Laws of resistance and heat and humidity exchange. - 4.4 System of planetary boundary layers of the ocean and atmosphere. - 4.4.1 Theoretical models using a priori information on the magnitude and profile of the eddy viscosity coefficient. - 4.4.2 Simplest closed models. - 4.4.3 Semiempirical models not using a priori information on the magnitude and profile of the eddy viscosity coefficient. - 5 Large-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 5.1 Classification of climatic system models. - 5.2 Similarity theory for global ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 5.3 Zero-dimensional models. - 5.4 One-dimensional models. - 5.5 0.5-dimensional (box) models. - 5.6 1.5-dimensional models. - 5.7 Two-dimensional (zonal) models. - 5.8 Three-dimensional models. - 5.9 ENSO as a manifestation of the inter-annual variability of the ocean-atmosphere system. - 6 Response of the ocean-atmosphere system to external forcing. - 6.1 Sensitivity of the climatic system: mathematical methods of analysis. - 6.2 Equilibrium response to a change in ocean-land area ratio. - 6.3 Equilibrium response to a change in the concentration of atmospheric CO2. - 6.4 Equilibrium response to a change in land surface albedo. - 6.5 Equilibrium response to a change in soil moisture content. - 6.6 Equilibrium response to a change in vegetative cover. - 6.7 Transient response to a change in the concentration of atmospheric CO2. - References. - Index. , Aus d. Russ. übers.

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - 1.1. Objective. - 1.2. General description of the land ice masses in the Arctic. - 1.3. Remarks on methods. - 2. Regional overview. - 2.1. Alaska. - 2.2. Canadian Arctic. - 2.3. Greenland. - 2.4. Iceland. - 2.5. Svalbard. - 2.6. Northern Scandinavia. - 2.7. Russian Arctic. - 3. Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Glossary. - Adresses of the authors.

Note: Table of Contents: SECTION A: MODERN OCEAN AND SEA-ICE PROCESSES. - Features of Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Sea Level and Water Circulation in the Laptev Sea / V. K. Pavlov and P. V. Pavlov. - Numerical Modelling of Storm Surges in the Laptev Sea Based on the Finite Element Method / I. Ashik and A. Novakov. - Large-Scale Variations of Sea Level in the Laptev Sea / G. N. Voinov and E. A. Zakharchuk. - Extreme Oscillations of the Sea Level in the Laptev Sea / I. Ashik, Y. Dvorkin and Y. Vanda. - Internal Waves in the Laptev Sea / E. A. Zakharchuk. - The Composition of the Coarse Fraction of Aerosols in the Marine Boundary Layer over the Laptev, Kara and Barents Seas / V. P. Shevchenko, A. P. Lisitzin, R. Stein, V. V. Serova, A. B. Isaeva and N. V. Politova. - New Data on Sea-Ice Albedo in the Laptev and Barents Seas / B. V. Ivanov. - Possible Causes of Radioactive Contamination in the Laptev Sea / V. K. Pavlov, V. V. Stanovoy and A. I. Nikitin. - Oceanographic Causes for Transarctic Ice Transport of River Discharge / I. Dmitrenko, P. Golovin, V. Gribanov and H. Kassens. - Step-Like Vertical Structure Formation Due to Turbulent Mixing of Initially Continuous Density Gradients / A. Zatsepin, S. Dikarev, S. Poyarkov, N. Sheremet, I. Dmitrenko, P. Golovin and H. Kassens. - Dissolved and Paniculate Major and Trace Elements in Newly Formed Ice from the Laptev Sea (Transdrift III, October 1995) / J. A. Hölemann, M. Schirmacher and A. Prange. - Particle Entrainment into Newly Forming Sea Ice - Freeze-Up Studies in October 1995 / F. Lindemann, J. A. Holemann, A. Korablev and A. Zachek. - Frazil Ice Formation during the Spring Flood and its Role in Transport of Sediments to the Ice Cover / P. Golovin, I. Dmitrenko, H. Kassens and J. A. Hölemann. - SECTION B: THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM. - Pelagic-Benthic Coupling in the Laptev Sea Affected by Ice Cover / C. Grahl, A. Boetius and E.-M. Nöthig. - Chlorophyll a Distribution in Water Column and Sea Ice during the Laptev Sea Freeze-Up Study in Autumn 1995 / K. v. Juterzenka and K. Knickmeier. - Composition, Abundance and Population Structure of Spring-Time Zooplankton in the Shelf-Zone of Laptev Sea / E. N. Abramova. - Macrobenthos Distribution in the Laptev Sea in Relation to Hydrology / V. V. Petryashov, B. I. Sirenko, A. A. Golikov, A. V. Novozhilov, E. Rachor, D. Piepenburg and M. K. Schmid. - Carepoctus solidus sp.n., a New Species of Liparid Fish (Scorpaeniformes, Liparidae) from the Lower Bathyal of the Polar Basin / N. V. Chernova. - Spring Stopover of Birds on the Laptev Sea Polynya / D. V. Solovieva. - SECTION C: LAND-OCEAN INTERACTIONS AND PATHWAYS. - Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Suspended Particulate Material of East Siberian Rivers Draining to the Arctic Ocean / V. Rachold. - Carbon Isotope Composition of Particulate Organic Material in East Siberian Rivers / V. Rachold and H.-W. Hubberten. - Distribution of River Water and Suspended Sediment Loads in the Deltas of Rivers in the Basins of The Laptev and East-Siberian Seas / V. V. Ivanov and A. A. Piskun. - Dissolved Oxygen, Silicon, Phosphorous and Suspended Matter Concentrations During the Spring Breakup of The Lena River / S. V. Pivovarov, J. A. Hölemann, H. Kassens, M. Antonow and I. Dmitrenko. - Distribution Patterns of Heavy Minerals in Siberian Rivers, the Laptev Sea and the eastern Arctic Ocean: An Approach to Identify Sources, Transport and Pathways of Terrigenous Matter / M. Behrends, E. Hoops and B. Peregovich. - The Role of Coastal Retreat for Sedimentation in the Laptev Sea / F. E. Are. - SECTION D: TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT - PAST AND PRESENT. - Seasonal Changes in Hydrology, Energy Balance and Chemistry in the Active Layers of Arctic Tundra Soils in Taymyr Peninsula, Russia / J. Boike and P. P. Overduin. - The Landscape and Geobotanical Characteristics of the Levinson-Lessing Lake Basin, Byrranga Mountains, Central Taimyr / M. A. Anisimov and I. N. Pospelov. - Studies of Methane Production and Emission in Relation to the Microrelief of a Polygonal Tundra in Northern Siberia / V. A. Samarkin, A. Gundelwein and E.-M. Pfeiffer. - Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emmissions at Arctic Tundra Sites in North Siberia / M. Sommerkom, A. Gundelwein, E.-M. Pfeiffer and M. Bolter. - The Features of the Hydrological Regime of the Lake-River Systems of the Byrranga Mountains (by the Example of the Levinson-Lessing Lake) / V. P. Zimichev, D. Yu. Bolschyanov, V. G. Mesheryakov and D. Gintz. - Lead-210 Dating and Heavy Metal Concentration in Recent Sediments of Lama Lake (Norilsk Area, Siberia) / B. Hagedorn, S. Harwart, M. M. R. van der Loeff and M. Melles. - Late Weichselian to Holocene Diatom Succession in a Sediment Core from Lama Lake, Siberia and Presumed Ecological Implications / U. Kienel. - Climate and Vegetation History of the Taymyr Peninsula since Middle Weichselian Time - Palynological Evidence from Lake Sediments / J. Hahne and M. Melles. - Laminated Sediments from Levinson-Lessing Lake, Northern Central Siberia - A 30,000 Year Record of Environmental History? / T. Ebel, M. Melles and F. Niessen. - High-Resolution Seismic Stratigraphy of Lake Sediments on the Taymyr Peninsula, Central Siberia / F. Niessen, T. Ebel, C. Kopsch and G. B. Fedorov. - Archaeological Survey in Central Taymyr / V. V. Pitul'ko. - Marine Pleistocene Deposits of the Taymyr Peninsula and their Age from ESR Dating / D. Bolshiyanov and A. Molodkov. - Paleoclimatic Indicators from Permafrost Sequences in the Eastern Taymyr Lowland / C. Siegert, A. Yu. Derevyagin, G.N. Shilova, W.-D. Hermichen and A. Hiller. - SECTION E: MARINE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT - PAST AND PRESENT. - Stable Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Benthic Carbonate Shells of Ostracoda, Foraminifera, and Bivalvia from Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea, Summer 1993 and 1994 / H. Erlenkeuser and U. von Grafenstein. - Determination of Depositional Beryllium-10 Fluxes in the Area of the Laptev Sea and Beryllium-10 Concentrations in Water Samples of High Northern Latitudes / C. Strobl, V. Schulz, S. Vogler, S. Baumann, H. Kassens, P. W. Kubik, M. Suter and A. Mangini. - Spatial Distribution of Diatom Surface Sediment Assemblages on the Laptev Sea Shelf (Russian Arctic) / H. Cremer. - Diatoms from Surface Sediments of the Saint Anna Trough (Kara Sea) / R. N. Djinoridze, G. I. Ivanov, E. N. Djinoridze, and R. F. Spielhagen. - Distribution of Aquatic Palynomorphs in Surface Sediments from the Laptev Sea, Eastern Arctic Ocean / M. Kunz-Pirrung. - Distribution of Pollen and Spores in Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea / O. D. Naidina and H. A. Bauch. - Clay Mineral Distribution in Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea: Indicator for Sediment Provinces, Dynamics and Sources / B. T. Rossak, H. Kassens, H. Lange and J. Thiede. - Planktic Foraminifera in Holocene Sediments from the Laptev Sea and the Central Arctic Ocean: Species Distribution and Paleobiogeographical Implication / H. A. Bauch. - Holocene Diatom Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Eurasian Arctic Seas / Y. Polyakova. - Late Quaternary Organic Carbon and Biomarker Records from the Laptev Sea Continental Margin (Arctic Ocean): Implications for Organic Carbon Flux and Composition / R. Stein, K. Fahl, F. Niessen and M. Siebold. - Late Pleistocene Paleoriver Channels on the Laptev Sea Shelf - Implications from Sub-Bottom Profiling / H. P. Kleiber and F. Niessen. - Main Structural Elements of Eastern Russian Arctic Continental Margin Derived from Satellite Gravity and Multichannel Seismic Reflection Data / S. S. Drachev, G. L. Johnson, S. W. Laxon, D. C. McAdoo and H. Kassens. - High Resolution Seismic Studies in the Laptev Sea Shelf: First Results and Future Needs / B. Kim, G. Grikurov and V. Soloviev. - SECTION F: SUMMARY. - Dynamics and History of the Laptev Sea and its Continental Hinterland: A Summary / J. Thiede, L. Timokhov, H. A. Bauch, D. Bolshiyanov, I. Dmitrenko

Note: Table of contents 1. Introduction: Perceptions of weather and climate 1.1 Meteorology and/or climatology? 1.2 Perceptions of reality: schools of thought 1.3 Inadequacies in schools of thought, and associated problems 1.4 The approach ofthis book Part I GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE TROPOSPHERE 2. Radiation 2.1 Processes of radiation 2.2 The greenhouse effect 2.3 The shape and motions of the Earth 2.4 The geographical factor 2.5 Conclusion 3. Circulation in the lower layers of the troposphere 3.1 Circulation in high and mid-latitudes: MPHs Perception of circulation in high and mid-latitudes The existence of mobile anticyclones Mobile Polar Highs (MPHs) The polar thermal deficit The birth of MPHs MPH trajectories The MPH-associated wind field 3.2 Anticyclonic agglutinations (AAs) A look at the so-called "subtropical" high-pressure areas Meridional transport by MPHs and anticyclonic agglutination (AA) Oceanic and continental anticyclonic agglutinations 3.3 Tropical circulation A look at tropical circulation Pressure and wind fields over the tropics The trade wind Trade winds The monsoon Monsoons 4. General circulation 4.1 General circulation: evolution of ideas 4.2 Areas of circulation in the lower layers 4.3 General circulation in the troposphere The mean tropospheric picture Seasonal variation in circulation Aerological stratification 4.4 Zonal "Walker" circulation: myth or reality? 4.5 General circulation: conclusion Part II DYNAMICS OF THE WEATHER: PERTURBATIONS 5. Pluviogenesis 5.1 Precipitation potential 5.2 Origin of an updraft The thermal factor The dynamical factor 5.3 Structuralconditions 6. Dynamics of weather in polar and temperate regions: MPHs 6.1 Perception of the "perturbed field" in high and mid-latitudes 6.2 The MPH: pressure field and wind field 6.3 Weather associated with an MPH 6.4 MPHs and the ''polar front" 6.5 Interactions between MPHs 6.6 Dynamics of weather in North America 6.7 Dynamics of weather in France MPHs and relief Winter dynamics Summer dynamics 6.8 Dynamics of weather in temperate and polar regions: conclusion 7. MPHs at tropical margins 7.1 The temperate-tropical boundary 7.2 Mechanisms 7.3 North and Central America 7.4 South America 7.5 Nmthern Africa, Arabia and India 7.6 Southern Africa 7.7 Eastern Asia 7.8 Australia 7.9 Conclusion 8. Pulses in trades and monsoons 8 1 Trade winds and "easterly waves" 8.2 Vertical structure of the trades 8.3 Pulses in the trades Maritime trades The continental trade wind 8.4 Pulses in the monsoon 9. The meteorological equator 9.1 The meteorological equator: the evolution of a concept 9.2 The inclined meteorological equator (IME) 9.3 IME activity: squall line.s (SL) 9.4 The vertical meteorological equator (VME) 9.5 The meteorological equator over continents: IME and VME 10. Tropical cyclones 10.1 Cyclone structure and associated weather 10.2 Conditions for cyclogenesis 10.3 The geography of tropical cyclones Part III DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE: CLIMATIC EVOLUTION The global climatic system 11. Causes of climatic variations 11.1 Variations in solar activity The sunspot cycle Solar activity and climate 11.2 Orbital parameters of radiation Variation of the Earth-Sun distance, or eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Variation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's polar axis Variation of the direction of the polar axis, or precession of the equinoxes Orbital parameters and climatic evolution 11.3 Volcanism and climate Volcanic emissions and ejecta (silicates and sulphates) Optical radiative and thermal effects 11.4 The anthropic greenhouse effect The anthropic greenhouse effect: predictions from models Predictions and observations Recent climatic change does not conform to the "greenhouse effect"scenario Conclusion on the causes of climatic change 12. Palaeoclimatic variations and modes of general circulation 12.1 A Palaeoenvironments in Africa Present-day dynamics of climate in Africa The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the LGM (18- 15 kyr BP) The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the HCO (9-6 kyr BP) Palaeometeorological interpretation 12.2 Variations in insolation and in modes of general circulation Variations in insolation at high latitudes Rapid general circulation Slow general circulation Glaciation and deglaciation Palaeocirculations over Africa Circulation at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum Circulation at the time of the Holocene Climatic Optimum Conclusion 13. Recent climatic evolution Recent climatic evolution in France 13.1 Dynamics of the great Sahel drought Sahelian pluviogenesis Causes of the great drought The southward movement of pluviogenetic structures 13.2 Climatic evolution in the North Atlantic/Europe/Mediterranean space Recent regional climatic evolutions Dynamics of weather and climate in the North Atlantic space Conclusion Polar and Alpine glaciers 13. 3 Dynamics of the Pacific space - El Niño Aerological dynamics of the North Pacific space The "El Niño phenomenon" The components of El Niño in the eastern Pacific The origin of torrential rains in northern Peru The components of El Niño in the tropical Pacific The increasing frequency of the El Niño phenomenon 13.4 The expansion of the northern meteorological hemisphere Climatic consequences in the tropics Lack of rainfall at norhern tropical margins The inverse relationship between northern and southern tropical rainfall Greatly increased cyclonic activity south of the equator "Global warning"? Climatic perspectives 14. General conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1995

Note: Zugl.: München, Univ., Diss., 1993 , Inhalt: Zusammenfassung/Summary. - Vorwort und Danksagung. - Quellenlage. - Erläuterungen zum Text. - Abkürzungsverzeichnis. - 1. Einleitung. - 2. Geschichtliche Einordnung der deutschen Polarforschung. - 2.1 Erste Entdeckungsreisen. - 2.1.1 Arktis. - 2.1.1.1 Wirtschaftliche Interessen. - 2.1.1.2 Wissenschaftliche Interessen. - 2.1.2 Antarktis. - 2.1.2.1 Wirtschaftliche Interessen. - 2.1.2.2 Wissenschaftliche Interessen. - 2.2 Expeditionsperioden seit der Jahrhundertwende. - Abbildungen. - Tabellen. - 3. Fördernde Persönlichkeiten. - 3.1 Georg von Neumayer. - 3.2 Ferdinand Frhr. von Richthofen. - 3.3 Albrecht Penck. - 3.4 Friedrich Schmidt-Ott. - 3.5 Fridtjof Nansen. - 3.6 Erich von Drygalski. - 3.7 Alfred Wegener. - 3.8 Max Gratewahl. - 3.9 Kontakte der deutschen Polarforscher untereinander. - Tabellen. - 4. Aufgaben der Polarforschung aus der Sicht verschiedener Forscher und Gruppen. - 4.1 Arktis. - 4.1.1 Drygalski. - 4.1.2 Zeppelin. - 4.1.3 Schröder-Stranz. - 4.1.4 Wegener. - 4.1.5 Aeroarctic. - 4.1.6 II. Internationales Polarjahr. - 4.2 Antarktis. - 4.2.1 Drygalski. - 4.2.2 Wegener. - 4.2.3 Filchner. - 4.2.4 Ritscher. - 4.3 Diskussion. - 4.3.1 Arktis. - 4.3.2 Antarktis. - Abbildungen. - 5. Forschungsdisziplinen und ihre Methoden. - 5.1 Allgemeine Methoden. - 5.2 Geographie. - 5.2.1 Erkundung. - 5.2.1.1 Erkundungstouren von einer Station. - 5.2.1.2 Durchquerung. - 5.2.1.3 Flächenhafte Erkundung. - 5.2.2 Vermessung. - 5.3 Biologie. - 5.4 Geologie. - 5.5 Ozeanographie. - 5.5.1 Stationsmessungen. - 5.5.2 Ozeanographischer Schnitt. - 5.5.3 Flächenhafte Messungen. - 5.6 Glaziologie. - 5.6.1 Punkt- und Schnittmessungen. - 5.6.2 Flächenhafte Messungen. - 5.7 Meteorologie. - 5.7.1 Klimamessungen. - 5.7.2 Aerologische Messungen. - 5.7.3 Flächenhafte und räumliche Erfassung. - 5.8 Magnetik. - 5.8.1 Zeitliche Änderung. - 5.8.2 Räumliche Änderung entlang der Reiseroute. - 5.8.3 Flächenhafte Änderung. - 5.9 Diskussion. - 5.9.1 Entwicklung der Expeditionsform. - 5.9.2 Entwicklung der wissenschaftlichen Forschungsmethoden. - Abbildung. - 6. Pläne nicht durchgeführter Expeditionen. - 6.1 Grönland. - 6.1.1 Georgi-Expedition. - 6.2 Antarktis. - 6.2.1 Kasack-Expedition. - 6.2.2 Ritscher-Expedition. - 6.2.3 Herrligkoffer-Expedition. - 6.3 Diskussion. - 6.3.1 Grönland. - 6.3.2 Antarktis. - Abbildungen. - 7. Problementwicklung aus Drygalskis Sicht. - 7.1 Wasser und Landverteilung in der Polargebieten. - 7.2 Bau und Form der Antarktis. - 7.3 Natur der Polargebiete. - 7.4 Morphologische Probleme der Eiszeit und Alfred Wegeners Theorie der Kontinentalverschiebung. - 7.5 Zusammenhang zwischen Klima und Eisbildung. - 7.6 Ozeanische und atmosphärische Polarfront und ihr Einfluß auf das Klima. - 7.7 Die Meeresströmungen und ihre Beeinflussung durch die hohen antarktischen Breiten. - 7.8 Die Bedeutung der Polarwelt für die Entstehung der Organismen. - 7.9 Über die Bewegung des Inlandeises. - 7.10 Probleme im Zusammenhang mit kosmischen Kräften. - 7.11 Diskussion. - Zusammenfassung der Diskussion. - 8. Innerwissenschaftliche Förderung. - 8.1 Mündliche Verbreitung der Ideen. - 8.1.1 Geographische Gesellschaft in Bremen. - 8.1.2 Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin. - 8.1.3 Versammlung Deutscher Naturfreunde und Ärzte. - 8.1.4 Deutscher Geographentag. - 8.1.5 Internationaler Geographenkongreß. - 8.1.6 Internationaler Kongreß fur die Erforschung der Polargebiete. - 8.2 Ausstellungen. - 8.3 Schriftliche Verbreitung der Ideen. - 8.4 Für Polarunternehmungen eingesetzte Gruppen. - 8.4.1 Drygalski-Expedition. - 8.4.2 Filchner-Expedition. - 8.4.3 Schröder-Stranz-Expedition. - 8.4.4 Aeroarctic-Expedition. - 8.4.5 Wegener-Expedition. - 8.4.6 Deutscher Beitrag zum II. Internationalen Polarjahr. - 8.5 Internationale Kooperationen von Polarunternehmungen. - 8.6 Internationale Förderung der Aeroarctic. - 8.7 Allgemeine Förderung der Polarforschung. - 8.8 Diskussion. - 9. Außerwissenschaftliche Förderung. - 9.1 Nationale Förderung. - 9.1.1 Drygalski. - 9.1.2 Filchner. - 9.1.3 Schröder-Stranz. - 9.1.4 Aeroarctic. - 9.1.5 Wegener. - 9.1.6 Deutscher Beitrag zum II. Internationalen Polarjahr. - 9.1.7 Ritscher. - 9.2 Internationale Förderung. - 9.3 Diskussion. - Abkürzungen und Erläuterungen zu den Tabellen. - Tabellen. - 10. Politische und wirtschaftliche Einordnung der deutschen Polarforschung. - 10.1 Wilhelminische Politik, das Verhältnis zu England und die Erschließung Sibiriens unter dem Zaren. - 10.2 Weltverkehr und Wettervorhersage während der Weltwirtschaftskrise. - 10.3 Sicherung der Rohstoffversorgung im Rahmen des Vierjahresplans. - 10.4 Besitzanprüche in der Antarktis. - 10.5 Diskussion. - Abbildungen. - 11. Bestimmende Parameter bei der Ausführung von Expeditionen. - 11.1 Verkehrs- und Kommunikationstechnik. - 11.2 Gesellschaftliche Bedingungen. - 11.2.1 Vertragliche Abmachungen. - 11.2.2 Persönliche Voraussetzungen. - 11.3 Naturverhältnisse. - 11.4 Diskussion. - 11.4.1 Einsatz der Verkehrs- und Kommunikationsmittel. - 11.4.2 Organisationsform und persönliche Voraussetzungen polarer Expeditionen. - 11.4.3 Auswirkung der angetroffenen Naturverhältnisse. - Zusammenfassung der Diskussion. - Tabellen. - Abbildungen. - 12. Wertung der deutschen Polarforschung im internationalen Rahmen. - 13. Ausblick. - 14. Tabellenverzeichnis. - 15. Abbildungsverzeichnis. - 16. Index. - 16.1 Namensregister. - 16.2 Ortsregister. - 16.3 Sachregister. - 16.4 Konkordanztabelle. - 17. Literaturverzeichnis. - 17.1 Gedruckte Quellen. - 17.2 Ungedruckte Quellen. - Anhangsverzeichnis. - Anhang.

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: Zugl.: Braunschweig, Univ., Diss., 1996