ALBERT

Description: In 1853 BLEEKER (I, p. 489 and 490) described two species, both from the bay of Batavia, as Julis (Halichoeres) cyanopleura and Julis (Halichoeres) pyrrhogrammatoides. He pointed out that these two species are closely related, the first to Julis poecilopterus SCHL., the second to Julis pyrrhogramma SCHL., both from Japan. Lastnamed species differ from the javanese species, besides by slightly different colourmarkings, by having 14 rays in the dorsal and the anal, against 11 rays in both fins of the javanese species. BLEEKER says that but for the difference in the number of dorsal and anal rays, which is considerable, at least for this genus, he would be temped to consider the javanese species as climatic variations (\xe2\x80\x9cklimaatvarieteiten\xe2\x80\x9d) of the japanese ones. He also draws attention to the great resemblance of these four species inter se, as they are all characterised by having 4 canines anteriorly in each jaw, and the outer pair in the upper jaw greatly curved backwards.\nWhen at a later date (2, p. 100) he found that the pharyngealia inferiora of H. cyanopleura and H. pyrrhogrammatoides differ from those of the other members of the genus Halichoeres by being concave posteriorly, he created a new genus Leptojulis with L. cyanopleura as the type. It is curious that in the discussion of this new genus in the Atlas Ichthyologique (3, p. 128) BLEEKER says: \xe2\x80\x9cJe ne connais du genre Leptojulis que les deux esp\xc3\xa8ces de mon cabinet, qui toutes les deux habitent la mer de Batavia\xe2\x80\x9d, and that no mention is made of the two japanese species, which formerly he considered to be so very closely related to them. We can guess why he did so, for some years later (4, p. 251) he gave an elaborate description of Julis poecilopterus and pyrrhogramma. The inferior pharyngeals are described as being not concave behind and agreeing in all respects with those of other species of Halichoeres, in which genus he now places the two species. Again, no mention is made of his species of Leptojulis, but the japanese species are now compared with Halichoeres bicolor and hyrtli, which have the same disposition of bands on the body, but differ in the number of canines and in the number of dorsal and anal rays.

Description: 1. The term cline is proposed as an auxiliary taxonomic term, to denote graded spatial variation within a population. 2. This is in no way intended to replace the current methods of taxonomic specification by named areal groups. It may, however, supplement them usefully (a) by stressing continuity as against discontinuity, (b) by effecting synthesis in relating the characters of separate groups to general trends, (c) by obviating the need for assigning names to groups which are only slightly distinct. 3. Clines may be of two rather distinct types: a) compound or inter-group clines, connecting the means of characters of distinct groups (subspecies of a polytypic species, species of an Artenkreis). (b) internal clines, within a whole interbreeding group or any section of it. 4. Clines may concern size, colour, pattern, physiological resistance, the ratio between two or more distinct varieties, etc. 5. Some clines are adaptively correlated, either directly or indirectly, with corresponding environmental gradients or with other environmental factors such as colour of background. Others appear to be correlated with migration from a centre of distribution, still others with the production and subsequent migration of a mutant with positive selective value. Another type not adaptively correlated with environment is that of intermediacy between two distinct subsubspecific types across an interbreeding zone. 6. This last type of cline may be called a genocline. Other main types are geoclines, over large geographical areas, and ecoclines through a range of ecological habitats. 7. Some clines are related to development, in that the greater development of a character is related to greater intensity of rate-genes which determine it. 8. Quantitative figures for a few size geoclines in birds give changes varying from 0.5\xc2\xb0 to 2\xc2\xb0 N. lat. per 1 % change in size of part affected. 9. The principle of harmoniously stabilized gene-complexes, deduced by R. A. FISHER and others and empirically established by TIMOFEEFF-RESSOVSKY, will account for the extension of the range of particular genecombinations beyond the areas for which they were initially selected, and the restriction of intermediates to narrow zones between the ranges of the favoured stabilized combinations. 10. Owing to this principle, the existence of sufficient environmental diversity between different regions of a population\xe2\x80\x99s range will establish partial biological discontinuities, the population being broken up into relatively uniform subspecies covering larger areas and separated by interbreeding zones which are kept narrow by selection. 11. Even in the event of subsequent range-change, the intergrading zones will remain narrow. 12. The production of partial discontinuities will be facilitated by the existence (a) of regions of relatively rapid environmental change, (b) of regions of relatively low population density (partial isolation). 13. The tendency to produce a regular internal cline will thus be overridden, and replaced by a stepped cline. It is theoretically probable that the subspecific groups in such cases will show internal clines of slight slope provided that environmental conditions differ sufficiently across the subspecific range. 14. Geographical and physiological (ecological) isolation will also tend to introduce discontinuities into regular clines. The resultant discontinuous intergroup cline will tend to be steeper than the original continuous internal cline, while the internal clines within the various isolated groups will tend to be less steep.

Description: Toen ik als praeparator aan de Musea van het Genootschap werd aangesteld en mijn intrede deed in den mooien Artistuin met zijn hoog opgaand geboomte, had ik, als niet-Amsterdammer, nooit gedacht in dien tuin, gelegen in het centrum eener groote stad, zooveel vogelsoorten in wilden staat te kunnen waarnemen. Het bleek mij al spoedig, dat niet alleen in de voli\xc3\xa8res van de Diergaarde op ornithologisch gebied veel te beleven viel, maar dat ook wat daarbuiten in den vrijen staat voor een scherp toeziend oog op te merken was, niet verwaarloosd moest worden. Van dien tijd af ben ik dan ook begonnen notities te maken van alle waarnemingen, die in den loop der jaren gemaakt konden worden.\nIn totaal heb ik van 75 soorten aanteekening gemaakt.

Description: The Scottish National Zoological Park at Edinburgh has been notably successful in keeping and breeding penguins. It is happy in possessing as a friend and benefactor, Mr Theodore E. Salvesen, head of the firm of Christian Salvesen & Co., Leith, to whose interest and generosity it owes the great number of penguins it has possessed. Of the seventeen known species of penguins, seven are represented in the Park, the king (Aptenodytes patagonica Miller), gentu (Pygoscelis papua Forster), ringed (Pygoscelis antarctica Forster), macaroni (Catarrhactes chrysolophus Brandt), Magellan (Spheniscus magellanicus Forster), Peruvian (Spheniscus humboldti Meyen) and black-footed (Spheniscus demersus L.). The collection has risen as high in number as 180 individuals, but at present numbers only about 70. The first penguins received in the Park were three king penguins which arrived from South Georgia in January 1914. One of these three was fully adult and was therefore not less than two years old at the time of its arrival. I am happy to say that it is still alive. It is a female and was the mother of the first chick hatched in the Park. The other two which came at that time were in the brown nestling plumage and were probably, therefore, just about a year old when they arrived. One of these young ones, a male, was, after it had moulted, much courted by the adult, but in spite of the attention paid to it by the adult female in the years 1915, 1916 and 1917, it showed little inclination to respond and was, I concluded, not sexually mature at that time. In 1918 the female laid an egg which was not fertile. On the 1st of September 1919 another egg was laid. This egg was incubated by the parents, both birds taking turns with the egg though the greater part of the work of incubation seemed to fall upon the male. The king penguin makes no nest, but holds its single egg on the feet and covers it with the skin and feathers of the lower part of the abdomen. There is nothing in the way of a pouch for brooding the egg and the egg is held between the two feet placed close together and the lower part of the body. The penguin is able to move about in an awkward shuffling manner with the egg held on its feet, and so firmly can it be held that the bird can even climb a rock, or fall from a rock, without losing its grip of the egg. On the 26th of October the egg was found to be chipped, and on the second day after that the young penguin emerged. The king penguin chick, when newly hatched, shows traces, especially on the head, of a natal coat of white down-like feathers. This disappears within two or three days and the growth begins of a brown nestling coat. This seems to suggest that the king penguin chicks were at one time clothed in a white nestling coat like that of the emperor penguin, but that either a movement to more northerly breeding grounds, or a change to a less glacial climate of the established breeding ground, induced a corresponding change in the colour of the nestling coat. The chick is, like the young of all penguins, fed on pre-digested fish which it takes from the throat of the parent bird. It has been noted that for a day or two before the egg hatches the adult bird is disinclined to feed, perhaps so that there may be a supply of fully digested food available for the very small chick when it first appears. The parent birds soon, however, begin to feed more greedily again. The food regurgitated is at first quite liquid, but in a few days quite large pieces of fish are brought back. The chick has a warbling flute-like call which it utters when it wishes to feed. The growth of the chick is fairly rapid, though not so rapid as in the case of the smaller penguins. By the time the chick was eight weeks old it had attained so large a size and was making such demands upon the parents for food that they seemed to be growing weak, so the experiment was made of giving the chick its own allowance of fish, small herring and whiting being used for the purpose. The chick took very readily to the change and was soon taking its 14 to 20 herrings a day. This enabled the parent birds to recover condition, but one wonders how wild king penguins manage to endure the strain of finding sufficient food, not only for themselves but for the chick, as they must do, until it is about a year old. In due course this chick was reared and it went into its first moult in April 1920, about six months after it was hatched. In the following year, 1920, two pairs of king penguins laid eggs but neither egg hatched. The same thing happened the next year. More adults had been received from South Georgia and in 1922 three eggs were laid and two hatched, but each of the chicks died when it was just three days old. The year 1923 brought a similar experience. I was puzzled to understand why these chicks died so quickly and I reviewed the circumstances and compared them with those attending the hatching and rearing of the first chick. I could perceive no difference in conditions or treatment except one, that while the first successful egg had been laid and incubated in the late autumn, when the weather was bleak and wet, subsequent eggs had been laid in June and the chicks hatched in August when the weather was hot and dry. In order to compensate for this difference I arranged, in 1924, a fine spray in the penguins\xe2\x80\x99 enclosure which kept a portion of rock always wet. When the first egg was laid in June 1924, this spray was turned on and the incubating birds kept pretty much within its range. A second egg also was laid in 1924 and both these eggs hatched and the chicks were reared. I concluded, therefore, that the spray had solved the problem and since then I have a spray in each of the penguin enclosures and keep the spray going whenever the weather is hot. One of the 1924 chicks is still alive although the other, and that of 1919, are both dead. Meantime, in 1925, the male of the original pair had died and there was no fertile egg in 1926, but in the years 1927 to 1932 inclusive, a chick was hatched each year and several of them, but not all were reared. In 1932, a consignment of 16 adult penguins was received from South Georgia and these I have kept in a separate enclosure so that they form a second colony. They also have bred successfully and in all twenty two king penguin chicks have been hatched and reared in the Park. Four of them are being reared at the present time. As many as nine king penguins were incubating eggs at one time in the Park last August, but only four of the eggs hatched. So much for the king penguins.

Description: Wenn die Internationale Organisation der Direktoren der grossen, wissenschaftlich geleiteten Tierg\xc3\xa4rten ihre 50. Jahrestagung mit der Hundertjahr-Feier der K\xc3\xb6niglichen Zoologischen Gesellschaft Natura Artis Magistra in Amsterdam im Mai 1938 zusammenfallen l\xc3\xa4sst, so will sie damit bekunden, wie sehr verbunden sie sich mit dem alt-ehrw\xc3\xbcrdigen Amsterdamer Zoologischen Garten f\xc3\xbchlt und wie hoch sie die Bedeutung dieses Instituts f\xc3\xbcr die biologischen Wissenschaften und f\xc3\xbcr das Kulturleben der Niederlande zu sch\xc3\xa4tzen weiss. Das gemeinsame Jubil\xc3\xa4um der beiden Organisationen scheint Anlass genug, in der Festschrift der \xe2\x80\x9eArtis\xe2\x80\x9d eine kurze Betrachtung \xc3\xbcber das Entstehen, den Zweck und die Ziele des massgebenden Tierg\xc3\xa4rtnerverbandes anzustellen.\nIn den Jahrzehnten vor dem Weltkriege fanden allj\xc3\xa4hrlich im Fr\xc3\xbchjahr im Antwerpener Zoologischen Garten Tierversteigerungen statt, welche die \xe2\x80\x9eSoci\xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 Royale de Zoologie d\xe2\x80\x99Anvers\xe2\x80\x9d veranstaltete. Diese gaben Gelegenheit zum Zusammentreffen der Leiter der meisten grossen Zoologischen G\xc3\xa4rten Europas und erf\xc3\xbcllten so, neben ihrem urspr\xc3\xbcnglichen und eigentlichen Handelszweck, gleichzeitig die Aufgabe nutzbringenden Erfahrungsaustausches. Dabei entstand der Wunsch nach einer j\xc3\xa4hrlichen Zusammenkunft der deutschen Tiergartenleiter, wechselnd zwischen den grossen G\xc3\xa4rten innerhalb des Reichsgebietes. Dieser Wunsch wurde 1887 erstmalig verwirklicht. Die so geschaffene zwanglose \xe2\x80\x9eKonferenz der Direktoren deutscher Zoologischer G\xc3\xa4rten\xe2\x80\x9d tagte mit Ausnahme der beiden Kriegsjahre 1915 und 1917, in der Regel in jedem Herbst, vermittelte den leitenden Tiergartenfachleuten die Kenntnis der grossen Tierschau-Institute, insbesondere der entstehenden Neuanlagen, gab Gelegenheit zur Behandlung aller Fachfragen und f\xc3\xb6rderte die Kollegialit\xc3\xa4t innerhalb des kleinen, so besonders gearteten Berufskreises.

Description: In spite of the many discussions on this subject, both in literature and meetings of entomological societies, a considerable controversy exists between those entomologists who, for determination, readily resort to a comparison of the hypopygia, this being too often the only part of the insect offering satisfactory species characters, and those who consider this practice beneath the dignity of scientific entomology.\nAs it happened that the writer in the course of several years had to do much work on Fungivoridae, he had ample opportunity to become familiar with this problem.

Description: C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, Maleische Vegetatieschetsen \xe2\x80\x94 Toelichting bij de plantengeografisohe kaart van Nederlandsch Oost-Indi\xc3\xab (Sketches of Malaysian vegetations \xe2\x80\x94 Comments to the phytogeographical map of Netherlands East India) \xe2\x80\x94 Reprinted from the \xe2\x80\x9eTijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap\xe2\x80\x9d, Ser. II, Vol. 52, Jan.-March-May 1935, 112 pp. (repagination [Pages in the original: 25\xe2\x80\x9467, 171\xe2\x80\x94203, 363\xe2\x80\x94398] with 46 photographs, 36 of which in the reprint only, and a phytogeographical map. The reprint preceded by a short preface, a (too) short index and a dedication to FRANZ JUNGHUHN \xe2\x80\x9eas a memory to his arrival in Java, one hundred years ago\xe2\x80\x9d.\nIt is a great pleasure to me indeed to announce here, more particularly on behalf of those readers who are not familiar with the Dutch language, this excellent work on the phytogeography of Malaysia, published in the Journal of the Royal Netherlands Geographical Society and therefore, moreover, likely less accessible to many botanists abroad. The author has, though only about 6 years engaged in botanical work in the tropics, gathered a remarkably thorough knowledge of the rich flora of this region, no doubt one of the most interesting ones, from a biogeographic standpoint, on earth. As the phytogeography of these parts has mostly, since JUNGHUHN\xe2\x80\x99S \xe2\x80\x9eJava\xe2\x80\x9d (1854), been only dealt with in scattered papers, VAN STEENIS has in the publication under reference, as well as in some others that preceded it \xc2\xb9), done a pioneer work in his attempt to give a comprehensive and more or less complete survey of the current problems. Our gratitude and admiration is not in the least diminished by the fact that this work shows certain traces of cursoriness and disequilibriousness, as well as a certain want of continuity and well-ponderedness. These features are mostly inherent to all pioneer work and the author himself states in the preface, that this work is meant as a provisional publication; this is in accordance with the title, which, by the way, could have been more adequately chosen, e. g.: Materials to Malaysian Phytogeography (\xe2\x80\x9eMaleische\xe2\x80\x9d is, in my opinion, in Dutch a less felicitous word). Indeed, this paper contains a great many informations and stimulating ideas, and moreover, an almost complete bibliography, also of many papers in Dutch. It may be supposed indeed that there is, at present, hardly any other botanist available who is more capable than VAN STEENIS to continue this work and to prepare, some time, a complete \xe2\x80\x9ePhytogeography of Malaysia\xe2\x80\x9d, to which we are looking forward with great interest.

Description: Besides the Umbelliferae of the Netherlands Indies proper, also those of the Malay Peninsula and the non-Dutch parts of Borneo and New Guinea have been taken up in this revision. The materials examined belong to the following Herbaria: (B) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg. (BD) = the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum, Berlin\xe2\x80\x94Dahlem. (BM) = the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History, London. (E) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. (G) = the Herbarium of the University, Groningen. (K) \xe2\x80\x94 the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Kew. (L) = the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium), Leiden. (NY) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, New York. (Pa) = the Herbarium of the Java Sugar Experiment Station, Pasoeroean. (S) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. (Sa) = the Herbarium of the Sarawak Museum, Kuching. (U) = the Herbarium of the University, Utrecht.\nMost of the herbarium materials were sent to Groningen to be examined there. Moreover I had the opportunity to work a few weeks in the Kew Herbarium and in that of the British Museum of Natural History in London.

Description: The region, from which the Vernonieae and the Eupatorieae have been worked out, includes the Greater Sunda Islands, the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. It is a well-known fact, that the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines have a flora, which is related to that of the Malay Archipelago, sensu stricto, belonging to the same region indeed. The Compositae of these parts have, however, been recently dealt with by RIDLEY (Fl. Mal. Pen. II, 1923, 177) and by MERRILL (Enum. Phil. Flow. Pl. III, 1923, 591) respectively, whereas those from New Guinea, which is floristically less related to the Malay Archipelago, have been worked out by MATTFELD (Engl. Bot. Jahrb. LXII, 1929, 386).\nThe material, used for this paper, chiefly belongs to the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium), Leiden (L), the Herbarium of the Botanical Gardens, Buitenzorg (B) and the University Herbarium, Utrecht (U); for the rest it is to be found in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) and the Herbarium of the British Museum, London (Br. M.); some specimens of the Herbarium of the Linnean Society of London and of the Herbarium of the \xe2\x80\x9eConservatoire botanique de la ville de Gen\xc3\xa8ve\xe2\x80\x9d (G) have also been studied, whereas the type specimen of Vernonia arborea was discovered in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. I feel greatly indebted to the Directors of these herbaria for their kindness in putting these materials at my disposal.