ALBERT

Description: The aim of this book is to provide all persons interested in the tree and wood species of Suriname with a simple means to find the name of a given tree. To this end two dichotomous keys have been drawn up with the help of punched cards prepared from studies of conserved material and field observations made by the authors. The first one makes use only of vegetative characters of leaves and twigs and a few saliant features of the bark, disregarding flower and fruit characters mostly used in floras. The second key is based on the anatomy of the wood as far as this can be observed with a good 10 X or sometimes 20 X magnifying hand-lens.\nIn the \xe2\x80\x9cInleiding\xe2\x80\x9d the terminology applied in each of the keys and in the descriptions is explained and elucidated by sketch drawings. After the keys follows the descriptive part in which the families are treated in alphabetical sequence as are the genera within each family and species within a genus. In general the taxa are taken in the same circumscription as in the \xe2\x80\x9cFlora of Suriname\xe2\x80\x9d; where a different name is accepted, following recent views, the name in the Flora has been added in brackets. Attention is drawn to the Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae which are treated here on account of their close relationship as two major subdivisions of Leguminosae, the latter name being used as general family heading.

Description: Die Subsubclassis Redioinei ODENING, 1960 innerhalb der Unterklasse Digenea (VAN BENEDEN, 1858) wurde in zwei fr\xc3\xbcheren programmatischen Systementw\xc3\xbcrfen provisorisch, teilweise in Anlehnung an LA RUE (1957), gegliedert (ODENING 1960, 1961b). Ich halte es heute f\xc3\xbcr angebracht, die in jeder Beziehung bestimmbaren und festumrissenen Trematodengruppen als Ordnungen zu bewerten, wie es z.B. auch in den neueren Systemen der Cestoden der Fall ist. Diese Auffassung hat nicht nur praktische Vorz\xc3\xbcge, sondern sie befreit auch die unbestritten einheitlichen Gruppen aus hypothetischen Verbindungen. Ist es doch ein Nachteil der meisten neueren Einteilungsversuche der Digenea, da\xc3\x9f phylogenetische Hypothesen in Form von Ordnungen etabliert wurden, die nach Lage der Dinge je nach Auffassung der Autoren recht verschieden zusammengesetzt waren, w\xc3\xa4hrend die wirklich einheitlichen Gruppen mit den Zwischenkategorien (Unterordnung, \xc3\x9cberfamilie) bedacht wurden. Die Redioinei umfassen nach der neuen Wertung folgende selbst\xc3\xa4ndige Ordnungen (alphabetische Reihenfolge): 1. Allocreadiida Odening, 1960 2. Azygiida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 3. Clinostomatida (Allison, 1943) stat. et nom. emend. 4. Cyclocoelida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 5. Fasciolida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend. 6. Hemiurida (Poche, 1926) stat. emend. 7. Opisthorchiida (La Rue, 1957) char. emend. 8. Paramphistomatida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend.\nDie Ordnung Didymozoida (Poche, 1926) ist von den Redioinei auszuschlie\xc3\x9fen, da sie m\xc3\xb6glicherweise nicht zu den Digenea geh\xc3\xb6rt (siehe Baer & Joyeux 1961).

Description: Studying the kidneys of the Common Porpoise and the Fin Whale it was found that there is a second venal system next to the normal venal system. The arterial and venal system as found in the kidneys of the dog are present in the kidneys of the Common Porpoise without typical differences but there is also a venal system situated outside the renculi which conducts the blood from the venae arcutae to the vene cava. This system is found in the kidneys of the Common Seal but here it is replacing the system of the vena renalis which it does not do in the kidneys of the Common Porpoise.\nIn the kidneys of the Common Porpoise and the Fin Whale both the plexus which surround the pelvic cavity and the ureter are present and they show to be nearly similar to those described for the kidneys of the dog. Between the renculi it is found that the plexus mentioned are somewhat more developed than in the dog. The morphology of the plexus is also identical to that of the plexus in the dog, and it is supposed that their function will be also the same in the Common Porpoise and in the dog.

Description: \xc3\x9cber die postembryonale Entwicklung \xe2\x80\x94 besonders die Gewichtszunahme \xe2\x80\x94 junger Giftschlangen (Viperiden, Crotaliden, Elapiden) gibt es aus naheliegenden Gr\xc3\xbcnden nur wenige eingehendere Untersuchungen. KLAUBER (1956) bringt an Hand eines gro\xc3\x9fen Materials eine Zusammenfassung einschl\xc3\xa4giger Freilandbeobachtungen und -messungen an einer Reihe von Crotalus-Arten und fa\xc3\x9ft die Gewichts-L\xc3\xa4ngen- Relationen der erbeuteten Tiere nach Monaten tabellarisch zusammen. Statistisch ergibt sich dabei ein Index W = CLP (W = Gewicht, L = Gesamtl\xc3\xa4nge, C und p sind artliche Konstanten, die bei \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9fer sind als bei \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82: adulte \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 sind schwerer als \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82 gleicher L\xc3\xa4nge, die absolut schwersten Tiere sind aber infolge absolut gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9ferer L\xc3\xa4nge stets \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82). F\xc3\xbcr Crotalus atrox z.B. betr\xc3\xa4gt der Klaubersche Index W = 550 L3, 3 (eine 100 cm lange Schlange wiegt also 550 g).\nDiese Werte repr\xc3\xa4sentieren den gro\xc3\x9fen Durchschnitt aus einer Vielzahl verschiedener Messungen an immer wieder neuen Individuen der jeweiligen Altersstufen. Regelm\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9fige Gewichtskontrollen an ein und demselben Individuum lassen sich dagegen nur in Gefangenschaft exakt durchf\xc3\xbchren. Wir nehmen daher die Gelegenheit wahr, die Entwicklung einiger im Tierpark Berlin gez\xc3\xbcchteter Grubenottern (Crotalus atrox und Agkistrodon piscivorus) im einzelnen zu verfolgen und \xe2\x80\x94 auch im Hinblick auf terraristische und pathologische Probleme, wie sie in Zoologischen G\xc3\xa4rten auftreten \xe2\x80\x94 zu kommentieren.

Description: Monoecious, marsh or aquatic plants, with perennial, creeping rootstocks and erect, terete stems. Leaves alternate, linear or strap-shaped, sheathing at the base, flat, slightly convex on the back. Flowers unisexual, densely crowded in simple, compact, cylindric spikes. Male inflorescence terminal and separated from the female spike or contiguous to it; each spike subtended by spathaceous, usually fugacious, bracts and divided at intervals by smaller caducous bracts. Perianth consisting of bristles. Male flowers with 3, rarely 1\xe2\x80\x947 stamens; the filaments free or connate; the anthers linear or oblong, basifixed, 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence; the connective produced beyond the cells in a conical, carnose acumen; pollen grains simple or compound. Female flowers with a one-celled, superior, stipitate and fusiform ovary; the ovule solitary and anatropous; the style elongate, slender, erect; the stigma ligulate, spathulate, lanceolate or linear. Among the female flowers many sterile ones with clavate tips. Fruit minute, stipitate, fusiform or ellipsoid, with a membranaceous or coriaceous pericarp, splitting longitudinally. Seed subcylindric or narrowly ellipsoid; the testa membranaceous; albumen farinaceous. Embryo cylindric, straight. About 8 species in one genus, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.

Description: Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves alternate, consisting of sheath, ligule and blade. Sheaths envelopping the stem, usually with free margins; ligule borne at the mouth of the sheath, membranaceous or a rim of hairs; blades mostly elongate, flat, convolute or terete, parallel-veined. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, bearing spikelets which consist of a shortened axis (rhachilla) and two to many scales. The two lowest scales (glumes) empty, rarely wanting; the following scales (lemmas) bearing in their axil an usually enclosed prophyll (palea) and a perfect or reduced flower. Lemma, palea and flower together forming the floret. Perfect flower consisting of 2\xe2\x80\x943 hyaline or fleshy lodicules, usually 3 (1\xe2\x80\x946) stamens and a pistil. Stamens with at anthesis rapidly elongating, filiform or ribbon-like filaments with 2-celled anthers, opening with longitudinal splits. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule one, anatropous; styles usually 2(1\xe2\x80\x943) with plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis (i.e. the pericarp adnate to the seed) with mealy endosperm, rarely a nut, a berry or an utricle with free pericarp. Embryo small, at the base of the side opposite the hilus. About 4000 species in 500 genera; of world-wide distribution.

Description: When working at the Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (1952\xe2\x80\x941957), some cases came to my notice of small borers belonging to the Scolytidae, Platypodidae and Bostrychidae attacking newly felled timber in Surinam and causing the same well-known trouble as in other tropical regions. My interest in the neotropical representatives of these families was further aroused by the material handed to me by my friend J. G. Betrem who had collected it during the two months that he carried on investigations into the status of Xyleborus morigerus in coffee plantations near Cali, Colombia, in 1959. This led me to assembling and assorting the material of these families of West Indian origin to be found in the collections of the Leiden and Amsterdam museums. This material was rather scanty and partly unnamed but it still provided some interesting data. Recently Mr. P. H. van Doesburg jr, entomologist at the Landbouwproefstation (Agricultural Experiment Station) at Paramaribo submitted some newly acquired Scolytidae which he had collected in the Surinam plantations. They provided some data on the habits and economic status of the little borers additional to those compiled by J. B. M. van Dinther in his book on the Insect pests of cultivated plants in Surinam (1960), in which survey a few species collected by him but not fully identified, were mentioned. At my request I then received for examination the latter specimens kept in the collection of the Entomological Laboratory at Wageningen, and, through the kind cooperation of Dr. D. C. Geyskes and Mr. van Doesburg, also all the material preserved in the collections of the Surinam Museum and the Experiment Station at Paramaribo. My main interest was directed towards the ecological data and a search was made for information to be found in earlier reports and in the literature of adjacent countries. In this way sufficient relevant data accumulated to warrant the publication of the present paper. For the identification of species unknown to us and the verification of old names I applied to Professor S. L. Wood, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. on various occasions. A few Bostrychidae were identified by the late Professor J. M. Vrijdagh, Brussels.

Description: Although there exists an extremely voluminous literature on Cyprinid fishes and the morphology and physiology of some species has been intensively studied by various authors, very little is yet known about feeding mechanisms and their functioning in most members of this family.\nSo far as known, only some European species \xe2\x80\x94 e.g. Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, Rutilus rutilus Gobio gobio \xe2\x80\x94 one Asian (Labeo rohita), and one African (Labeo horie) have been investigated thoroughly as regards their morphology in relation to their feeding habits. Moreover ,the ecology of most African species is only scantily known.

Description: We present below listings of mycotic infections occurring in vertebrates at the Chicago Zoological Park from September, 1954 to December, 1962. Most of the identifications were made by Dr. Tilden and Mrs. Getty from cultures of the fungi involved. Except for a few cases noted among the mammals, the findings were made from necropsy material.\nIt is interesting to note the wide variety and numbers of birds with mycotic infections in contrast to the few findings in mammals and reptiles. Our interest in mycotic infections during this period led to the publication of the eight articles listed at the end of this paper, and the reader is referred to these for additional information on some of the cases. These studies have included research on the endotoxins of Aspergillus flavus and fumigatus, the description of a new species of Microsporum, and case reports of mycoses in animals that were previously unrecorded.

Description: The bacteriological examinations of abnormal stools, irrespective of the apparent seriousness of the illness, is particularly important in a zoological park where it is difficult to apply measures to keep out possibly infected wild, non-resident animals and mechanical carriers, such as flies, cockroaches, etc. One obvious instance of the initiation of an epidemic by nonresident animals was the occurrence of infection with Salmonella newport among the animals in the pachyderm house. The first case in an elephant occurred about a month after S. newport had been isolated from the blood of a skunk found dead in the park. Prompt diagnosis of the first case and examination of the stools of other animals in the same building led to the discovery of further infections before symptoms occurred in the other animals. Suitable antibiotic therapy was instituted, but the first animal, an adult female elephant, was lost. All the pathogenic enteric bacteria isolated were identified as S. newport.\xc2\xb9) A fatal infection of a young forest horse with Salmonella typhimurium occurred following a long period of rainy weather leading to standing water in the enclosure. Contamination of the water by wild rats is believed to have been the most likely source of infection in this instance. No secondary cases occurred.