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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Evaluation, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Economic Ethics : A Review with Regard to Climate Change – Figures in the Sustainability Discourse (2022)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Sustainability. ; Philosophy. ; Economics. ; Law. ; Political science. ; Sustainability. ; Philosophy. ; Economics. ; Law. ; Political Science.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Problem and Fundaments.-Chapter 2. Idea-historical foundations and dubious (standard) objections to cost-benefit analysis -- Chapter 3. Frictions on the application level: costs and benefits, discounting, uncertainty, fact base -- Chapter 4. Collision of the cost-benefit analysis with liberal-democratic basic principles and the claim of validity of law -- Chapter 5. Cost-benefit analysis without convincing theoretical basis -- Chapter 6. Remaining relevance of cost-benefit elements in balancing.
    Abstract: With cost-benefit analysis, economic sciences cultivate a specific decision-making procedure, which has also been partially adopted in politics. Although economists do not experience the approach as normative, on closer examination the approach can be identified as an economic ethics. The present philosophical and at the same time transdisciplinary (with special legal and economic components) treatment examines the persuasive power of this approach using climate change as an example, as the most important sustainability issue. The objections raised against the economisation of decision-making with regard to the utilitarian tradition, such as the criticism of the orientation towards weighing up options, the alleged lack of distributive justice or the tendency to describe people in behavioural science as selfish, are hardly or not at all convincing on closer examination. In several respects, however, it turns out that cost-benefit analysis faces insoluble problems. Firstly, the theoretical basis of (hidden normative) cost-benefit analysis in philosophical empiricism does not seem tenable. This means the idea of empiricism that normative questions must be transformed into questions of factual (countable and reproduceable) preferences of people. Secondly, there are massive collisions of cost-benefit analysis with a liberal-democratic constitutional law, whose principles are universal ethical principles. This concerns both freedom rights (which must not depend on the ability of humans to pay) and the model of democracy and respect for the rule of law. Thirdly, insoluble problems of application arise for cost-benefit analyses, which are particularly (but not only) apparent in the context of climate protection, in general considerations as in the case of legislation as well as in individual analyses, as done when constructing a coal-fired power plant. A strongly deflated cost-benefit analysis could nevertheless contribute factual material – such as partial aspects of decision consequences that can actually be depicted in monetary terms – to ethical or legal decision-making processes. In this respect the approach appears helpful and complementary, but not beyond that.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XI, 157 p. 1 illus. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    ISBN: 9783030992842
    Series Statement: Environmental Humanities: Transformation, Governance, Ethics, Law,
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99284-2
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99284-2
    DDC: 304.2
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sustainability : Transformation, Governance, Ethics, Law (2020)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Sustainability. ; Economic development. ; Culture Study and teaching. ; Social policy. ; Ethics. ; Environmental Law. ; Sustainability. ; Development Studies. ; Cultural Studies. ; Social Policy. ; Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics. ; Environmental Law.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Foundations in natural science, economics and epistemology: problems, categories, strategies, and the issue of growth -- Chapter 2. Transformation to sustainability: an innovative perspective on societal change – with and against sociological, psychological, biological, economic and ethnologic findings -- Chapter 3. Ethics and law of sustainability – especially of freedom, human rights, democracy, and balancing in a reinterpreted perspective -- Chapter 4. Politics and governance of sustainability – on climate, energy, agriculture and conservation policy instruments with a new focus -- Summary.
    Abstract: This book proposes a holistic transdisciplinary approach to sustainability as a subject of social sciences. At the same time, this approach shows new ways, as perspectives of philosophy, political science, law, economics, sociology, cultural studies and others are here no longer regarded separately. Instead, integrated perspectives on the key issues are carved out: Perspectives on conditions of transformation to sustainability, on key instruments and the normative questions. This allows for a concise answer to urgent and controversial questions such as the following: Is the EU an environmental pioneer? Is it possible to achieve sustainability by purely technical means? If not: will that mean to end of the growth society? How to deal with the follow-up problems? How will societal change be successful? Are political power and capitalism the main barriers to sustainability? What is the role of emotions and conceptions of normality in the transformation process? To which degree are rebound and shifting effects the reason why sustainability politics fail? How much climate protection can be claimed ethically and legally e.g. on grounds of human rights? And what is freedom? Despite all rhetoric, the weak transition in energy, climate, agriculture and conservation serves as key example in this book. It is shown how the Paris Agreement is weak with regard to details and at the same time overrules the growth society by means of a radical 1,5-1,8 degrees temperature limit. It is shown how emissions trading must – and can – be reformed radically. It is shown why CSR, education, cooperation and happiness research are overrated. And we will see what an integrated politics on climate, biodiversity, nitrogen and soil might look like. .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XI, 317 p. 1 illus. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2020.
    ISBN: 9783030192778
    Series Statement: Environmental Humanities: Transformation, Governance, Ethics, Law,
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19277-8
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19277-8
    DDC: 304.2
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Forest Governance : Overcoming Trade-Offs between Land-Use Pressures, Climate and Biodiversity Protection (2022)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Sustainability. ; Law. ; Political science. ; Economics. ; History. ; Forestry. ; Sustainability. ; Law. ; Political Science. ; Economics. ; History. ; Forestry.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Problem statement and research issues -- Chapter 2. Methods, environmental targets, and governance problems -- Chapter 3. Forest history and related ideas in society, economy, and law -- Chapter 4. Potential and limits of forest ecosystems on climate and biodiversity protection and implications for the legislative process -- Chapter 5. Governance analysis – existing regulations and their effectiveness -- Chapter 6. Enhanced governance options for regulatory and economic instruments.
    Abstract: This book analyses and develops overarching concepts for forest policy and forest governance and includes a detailed investigation into the historical discussion on forests. It examines opportunities and limits for negative emissions in a sector that – like peatlands – appears significantly less ambivalent compared to highly technical large-scale forms of climate geoengineering. The analysis shows that the binding climate and biodiversity targets under international law are much more ambitious than most people assume. Measured against that, the volume critically reviews the potentials of afforestation and reforestation for climate mitigation, which is often presented as the new saviour to fulfil the commitments of the Paris Agreement and to reach climate neutrality in the future. It becomes clear that ultimately only biodiverse and thus resilient forests can function as a carbon sink in the long term. The volume shows that the existing European and international forest governance approaches fail to comply with these targets and insights. Furthermore, the book develops a bundle of policy measures. Quantity governance systems for livestock farming, fossil fuels and similar drivers of deforestations represent the most important approach. They are most effective when not directly targeting forests due to their heterogeneity but central damaging factors. With regard to the dominant regulatory and subsidy-based governance for forests we show that it remains necessary to supplement these quantity governance systems with certain easily graspable and thus controllable regulatory and subsidy regulations such as a regulatory protection of old-growth forests with almost no exceptions; extension of the livestock-to-land-ratio established in organic farming to all farming; far-reaching restriction of bioenergy use to certain residues flanked by import bans; and a national and international complete conversion of all agricultural and forest subsidies to “public money for public services” to promote nature conservation and afforestation in addition to the quantity control systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: X, 241 p. 1 illus. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    ISBN: 9783030991845
    Series Statement: Environmental Humanities: Transformation, Governance, Ethics, Law,
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99184-5
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99184-5
    DDC: 304.2
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Plastic Pollution in Soils: Governance Approaches to Foster Soil Health and Closed Nutrient Cycles (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-20
    Description: Plastic pollution in soils pose a major threat to soil health and soil fertility that are directly linked to food security and human health. In contrast to marine plastic pollution, this ubiquitous problem is thus far scientifically poorly and policy approaches that tackle plastic pollution in soils comprehensively do not exist. In this article, we apply a qualitative governance analysis to assess the effectiveness of existing policy instruments to avoid harmful plastic pollution in (agricultural) soils against the background of international environmental agreements. In particular, environmental and fertiliser legislation relevant to soil protection in the European Union and in Germany are assessed. Regulatory weaknesses and gaps of the respective legislation are identified, and proposals for enhanced command-and-control provisions developed. However, the legal analysis furthermore shows that plastic pollution ecologically is also a problem of quantity, which is difficult to solve exclusively through command-and-control legislation. Instead, comprehensive quantity-control instruments to phase out fossil fuels (worldwide and in all sectors) as required by climate protection law can be effective approaches to tackle plastic pollution in environmental media like agricultural soils as well.
    Electronic ISSN: 2076-3298
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 5
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    Challenges of Food Waste Governance: An Assessment of European Legislation on Food Waste and Recommendations for Improvement by Economic Instruments (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Food is wasted throughout the entire food supply chain—from agricultural production to the household level. This has negative impacts on natural resources and the environment. At the same time, food waste is undermining the global target of food security. In turn, reducing food waste can minimise the environmental effects of agriculture on climate, biodiversity, soils, water bodies and the atmosphere. All of this is reflected in the fact that food waste is subject to various legal acts of the European Union and that it is also a major subject in the new EU Farm to Fork Strategy from May 2020. Supported by an analysis of the diffuse empirical data on food waste, the purpose of this article is to analyse the current EU legislation on food waste and its reduction to answer the following research questions: How is food waste integrated into European policies? What is the impact of European legislation on food waste? Is European legislation sufficient to trigger not only food waste reduction but also comprehensive changes in the agricultural and food sector to support global climate and environmental targets as set in the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity? Which instruments are the most suitable to do so? Methodologically, a qualitative governance analysis is applied. It is found that relevant legal acts for governing food waste include circular economy and waste law, the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy as well as food law, while international environmental targets serve as an overarching measure for governance analysis. The legal analysis shows that existing legislation lacks steering effect to significantly reduce food waste. To overcome current governance problems, the article introduces economic policy instruments. It is concluded that quantity control focusing on overarching parameters such as fossil fuels or animal-derived products has not only the potential to reduce food waste by increasing food prices but can also address the multiple interlinked environmental challenges of the agricultural and food sector.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-445X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 6
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    Kunststoffe in Meeren und Böden: Regulierungsansätze im Wasser-, Naturschutz-, Bodenschutz- und Agrarrecht – Teil 1 (2020)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0172-1631
    Electronic ISSN: 1439-0515
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
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    Kunststoffe in Meeren und Böden: Regulierungsansätze im Wasser-, Naturschutz-, Bodenschutz- und Agrarrecht – Teil 2 (2020)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0172-1631
    Electronic ISSN: 1439-0515
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
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    Human Rights and Precautionary Principle: Limits to Geoengineering, SRM, and IPCC Scenarios (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-25
    Description: : Most scenarios on instruments limiting global warming in line with the 1.5 °C temperature limit of the Paris Agreement rely on overshooting the emissions threshold, thus requiring the application of negative emission technologies later on. Subsequently, the debate on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM) (frequently subsumed under “geoengineering”) has been reinforced. Yet, it does not determine normatively whether those are legally valid approaches to climate protection. After taking a closer look at the scope of climate scenarios and SRM methods compiling current research and opinions on SRM, this paper analyses the feasibility of geoengineering and of SRM in particular under international law. It will be shown that from the perspective of human rights, the Paris Agreement, and precautionary principle the phasing-out of fossil fuels and the reduction in consumption of livestock products as well as nature-based approaches such as sustainable—and thus climate and biodiversity-smart—forest, peatland, and agricultural management strongly prevail before geoengineering and atmospheric SRM measures in particular. However, as all of the atmospheric SRM methods are in their development phase, governance options to effectively frame further exploration of SRM technologies are proposed, maintaining that respective technologies thus far are not a viable means of climate protection.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 9
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    Land Use, Livestock, Quantity Governance, and Economic Instruments—Sustainability Beyond Big Livestock Herds and Fossil Fuels (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-06
    Description: The production of animal food products is (besides fossil fuels) one of the most important noxae with regard to many of the environmental problems, such as climate change, biodiversity loss or globally disrupted nutrient cycles. This paper provides a qualitative governance analysis of which regulatory options there are to align livestock farming with the legally binding environmental objectives, in particular the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Two innovative governance approaches are developed and compared: a cap-and-trade scheme for animal products and a livestock-to-land ratio. Both instruments are measured against the above-mentioned environmental objectives, taking into account findings from behavioural sciences and typical governance problems. Both approaches are generally suitable as quantity governance in animal husbandry if they are properly designed. In the end, a combination of both approaches proved to be particularly effective ecologically. All of this simultaneously demonstrates, on the basis of a rarely considered but ecologically highly relevant sector, how a quantity governance approach that is based on an easily comprehensible governance unit can function across all sectors and regions.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 10
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    Peatland Governance: The Problem of Depicting in Sustainability Governance, Regulatory Law, and Economic Instruments (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-14
    Description: Limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius and better even to 1.5 degrees Celsius, according to Article 2 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement requires global zero emissions in a very short time. These targets imply that not only emissions from degraded peatlands have to be avoided, but conservation and rewetting of peatlands are also necessary to figure as sinks to compensate for unavoidable residual emissions. However, with regard to instruments for meeting these targets, measuring, depicting, and baseline definition are difficult for greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands. In the absence of an easily comprehensible control variable (such as fossil fuels), economic instruments reach their limits. This is remarkable in so far as economic instruments can otherwise handle governance problems and react to various behavioral motivational factors very well. Still, peatlands can be subject to certain regulations and prohibitions under command-and-control law even without precise knowledge of the emissions from peatland use, which will be shown using the example of the European Union (EU) and German legislation. This paper is a contribution to governance research and illustrates that even comprehensive quantity-control instruments for fossil fuels and livestock farming—which would address various environmental problems and reflect findings from behavioral research regarding motivation towards sustainability—require complementary fine-tuning through command-and-control law, e.g., for integrating peatland governance.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-445X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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