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  • GEOPHYSICS  (5,350)
  • 1980-1984  (3,123)
  • 1975-1979  (2,227)
  • 1
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    Studies on the behavior of ammonia and ammonium salts in the atmosphere (1) - Fractional collection of ammonia gas and particulate ammonium (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Methods for the fractional collection of trace amounts of atmospheric ammonia gas and ammonium particles on a two staged glass fiber filter are summarized. A standard glass fiber filter washed with distilled water and dried at 120 to 130 C was used. A second filter was impregnated with a mixture of 3% boric acid and 25% glycerin solution. The blank of glass fiber filters impregnated with a mixture of the above solution was very low for ammonia, i.e. 0.06 micrograms in a filter of 47 mm in diameter. The mean concentrations of ammonia and ammonium in air at Kawasaki, a polluted area, were 7.6 and 2.3 micrograms cu m, and those at Sanriku, an unpolluted area 0.9 and 0.2 micrograms cu m, respectively. Ratios of concentration levels of ammonium to total ammonia in the atmosphere were 0.3 and 0.2 for the polluted and unpolluted areas, respectively. Ammonium salts in air at both areas were not correlated with relative humidity. Variations in time of ammonia concentrations and sources in surrounding areas are also considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-76582
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  • 2
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    Method of determination of the mass composition of ring current ions (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A method for individual registration of protons, and helium and oxygen ions, with energies E for a charge on the order of 100 kev/q in the ring currents of the Earth's magnetosphere was examined. The method is based on the various specific losses in energy by these ions in matter. The ion current, selected according to E/q, is passed through a solid target, after which identification of the masses is carried out, based on the energy losses in the possibly to reliably divide the flows of protons, and helium and oxygen ions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-76246
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  • 3
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    Overview - Electric fields (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The electric fields session is designed to review progress in observation, theory, and modeling of magnetospheric electric fields, and to expose important new results. The present report comments on the state and prospects of electric field research, with particular emphasis on relevance to quantitative modeling of the magnetospheric processes. Attention is given to underlying theories and models. Modeling philosophy is discussed relative to explanatory models and representative models. Modeling of magnetospheric electric fields, while in its infancy, is developing rapidly on many fronts employing a variety of approaches. The general topic of magnetospheric electric fields is becoming of prime importance in understanding space plasmas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 4
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    Lightning apparent source of environmentally important gases (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-131 , P79-10129
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  • 5
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    Application of space technology to crustal dynamics and earthquake research (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In cooperation with other Federal government agencies, and the governments of other countries, NASA is undertaking a program of research in geodynamics. The present program activities and plans for extension of these activities in the time period 1979-1985 are described. The program includes operation of observatories for laser ranging to the Moon and to artificial satellites, and radio observatories for very long baseline microwave interferometry (VLBI). These observatories are used to measure polar motion, earth rotation, and tectonic plate movement, and serve as base stations for mobile facilities. The mobile laser ranging and VLBI facilities are used to measure crustal deformation in tectonically active areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1464
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  • 6
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    Lightning as an indication of storm severity (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: There is a substantial case for the theory that cloud electrification is related primarily to strong convection and the sizeable relative air motion that it implies; therefore, the electrification and subsequent discharge rates can be related to the air motion environment of thunderstorms. The isoceraunic contour map used by the WMO for observing and measuring thunderstorm occurrence contains no information on flash rates, flash density, flash relationship to storm severity, or flash variation with meteorological environment. A constant-view geosynchronous lightning mapper would permit simultaneous studies of the lightning discharge patterns and the meteorological environment of storms, thus establishing whether or not there is a reliable enough relationship to use the observed flash rates and characteristics as supplemental guidance for storm forecast refinement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 153-155
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  • 7
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    The effect of errors in the assignment of the transmission functions on the accuracy of the thermal sounding of the atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In order to test the error of calculation in assumed values of the transmission function for Soviet and American radiometers sounding the atmosphere thermally from orbiting satellites, the assumptions of the transmission calculation is varied with respect to atmospheric CO2 content, transmission frequency, and atmospheric absorption. The error arising from variations of the assumptions from the standard basic model is calculated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75654 , Conf. of the Soviet-Am. Working Group on Space Meteorol.; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 8
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    Method for the rapid temperature correction of a transmission in an inhomogeneous atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The value of the transmission function in a heterogeneous atmosphere is determined by iterative correction of values in particular layers. The iterative equation and a set of absolute values of errors is presented in two tables.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75649 , Conf. of the Soviet-Am. Working Group on Space Meteorol.; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 9
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    Meridional heat transport at the onset of winter stratospheric warming (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A continuous vertical flow of energy toward high altitude was verified. This process produced a dynamic instability of the stratospheric polar vortex. A meridional heat transport ws primed toward the north, which generated a warming trend.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-76614
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  • 10
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    Mathematical developments regarding the general theory of the Earth magnetism (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A literature survey on the Earth's magnetic field, citing the works of Gauss, Erman-Petersen, Quintus Icilius and Neumayer is presented. The general formulas for the representation of the potential and components of the Earth's magnetic force are presented. An analytical representation of magnetic condition of the Earth based on observations is also made.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77103 , NAS 1.15:77103
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  • 11
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    Physics of the atmosphere: Response of the water vapor channel of the Meteosat satellite (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An accurate model of the atmospheric transmission function is used to obtain the relationship between the cloudless radiances measured by the 6-7 microns Meteosat radiometer (water vapor channel) and the numerical parameters associated to each point of an image. This relationship is compared to the temporary calibration curve published by the European Space Agency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75836
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  • 12
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    The NASA Geodynamics Program report, 1981 (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The activities of the NASA Geodynamics Program in 1981 both in achieving improved measurement precision and in establishing the foundation for the acquisition and analysis of scientific data are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-85126 , EL-4 , NAS 1.15:85126
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  • 13
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    The Magsat mission (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The cesium-vapor scalar and fluxgate vector magnetometers aboard the Magsat spacecraft, which has a twilight, sun-synchronous orbit with a 96.76-deg inclination, have together measured the earth's magnetic field magnitude to accuracies better than 2 nT, and the magnitude of each field component to better than 6 nT. The magnetometers are located at the end of a boom to isolate them from the effects of spacecraft fields, and an optical system was used to measure the attitude of the vector magnetometer and sun sensor at the boom relative to the two star cameras of the main spacecraft structure. The data gathered is available from the National Space Science Data Center in several formats and is currently undergoing analysis. Scalar and vector error budget values are given for the spacecraft's five error sources, which include the instrument, position and time errors, digitization noise, attitude errors, and spacecraft fields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Apr. 198
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  • 14
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    Mini-review on topside sounding (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The paper outlines the techniques used to obtain topside ionograms and reduce them to electron profiles, indicating the most important differences between ground-based and satellite-based ionograms. The theory of the total reflection sounding technique at vertical incidence is outlined and the features of the satellite instrumentation are discussed. Finally, topside sounder data are analyzed with reference to the problems encountered in the conversion of the sounder data to N(h) profiles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-28; Mar. 198
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  • 15
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    On the acceleration of the auroral plasma of the Earth due to conic instability (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The role of electrostatic conic instability in the diffusion of spilled particles and the acceleration of the auroral plasma of the Earth are numerically investigated by means of quasi-linear equations. Linear increments to the conic instability under magnetospheric conditions are introduced. The quasi-linear equation is averaged along tubes of force taking into account the drift across the magnetic field lines. It is shown that the existence of a conic instability leads to small spills and isotropic distribution of particles, but is also accompanied by significant acceleration of electrons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75638 , PR-430
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  • 16
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    Multicomponent diffusion and energy characteristics of partially ionized plasma in the ionosphere of a planet (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The problem of energy and multicomponent ambipolar diffusion of plasma in the lower ionosphere of a planet with a weak magnetic field is considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75409 , PREPRINT-123
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  • 17
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    The magnetic anomaly of the Ivreazone (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A magnetic field survey was made in the Ivreazone in 1969/70. The results were: significant anomaly of the vertical intensity is found. It follows the basic main part of the Ivrea-Verbano zone and continues to the south. The width of the anomaly is about 10 km, the maximum measures about +800 gamma. The model interpretation shows that possibly the anomaly belongs to an amphibolitic body, which in connection with the Ivrea-body was found by deep seismic sounding. Therefore, the magnetic anomaly provides further evidence for the conception that the Ivrea-body has to be regarded as a chip of earthmantle material pushed upward by tectonic processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75425
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  • 18
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    Soviet ship arrives next month for joint rocket tests (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-78-71 , P78-10072
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  • 19
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    Transmission functions for various models of the atmosphere for channels of Soviet and American radiometers (15 micron CO2 band) (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Listed are various graphs and tables for illustrations related to Point IX of a list of works conducted by the USSR in accordance with the Joint Soviet-American Research Program on improving methods of thermal sounding from satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75105
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  • 20
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    Joint document concerning geological studies from 1971 - 1975 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In 1971, a joint Soviet-Americam Working Group on Remote Sensing of the Natural Environment was established. It was organized into a number of discipline panels, one of which was on geology. Membership on this panel came from the Geological Survey of the United States and from the Institute of Geology of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and Ministry Geology of the U.S.S.R.. During the period 1971-1975, this panel conducted coordinated research in the use of space remote sensing data in the field of geology. A summary of that coordinated research effort is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78318
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  • 21
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    Satellite to measure equatorial ozone layer (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Atmosphere Explorer E (Explorer 55) Satellite is described. The satellite will gather information on the earth's upper atmosphere, particularly regarding the condition of the protective ozone layer. The satellite will also provide information concerning the earth's heat balance, and heat flow characteristics, and energy conversion mechanisms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-75-290
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  • 22
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    Atmospheric and ionospheric effects of precipitated energetic O(+) ions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Results of earlier studies on the atmospheric and ionospheric effects of the precipitation of energetic (up to 0.4 ergs/sq cm per sec per sr) O(+) fluxes are summarized. It is concluded that the main effect is the transfer of the bulk of the incoming energy flux to the neutral atmosphere at F region altitudes in the form of heat, which in turn has a significant effect on global thermospheric winds and temperatures. The precipitation events produce a large backsplash of energetic neutral oxygen atoms. The flux of O2 capable of escaping from the earth is estimated to be comparable to that of hydrogen, and the portion of these O2 atoms that could be ionized is estimated to be ten times that of the incoming O(+) ions, raising the possibility that the events may be self-sustaining.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 23
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    Present state of knowledge of the upper atmosphere: An assessment report (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A program of research, technology, and monitoring of the phenomena of the upper atmosphere, to provide for an understanding of and to maintain the chemical and physical integrity of the Earth's upper atmosphere was developed. NASA implemented a long-range upper atmospheric science program aimed at developing an organized, solid body of knowledge of upper atmospheric processes while providing, in the near term, assessments of potential effects of human activities on the atmosphere. The effects of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) releases on stratospheric ozone were reported. Issues relating the current understanding of ozone predictions and trends and highlights recent and future anticipated developments that will improve our understanding of the system are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-87559 , NAS 1.15:87559
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  • 24
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    Intercomparison of stratospheric/mesospheric data; Proceedings of the Topical Meeting, Graz, Austria, June 25-July 7, 1984 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Comparative analyses of various stratospheric and mesospheric species, including aerosols, ions, ozone, and some minor species, are presented, based on measurements obtained from rocket, balloon, aircraft, and satellite missions. In addition, studies concerning temperature and density characteristics of the stratosphere and mesosphere are included, as well as discussions on the various sensing and measurement techniques. Finally, dynamics and turbulence measurements are examined; consideration is given to radar winds, solar X-ray and HF radiowave absorption, and ionization irregularities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 25
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    DE-1 observations of ordinary mode and extraordinary mode auroral kilometric radiation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Observations of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) made with the Dynamics Explorer (DE-1) indicate the presence of both ordinary and extraordinary wave modes. Although the two modes usually occur separately, they are sometimes observed together. When both modes are present, the ordinary-mode component tends to occur at lower frequencies and with lower amplitudes than those of the accompanying extraordinary-mode component. On the other hand, the local electron gyrofrequency is an absolute lower frequency cutoff for both modes. Ordinary mode intensities are proportional to extraordinary mode intensities but less by roughly a factor of 50. Extraordinary mode ray paths are generally confined to a cone within 50 degrees of the source magnetic field direction and ordinary mode emissions are typically observed outside of this cone. This behavior suggests that both components are produced within the same source region but are then refracted differently as they escape.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1188-119
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  • 26
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    Aerosol limb absorption (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A global observation was conducted of the vertical distribution of stratospheric aerosol and ozone using the absorption effect of the rays of the Sun by the stratospheric aerosol and ozone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77733 , NAS 1.15:77733
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  • 27
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    Fast collisionless tearing in an anisotropic neutral sheet (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The collisionless tearing mode in a neutral sheet is studied in the presence of ion temperature (Ti) anisotropy, using Vlasov description for both ions and electrons. It is found that the growth rate of the instability is significantly enhanced if the ratio of Ti perpendicular to the equilibrium magnetic field to Ti parallel to the field is greater than one. For typical magnetotail parameters with modest temperature anisotropy, it is shown that the linear e-folding time is reduced to a small fraction of the time delays believed to precede the onset of reconnection. This enhancement of the growth rate is due to the Lorentz force acting on the ions that cross the neutral plane, traversing beyond the conventional electron-tearing layer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 12-15
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  • 28
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    Discussion of the design of satellite-laser measurement stations in the eastern Mediterranean under the geological aspect. Contribution to the earthquake prediction research by the Wegener Group and to NASA's Crustal Dynamics Project (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Research conducted for determining the location of stations for measuring crustal dynamics and predicting earthquakes is discussed. Procedural aspects, the extraregional kinematic tendencies, and regional tectonic deformation mechanisms are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77412 , NAS 1.15:77412
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  • 29
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    The elements of the Earth's magnetism and their secular changes between 1550 and 1915 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The results of an investigation about the magnetic agents outside the Earth's surface as well as the Earth's magnetic elements for the epochs 1550, 1900, 1915 are presented. The secular changes of the Earth's magnetic elements during the time interval 1550 - 1900 are also included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77343 , NAS 1.15:77343
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  • 30
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    Testing the authenticity of moldavite by electron microscopy (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Non-destructive testing of moldavites for authenticity by electron microscopy on the basis of morphology and structure is described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77335 , NAS 1.15:77335
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  • 31
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    On the determination of the coefficients of the Gaussian general theory of the Earth's magnetism for the year 1885 and about the relationship of the three Earth-magnetic elements (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An attempt is made to judge the value of the Gaussian series for the Earth's magnetism. The computation employed to do this uses the method of the least and greatest coefficients. The number of unknown which had to be calculated from the individual groups was at most only four. All symbols of Gauss were retained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77105 , NAS 1.15:77105
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  • 32
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    Report on new calculations of the magnetic potential of the Earth (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A procedure to establish better agreement between theoretical and calculated values of the magnetic potential of the Earth is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77329 , NAS 1.15:77329
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  • 33
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    The NASA Geodynamics Program: An overview (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This NASA Geodynamics Program overview collectively examines the history, scientific basis, status, and results of the NASA Program and outlines plans for the next five to eight years. It is intended as an informative nontechnical discussion of geodynamics research.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-2147 , NAS 1.60:2147
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  • 34
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    Coordinated airborne and satellite measurements of equatorial plasma depletions (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A series of experiments conducted in December 1979 to investigate the structure of plasma depletions in the low latitude, nighttime ionosphere is discussed. Density biteouts of about one order of magnitude in the dominant ion, O(+), are mapped to lower altitudes along magnetic field lines for comparison with 6300-A and 7774-A O I airglow depletions. Owing to the different airglow production mechanisms (dissociative recombination of O2(+) for 6300 A and radiative recombination of O(+) for 7774 A), the 6300-A depletions reflect plasma depletions near the bottomside of the F layer, while those at 7774 A are located near the peak of the layer. The O(+) biteouts map directly into the 7774-A airglow depletions in the same hemisphere and also when traced into the opposite hemisphere, which suggests magnetic flux tube alignment over north-south distances of approximately 2220 km. The 6300-A (bottomside) depletions are found to be wider in longitude than the 7774-A (F-peak) depeletions near the equatorward edge of the Appleton anomaly.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A123689 , AFGL-TR-83-0004 , Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Dec. 1
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  • 35
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    Atmospheric cycles of nitrogen oxides and ammonia (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The atmospheric cycles of nitrogenous trace compounds for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are discussed. Source strengths and destruction rates for the nitrogen oxides: NO, NO2 and HNO3 -(NOX) and ammonia (NH3) are given as a function of latitude over continents and oceans. The global amounts of NOX-N and NH3-N produced annually in the period 1950 to 1975 (34 + 5 x one trillion g NOx-N/yr and 29 + or - 6 x one trillion g NH3-N/yr) are much less than previously assumed. Globally, natural and anthropogenic emissions are of similar magnitude. The NOx emission from anthropogenic sources is 1.5 times that from natural processes in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere, it is a factor of 3 or 4 less. More than 80% of atmospheric ammonia seems to be derived from excrements of domestic animals, mostly by bulk deposition: 24 + or - 9 x one trillion g NO3 -N/yr and 21 + or - 9 x one trillion g NH4+-N/yr. Another fraction may be removed by absorption on vegetation and soils.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-76652 , NAS 1.15:76652
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  • 36
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    Photometric and radar observations of an excited eruption in the Zarnitsa-2 experiment (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In a controlled experiment a ground photometer and radar station recorded an increase in night sky luminescence following injection of an electron beam into the atmosphere from a rocket at altitudes 80 to 154 km. A main and supplementary scattering and luminescene regions were observed. The effect is presumed to be due to electron eruption induced by artificial action on the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-76216 , PR-388
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  • 37
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    Determination of the cumulus size distribution from LANDSAT pictures (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Varying insolation causes undesirable thermic stress to the receiver of a solar power plant. The rapid change of insolation depends on the size distribution of the clouds; in order to measure these changes, it is suitable to determine typical cumulus size distributions. For this purpose, LANDSAT-images are adequate. Several examples of cumulus size distributions will be presented and their effects on the operation of a solar power plant are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77070 , NAS 1.15:77070
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  • 38
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    Early harvest: The upper atmosphere and cosmic rays (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Achievements in space science through 1958 are summarized. Topics discussed are: the scheduling of V-2 flights; the development of newer rockets; the testing of spaceborne instruments; the seeking of financial support for space research; and the problems of international cooperation. Special emphasis is placed on atmospheric sounding.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Sci.; p 58-84
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  • 39
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    NASA geodynamics program (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The history and development of the geodynamics program are described, in addition to accomplishments and plans for the future years activities. Extramural grant titles are listed for general research, Lageos investigations, and Magsat investigations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-81978
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  • 40
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    The reaction of the atmosphere to solar disturbances (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The effect of solar flares on the thermosphere and the troposphere is investigated. It is found that during periods of geoeffect solar disturbances, there is a connection between phenomena in the upper and lower atmospheres and that variations in atmospheric parameters correlate with changes in the geomagnetic index.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75500 , All-Union Conf. on Sun Atmosphere Relations in Climate Theory and Weather Forecasts; Oct 30, 1972 - Nov 01, 1972; Moscow
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  • 41
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    Recent results of radio interferometric determinations of a transcontinental baseline, polar motion, and earth rotation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Results are discussed for radio interferometric observations of extragalactic radio sources with antennas at Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory in California (3900-km baseline) during 14 separate experiments distributed between September 1976 and May 1978. Simultaneous analysis of the data from several experiments yields estimates of changes in the x component of pole position and in earth's rotation (UT1). Comparison with the corresponding results obtained by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) reveals systematic differences. In particular, the trends in the radio interferometric determinations of the changes in pole position are found to agree more closely with those from the International Polar Motion Service and from Doppler observations of satellites than with those from the BIH.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Time and the earth''s rotation; Eighty-second Symposium; May 08, 1978 - May 12, 1978; San Fernando; Spain
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  • 42
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    Global distribution of ozone for various seasons (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A technique which was used to obtain a catalog of the seasonal global distribution of ozone is presented. The technique is based on the simultaneous use of 1964-1975 data on the total ozone content from a worldwide network of ozonometric stations and on the vertical ozone profile from ozone sounding stations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75435
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  • 43
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    Altitudes of the lower edge of the artificial auroral rays on the basis of the observations in the Zarnitsa-2 experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Some results of optical television measurements in the Zarnitsa-2 experiment are presented. The altitudes of the lower edge of artificial auroral rays were determined by the triangulation method and are compared with theoretical calculations of these altitudes based on the Jacchia and CIRA models of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75631
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  • 44
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    Anomaly of the composition of the F-2 equatorial region of the ionosphere during the hours after sunset according to data from the mass-spectrometer experiment on the Cosmos-274 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mass spectrometer on board Cosmos-274 measured concentrations of light atoms and ions. While traversing the geomagnetic equator during the evening hours it recorded on anomalous drop in ionized molecular oxygen and ionized atomic oxygen and nitrogen. A similar, less dramatic, decline was observed in the concentration of neutral atomic oxygen. A possible explanation for this and previously observed behavior is an ascent in altitude of the F layer in the hours after sunset, a possibility which is supported by calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75615 , PR-331
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  • 45
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    Present status and future prospects for NASA's program in geodynamics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview of NASA's involvement in developing systems for precise determination of polar motion, earth rotation, and position on the earth's surface is given. The observational methods discussed are laser ranging to the moon and to artificial satellites, and very long baseline microwave interferometry. A plan for a geodynamics program to apply space technology to research in earth dynamics is outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Appl. of Geodesy to Geodyn., an Intern. Symp.; p 39
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  • 46
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    Internal gravity waves in the upper atmosphere, generated by tropospheric jet streams (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mechanism of internal gravity wave generation by jet streams in the troposphere is considered. Evaluations of the energy and pulse of internal gravity waves emitted into the upper atmosphere are given. The obtained values of flows can influence the thermal and dynamic regime of these layers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75407
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  • 47
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    Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The mathematical theory of inversion methods is applied to the remote sounding of atmospheric temperature, humidity, and aerosol constituents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-004 , Dec 15, 1976 - Dec 17, 1976; Hampton, VA; United States
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  • 48
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    Simultaneous equatorial observations of 1- to 30-Hz waves and pitch angle distributions of ring current ions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Eighteen events of large-amplitude (0.4-6 gammas) waves which may be propagating in the ion cyclotron mode have een observed by Explorer 45. Comparison with simultaneously measured proton distributions has allowed the events to be divided into two categories. The first category consists of waves accompanied by enhanced ion fluxes apparently injected into the plasmasphere with anisotropic pitch-angle distributions. This simultaneity suggests that these waves may be generated by the observed ring-current ions. Waves in the second category were found near or outside the plasmapause and were not correlated with any identifiable changes in the observed proton distribution. The generation mechanism for these waves remains unknown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Dec. 1
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  • 49
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    Explorer 45 wave observations during the large magnetic storm of August 4-5, 1972 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The magnetospheric compression associated with the very large magnetic storm of August 4-5, 1972, provided an opportunity for Explorer 45 to observe plasma waves in the magnetosphere and the magnetosheath during extremely disturbed conditions. Electrostatic noise bursts were observed near the plasmapause in electric-field channels from 35 Hz to 5.62 kHz. In the outer magnetosphere, electric-field noise bands apparently harmonically related to the electron gyrofrequency with components as low as 3 kHz and as high as 50 kHz were observed. The electric field of the fundamental was perpendicular to the magnetic-field vector. A mechanism including the electron cyclotron instability may generate the noise band. Hiss of 100-1000 Hz was observed in the outer magnetosphere. The electromagnetic hiss was generally weak and was observed in the magnetic wide-band data only when it was strong. In the magnetosheath broad band, incoherent noise (hiss) was observed from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. This magnetosheath hiss was the strongest phenomenon observed by the plasma-wave detectors during the lifetime of Explorer 45. The highest intensities of magnetosheath hiss occurred at the magnetopause. Its broad-band nature suggests that magnetosheath hiss was generated locally. Broad-band noise bursts and short bursts of chorus were also observed in the magnetosheath.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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  • 50
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    Tables of spectral transmission of the atmosphere in the 2660-2750 cm(-1) and 810-980 cm(-1) ranges (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Thermal sounding data from satellites are presented together with a description of transmission function calculations. Tables contain experimental values for transmission of the entire thickness of the atmosphere for two regions of the spectrum: at 2660 to 2750 cm/1 and at 810 to 980 cm/1. The spectrum was recorded on an infrared spectrophotometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75104
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  • 51
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    National Geodetic Satellite Program, Part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The work performed by individual contributors to the National Geodetic Satellite Program is presented. The purpose of the organization, the instruments used in obtaining the data, a description of the data itself, the theory used in processing the data, and evaluation of the results are detailed for the participating organizations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-SP-365-PT-1
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  • 52
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    NASA, Soviet joint sounding rocket tests (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-77-151 , P77-10150
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  • 53
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    Radiometer at a frequency of 108-120 GHz for study of the earth's atmosphere (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Calculated and experimental design and operating characteristics of a 108-120 GHz superheterodyne radiometer with intermediate frequency modulation and a second harmonic frequency converter are presented and discussed. With a 1 sec time constant, the radiometer fluctuation sensitivity threshold is 1 K, without degradation in 2 hours of operation. Graphs of frequency variations, calibration, conversion loss, rectified current, fixed bias voltage, and contact needle impedance are included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75562 , PR-281
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  • 54
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    On the possibility of analytical approximation of line forms during random disorders of the resonance frequencies in molecular vibration-rotation spectra for satellite sounding (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The generalization spectral line contour concept and formulas for a two component mixture, as well as consequences of the general formula are discussed. The calculation procedure, initial information, calculation results and comparison of calculations with available experimental data, for radiation absorption in three CO2 bands are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75655
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  • 55
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    Study of the 10 micron continuum of water vapor (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Radiation attenuation by atmospheric water vapor is considered. A formula based on laboratory data is recommended for approximating continuous absorption in the spectra region in question. Data of full scale measurements and laboratory experiments are compared. It was concluded that only molecular absorption need be taken into account under clear atmospheric conditions during the warm part of the year, while in winter or in cloudy conditions, the effect of aerosol can be significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75650
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  • 56
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    Results of the measurement of the vertical profile of ozone up to a height of 70 km by means of the MR-12 and M-100 sounding rockets (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The photometers used and methods of calculation of the vertical ozone concentration profile are described. The results obtained in several series of MR-12 and M-100 sounding rocket launchings are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75380
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  • 57
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    SAGE to examine Earth's stratosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The SAGE mission is discussed along with the role of the Nimbus 7 experiment. Other topics discussed include: ground truth measurements, data collection and processing, SAGE instrumentation, and launch sequence.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-6 , P79-10006
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  • 58
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    Direct method for solving transfer equation by expansion in spherical harmonics: Scattering in atmosphere with Lambertian lower boundary and thermal radiation transfer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The direct method for the solution of the spherical harmonics approximation to the equation of transfer of radiation is applied to the cases of (1) scattering of the solar radiation in the atmosphere with the Lambertian boundary and (2) thermal radiation transfer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75549 , PR-307
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  • 59
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    Model forecasts and world observations of the ozone layer, 1960 - 1980 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Theoretical and actual measurements of the decrease in global ozone are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-76444
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  • 60
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    Results of measurement of the night corpuscular flux on the MR-12 rockets in the JASPIC project (Soviet part of the program) (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: In June 1978, a joint Soviet-American project (JASPIC) was conducted, the goals of which were: (1) the study of the flows of spilling electrons which act upon the middle-latitude ionosphere under nocturnal conditions (nocturnal corpuscular source of ionization); and (2) the mutual comparison of procedures for recording corpuscular radiations in the upper atmosphere, using meteorological and geophysical rockets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75691
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  • 61
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    Problems with the interpretation of paleomagnetic measurements due to studies of basalts from the Paleovolcano Vogelsberg in Hessen (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The palaeomagnetic parameters of more than 5,000 samples of cores taken from 33 drilling holes through innumerable basalt units of the Vogelsberg Paleovolcano in Hessen were measured. Measurements of specimens of thin and thick layers without any gap proved that inclination, natural remanence, susceptibility and Konigsberger factor were dependent on their distance from the surface of units, layers, lamelles, etc. Therefore, representative data for the evaluation of palaeomagnetic measurements can be expected only in the interior part of lava flows and intrusions. The statistic method which enclosed all values of measurements gave significant data which was not appropriate for the interpretation of palaeomagnetic and geological events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75355
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  • 62
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    Vector diagram of the chemical compositions of tektites and earth lavas (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The chemical compositions of tektites and various volcanic glasses, similar in composition to tektites are compared by a petrochemical method. The advantage of the method is that a large number of chemical analyses of igneous rocks can be graphically compared with the help of vectors, plotted in relation to six parameters. These parameters, calculated from ratios of the main oxides given by silicate analysis, reflect the chief characteristics of igneous rock. Material for the study was suppled by data from chemical analysis characterizing tektites of all known locations and data from chemical analyses of obsidians similar in chemical composition to tektites of various petrographical provinces.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75371
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  • 63
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    Tectonic asymmetry of the earth and other planets (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The structures of Earth, Mars, Venus, and the Moon are examined and compared. Global tectonic characteristics are presented for each. A comparison of the tectonics reveals the structural asymetry of these planets and the moon. Tectonic asymmetry information for the group is used to interpret certain aspects of the earth's geological past.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75576
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  • 64
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    Optical characteristics of the earth's surface and atmosphere from the point of view of the remote sensing of natural resources: Review of the contemporary status of the problem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Widely used remote probing methods, and especially the multispectral method, for studying the earth from aerospace platforms necessitate the systematization and accumulation of data on the relationships between remote observations and measured parameters and characteristic properties and conditions of phenomena on the earth's surface. Data were presented on the optical characteristics of natural objects which arise during observations of these objects over a wide spectral interval which encompasses solar radiation reflected by the object as well as the object's inherent thermal radiation. The influence of the earth's atmosphere on remote measurements and several problems in simulation and calculation are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75548 , PR-287
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  • 65
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    Anomalous magnetizations in 3.4 b.y. old Barberton Mountain Land samples (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The ratio of natural remanence (NRM) to saturation remanence is exceedingly high for a number of basaltic to ultramafic samples from the 3.4 billion year old Barberton Mountain Land greenstone belt, South Africa. Although conventional paleointensity methods indicate paleofields of several oersteds, demagnetization curves plotted on logarithmic scale clearly show the NRM in these samples to be unlike thermal remanence. It is probable that the observed NRM is a chemical remanence related to the greenschist metamorphic event, and that the intense magnetizations are the result of internally generated, rather than external fields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Feb. 198
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  • 66
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    International rocket project to compare ozone sensors (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-130 , P79-10128
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  • 67
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    Microseismic study of the interandine valley between Latacunga and Cuayllabamba (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The present state of two active volcanoes and the principal active seismic faults in a 100 km area from Quito to Toacaso, Ecuador was studied. A brief seismic history of the region is reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75370
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  • 68
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    Effect of solar activity on the frequency of occurrence of major anomalies in the Arctic (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Major air pressure and temperature anomalies in certain arctic regions were studied with a view toward predicting their occurrence. Correlations are sought between the frequency of arctic anomalies and solar activity, or specifically the Wolf number and the index of geomagnetic disturbance. Graphic techniques are used to show that solar activity has a definite influence on the frequency of occurrence of major anomalies of pressure and temperature in the Arctic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75347
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  • 69
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    The NASA program on upper atmospheric research (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The purpose of the NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program is to develop a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur in the earth's upper atmosphere with emphasis on the stratosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74608
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  • 70
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    Study of the system of middle atmosphere-ionosphere using remote-sensing data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: In the present investigation, the methods of statistical spectral analysis are employed for a study of the quasi-periodic changes of state parameters of the middle atmosphere and the ionosphere, taking into account oscillations with periods of several days. The considered oscillations are typical for planetary waves. The theory and empirical findings regarding transient planetary waves are utilized as a basis for the concepts employed in the data analysis and for the interpretation of the results. The results of the investigation show a presence of coherent variations in the time series of radiation density measurements and other state parameters for the middle atmosphere and the ionosphere. The existence of presumably dynamic coupling processes can be recognized in oscillations with periods of about 16 or 5 days.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77764 , NAS 1.15:77764
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  • 71
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    The magnetic state of the Earth (according to the magnetic maps for 1880.0 published by the German Naval Office) (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Publication of the magnetic maps in 1880 has made it possible to make the first continuation of the foundations for the Earth's magnetism established by Gauss in the general theory of Earth magnetism. A new calculation based on the maps valid for 1880, makes it possible to express the changes which have occurred over the last 50 years in numbers and only within the liability limits of the maps themselves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77058 , NAS 1.15:77058
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  • 72
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    The elements of the Earth's magnetism for the Epochs 1600, 1650, 1700, 1780, 1842 and 1885, and their secular changes derived from observations calculated using the coefficients of the Gaussian "General Theory of Earth's Magnetism" (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: After a historical review of the theory of the Earth's magnetism, the author indicates how the theory may be improved and gives results of his own calculations for the Epoch 1842.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77100 , NAS 1.15:77100
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  • 73
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    Nonuniformity of the Earth's rotation and the motion of the poles (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The study of the nonuniformity of the Earth's rotation and the motion of the poles has great practical and theoretical significance. This study makes it possible to determine the coordinates of celestial and terrestrial objects, and to gain information in many domains of earth science. This paper reviews studies of rotation nonuniformity and polar motion, giving attention to astronomical data; the nature of periodic oscillations of the Earth's rotation; the nature of long-period variations of the Earth's rotation rate; and the use of Earth-rotation data in hydrometeorology.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77337 , NAS 1.15:77337
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  • 74
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    On the analytical form of the Earth's magnetic attraction expressed as a function of time (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: An attempt is made to express the Earth's magnetic attraction in simple analytical form using observations during the 16th to 19th centuries. Observations of the magnetic inclination in the 16th and 17th centuries are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77344 , NAS 1.15:77344
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  • 75
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    Ionospheric plasma bubble encounters or F region bottomside traversals? (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Data from in situ Atmospheric Explorer (AE) measurements and ground-based ionosonde measurements of the ion composition and concentration in the equatorial plasma bubbles are analyzed. The ionosonde produced data on the bottomside electron density (NE) profiles and aided in ascertaining the satellite measurements as being in the topside or bottomside of the F layer. The AE data were taken during low latitude evening conditions at various altitudes, and revealed ion compositions consistent with plasma bubbles originating at the altitude of the steep F region bottomside ionization gradient. The lifetimes of NO ions were observed to be short even if the ions were dominant in the regions where the bubbles form. Vertical distortions of tens of kilometers in the equatorial F region occurred in the unstable postsunset period to the extent that the bubble formation area and the bottomside plasma region became virtually indistinguishable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Aug. 1
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  • 76
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    The application of space technology to geodynamics - An overview (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The application of various space technologies to the study of the earth is discussed. The main problems that this technology can study are crustal movement and deformation, and earth structure and rotational dynamics. Laser and VLBI systems are used as fixed observatories and as mobile stations which can move between locations separated by 200 to 500 km. Requirements for more frequency and more densely spaced measurements can be met by the use of geodetic receivers which process signals from the Global Positioning System, and an airborne laser which ranges simultaneously to an array of passive cube corner retroreflectors. A Gravity Field Satellite is expected to survey the earth's field to a resolution of 1000 km and accuracies of one milligal. Data from the Magnetic Field Satellite are being used to develop models of the main field for the 1980 Epoch and maps of crustal anomalies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Jun 08, 1981 - Jun 10, 1981; Washington, DC
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  • 77
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    Geodynamic program office (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Program activities and achievements in 1982 of the geodynamic program are summarized. The significant results presented are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-85842 , EE-8 , NAS 1.15:85842
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  • 78
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    Report of Workshop on Mount Saint Helens: Its Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The atmospheric and potential climatic aspects of a volcanic eruption were discussed. Measurements and techniques used in collecting the data are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-SP-458 , NAS 1.26:458 , LC-82-8005
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  • 79
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    Statistical analysis of persistent explosive activity at Stromboli, 1971 - Implications for eruption prediction (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research; 8; 1980
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  • 80
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    Subcritical Fracture Propagation in Rocks: an Examination Using the Methods of Fracture Mechanics and Non-Destructive Testing (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: An experimental investigation of tensile rock fracture is presented with an emphasis on characterizing time dependent crack growth using the methods of fracture mechanics. Subcritical fracture experiments were performed in moist air on glass and five different rock types at crack velocities using the double torsion technique. The experimental results suggest that subcritical fracture resistance in polycrystals is dominated by microstructural effects. Evidence for gross violations of the assumptions of linear elastic fracture mechanics and double torsion theory was found in the tests on rocks. In an effort to obtain a better understanding of the physical breakdown processes associated with rock fracture, a series of nondestructive evaluation tests were performed during subcritical fracture experiments on glass and granite. Comparison of the observed process zone shape with that expected on the basis of a critical normal principal tensile stress criterion shows that the zone is much more elongated in the crack propagation direction than predicted by the continuum based microcracking model alone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 81
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    Global Aspects of the Earth's Magnetopause (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Measurable characteristics of the magnetopause are discussed. The Earth's magnetopause is a thin magnetic discontinuity separating the shocked, magnetized plasma of the solar wind from a more tenuous plasma contained by the geomagnetic field. This external magnetosheath plasma flows around the magnetosphere with characteristics that are in approximate agreement with gas dynamic theory. The interplanetary magnetic field carried by this plasma becomes draped over the magnetosphere and its orientation relative to the local geomagnetic field determines the local magnetopause current. Solar wind pressure and interplanetary field direction control the geocentric distance to the magnetopause with high pressures and southware fields moving the equatorial magnetopause to a more earthward location. Evidence suggests that the magnetopause is Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable and surface waves are propagating toward the magnetotail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Magnetospheric Boundary Layers; p 5-13
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  • 82
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    Scanning Electron Microscopy and Petrography of Glassy Particles Produced by Lava Fountain Eruptions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: A conceptual model of a lava fountain consists of a vent, spatter ramparts, fountain column, downwind plume and associated pumice deposits. Glassy particles produced by lava fountain eruptions consist primarily of sideromelane glass and minor to moderate amounts of vesicles and crystals. Particles are classified on the basis of morphology as: (1) spherical, (2) elongate, (3) glass-coated mineral grain, (4) shard, (5) reticulite, (6) composite particle, and (7) lithic fragment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-160101 , CONTRIB-325
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  • 83
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    Very Long Baseline Interferometry Applied to Polar Motion, Relativity and Geodesy (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The causes and effects of diurnal polar motion are described. An algorithm is developed for modeling the effects on very long baseline interferometry observables. Five years of radio-frequency very long baseline interferometry data from stations in Massachusetts, California, and Sweden are analyzed for diurnal polar motion. It is found that the effect is larger than predicted by McClure. Corrections to the standard nutation series caused by the deformability of the earth have a significant effect on the estimated diurnal polar motion scaling factor and the post-fit residual scatter. Simulations of high precision very long baseline interferometry experiments taking into account both measurement uncertainty and modeled errors are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79582
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  • 84
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    Missile impact craters (White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico) and applications to lunar research: Contributions to astrogeology (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: USGS-PAPER-812-B , LC-75-619096
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  • 85
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    The coordinated federal program for the application of space technology to crustal dynamics and earthquake research (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The application of space technology to important problems relating to crustal dynamics and earthquake research is described. Federal plans for such applications are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-82215
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  • 86
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    Magsat: A satellite for measuring near earth magnetic fields (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Magsat, designed for making measurements of the geomagnetic vector field, is evaluated. For accurate vector measurements the attitude of the fluxgate magnetometer will be determined to about 15 arc-seconds. Expected measurement accuracy will be 6 (gamma) in each component and 3 in magnitude. The Magsat data will be applied to solid earth studies including modeling of the Earth's main magnetic field, delineation of regional magnetic anomalies of crustal origin, and interpretation of those anomalies in terms of geologic and geophysical models. An opportunity will be presented to the scientific community to participate in data use investigations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71370 , X-922-97-199 , Gen. Sci. Assembly of the Intern. Assoc. of Geomag. and Aeronomy; Aug 22, 1977 - Sep 03, 1977; Seattle
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  • 87
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    NASA laser systems to study earth's crustal movements (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-117 , P79-10116
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  • 88
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    Correlated low-frequency electric and magnetic noise along the auroral field lines (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Dynamics Explorer 1 measurements of intense low-frequency electric and magnetic noise observed at low altitudes over the auroral zone are described. The intensity of both the electric and magnetic fields decreases rapidly with increasing frequency. Most of the energy is at frequencies below the O(+) cyclotron frequency, and some evidence is found for a cutoff or change in spectral slope near that frequency. The magnetic to electric field ratio decreases rapidly with increasing radial distance and also decreases with increasing frequency. The polarization of the electric field in a plane perpendicular to the earth's magnetic field is essentially random. The transverse electric and magnetic fields are closely correlated, with the average Poynting flux directed toward the earth. The total electromagnetic power flow associated with the noise is substantial. Two general models are discussed to interpret these observations, one based on static electric and magnetic fields imbedded in the ionosphere and the other based on Alfven waves propagating along the auroral field lines.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A150627 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 8971-898
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  • 89
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    Effects of chemical releases by the STS-3 Orbiter on the ionosphere (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The Plasma Diagnostics Package, flown aboard STS-3 as part of the first Shuttle payload (OSS-1), recorded the effects of various chemical releases from the Orbiter. Changes in the plasma environment was observed during flash evaporator system releases, water dumps and maneuvering thruster operations. During flash evaporator operations, broadband Orbiter-generated electrostatic noise was enhanced and plasma density irregularities were observed to increase by 3 to 30 times with a spectrum which rose steeply and peaked below 6 Hz. In the case of water dumps, background electrostatic noise was enhanced at frequencies below about 3 kHz and suppressed at frequencies above 2 kHz. Thruster activity also stimulated electrostatic noise with a spectrum which peaked at approximately 0.5 kHz. In addition, ions with energies up to 1 keV were seen during some thruster events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-171032 , NAS 1.26:171032 , U-OF-IOWA-84-5
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  • 90
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    The magnetic state of the Earth at epoch 1885.0 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The fundamentals and results of a geomagnetic investigation are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77342 , NAS 1.15:77342
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  • 91
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    NASA geodynamics program (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The goals of the NASA geodynamics program comprise the study of the interior structure and composition of the earth, its crustal motions and deformations, the rotational dynamics, and the terrestrial potential fields. Laser ranging an VLBI techniques are being applied in cooperation with 16 other countries. Reflectors on the moon are illumined with laser beams from earth, which are also bounced off the Lageos and French Starlette satellites, permitting monitoring of polar motion, earth rotation, and distance to the moon within 5 cm. Mobile laser systems are being deployed for developing a gravity field model and examining crustal deformation regionally. The VLBI installations use quasars as reference objects and the GPS satellites will give position accuracy within 1-2 cm. Satellite-to-satellite tracking, Magsat, and Shuttle timing experiment data are providing geopotential field data and timing synchronization.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: 1982 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Jun 01, 1982 - Jun 04, 1982; Munich
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  • 92
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    Mapping the earth's magnetic and gravity fields from space Current status and future prospects (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The principal magnetic fields encountered by earth orbiting spacecraft include the main (core) field, external fields produced by electrical currents within the ionosphere and magnetosphere, and the crustal (anomaly) field generated by variations in the magnetization of the outermost portions of the earth. The first orbital field measurements which proved to be of use for global studies of crustal magnetization were obtained by a series of three satellites launched and operated from 1965 to 1971. Each of the satellites, known as a Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (POGO), carried a rubidium vapor magnetometer. Attention is also given to Magsat launched in 1979, the scalar anomaly field derived from the Magsat measurements, satellite tracking studies in connection with gravity field surveys, radar altimetry, the belt of positive free air gravity anomalies situated along the edge of the Pacific Ocean basin, future technological capabilities, and information concerning data availability.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 93
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    Determination of the ozone profile from the outgoing thermal emission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Problems of the information content of measuring the spectral and angular distribution of the outgoing thermal emission of the atmosphere-earth system in the 9.6 mm ozone absorption band are discussed. Two methods (nadir and limb) of remote measurement are considered. Information data obtained are evaluated according to three systems. Effectiveness of the regression interpretation method using the data of nadir and limb measurements is shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75279
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  • 94
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    On plasma instabilities in the high-latitude ionospheric E region (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The use of the Farley-Buneman instability in the high-latitude E region of the earth's ionosphere as a diagnostic tool for ionospheric and solar wind electric fields, and the effect of Farley-Buneman waves on cosmic radio noise events observed on riometers, are discussed. Data are analyzed and presented in support of the hypothesis, suggested by Olesen (1972), that the Slant E condition in polar cap ionograms is a manifestation of the Farley-Buneman instability in the E region. Detailed descriptions are given of the experimental apparatus employed in these investigations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Relation between laboratory and space plasmas; April 14, 15, 1980; Tokyo; Japan
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  • 95
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    Determination of atmospheric backscatter at 10.6 microns (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Profiles have been obtained for atmospheric aerosol backscatter coefficient versus altitude at four different geographical locations, by means of a 10.6-micron lidar that uses a CO2 laser. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used to separate the laser output beam into a measurement beam and a reference beam. The interferometer combines the reference beam with backscattered radiation collected by a telescope, and the combined beams are focused onto a cooled HgCdTe photodiode at the interferometer exit. Attention is given to the results of a backscatter study experiment flown aboard a NASA research aircraft.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Coherent infrared radar systems and applications II; April 7, 8, 1983; Arlington, VA
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  • 96
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    EXOS-B/Siple Station VLF wave-particle interaction experiment (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Preliminary results of experiments made using the EXOS-B satellite to make simultaneous observations of VLF signals transmitted from Siple Station, Antarctica and interacting particles are reported. VLF measurements carried out by the EXOS-B wideband receiver upon satellite crossings of the Siple meridian at equatorial and high latitudes were able to detect the Siple signal on about 50% of the passes, and observed four instances of artificially stimulated emissions. Two of these cases exhibit triggering with a clear relation to the transmitted frequency format, while in the remaining two this relation is absent. Electron fluxes at energies from 3 eV to 9.5 keV are observed to be enhanced during the Siple stimulated emission events, with a distribution on the equatorial passes sufficient to satisfy the cyclotron interaction condition for parallel propagation of Siple signals of frequency about half the local cyclotron frequency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Relation between laboratory and space plasmas; April 14, 15, 1980; Tokyo; Japan
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  • 97
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    Balloon-borne atmospheric spectral measurements (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Infrared solar spectra, with .02 per cm resolution, were collected during sunset from a balloon at 40 km on October 27, 1978. Portions of the data obtained during the flight have been compared with theoretical calculations made using the data on the AFGL tape. The results of these comparisons reveal a number of areas of disagreement between theory and experimental results. The areas of disagreement are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric effects on radiative transfer; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 98
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    Satellite observed ozone variations and solar activity (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The degree of association between total and stratospheric ozone and solar ultraviolet irradiance is evaluated based on mean monthly latitudinally averaged ozone observations from the Nimbus-4 BUV data set. The mean monthly 10.7 cm solar flux f(10.7), adjusted for varying earth-sun distance, is used as a convenient index of solar UV variation. Results show no obvious relationship between total ozone and solar ultraviolet irradiance based on analysis of satellite data over a period of seven years, even though such a relationship has been suggested from theoretical considerations. However, the analysis does indicate that there may be a positive response in the upper tropical stratosphere, at a height of about 45-50 km such that there is an increase in the ozone concentration following an increase in solar UV radiation, which is assumed to be indicated by an increase in f(10.7) flux
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Conference on Environmental Pollution; Sept. 21-25, 1981; Salonika; Greece
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  • 99
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    Classification and generation of terrestrial rare gases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A Kr-84/Xe-130 versus Ne-20/Ar-36 diagram is a very useful format with which to study the elemental ratios of rare gases from terrestrial materials. It can separate not only the three types of rare gases which Ozima and Alexander (1976) classified but also the 'planetary' type rare gases from the other three types of rare gases. When all the available terrestrial rare gas data are plotted in a Kr-84/Xe-130 versus Ne-20/Ar-36 diagram, several observations can be made. First, most of the analyses of rare gases from shales yield Kr-84/Xe-130 ratios between the 'planetary' and atmospheric values. If, however, the atmosphere's high Kr-84/Xe-130 ratio was produced by the selective adsorption of xenon onto shales from an initially 'planetary' atmosphere, as is widely accepted, then the Kr-84/Xe-130 ratio in shales should be even lower than the 'planetary' value. Second, the rare gas pattern in the quenched rims of submarine basalts may be explained as fractionated samples of the rare gases in sea water.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 100
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    Global atmospheric sampling program - Prospects for establishing a tropospheric ozone budget from commercial aircraft data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A preliminary analysis of zonally averaged, ozone concentration data obtained from commercial (GASP) aircraft between the equator and 60 deg North indicates that ozone in the upper troposphere exhibits a primary maximum during the spring, and, in middle latitudes, a secondary maximum in the summer of both 1975 and 1976. A late-fall/early-winter minimum also appears and seems consistent with previous upper air measurements. The April ozone maximum has been well documented and appears at the time when the stratospheric ozone content is greatest and cyclogenetic activity is most vigorous. However, the secondary maximum in June has not been widely observed or quoted as a unique feature. It is hypothesized that the rapid ascent of the tropopause between midspring and summer could account for the incorporation of ozone-rich, stratospheric air into the upper troposphere with a subsequent dilution during the following months. This may explain certain aspects of the annual ozone cycle in the lower troposphere which occasionally exhibit a bimodal distribution during the warm season.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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