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  • GEOPHYSICS  (6,344)
  • 1985-1989  (4,117)
  • 1975-1979  (2,227)
  • 1
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    Global Climate Study (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Global Surface Radiation Budget Experiment, which determines if current climate models are accurate, is explained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ASR-250 , NASA-TM-109612 , NONP-NASA-VT-93-190410
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  • 2
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    Magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere; Proceedings of the Topical Meeting of the Twenty-sixth COSPAR Plenary Meeting, Toulouse, France, June 30-July 11, 1986 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Papers are presented on satellite observations of new particle and field signatures associated with SAR arc field lines at magnetospheric heights, the structure of the polar oval from simultaneous observations of the optical emissions and particle precipitations during the period of high solar activity between 1981 and 1982, and SAR-arcs and emissions in the main trough of the electron concentration. Also considered are a model calculation of hydrogen Balmer emissions under various modes of proton precipitation, electron precipitation near L = 4, and an investigation of the thermosphere-ionosphere interaction by means of the neutral post-storm effect. Other topics include auroral electric field penetration into the middle-latitude trough, field-aligned currents and related phenomena in the cust, and the positive phase of ionospheric storms and its connection with the dayside cusp.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 3
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    New data on the formation conditions and age of the Kamensk and Gusev astroblemes (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Discussed is new information recently published on the higher contents of siderophilic in the block breccia, fragments of coesite rocks in the Glubokinskiy series within the Kamenskiy astrobleme. New geological data which have refined the concept regarding the structure and age of the Kamenskiy astrobleme are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20212 , NAS 1.77:20212
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  • 4
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    Into the thermosphere: The atmosphere explorers (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The need to study the lower thermosphere with the new instrument, data handling, and spacecraft technology available in the 1960s led to the formulation and establishment of the Atmospheric Explorer program. This book provides an overview of this program with particular emphasis on the AE3, AE4, and AE5 satellites, which represent early examples of problem-dedicated missions. Both the satellites and their instrumentation on the one hand and the experimental and scientific considerations in studying the thermosphere on the other are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-SP-490 , NAS 1.21:490 , LC-87-14156
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  • 5
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    Future plans for the NASA suborbital program (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The development of more reliable heavy-lift balloons and a fine pointed gondola; the development of the Black Brant-12 rocket for auroral research; and the development of a collaborative Orbiting Payload Using Scout program are outlined. Through 1989 NASA will conduct a comprehensive program of aircraft, balloon, and rocket campaigns in conjunction with Shuttle and satellite measurements on the Supernovae 1987a.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 8th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programs and Related Research; p 397-400
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  • 6
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    Carbon monoxide measurements over the eastern Pacific during GTE/CITE 1 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: As part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment's Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (GTE/CITE 1) intercomparison, carbon monoxide (CO) measurements were made from the NASA CV-990 aircraft during the fall of 1983 and again in the spring of 1984. The experimental measurements for CO obtained during those flight series over the eastern and mid-Pacific are presented here. Data were acquired from 10 to 20 deg N latitude over the mid-Pacific and from 30 to 37 deg N latitude over the eastern Pacific off the coast of California. A seasonal variation of approximately 34 parts per billion by volume was measured over the altitudes and latitudes sampled, and a small latitudinal variation was also noted. The data are discussed in terms of the meteorological context in which they were collected.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2095-210
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  • 7
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    Plasma diagnostics package measurements of ionospheric ions and Shuttle-induced perturbations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The plasma diagnostics package (PDP) on the Space Shuttle STS-3 mission in March 1982 carried among its instrument complement a retarding potential analyzer. This instrument measured both the ambient ion plasma density and temperature, and perturbations to the plasma produced by Shuttle Orbiter effects. Whenever the plasma flow streamline at the instrument was more than a distance of the order of thermal ion gyroradii away from any Orbiter surface, the measurements were characteristic of the ambient ionosphere. In several situations, the PDP was positioned so as to scan the wake in the plasma flow produced by Orbiter surfaces. The density profile of the major species O(+) was consistent with a classic Mach cone. However, strong perturbations extended for several meters outside the Mach cone, which resulted in failure of flowing Maxwellian distributions to represent the data. Configurations where the plasma-flow-impacted Orbiter surfaced downstream of the PDP resulted in generation of a suprathermal ion component. The observations are discussed in terms of a recent model of the mechanism for generation of Shuttle glow.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 13463-13
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  • 8
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    Space opportunities for tropospheric chemistry research (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The use of the Space Shuttle to measure tropospheric trace species is examined. Factors which affect the measurement of tropospheric trace species are discussed. The Academy of Sciences 1985 report categorized the trace species into levels: first-level gases include water vapor, O3, CO, and CH4, and the second-level gases are N2O, NO2, NH3, SO2, chlorofluoromethanes, and HCl. The effects of first-level gases on the earth's climate, the photochemistry/chemistry of the troposphere, and the photochemical/chemical production and destruction of the hydroxyl radical are studied; the distribution and magnitude of the hydroxyl radical in the troposphere are analyzed in terms of water vapor, O3, CO, and CH4.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 9
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    The paradox of age: Tectites and tectite showers (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: When discussing the problem of tectite origin, the age of the tectites themselves (actual glasses) must be distinguished from the date of their fall on the earth's surface, i.e., the geological age of tectite fields. The considerable difference between their two ages is the essence of the paradox which will be discussed here.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20102 , NAS 1.77:20102
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  • 10
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    Overview - Electric fields (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The electric fields session is designed to review progress in observation, theory, and modeling of magnetospheric electric fields, and to expose important new results. The present report comments on the state and prospects of electric field research, with particular emphasis on relevance to quantitative modeling of the magnetospheric processes. Attention is given to underlying theories and models. Modeling philosophy is discussed relative to explanatory models and representative models. Modeling of magnetospheric electric fields, while in its infancy, is developing rapidly on many fronts employing a variety of approaches. The general topic of magnetospheric electric fields is becoming of prime importance in understanding space plasmas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 11
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    Lightning apparent source of environmentally important gases (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-131 , P79-10129
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  • 12
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    Application of space technology to crustal dynamics and earthquake research (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In cooperation with other Federal government agencies, and the governments of other countries, NASA is undertaking a program of research in geodynamics. The present program activities and plans for extension of these activities in the time period 1979-1985 are described. The program includes operation of observatories for laser ranging to the Moon and to artificial satellites, and radio observatories for very long baseline microwave interferometry (VLBI). These observatories are used to measure polar motion, earth rotation, and tectonic plate movement, and serve as base stations for mobile facilities. The mobile laser ranging and VLBI facilities are used to measure crustal deformation in tectonically active areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1464
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  • 13
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    Lightning as an indication of storm severity (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: There is a substantial case for the theory that cloud electrification is related primarily to strong convection and the sizeable relative air motion that it implies; therefore, the electrification and subsequent discharge rates can be related to the air motion environment of thunderstorms. The isoceraunic contour map used by the WMO for observing and measuring thunderstorm occurrence contains no information on flash rates, flash density, flash relationship to storm severity, or flash variation with meteorological environment. A constant-view geosynchronous lightning mapper would permit simultaneous studies of the lightning discharge patterns and the meteorological environment of storms, thus establishing whether or not there is a reliable enough relationship to use the observed flash rates and characteristics as supplemental guidance for storm forecast refinement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 153-155
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  • 14
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    The effect of errors in the assignment of the transmission functions on the accuracy of the thermal sounding of the atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In order to test the error of calculation in assumed values of the transmission function for Soviet and American radiometers sounding the atmosphere thermally from orbiting satellites, the assumptions of the transmission calculation is varied with respect to atmospheric CO2 content, transmission frequency, and atmospheric absorption. The error arising from variations of the assumptions from the standard basic model is calculated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75654 , Conf. of the Soviet-Am. Working Group on Space Meteorol.; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 15
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    Method for the rapid temperature correction of a transmission in an inhomogeneous atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The value of the transmission function in a heterogeneous atmosphere is determined by iterative correction of values in particular layers. The iterative equation and a set of absolute values of errors is presented in two tables.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75649 , Conf. of the Soviet-Am. Working Group on Space Meteorol.; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 16
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    Iridium in the Vredefort Bronzite Granophyre - Impact melting and limits on a possible extraterrestrial component (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Bronzite Granophyre was analyzed for Ir and other elements to examine whether its origin was due to impact melting or conventional igneous assimilation and to search for a possible extraterrestrial component in the melt. No such component is identified. Ir values range from 50-130 pg/g, equivalent to less than 0.05 percent C1 material. Further evidence against an extraterrestrial source of siderophiles are the low Ir/Au ratios and the absence of systematic correlations between Ir and other elements. However, the Granophyre is significantly enriched in Ir over other Vredefort granitic rocks, implying a fundamental difference between them. Geochemical mixing models indicate that the Ir observed in the Granophyre can be supplied from high-Ir local shales and quartzites during an impact melting event. The results are consistent with the view that the Granophyre is an impact melt and that Vredefort is an impact structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 14, 1988 - Mar 18, 1988; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 17
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    Boundary layer dynamics in the description of magnetospheric substorms (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper presents an analysis of eleven magnetospheric substorm events for which good-quality ground-based magnetometer data and ISEE satellite data were both available. It is shown that the magnetotail particle and field observations associated with a substorm expansive phase can be explained through the spatial movement of the boundary layers and central plasma sheet in the magnetotail. The sweeping of these regions past the satellite, even in the absence of temporal variations within the various regions, can lead to a set of plasma flow observations typical of what is observed in the magnetotail during substorm activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A209803 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 14411-14
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  • 18
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    A boundary layer model for magnetospheric substorms (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An alternative framework for understanding magnetospheric substorm activity is presented. It is argued that observations of magnetic field and plasma flow variations in the magnetotail can be explained in terms of the passage of the plasma sheet boundary layer over the satellite detecting the tail signatures. It is shown that field-aligned currents and particle acceleration processes on magnetic field lines threading the ionospheric Harang discontinuity lead to the distinctive particle and field signatures observed in the magnetotail during substorms. It is demonstrated that edge effects of field-aligned currents associated with the westward traveling surge can lead to the negative B(z) perturbations observed in the tail that are presently attributed to observations made on the anti-earthward side of a near-earth neutral line. Finally, it is shown that the model can provide a physical explanation of both the driven system and the loading-unloading system whose combined effects provide the observed substorm perturbation pattern in the magnetosphere and ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A194400 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 12187-12
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  • 19
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    Plasma waves in the range of the lower hybrid frequency - ISEE 1 and 2 observations at the earth's bow shock (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This report presents a characterization of plasma wave noise in the range of the lower hybrid frequency associated with 65 crossings of earth's bow shock observed by the ISEE 1 and 2 satellites. Wave growth generally becomes detectable at the upstream edge of the shock foot, increases at the upstream edge of the shock ramp, peaks within the ramp, and then quickly decays to steady downstream values. The upstream extent of the noise is on the same order as that of specularly reflected gyrating ions. Similar profiles were observed in subcritical and supercritical shocks, and no special behavior was associated with the first critical Mach number. Spectra in the foot and ramp were similar in shape, although the noise was 1 to 2 orders of magnitude more intense in the shock ramps than in the feet. Electric field intensities are positively correlated with solar wind speed and inversely related to electron beta and Mach number. Magnetic components are positively correlated with Mach number and beta. The results are generally consistent with suggestions that the noise consists of lower hybrid waves driven by reflected gyrating ions in the foot, and by additional instabilities, such as the cross-field current, in the shock ramp.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 9695-970
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  • 20
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    Energy spectra of plasma sheet ions and electrons from about 50 eV/e to about 1 MeV during plamsa temperature transitions (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: ISEE-1 charged-particle measurements obtained during eight plasma temperature transitions (PTTs) in 1978-1979 are compiled in tables and graphs and analyzed in detail, comparing the ion and electron differential energy spectra with the predictions of theoretical models. PTTs are defined as approximately 1-h periods of low bulk plasma velocity and steadily increasing or decreasing thermal energy. A Maxwellian distribution is found to be inadequate in describing the PTT energy spectra, but velocity-exponential and kappa distributions are both successful, the latter especially at higher energies. The power-law index kappa varies from PTT to PTT, but the high-energy spectral index and overall shape of the distribution remain constant during a PTT; both spatial and temporal effects are observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 2562-257
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  • 21
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    Plasma and field observations of a Pc 5 wave event (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The particle detector and electric field data collected by the Dynamo Explorer 1 on the Pc 5 wave event encounter on July 14, 1982 are presented, yielding a nearly complete picture of the event. The overall structure of the Pc 5 seems to order the event into two distinct halves, suggesting a temporal or spatial variation of the micropulsation. Thermal plasma measurements showed that the dominant ion throughout both lobes was H(+). Significant quantities of He(+), O(+), N(+), and O(2+) were also observed to be present and rotating together in a plane normal to the magnetic field direction, due to the Pc5 E x B drift. The plasma parameters determined for the two lobes were used in theoretical calculations to predict the period of the observed resonance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 11147-11
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  • 22
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    Cratering mechanics (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Main concepts and theoretical models which are used for studying the mechanics of cratering are discussed. Numerical two-dimensional calculations are made of explosions near a surface and high-speed impact. Models are given for the motion of a medium during cratering. Data from laboratory modeling are given. The effect of gravitational force and scales of cratering phenomena is analyzed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88477 , NAS 1.15:88477
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  • 23
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    On the acceleration of the auroral plasma of the Earth due to conic instability (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The role of electrostatic conic instability in the diffusion of spilled particles and the acceleration of the auroral plasma of the Earth are numerically investigated by means of quasi-linear equations. Linear increments to the conic instability under magnetospheric conditions are introduced. The quasi-linear equation is averaged along tubes of force taking into account the drift across the magnetic field lines. It is shown that the existence of a conic instability leads to small spills and isotropic distribution of particles, but is also accompanied by significant acceleration of electrons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75638 , PR-430
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  • 24
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    Multicomponent diffusion and energy characteristics of partially ionized plasma in the ionosphere of a planet (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The problem of energy and multicomponent ambipolar diffusion of plasma in the lower ionosphere of a planet with a weak magnetic field is considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75409 , PREPRINT-123
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  • 25
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    The magnetic anomaly of the Ivreazone (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A magnetic field survey was made in the Ivreazone in 1969/70. The results were: significant anomaly of the vertical intensity is found. It follows the basic main part of the Ivrea-Verbano zone and continues to the south. The width of the anomaly is about 10 km, the maximum measures about +800 gamma. The model interpretation shows that possibly the anomaly belongs to an amphibolitic body, which in connection with the Ivrea-body was found by deep seismic sounding. Therefore, the magnetic anomaly provides further evidence for the conception that the Ivrea-body has to be regarded as a chip of earthmantle material pushed upward by tectonic processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75425
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  • 26
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    Soviet ship arrives next month for joint rocket tests (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-78-71 , P78-10072
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  • 27
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    Transmission functions for various models of the atmosphere for channels of Soviet and American radiometers (15 micron CO2 band) (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Listed are various graphs and tables for illustrations related to Point IX of a list of works conducted by the USSR in accordance with the Joint Soviet-American Research Program on improving methods of thermal sounding from satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75105
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  • 28
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    Joint document concerning geological studies from 1971 - 1975 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In 1971, a joint Soviet-Americam Working Group on Remote Sensing of the Natural Environment was established. It was organized into a number of discipline panels, one of which was on geology. Membership on this panel came from the Geological Survey of the United States and from the Institute of Geology of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and Ministry Geology of the U.S.S.R.. During the period 1971-1975, this panel conducted coordinated research in the use of space remote sensing data in the field of geology. A summary of that coordinated research effort is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78318
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  • 29
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    Satellite to measure equatorial ozone layer (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Atmosphere Explorer E (Explorer 55) Satellite is described. The satellite will gather information on the earth's upper atmosphere, particularly regarding the condition of the protective ozone layer. The satellite will also provide information concerning the earth's heat balance, and heat flow characteristics, and energy conversion mechanisms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-75-290
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  • 30
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    The planning and execution of ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft flights over Antarctica, August and September 1987 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The significant ozone loss in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica during recent austral springs was studied by instrumented ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft. Data on the homogeneous gas composition, polar stratospheric clouds, and on tracers for dynamic motion are provided. The mission design is described, the aircraft and their payloads are documented, and the flight tracks are specified.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11181-11
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  • 31
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    Plasma flows near the neutral sheet of the magnetotail (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Lepedea on board ISEE 1 is used to investigate the bulk flow plasma in the neutral sheet region (defined as the area where BX approx = O) of the magnetotail. For the majority of crossings there is no appreciable change in the macroscopic plasma parameters, i.e., the density, temperature and velocity of the plasma remain constant through the neutral sheet. This is true even during active periods, when AE is somewhat greater than 100nT. However, for a small number of crossings, all during disturbed times, large plasma bulk velocities abs. val V is greater than or = 300 km/s are observed. The velocity distributions during these events are qualitatively similar to those of the plasma sheet boundary layer that is usually observed at higher latitudes. The acceleration mechanism which creates the plasma sheet boundary layer extends to relatively small radial distances during these active periods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 32
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    NASA's geodynamics program (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The NASA geodynamics program covers dynamics of the core; dynamics and structure of the mantle; dynamics and structure of the lithosphere; evolution and composition of the Earth; and comparative planetology. Projects include crustal dynamics/Earth observations; gravity field modelling; and magnetic field studies. Planned space flights include global gravity and magnetic field mapping; magnetic field secular changes; gravity gradiometer mission; LAGEOS-2; and Earth Observing System.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of an ESA-NASA Workshop on a Joint Solid Earth Program; p 11-16
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  • 33
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    Causes and effects of a hole (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Preliminary results from the U.S. National Ozone Expedition (NOZE) to Antarctica are reviewed. The NOZE ozonesonde measurements showed significant vertical structure in the hole, with 80 percent depletion in some of the 1 km layers but only 20 percent in adjacent layers. The depletion was confined to the 12-20 km region, beginning first at higher altitude and progressing downward. This is strong evidence against the theory that the ozone hole is due to solar activity producing odd nitrogen at high altitudes which is transported downwards, leading to enhanced odd-nitrogen catalytic cycles that destroy ozone. Nitrous oxide data show unusually low concentrations within the polar vortex, which is evidence against the theory that the hole is caused by a purely dynamical mechanism in which rising air motions within the polar vortex lead to reduced column densities of ozone. It is tentatively concluded that a chemical mechanism involving man-made chlorofluorocarbons is the likely cause of ozone depletion in the hole.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 325; 297
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    Tectites of Vietnam. Tectites delivered by a comet: A hypothesis (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Tectites (tektites) are mysterious natural acid glasses that differ dramatically from terrestrial volcanic or impact glasses. There are many arguments that speak in favor of their non-terrestrial origin, and that is why the problem of their origin has an important scientific and historical significance. It is no accident that hundreds of publications written by specialists of various fields from all over the world are devoted to this issue. It is discussed at length in a collection of articles entitled 'Tectites' (1963,1973), as well as in the excellent monograph by O'Keefe (1976).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20103 , NAS 1.77:20103
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  • 35
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    Rock flows (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Rock flows are defined as forms of spontaneous mass movements, commonly found in mountainous countries, which have been studied very little. The article considers formations known as rock rivers, rock flows, boulder flows, boulder stria, gravel flows, rock seas, and rubble seas. It describes their genesis as seen from their morphological characteristics and presents a classification of these forms. This classification is based on the difference in the genesis of the rubbly matter and characterizes these forms of mass movement according to their source, drainage, and deposit areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88485 , NAS 1.15:88485
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    Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of Our Understanding of the Processes Controlling Its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Topics addressed include: stratospheric chemistry; tropospheric trace gas (sources, distributions, and trends); tropospheric chemistry (processes, controlling the ozone and hydroxyl radicals); stratosphere-troposphere exchange; dynamic processes; and radiative processes (solar and terrestrial).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-89237 , NAS 1.15:89237 , WMO-REPT-16-VOL-1
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    Observations of ionospheric magnetospheric coupling - DE and Chatanika coincidences (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Observations from several experiments on board the Dynamics Explorer 1 and 2 (DE 1 and 2) spacecraft and ground-based radar measurements from the Chatanika radar are combined in order to examine the details of ionospheric/magnetospheric coupling in the local evening sector. DE 1 and DE 2 were in coplanar polar orbits that provided measurements almost simultaneously in time and magnetically coincident with the Chatanika radar from L = 3 to L = 17. The coupling processes are inferred from the density, temperature, composition, and angular distributions of the low-energy plasma observed from the E region of the ionosphere to magnetospheric altitudes of 2.5 earth radii. Plasma characteristics of the plasmasphere, main trough, auroral zone, and polar cap can be studied in this data set. The observations imply that as L increases, the dominant coupling mechanism between the ionosphere and magnetosphere in the measured energy range changes from equilibrium diffusion to perpendicular acceleration and finally to parallel acceleration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 5803-581
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  • 38
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    The menagerie of geospace plasma waves (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The sounding rocket and satellite observations of space plasma waves within geospace in the frequency range from millihertz to megahertz are studied. Characteristic frequencies and source mechanisms of the plasma waves are described. The use of the Dynamic Explorer-1 Plasma Wave Instrument spectrograms to represent the plasma wave antenna and receiver system of geospace is examined. The ray tracing technique calculates the path of energy flow; the equations required for the analysis are presented. Cross-correlation of the wave electric and magnetic components provide data used to calculate the wave polarization, the direction of propagation, and the wave distribution function.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 42; 257-274
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  • 39
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    Monthly mean distribution of ozone and temperature (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Global monthly mean charts for both hemispheres are given for four mid-season months, and for the pressure levels 30, 10, 1, and 0.1 mbar for temperature and 0.4 mbar for ozone. Charts of total ozone are provided separately. This set of charts shows clearly the very close coupling between the temperature and ozone distributions and demonstrates the influence of the large-scale planetary waves which give rise to very large longitudinal variations. The regular and interannual variability of temperature and ozone are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 54 p
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  • 40
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    Spectroscopic database (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Several aspects of quantitative atmospheric spectroscopy are considered, using a classification of the molecules according to the gas amounts in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, and reviews of quantitative atmospheric high-resolution spectroscopic measurements and field measurements systems are given. Laboratory spectroscopy and spectral analysis and prediction are presented with a summary of current laboratory spectroscopy capabilities. Spectroscopic data requirements for accurate derivation of atmospheric composition are discussed, where examples are given for space-based remote sensing experiments of the atmosphere: the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecule) and UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite) experiment. A review of the basic parameters involved in the data compilations; a summary of information on line parameter compilations already in existence; and a summary of current laboratory spectroscopy studies are used to assess the data base.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 41 p
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  • 41
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    Trace gas effects on climate (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The two primary objectives are to describe the new scientific challenges posed by the trace gas-climate problem and to summarize current strategies, and to make an assessment of the trace gas effects on troposphere-stratosphere temperature trends. Numerous reports on CO2-climate problems are examined with respect to climate modeling issues. The role of the oceans in governing the transient climate response to time varying CO2 concentrations is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 76 p
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  • 42
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    Model predictions of ozone changes (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The predictions of several one-dimensional models were examined for a number of prescribed scenarios in steady-state or time-dependent approximations. A small number of two-dimensional steady-state calculations for a limited number of scenarios were compared with the results of one-dimensional models. The sensitivity of the calculated predictions to the values of input parameters were examined in order to assess recognized uncertainties in these predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Its Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 70 p
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    Oxygen species (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The spatial distribution of ozone, as predicted by numerical models, is compared with observations. A set of reference ozone profiles was developed against which to compare current numerical calculations. Most of the analyses will focus on ozone between 30 and 70 km altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 2; 42 p
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  • 44
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    Assessment models (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The types of models used in assessment of possible chemical perturbations to the stratosphere are reviewed. The statue of one and two dimensional models are discussed. The problem of model validation is covered before the status of photochemical modeling efforts is discussed. A hierarchy of tests for photochemical models is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 74 p
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  • 45
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    Evolution of a meteorite crater as a process of random displacements (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An examination of the ages and sizes of 114 terrestrial impact craters shows that their aging kinetics can be described by the diffusion laws. The macrodiffusion coefficient which determines random displacements of mineral masses on the Earth has a mean value of 0.02 sq m/year. The amount of matter in a crater that contains information about the impact event decreases with time according to the 1/T law. The basic characteristic parameter of a crater is its initial area, inasmuch as sufficiently large craters are nearly surficial formations. The relaxation time of a crater is proportional to its initial area.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88428 , NAS 1.15:88428
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  • 46
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    Formation of the central uplift in meteoric craters (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data are presented on the sizes of impact craters with central uplifts on the earth, moon, and terrestrial planets. It is proposed that the central uplift of the Kara crater in the USSR was formed by impact metamorphism of rocks along a crater having a depth of about 600 meters. A theoretical analysis of the mechanics of hypervelocity impact cratering is used to investigate the features of shock-wave attenuation in the depths of the target and the amount of impact melt formed during this process. An attempt is made to determine the velocity of rock motion during the formation of central uplifts in terrestrial craters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88427 , NAS 1.15:88427
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  • 47
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    Electrical conductivity of rocks at high pressures and temperatures (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The results of studies of the electrical conductivity in the most widely distributed types of igneous rocks, at temperatures of up to 1200 C, at atmospheric pressure, and also at temperatures of up to 700 C and at pressures of up to 20,000 kg/sq cm are described. The figures of electrical conductivity, of activaation energy and of the preexponential coefficient are presented and the dependence of these parameters on the petrochemical parameters of the rocks are reviewed. The possible electrical conductivities for the depository, granite and basalt layers of the Earth's crust and of the upper mantle are presented, as well as the electrical conductivity distribution to the depth of 200 to 240 km for different geological structures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77687 , NAS 1.15:77687
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    Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) is a satellite system proposed to determine variations in the gravitational and magnetic fields to a resolution of about 100 kilometers. Knowledge and interpretations of the potential fields on scales of 100 kilometers and greater, to clarify the needs for better data in this range of wavelengths were reviewed. The potential contribution of these data to the determination, by satellite altimetry, of a more accurate geoidal reference was discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-2390 , NAS 1.55:2390 , Oct 29, 1984 - Oct 31, 1984; College Park, MD; United States
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    Rheology of glacier ice (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A new method for calculating the stress field in bounded ice shelves is used to compare strain rate and deviatoric stress on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The analysis shows that strain rate (per second) increases as the third power of deviatoric stress (in newtons/sq meter), with a constant of proportionality equal to 2.3 x 10 to the -25th.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 227; 1335-133
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    Selection of a model of Earth's albedo radiation, practical calculation of its effect on the trajectory of a satellite (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Theoretical models of Earth's albedo radiation was proposed. By comparing disturbing accelerations computed from a model to those measured in flight with the CACTUS Accelerometer, modified according to the results. Computation of the satellite orbit perturbations from a model is very long because for each position of this satellite the fluxes coming from each elementary surface of the terrestrial portion visible from the satellite must be summed. The speed of computation is increased ten times without significant loss of accuracy thanks to a stocking of some intermediate results. Now it is possible to confront the orbit perturbations computed from the selected model with the measurements of these perturbations found with satellite as LAGEOS.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77870 , NAS 1.15:77870
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    Study of the physical properties of crystalline rocks in the southeast Voronezh anteclise (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The physical properties of rocks, in the crystalline mass of the Voronezh anteclise, were studied. The study of the physical properties of rocks is important for the improvement of geophysical methods for mapping crystalline rocks in the foundation and exploration of different geological objects which are associated with the crystalline foundation, covered by the sedimentary mantle. It is found that: (1) rocks in the crystalline foundation are very different in physical properties; (2) the physical properties are closely related to their substance composition and genesis; (3) petrographic properties give clues of rock afficiation to certain complexes; and (4) physical and magnetic properties should be examined by petrography, chemical and X-ray analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77823 , NAS 1.15:77823
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  • 52
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    Measurements of the temperature profile in the stratosphere from Chanin, Hauchecorne MAP handbook no. 13, 1984 p 87-99 (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change; 4 p; NASA-TM-104980
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  • 53
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    The upper atmosphere: Threshold of space (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NP-105 , NAS 1.83:105
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  • 54
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    The role of NASA in geodynamics research - Past and future (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA participation in geophysics and geodynamics studies is addressed. Recent NASA activities in these areas are reviewed and plans and suggestions for the future are outlined. International cooperative activities in geophysics and geodynamics are briefly examined. New technologies that will be applied are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 70; 713
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    Three-dimensional magnetosheath plasma ion distributions from 200 eV to 2 MeV (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper presents initial measurements, made with ISEE 1 plasma and energetic-particle instruments, of the three-dimensional magnetosheath plasma ion flow and the spectrum over the energy range of 200 eV to 2 MeV, obtained on two magnetosheath traversals, one on the dawn (December 19, 1977) and the other on the dusk (July 7, 1978) flanks of the magnetosphere. The data suggest that the magnetosheath plasma ion population often consisted of a shocked solar wind component, of energy not greater than 5 keV, and a magnetospheric high-energy (not below 5 keV) component. The shocked solar wind component generally behaved independently of the magnetic field direction, indicating that the magnetic field was carried along in the bulk plasma flow. The high-energy tail was highly modulated by the magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 12783-12
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    The reaction of the atmosphere to solar disturbances (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The effect of solar flares on the thermosphere and the troposphere is investigated. It is found that during periods of geoeffect solar disturbances, there is a connection between phenomena in the upper and lower atmospheres and that variations in atmospheric parameters correlate with changes in the geomagnetic index.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75500 , All-Union Conf. on Sun Atmosphere Relations in Climate Theory and Weather Forecasts; Oct 30, 1972 - Nov 01, 1972; Moscow
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    Recent results of radio interferometric determinations of a transcontinental baseline, polar motion, and earth rotation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Results are discussed for radio interferometric observations of extragalactic radio sources with antennas at Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory in California (3900-km baseline) during 14 separate experiments distributed between September 1976 and May 1978. Simultaneous analysis of the data from several experiments yields estimates of changes in the x component of pole position and in earth's rotation (UT1). Comparison with the corresponding results obtained by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) reveals systematic differences. In particular, the trends in the radio interferometric determinations of the changes in pole position are found to agree more closely with those from the International Polar Motion Service and from Doppler observations of satellites than with those from the BIH.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Time and the earth''s rotation; Eighty-second Symposium; May 08, 1978 - May 12, 1978; San Fernando; Spain
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    Global distribution of ozone for various seasons (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A technique which was used to obtain a catalog of the seasonal global distribution of ozone is presented. The technique is based on the simultaneous use of 1964-1975 data on the total ozone content from a worldwide network of ozonometric stations and on the vertical ozone profile from ozone sounding stations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75435
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  • 59
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    Altitudes of the lower edge of the artificial auroral rays on the basis of the observations in the Zarnitsa-2 experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Some results of optical television measurements in the Zarnitsa-2 experiment are presented. The altitudes of the lower edge of artificial auroral rays were determined by the triangulation method and are compared with theoretical calculations of these altitudes based on the Jacchia and CIRA models of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75631
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    Anomaly of the composition of the F-2 equatorial region of the ionosphere during the hours after sunset according to data from the mass-spectrometer experiment on the Cosmos-274 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mass spectrometer on board Cosmos-274 measured concentrations of light atoms and ions. While traversing the geomagnetic equator during the evening hours it recorded on anomalous drop in ionized molecular oxygen and ionized atomic oxygen and nitrogen. A similar, less dramatic, decline was observed in the concentration of neutral atomic oxygen. A possible explanation for this and previously observed behavior is an ascent in altitude of the F layer in the hours after sunset, a possibility which is supported by calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75615 , PR-331
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  • 61
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    Present status and future prospects for NASA's program in geodynamics (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview of NASA's involvement in developing systems for precise determination of polar motion, earth rotation, and position on the earth's surface is given. The observational methods discussed are laser ranging to the moon and to artificial satellites, and very long baseline microwave interferometry. A plan for a geodynamics program to apply space technology to research in earth dynamics is outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Appl. of Geodesy to Geodyn., an Intern. Symp.; p 39
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    Internal gravity waves in the upper atmosphere, generated by tropospheric jet streams (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mechanism of internal gravity wave generation by jet streams in the troposphere is considered. Evaluations of the energy and pulse of internal gravity waves emitted into the upper atmosphere are given. The obtained values of flows can influence the thermal and dynamic regime of these layers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75407
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  • 63
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    Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The mathematical theory of inversion methods is applied to the remote sounding of atmospheric temperature, humidity, and aerosol constituents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-004 , Dec 15, 1976 - Dec 17, 1976; Hampton, VA; United States
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    Simultaneous equatorial observations of 1- to 30-Hz waves and pitch angle distributions of ring current ions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Eighteen events of large-amplitude (0.4-6 gammas) waves which may be propagating in the ion cyclotron mode have een observed by Explorer 45. Comparison with simultaneously measured proton distributions has allowed the events to be divided into two categories. The first category consists of waves accompanied by enhanced ion fluxes apparently injected into the plasmasphere with anisotropic pitch-angle distributions. This simultaneity suggests that these waves may be generated by the observed ring-current ions. Waves in the second category were found near or outside the plasmapause and were not correlated with any identifiable changes in the observed proton distribution. The generation mechanism for these waves remains unknown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Dec. 1
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    Explorer 45 wave observations during the large magnetic storm of August 4-5, 1972 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The magnetospheric compression associated with the very large magnetic storm of August 4-5, 1972, provided an opportunity for Explorer 45 to observe plasma waves in the magnetosphere and the magnetosheath during extremely disturbed conditions. Electrostatic noise bursts were observed near the plasmapause in electric-field channels from 35 Hz to 5.62 kHz. In the outer magnetosphere, electric-field noise bands apparently harmonically related to the electron gyrofrequency with components as low as 3 kHz and as high as 50 kHz were observed. The electric field of the fundamental was perpendicular to the magnetic-field vector. A mechanism including the electron cyclotron instability may generate the noise band. Hiss of 100-1000 Hz was observed in the outer magnetosphere. The electromagnetic hiss was generally weak and was observed in the magnetic wide-band data only when it was strong. In the magnetosheath broad band, incoherent noise (hiss) was observed from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. This magnetosheath hiss was the strongest phenomenon observed by the plasma-wave detectors during the lifetime of Explorer 45. The highest intensities of magnetosheath hiss occurred at the magnetopause. Its broad-band nature suggests that magnetosheath hiss was generated locally. Broad-band noise bursts and short bursts of chorus were also observed in the magnetosheath.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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    Tables of spectral transmission of the atmosphere in the 2660-2750 cm(-1) and 810-980 cm(-1) ranges (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Thermal sounding data from satellites are presented together with a description of transmission function calculations. Tables contain experimental values for transmission of the entire thickness of the atmosphere for two regions of the spectrum: at 2660 to 2750 cm/1 and at 810 to 980 cm/1. The spectrum was recorded on an infrared spectrophotometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75104
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    National Geodetic Satellite Program, Part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The work performed by individual contributors to the National Geodetic Satellite Program is presented. The purpose of the organization, the instruments used in obtaining the data, a description of the data itself, the theory used in processing the data, and evaluation of the results are detailed for the participating organizations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-SP-365-PT-1
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    NASA, Soviet joint sounding rocket tests (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-77-151 , P77-10150
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  • 69
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    Radiometer at a frequency of 108-120 GHz for study of the earth's atmosphere (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Calculated and experimental design and operating characteristics of a 108-120 GHz superheterodyne radiometer with intermediate frequency modulation and a second harmonic frequency converter are presented and discussed. With a 1 sec time constant, the radiometer fluctuation sensitivity threshold is 1 K, without degradation in 2 hours of operation. Graphs of frequency variations, calibration, conversion loss, rectified current, fixed bias voltage, and contact needle impedance are included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75562 , PR-281
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  • 70
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    Present state of knowledge of the upper atmosphere 1988: An assessment report (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This document was issued in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, Public Law 95-95, mandating that NASA and other key agencies submit biennial reports to Congress and EPA. NASA is to report on the state of our knowledge of the upper atmosphere, particularly the stratosphere. This is the sixth ozone assessment report submitted to Congress and the concerned regulatory agencies. Part 1 contains an outline of the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program and summaries of the research efforts supported during the last two years. An assessment is presented of the state of knowledge as of March 15, 1988 when the Ozone Trends Panel, organized by NASA and co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization, NOAA, FAA and the United Nations Environment Program released an executive summary of its findings from a critical in-depth study involving over 100 scientists from 12 countries. Chapter summaries of the International Ozone Trends Panel Report form the major part of this report. Two other sections are Model Predictions of Future Ozone Change and Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling. Each of these sections and the report in its entirety were peer reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-RP-1208 , NAS 1.61:1208
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    Bilateral symmetry elements of the Zhamanshin impact crater (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The internal structure of the Zhamanshin impact structure and the nature of rocks developed within it are studied to establish the impact structure parameters. It is found that the diameter of the visible crater is about 13 km. The small annular structures observed are found to not be secondary craters, and no correlation is found between the asymmetrical distribution of ejecta material and the arrangement of these annular forms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20288 , NAS 1.77:20288
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  • 72
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    Nitrogen species (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Total odd nitrogen, NO(y), may be defined as the sum of all active nitrogen species that interchange photochemically with one another on a time scale of the order of weeks or less. As noted, NO + NO2 reactions dominate the processes controlling the ozone balance in the contemporary stratosphere. The observational data from non-satellite platforms are reviewed. The growth in available satellite data in the past four years is considered. Some of the most important scientific issues are discussed, taking into account new results from atmospheric models (mainly 2-D). The model results are compared with the observational data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 2; 110 p
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  • 73
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    On the possibility of analytical approximation of line forms during random disorders of the resonance frequencies in molecular vibration-rotation spectra for satellite sounding (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The generalization spectral line contour concept and formulas for a two component mixture, as well as consequences of the general formula are discussed. The calculation procedure, initial information, calculation results and comparison of calculations with available experimental data, for radiation absorption in three CO2 bands are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75655
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  • 74
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    Study of the 10 micron continuum of water vapor (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Radiation attenuation by atmospheric water vapor is considered. A formula based on laboratory data is recommended for approximating continuous absorption in the spectra region in question. Data of full scale measurements and laboratory experiments are compared. It was concluded that only molecular absorption need be taken into account under clear atmospheric conditions during the warm part of the year, while in winter or in cloudy conditions, the effect of aerosol can be significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75650
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  • 75
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    Results of the measurement of the vertical profile of ozone up to a height of 70 km by means of the MR-12 and M-100 sounding rockets (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The photometers used and methods of calculation of the vertical ozone concentration profile are described. The results obtained in several series of MR-12 and M-100 sounding rocket launchings are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75380
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  • 76
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    SAGE to examine Earth's stratosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The SAGE mission is discussed along with the role of the Nimbus 7 experiment. Other topics discussed include: ground truth measurements, data collection and processing, SAGE instrumentation, and launch sequence.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-6 , P79-10006
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  • 77
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    Direct method for solving transfer equation by expansion in spherical harmonics: Scattering in atmosphere with Lambertian lower boundary and thermal radiation transfer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The direct method for the solution of the spherical harmonics approximation to the equation of transfer of radiation is applied to the cases of (1) scattering of the solar radiation in the atmosphere with the Lambertian boundary and (2) thermal radiation transfer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75549 , PR-307
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  • 78
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    Global Geospace Science Programme (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Program, an element of the international Solar Terrestrial Physics Program dedicated to the study of the global plasma dynamics of the solar-terrestrial environment, is discussed. Past research on the injection of solar wind ions into the magnetosphere and on the detection of ions in the terrestrial ring current of both solar wind and ionospheric origins is reviewed, showing its relevance for the GGS program. Research on the interplanetary magnetic field, the auroral electrojet, the outer magnetosphere, the geomagnetic tail, the ionospheric electric field and the related electron precipitation is also addressed. The results demonstrate that the solar wind and the ionsophere both contribute to the magnetospheric particle population. Unanswered questions regarding hot plasma sources, transport processes, energy storage in the magnetic field, and energization of plasmas are discussed. The relevant mission strategy, instrumentation, theory and modeling, and data collection are addressed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0007-084X); 41; 81-93
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  • 79
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    Instrument intercomparisons and assessments (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Over the past few years, several field campaigns were devoted to the goal of assessing instrument reliability, as opposed to solely obtaining data to answer a geophysical question. Some examples of the formal instrument intercomparisons that have occurred in the past decade and those that are planned for the very near future are listed chronologically. Balloon-borne techniques and instruments that address the height profiles of the trace species in the lower stratosphere are emphasized. Beginning with the most extensively studied trace constituent, the approach taken and the results obtained, are described. The current status of the measurement capabilities are summarized, and the needs for future intercomparisons and assessments are listed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 31 p
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  • 80
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    Ozone and temperature trends (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The measurement of temporal changes in ozone and temperature are discussed. The data are examined within the context of natural atmospheric variability and data problems. The results are compared to numerical model calculations. The major issues are defined in terms of goal achievement. Each parameter is considered in terms of instrument type, long term effects, and altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 34 p
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    Effects of chemical releases by the STS 3 orbiter on the ionosphere (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Plasma Diagnostics Package, flown aboard STS-3 as part of the first Shuttle payload (OSS-1), recorded the effects of various chemical releases from the Orbiter. Changes in the plasma environment was observed during flash evaporator system releases, water dumps and maneuvering thruster operations. During flash evaporator operations, broadband Orbiter-generated electrostatic noise was enhanced and plasma density irregularities were observed to increase by 3 to 30 times with a spectrum which rose steeply and peaked below 6 Hz. In the case of water dumps, background electrostatic noise was enhanced at frequencies below about 3 kHz and suppressed at frequencies above 2 kHz. Thruster activity also stimulated electrostatic noise with a spectrum which peaked at approximately 0.5 kHz. In addition, ions with energies up to 1 keV were seen during some thruster events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 3487-349
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  • 82
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    Results of measurement of the night corpuscular flux on the MR-12 rockets in the JASPIC project (Soviet part of the program) (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: In June 1978, a joint Soviet-American project (JASPIC) was conducted, the goals of which were: (1) the study of the flows of spilling electrons which act upon the middle-latitude ionosphere under nocturnal conditions (nocturnal corpuscular source of ionization); and (2) the mutual comparison of procedures for recording corpuscular radiations in the upper atmosphere, using meteorological and geophysical rockets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75691
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  • 83
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    Problems with the interpretation of paleomagnetic measurements due to studies of basalts from the Paleovolcano Vogelsberg in Hessen (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The palaeomagnetic parameters of more than 5,000 samples of cores taken from 33 drilling holes through innumerable basalt units of the Vogelsberg Paleovolcano in Hessen were measured. Measurements of specimens of thin and thick layers without any gap proved that inclination, natural remanence, susceptibility and Konigsberger factor were dependent on their distance from the surface of units, layers, lamelles, etc. Therefore, representative data for the evaluation of palaeomagnetic measurements can be expected only in the interior part of lava flows and intrusions. The statistic method which enclosed all values of measurements gave significant data which was not appropriate for the interpretation of palaeomagnetic and geological events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75355
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    Vector diagram of the chemical compositions of tektites and earth lavas (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The chemical compositions of tektites and various volcanic glasses, similar in composition to tektites are compared by a petrochemical method. The advantage of the method is that a large number of chemical analyses of igneous rocks can be graphically compared with the help of vectors, plotted in relation to six parameters. These parameters, calculated from ratios of the main oxides given by silicate analysis, reflect the chief characteristics of igneous rock. Material for the study was suppled by data from chemical analysis characterizing tektites of all known locations and data from chemical analyses of obsidians similar in chemical composition to tektites of various petrographical provinces.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75371
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  • 85
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    Tectonic asymmetry of the earth and other planets (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The structures of Earth, Mars, Venus, and the Moon are examined and compared. Global tectonic characteristics are presented for each. A comparison of the tectonics reveals the structural asymetry of these planets and the moon. Tectonic asymmetry information for the group is used to interpret certain aspects of the earth's geological past.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75576
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  • 86
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    Optical characteristics of the earth's surface and atmosphere from the point of view of the remote sensing of natural resources: Review of the contemporary status of the problem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Widely used remote probing methods, and especially the multispectral method, for studying the earth from aerospace platforms necessitate the systematization and accumulation of data on the relationships between remote observations and measured parameters and characteristic properties and conditions of phenomena on the earth's surface. Data were presented on the optical characteristics of natural objects which arise during observations of these objects over a wide spectral interval which encompasses solar radiation reflected by the object as well as the object's inherent thermal radiation. The influence of the earth's atmosphere on remote measurements and several problems in simulation and calculation are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75548 , PR-287
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    Satellite interferometric measurements of auroral kilometric radiation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The first satellite interferometric measurements of auroral kilometric radiation were performed by cross-correlating the waveforms detected by the ISEE 1 and ISEE 2 spacecraft. High correlations were found for all projected baselines, with little or no tendency to decrease even for the longest baselines. For incoherent radiation, the correlation as a function of the baseline is the Fourier transform of the source brightness distribution, implying an average source region diameter for all of the bursts analyzed of less than about 10 km. For such small source diameters, the required growth rates are too large to be explained by existing incoherent theories, strongly indicating that the radiation must be coherent. For coherent radiation, an upper limit to the source region diameter can be inferred instead from the angular width of the radiation pattern. The angular width of the radiation pattern must be at least 2.5 deg, implying that the diameter of the source must be less than about 20 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A176460 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1105-110
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  • 88
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    Dynamical processes (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The techniques used to observe the middle atmosphere; the zonally-averaged and eddy structure of the middle atmosphere; seasonal variations and interannual variability; theoretical understanding of the middle atmospheric circulation are discussed. Recent satellite-based observational studies of stratospheric transport process, as revealed by the behavior of constituents and of potential vorticity (a dynamical tracer) are reviewed. The theory of global transport and its representation in transport models is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 110 p
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  • 89
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    International rocket project to compare ozone sensors (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-130 , P79-10128
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  • 90
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    Microseismic study of the interandine valley between Latacunga and Cuayllabamba (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The present state of two active volcanoes and the principal active seismic faults in a 100 km area from Quito to Toacaso, Ecuador was studied. A brief seismic history of the region is reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75370
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  • 91
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    Effect of solar activity on the frequency of occurrence of major anomalies in the Arctic (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Major air pressure and temperature anomalies in certain arctic regions were studied with a view toward predicting their occurrence. Correlations are sought between the frequency of arctic anomalies and solar activity, or specifically the Wolf number and the index of geomagnetic disturbance. Graphic techniques are used to show that solar activity has a definite influence on the frequency of occurrence of major anomalies of pressure and temperature in the Arctic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75347
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  • 92
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    The NASA program on upper atmospheric research (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The purpose of the NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program is to develop a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur in the earth's upper atmosphere with emphasis on the stratosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74608
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  • 93
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    Observations of plasma distributions during the coordinated data analysis workshop substorms of March 31 to April 1, 1979 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: On March 31 and April 1, 1979, a sequence of substorms was recorded on the ground. During the entire active period the ISEE 1 and 2 satellites were located in the magnetotail, between 22 R(E) and 12 R(E) from the earth. Observations of plasma distributions made at varying levels of activity during these substorms provide good examples of typical magnetotail responses. While the entire magnetotail undergoes temporal variations during substorm activity, the most obvious effect seen is spatial motion of preexisting plasma regimes; for example, at substorm onset the central plasma sheet contracts. This can cause a spacecraft to move from the plasma sheet into the boundary layer. As the plasma sheet boundary layer almost always comprises streaming plasma, the high-speed flows observed there are not necessarily due to the substorm process. The essential nature of the main plasma regions of the magnetotail is relatively unchanged during high activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A180501 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2377-238
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    Tropospheric chemistry (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The chemistry of the background troposphere, the source region, and the transition regions are discussed. The troposphere is governed by heterogeneous chemistry far more so than the stratosphere. Heterogeneous processes of interest involve scavenging of trace gases by aerosols, cloud and precipitation elements leading to aqueous phase chemical reactions and to temporary and permanent removal of material from the gas phase. Dry deposition is a major removal process for ozone, as well as for other gases of importance in tropospheric photochemistry. These processes are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 36 p
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    Strat-trop exchange (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere is important to the chemical composition of both regions. The export of ozone from the stratosphere provides the troposphere with a means of initiating photochemistry. The precursor molecules originating from the planetary surface provide the stratosphere with its chemical feedstock from which the ozone-controlling HO(x), NO(x), and Cl(x) photochemistries are driven. The tropopause is defined both statistically and in a local, synoptic sense by the value P(sub theta) = .000016 K sq m/kg/s, taken from an objective analysis of 8 years of zonal, temporal mean cross sections of potential temperature, wind and potential vorticity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 92 p
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    Radiative processes (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Solar radiation and the processes that control its deposition in the Earth atmosphere are considered. The published data obtained since 1978 define a reference solar spectral irradiance for use in atmospheric chemical and dynamical studies, while long term satellite measurements are now providing information on variations in the output of the Sun over a range of time scales. As concerns absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere, new cross section data for molecular oxygen and ozone are now available. Line-by-line calculations used to predict infrared flux divergences, both as regards assumptions made in radiative transfer calculations and in the spectroscopic parameters used as inputs are examined. Also examined are the influence of radiative processes on planetary scale wave activity, photochemical acceleration of radiative damping, and the breakdown of local thermodynamic equilibrium at mesospheric altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 46 p
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    Kinetics and photochemistry Golden, D. M. (1985)
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    Description: The data for chemical kinetics rate constants and photochemical cross sections taken from a compilation prepared in early 1985, entitled Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 16 p
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    A study of the effect of synoptic scale processes in GCM modelling (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Research was conducted to help modeling groups at NASA to develop better weather forecasting and general circulation models (GCM) for activities relating to the meteorological uses of satellite data. The focus was on the physical processes that were being simulated by models: radiative effects and latent heat release associated with clouds; orographic influences; and heat transfer at the ocean and ice surfaces. An attempt was made to deduce the role of diabatic heating in North Atlantic cyclogenesis and in the global heat budget. Inferences were made in four studies: heat budget statistics from GCM assimilations; dynamics of north Atlantic cyclones; Cage-type energy budget calculations; and grid scale cloud formation. Mechanisms that were responsible for the variability and structure of the atmospheric on a hemispheric scale were studied by a hybrid of statistical analysis and theoretical modeling. Variability and structure are both related to synoptic scale processes through baroclinic and barotropic energy transformations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-184804 , NAS 1.26:184804
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    Outer atmospheric research - One tether capability (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: One specific tether application of far-reaching promise would be to conduct outer atmospheric research by using a tethered subsatellite deployed downward from an orbiting 'mother' craft such as the Shuttle Orbiter. This capability would gather scientific and engineering/technology information about the outer atmosphere, primarily from 150 km down to perhaps 90 km. This paper presents current determinations of specific user needs, tether capabilities, and technological and program requirements to fulfill this application of tethers in space.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Intl. Conference on Space Tethers for Science in the Space Station Era; Oct 04, 1987 - Oct 08, 1987; Venice; Italy
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    Relations between extensional tectonics and magmatism within the Southern Oklahoma aulacogen (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Variations in the geometry, distribution and thickness of Cambrian igneous and sedimentary units within southwest Oklahoma are related to a late Proterozoic - early Paleozoic rifting event which formed the Southern Oklahoma aulacogen. These rock units are exposed in the Wichita Mountains, southwest Olkahoma, located on the northern margin of a Proterozoic basin, identified in the subsurface by COCORP reflection data. Overprinting of the Cambrian extensional event by Pennyslvanian tectonism obsured the influence of pre-existing basement structures and contrasting basement lithologies upon the initial development of the aulacogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Papers Presented to the Conference on Heat and Detachment in Crustal Extension on Continents and Planets; p 71-75
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