ALBERT

Beschreibung: Media inform the public, thereby influencing societal debates and political decisions. Despite climate change’s importance, drivers of media attention to climate change remain differently understood. Here we assess how different sociopolitical and extreme weather events affect climate change media coverage, both immediately and in the weeks following the event. To this end, we construct a data set of over 90,000 climate change articles published in nine major German newspapers over the past three decades and apply fixed effects panel regressions to control for confounders. We find that United Nations Climate Change Conferences affect coverage most strongly and most persistently. Climate protests incite climate coverage that extends well beyond the reporting on the event itself, whereas many articles on weather extremes do not mention climate change. The influence of all events has risen over time, increasing the media prominence of climate change.

Beschreibung: The distribution of fresh-water fishes like that of other groups, has been widely utilized by zoogeographers, but with widely divergent acumen and success. At one extreme are those non-ichthyologists who have uncritically utilized for evidence certain groups whose distribution happens to support whatever theory they may be espousing. At the other extreme is the work of careful ichthyologists like DE BEAUFORT (1913) and REGAN (1922) whose thorough knowledge of the groups with which they are working demands the most careful consideration of their conclusions.\nHowever, no zoogeographer who utilizes the evidence of diverse groups can be familiar at first hand with all of them, and the difficulty facing such workers is that of seeking out the really dependable evidence in those groups he does not know well. Aside from the difficulty of selecting dependable authorities or systematic works, the zoogeographer desiring to use the evidence of fresh-water fishes has another troublesome matter to contend with. This is the differing tolerance of salt-water exhibited by different groups of fresh-water fishes. As one example, and one which has frequently troubled zoogeographers, we may mention the Galaxiidae, fresh-water fishes of Southern South America, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, whose distribution has been held by some to be evidence for continental drift or southern intercontinental land-bridges. Ichthyologists now know that these fishes are, as a group, salt-tolerant and possibly either anadromous or catadromous, and that they are not really strong evidence for continental connections simply because it seems possible that they may cross ocean barriers.

Beschreibung: For certain reasons I wished to train a young chimpanzee to choose from two similar boxes the one characterised by the ticking of a metronome inside it.\nMy subject was a young male chimpanzee (Pan leucoprymnus Lesson), approximately three years old, Tommy by name. He was a good-natured chap, quite tame, and already for some years in captivity. When we knew each other a little better, he would welcome me every morning with a hearty \xe2\x80\x9cuhuh\xe2\x80\x9d, as soon as he heard my steps, and after the experiments of the day we would take leave by shaking hands as old friends. Tommy was rather lazy and not so playful as most young chimpanzees, but this quality made working with him easier and more regular. With a few exceptions it did not give much trouble to make 50\xe2\x80\x9460 trials with him each day.

Beschreibung: Wanneer iemand een periode van zijn leven afgesloten ziet, tracht hij voor zichzelf een balans op te maken van de vervlogen jaren. Wanneer hij in die tijd een openbare functie heeft bekleed, zullen ook anderen dat doen. Voor die anderen is dat een moeilijke opgave, want is het schrijven van een necrologie al een moeilijke zaak, het schrijven over een nog levend man van karakter, die het zeker niet zal waarderen in zijn gezicht geprezen te worden, is nog oneindig moeilijker. Toch maak ik dankbaar van de gelegenheid gebruik om de figuur van den scheidenden professor IHLE tenminste voor \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n maal voor het voetlicht te halen, dat hij altijd zo graag heeft willen ontlopen.\nMijn eerste herinnering dateert van begin October 1925, toen de nieuwbenoemde professor, waar wij, jonge studenten, met zoveel spanning naar hadden uitgezien, plotseling op het tweedejaarspracticum verscheen, daar een rondgang maakte en ons vervolgens getwee\xc3\xabn in zijn kamer ontbood voor een eerste kennismaking. Daarna kwam, op 26 October de oratie, het offici\xc3\xable begin van de voornaamste periode in zijn loopbaan.

Beschreibung: Een Zilvermeeuw voert zijn jongen op de volgende wijze: hij loopt in eigenaardig gebukte houding, een \xe2\x80\x9eklaaglijk\xe2\x80\x9d klinkende, langgerekte \xe2\x80\x9eau\xe2\x80\x9d-roep uitende, op de jongen toe, braakt grote brokken halfverteerd voedsel uit, neemt hiervan een klein stukje tussen de snavelpunten en houdt dat een jong voor. Het kuiken pikt naar de snavelpunt, aanvankelijk nog met betrekkelijk slecht gerichte bewegingen en herhaalt dit totdat het een stukje voedsel in de snavel krijgt, dat het dan doorslikt. Soms ook pikt het kuiken zelf van het op de grond liggende braaksel.\nHet is HEINROTH, die zovele vogelsoorten en ook Zilvermeeuwen uit het ei opgekweekt heeft, opgevallen dat de kuikens al dadelijk na het uitkomen de neiging tonen, \xe2\x80\x9enach unten zu picken, wenn man ihnen mit der Greifzange Futter darreicht, vor allem gerne nach roten Gegenst\xc3\xa4nden...\xe2\x80\x9d Hij geeft dan een interpretatie van de natuurlijke situatie waarbij deze bewegingswijze naar zijn mening wel zal passen, door te vervolgen: \xe2\x80\x9e... also nach Fleisch. Sie rechnen eben damit, dass die ankommenden Eltern ihnen die Nahrung nicht vorhalten, sondern vorlegen, indem sie sie ihnen vorw\xc3\xbcrgen.\xe2\x80\x9d (HEINROTH 1928, Dl. 3. p. 47).

Beschreibung: Tijdens het directoraat van Prof. Dr. J. E. W. IHLE is mij op het Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Laboratorium steeds vrijheid gelaten om bij de studenten belangstelling te wekken voor hydrobiologisch onderzoek. Hoewel de Hoogleraar IHLE dit onderdeel der biologie zelf niet beoefende, verleende hij hiervoor met grote bereidwilligheid alle materi\xc3\xable steun, waartoe de bescheiden middelen van het laboratorium hem in staat stelden. Wij beschikken thans dan ook over een kern van literatuur op hydrobiologisch gebied, waartoe niet weinig heeft bijgedragen de aankoop van de gehele separatencollectie van wijlen Dr. H. C. REDEKE, waarvoor de steun van de Vereeniging \xe2\x80\x9eHet Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congres\xe2\x80\x9d werd verkregen.\nOnder auspici\xc3\xabn van het Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Laboratorium werden in de jaren 1940 en 1941 cursussen georganiseerd op het gebied der hydrobiologie, waaraan respectievelijk 35 en 43 studenten deelnamen. Op deze cursussen werden door de volgende sprekers het woord gevoerd. In September 1940 door Dr. H. C REDEKE over Watertypen in Nederland, door Dr. B. HAVINGA over de Fauna van het IJselmeer, door Mej. A. P. C. DE VOS over Leeftijden van vissen en de biologie van de snoekbaars, door Dr. J. HEIMANS over Desmidiace\xc3\xabn, door Dr. G. BARENDRECHT over Waterinsecten, door Dr. C. O. van REGTEREN ALTENA over Mollusken, door Ir. K. W. H. LEEFLANG over het Waterleidingbedrijf, door den Heer A. VAN DER WERFF over Diatome\xc3\xabn, door Dr. Ir. T. Y. KINGMA BOLTJES over de biologische zelfreiniging van het water, door Mevr. N. L. WIBAUT-ISEBREE MOENS over zoutgehalten in Noord-Holland, door Prof. Dr. N. H. SWELLENGREBEL over Malariamuggen en door Mej. Dr. A. G. VORSTMAN over de Cyclus van het plankton gedurende een jaar aan de hand van het plankton in het Kinselmeer.

Beschreibung: Since F. Azpeitia Moros, in 1927 (Revista Acad. Cienc. Madrid, Vol. 23, 1927, p. 511\xe2\x80\x94530), published his account of the specimens of Conus gloriamaris in public and private collections and in literature, many new and interesting details on the adventures of various individuals have come to my knowledge. This has led me to make systematic inquiries in the shell collections all over the world and, finally, to compile the following new survey of the representatives of this distinguished species. In spite of many efforts various particulars could not be found out; hence the author is well aware that the revision is not a final one. She hopes, however, that this contribution may serve to draw the attention of systematists and cabinet owners to this idol of conchology, persuading them to publish such items as are insufficiently checked here.\nThe author is most grateful to all the friends and colleagues, officials of public museums and private collectors, who have so kindly supplied the necessary information.

Beschreibung: Before the outbreak of the war with Japan the author had the intention to publish an extensive account on the occurrence of an aestuarine fishfauna in and in front of the large aestuarines and river-mouths so often found in India, Burma, Malaya, Thailand and Indo China and in the Greater Sunda Islands, Sumatra and Borneo, the rivers of the latter two islands being the special field of investigation.\nHowever as a consequence of the war all, thus far, unpublished notes and the greater part of the collections were lost as is the case with a most interesting sample of an aestuarine fishfauna from South New Guinea, where biologically the same conditions exist as in Sumatran and Bornean rivermouths. This last collection remained partly unpacked when war broke out and its still unassorted part disappeared. Only about 20 % of the total was found back in a more or less good condition.

Beschreibung: At the seventh International Zoological Congres at Boston, HUBRECHT (1907) delivered an address \xe2\x80\x9cOn the foetal membranes of the Vertebrates\xe2\x80\x9d. In this lecture he expounded his revolutionary ideas about the origin of the foetal membranes and the phylogenetic history of the vertebrates in general. HUBRECHT was of the opinion that in the ancestors of the Mammalia there was only one embryonic membrane, and that has been retained as the the trophoblast. Its original function was to protect the larva, but when, in the early mammals, intra-uterine development was established, this membrane assumed the function of feeding the embryo as we see in our present day mammals. In order to function properly a connection was then established with the embryonic vascular system, this connection became the allantois.\nAccording to HUBRECHT the ancestors of the mammals had not the large, yolk-laden eggs as found in reptiles and birds, but they were viviparous animals with small, holoblastic eggs. From such an early viviparous ancestor, the reptiles and birds might have developed as a side branch, when the small vesicular blastocyst accumulated more and more yolk in its yolk-sac, which made it possible for viviparity to be replaced by oviparity. HUBRECHT appeals to the palaeontologists to find these hypothetical Promammalia.

Beschreibung: Over de biologie van de kleine pillenkever, Sisyphus schaefferi (L.), zijn reeds verschillende mededelingen gedaan, die elkaar echter in vele opzichten tegenspreken.\nDe kevers, die in Midden- en Zuid-Europa, Noord-Afrika en Klein-Azi\xc3\xab voorkomen, kneden mestballen, welke ze ingraven en waarin het ei afgezet wordt. Hun lichaamsbouw is geheel aan het kneden en vervoeren van deze mestballen aangepast. De achter- en middenpoten zijn zeer lang, terwijl de voorpoten verkort en verbreed zijn.

Beschreibung: Steeds meer wordt in de biologische en medische wetenschappen gebruik gemaakt van isotopen als hulpmiddel bij het wetenschappelijk onderzoek. In het hier volgend artikel wordt getracht, aan de hand van enige voorbeelden, een inzicht te geven in hetgeen met deze methode te bereiken is in de dierphysiologie. Beginnen wij met een definitie te geven van het begrip isotoop.\nDe chemische eigenschappen van een element worden bepaald door het aantal positieve ladingseenheden van de kern (overeenkomend met het aantal electronen dat om de kern wentelt). Dit aantal ladingseenheden is gelijk aan het aantal deeltjes met lading 1 en massa 1 (protonen), dat in de kern aanwezig is. De eenvoudigste kern, die van waterstof, bestaat uit slechts \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n proton. Behalve protonen komen in de kern der overige elementen echter ook ongeladen deeltjes van een massa 1 en lading o voor: de neutronen. Het atoomgewicht van het element is dus gelijk aan de som van het aantal protonen en het aantal neutronen van de kern.

Beschreibung: When CHARLES CORDIER arrived from Costa Rica on October 9, 1942, bringing with him, among other great rarities, three Bare-necked Umbrella Birds (Cephalopterus ornatus glabricollis), it seemed to us that the mere possession of such fabulous creatures was satisfaction enough. True, they were not beautiful \xe2\x80\x94 some realists have even gone so far as to name them \xe2\x80\x9cugly\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x94 and like all Cotingas, they were definitely dull. But in spite of all, they really were Umbrella Birds and if we could solve the problem of their long term requirements, they must reveal to us much that had been unknown. For only once before, as far as we can learn, has an Umbrella Bird been kept in captivity in either Europe or North America. According to a note by FRANK FINN in \xe2\x80\x98Avicultural Magazine\xe2\x80\x99 for October, 1909, this was a young bird owned in England by Mr. H. C. MOLINEAUX, a private aviculturist. Nothing beyond the arrival of the bird is recorded.\nWith nothing whatever to guide us, beyond CORDIER\xe2\x80\x99S brief experience, we put the adult male and the female together in one cage and an immature male in another. The cages seemed large enough and both wre planted with small palms for shelter. For a year, nothing in particular happened. All of the birds remained dull and quiet, and although we pointed them out frequently on personally-conducted tours, it was difficult to convince visitors that Umbrella Birds are something of special interest. Then we noticed that the young male was fading and in spite of all we could do, he became rapidly weaker until his death. A post mortem by Doctor Goss showed a necrotic mass of undeterminable nature in the thorax. This was better, at least, than malnutrition, and we were stimulated to greater efforts with the remaining pair.

Beschreibung: The following notes on new synonymy of the species of South Asiatic Microlepidoptera of the families Tortricidae, Phaloniidae, Eucosmidae and Glyphipterygidae were made during a visit to the British Museum, Natural History, London, in 1946 and chiefly concern the material in the extensive collection of the late E. MEYRICK. A few additional new synonyms of Eucosmidae and of Carposinidae are not included and will be dealt with in another place.\nWe are greatly obliged to the Trustees of the British Museum for the opportunity to study these collections, and also to Mr. W. H. T. TAMS, of the Division of Lepidoptera of that Museum, for his kind help and suggestions.

Beschreibung: 1. The maturation divisions of the egg of Limnaea stagnalis L. have been studied. 2. The haploid number of chromosomes is 18. 3. At the telophase of the first maturation division, the central group of dyads reaches the surface of the inner central body of the first maturation amphiaster. 4. This central body directly transforms into the second maturation spindle. 5. The aster surrounding this central body gradually disappears. New astral radiations are formed in the cytoplasm near the outer end of the newly formed second maturation spindle. 6. The spermaster, which appears during the telophase of the first maturation division, fuses secondarily with the inner end of the second maturation spindle and forms the inner aster of the second maturation amphiaster. 7. After the extrusion of the second polar body, this aster shifts to a deeper position near the centre of the egg, where it remains visible for some time, but ultimately disappears. 8. The egg chromosomes swell into karyomeres immediately after the extrusion of the second polar body. At the same time, the sperm nucleus begins its migration towards the animal pole.

Beschreibung: Im zoologischen Garten zu Amsterdam wurde am sechszehnten April 1939 von einer Hirschkuh der Art Rusa hippelaphus Cuv. ein Junges geworfen, das schon am anderen Tage wieder starb.\nDa dieses Tier nur einen Tag gelebt hatte, war ein bedeutender Ductus arteriosus Botalli mit ansehnlichem Lumen zu erwarten, wie er auch in K\xc3\xa4lbern ziemlich lange nach der Geburt erhalten bleibt.

Beschreibung: Deze bescheiden bijdrage aan de bundel bij het afscheid van de hoogleraren L. F. DE BEAUFORT en J. W. E. IHLE, schrijf ik met een oprecht gevoel van leedwezen, want hun nuttige openbare, offici\xc3\xable werkzaamheid ten bate van de Zo\xc3\xb6logische wetenschap neemt een einde, gelukkig op normale wijze, wegens het bereiken van de gestelde leeftijd voor een otium cum dignitate.\nMoge hun een hoge leeftijd in gezondheid van lichaam en geest beschoren zijn, want dat hun wetenschappelijke werkzaamheid nu zal eindigen, gelooft wel niemand, die hen kent!

Beschreibung: Cynoglossus polytaenia (Bleeker). Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Museum (Amsterdam), n\xc2\xb0 1276. Coll. Laboratoire pour l\xe2\x80\x99Exploration de la Mer (Batavia), pr\xc3\xa8s Penang. Longueur totale 117 mm. Longueur \xc3\xa9talon 106 mm. Fig. 1.\nA premi\xc3\xa8re vue, la nageoire dorsale parait interrompue vers le milieu de sa longueur, sur une certaine distance; la lacune est combl\xc3\xa9e par une s\xc3\xa9rie de rayons, s\xc3\xa9rie dont les 2 extr\xc3\xa9mit\xc3\xa9s s\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tendent sur le c\xc3\xb4t\xc3\xa9 nadiral (droit) de chacune des 2 fractions de la nageoire normale. La fraction ant\xc3\xa9rieure de celle-ci se compose de 39 rayons; la fraction post\xc3\xa9rieure, de 66 rayons.

Beschreibung: After having collected the plankton samples in the Java Sea on which I have reported in Treubia XVII, 1939, I thought it desirable to gather similar samples from a more oceanic area of the East Indian seas, in order to be able to make a comparison between the two collections and to try to find out the characteristic differences between the two regions. It seemed to me interesting to choose in the first place Sunda Strait for this purpose, as it connects the shallow Java Sea with the deep Indian Ocean and, therefore, might offer all degrees of transition from the plankton of the former to that of the latter. The next year, then, in 1933, I made a cruise in Sunda Strait in the months of April-May, the transition months between the (wet) west monsoon and the (dry) east monsoon. The stations visited may be seen from the accompanying chart. The depth increases considerably in the direction Java Sea \xe2\x80\x94〉 Indian Ocean but is everywhere sufficient to allow the making of vertical hauls with the plankton net from 50 meters depth to the surface. For the sake of convenience, therefore, all the hauls in Sunda Strait have been made in this way. This was not possible the year before as at several stations in the Java Sea the depth is insufficient. The same net was used as the foregoing year: width of the mouth 1 1/3 m, length 4 m, Swiss plankton gauze nr. 3.\nIn the Sailor\'s Guide for the East-Indian Archipelago we read : ""This diurnal tidal stream (seil, in the Java Sea) is weakened towards the NE and strengthened towards the SW in the first place by a current to the SW starting from Bangka-Strait, which runs along the SE-coast of Sumatra and through Sunda Strait at the rate of more than 0.5 Mile per hour.

Beschreibung: Toen in 1881 door G. JANSE de Catalogus der Bibliotheek van het Koninklijk Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra werd samengesteld, werden daarin opgenomen onder: N\xc2\xb0 1202 Linnaei. C. Facsimile-reproductie van het vorige, (d.i. Systema Naturae sive Regna tria Naturae systematice proposita per Classes, Ordines, Genera et Species. Lugduni Batavorum. 1735. 7 bladen fol\xc2\xb0, max.) (Berlijn.) 12 bl. fol\xc2\xb0. max. N\xc2\xb0 1203 Linnaei C. Methodus juxta quam Physiologus accurate et f\xc3\xa9liciter concinnare potest Historiam cujuscunque Naturalis Subjecti sequentt. hisce Paragraphis comprehensa. I. Nomina. II. Theoria. III. Genus. IV. Species. V. Attributa. VI. Usus. VII. literaria. Lugduni Batavorum. 1736. 1 bl. fol\xc2\xb0 max. Facsimile-reproductie van de oorspronkelijke uitgave. Berlijn.

Beschreibung: De eisen die de practijk stelt zijn voor de toegepaste wetenschap de stimulans, welke de vragen die de werkhypothese suggereert voor de zuivere wetenschap zijn. Is aan die eisen voldaan dan loopt het onderzoek dood \xe2\x80\x94 tenzij de practijk aan het resultaat der onderzoekingen nieuwe eisen ontleent: naar analogie van een nieuwe hypothese steunend op feiten die men, geleid door een oudere hypothese, al eerder had opgespoord. Ik wil hiervan een voorbeeld geven: zowel van het doodlopen ener reeks onderzoekingen, als van haar resuscitatie.\nHet eerste stuk van mijn voorbeeld is bekend. Ik zal daar slechts zoveel van in herinnering brengen als voor het tweede stuk nodig is.

Beschreibung: 1. A review is given of some phenomena concerning pregnancy and parturition of the Cetacea, depending on data in literature and on observations made in Antarctic Blue and Fin Whales on board the f.f. \xe2\x80\x9cWillem Barendsz\xe2\x80\x9d (1946\xe2\x80\x941947). 2. In Mystacoceti the frequency of twins appears to be less than in man and the big domestic animals. The majority of twins is born by females that are longer than the average female in the period of greatest sexual activity. This does not mean, however, that just as in man most twins are born at an elder age than that corresponding with the maximum of sexual activity. It may also be possible that, just as in the big domestic animals, the ages correspond, but that twins are mostly produced by the physically stronger developed females. 3. In Odontoceti the left ovary shows a very distinct morphological and functional prevalence. The foetus is exclusively found in the left uterine cornu. In Mystacoceti there is a prevalence of about 60 % of the right ovary and the right uterine cornu with regard to ovulation and pregnancy. The above described phenomena have also been observed in other uniparous Mammals, whereas in multiparous Mammals no distinct prevalence of a special side has been found. Transference of an ovum from the ovary of one side to the cornu of the other has been observed twice in Cetacea. 4. In Mystacoceti the number of cephalic presentations of the foetus very distinctly increases during the last months of pregnancy, just as in man and the big domestic animals. There is a great possibility that, just as the other uniparous Mammals, which give birth to comparatively large infants, in Mystacoceti a very high percentage of the young is born in cephalic presentation. In Odontoceti, on the contrary, a great number of foetuses is apparently delivered in tail-presentation. With regard to their shape and dimensions, such a birth in tail-presentation must be considered as an unfavourable event. An attempt has been made to explain these facts with the aid of the peristaltic uterine contractions. If these contractions act in the same way as in other Mammals, it might be expected that most of the Cetacea should be born in tailpresentation. So it is highly possible that in Mystacoceti some other factors are responsible for the high percentage of cephalic presentations. 5. In Cetacea the relative length of the umbilical cord (in % of the length of the foetus) decreases markedly during the second part of pregnancy. At birth its length is about 40 % of the total length of the calf and 57 % of its snout-anus length. As compared with other Mammals the cord of the Cetacea is rather short and this fact may have some influence on the way in which the connection between mother and calf is broken. This may occur by rupture of the cord immediately after birth as in Ungulates. On the other hand it appears to be also possible that, just as in Primates, Carnivores and Chiropteres, the placenta and the cord stick to the baby for some time after birth. 6. Some congenital anomalies of foetal Cetacea are described. Abortus probably may occur during chasing of the big whales or when they are struck by the harpoon. A case of fibromyoma uteri is described in an old female Blue Whale that showed an abnormal lactation. Probably the fibromyoma had caused an abortus some months ago, this abortus causing the lactation.

Beschreibung: As far as I know, little has been published and no thorough investigation has ever been made of the courting, mating, nesting, brooding and rearing of the Condor, though in some of the zoological gardens this largest and in many respects peculiar bird of prey sometimes most succesfully bred.\nIn 1939, 1940 and 1942, a pair of Condors hatched in the gardens of the Royal Zoological Society \xe2\x80\x9cNatura Artis Magistra\xe2\x80\x9d in Amsterdam. They sat each time on one egg for 58 days alternately. In this way they brought up three young ones, the third of which, however, unfortunately lived only 12 days. It died 9 days after its mother\xe2\x80\x99s death. Besides my preliminary notes in former years, annotations and protocolls were collected in 343 daily reports on this couple and its breeding, and also on the bodily growth and the maturing of the behaviour of their offspring. In this article only the premarital comportment with its interesting symbolic expression of tendencies and noteworthy interaction between a co-ordinating-regulating principle within the biological psyche and (remaining) vital functions will be described and discussed.

Beschreibung: Quelques ann\xc3\xa9es avant la guerre mon coll\xc3\xa8gue le Professeur R. KOLKWITZ de Berlin m\xe2\x80\x99a confi\xc3\xa9 une s\xc3\xa9rie de 20 \xc3\xa9chantillons de mat\xc3\xa9riel qu\xe2\x80\x99il avait r\xc3\xa9colt\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 Java en octobre 1931. Je remercie ici bien vivement M. KOLKWITZ pour l\xe2\x80\x99envoi de ces \xc3\xa9chantillons. La collection a d\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0 fait l\xe2\x80\x99objet d\xe2\x80\x99un travail de R. KOLKWITZ lui-m\xc3\xaame en collaboration avec W. KRIEGER. Le professeur KOLKWITZ en me confiant ce mat\xc3\xa9riel m\xe2\x80\x99a fait savoir que pour les indications des lieux et les donn\xc3\xa9es \xc3\xa9cologiques les num\xc3\xa9ros des \xc3\xa9chantillons correspondaient avec ceux de ce travail.\nLe petite collection d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9chantillons s\xe2\x80\x99est montr\xc3\xa9e d\xe2\x80\x99une tr\xc3\xa8s grande importance pour notre connaissance des Rhizopodes de Java, dont les donn\xc3\xa9es sont encore tr\xc3\xa8s fragmentaires.

Beschreibung: Modern oyster culture began its development in the second part of the nineteenth century. Beginning in Europe it gradually spread over all the world\xe2\x80\x99s oyster regions. Locally oyster cultural methods acquired a high degree of technical specialisation, recently even including chemical control of oyster diseases.\nA steadily increasing stream of scientific and technical papers, dealing with oyster biology and oyster culture, accompanied this development, and already numbers several thousands of publications. If closely related industries, such as cattle-breeding, horticulture, and agriculture, are compared with it, it is clear that one of the basic problems of oyster culture must be the oyster\xe2\x80\x99s nutrition. Without a detailed knowledge of this subject it seems hardly possible to control effectively the oyster\xe2\x80\x99s growth and fattening. Therefore it will surprise many to learn, that two of the most prominent of our oyster biologists summarize their knowledge about this subject as follows: ""At present we must confess our ignorance of the principles of mollusc nutrition and consequently our inability to suggest a practical solution of the problem of forced feeding and production of fat oysters at will."" (GALTSOFF 1942).

Beschreibung: The most recent comprehensive treatment of this Indo-Pacific genus \xc2\xb9) is that of TESCH (1918, p. 78-82). Here seven species are recognised with the reservation that M. eydouxi H. Milne Edwards and M. thukuhar (Owen) are possibly not distinct.\nIn 1936 (TWEEDIE 1936, p. 49) I questioned the validity of the character used to separate M. latifrons (White) and M. maculatus H. M.-E., the relation of carapace length and breadth, and placed maculatus in the synonymy of latifrons.

Beschreibung: Aan het vererend verzoek hier iets van mij te laten horen geef ik met schroom en aarzeling gehoor. Door de oorlog zijn mijn entomologische verzamelingen, mijn boeken en aantekeningen verloren gegaan. Op mijn tachtigjarige leeftijd ben ik hierdoor niet in staat iets passends in dit kader te leveren. Daarom veroorloof ik mij uit mijn herinnering uit de reeks van jaren, waarin ik voor het Insectarium in \xe2\x80\x9eArtis\xe2\x80\x9d ben werkzaam geweest, enkele opmerkingen van bezoekers als hors d\xe2\x80\x99oeuvre aan te bieden.\nHet Insectarium is in het voorjaar 1898 begonnen in een der kleine vertrekjes van het Fauna-museum. Op een warme zomermiddag pufte een welgedaan en welaangedaan heertje binnen. Het keurige matelootje zwaaide in zijn hand en zijn gouden horloge-ketting bungelde op het witte vest voor het uitpuilende buikje. Hij liet zijn trage blik moeizaam ronddwalen en bij \xe2\x80\x99t verlaten van het zaaltje richtte hij zich tot de oppasser met de vraag: \xe2\x80\x9eAl die wurmen hier heb je zeker als voer voor de vogels?\xe2\x80\x9d

Beschreibung: If you ask the layman: \xe2\x80\x9cWhat is a museum?\xe2\x80\x9d, he will answer. \xe2\x80\x9cA museum is a display of objects, that have an aesthetic value or scientific interest; the scope of a museum is to improve the taste of the visitor, is to give him, by visual means, aesthetic or intellectual enjoyment, to satisfy his curiosity, to show him the true and real things (a classic sculpture, an Indian weapon or a deepsea fish) instead of a documentary film, a radio report, or the descriptions and pictures in his books and magazines.\xe2\x80\x9d If an architect is in charge of designing a museum, he will see to it that the wallcases and the free-standing objects receive the right light and that the public and the conditioned air can circulate freely. He will design an entrance hall, an exhibition gallery, a director\xe2\x80\x99s room, and, perhaps, in the basement or on the top-floor a store-room for articles not on display \xc2\xb9).

Beschreibung: Our knowledge concerning the periodical movements in animals called migrations is chiefly based on observations on birds. By and by, however, a number of facts concerning migration in other animal groups have been assembled and it seems worth while to compare them with those known for birds. There is the more reason to do so here, because the victim of this jubilee is interested in birds and fishes alike. Though I shall not restrict myself to these two groups they will take more place than the rest.\nIn the following I shall deal with North to South and South to North migrations chiefly. In the hope to succeed and make my ideas comprehensible to those who are not specially acquainted with this particular field I shall begin with a very short description of the migration of some animals in the sea, which may be used as a starting point for the comparison which follows next. These animals are the cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis L.), two species of fish: the anchovy ( Stolephorus encrasicholus (L.)) and the tunny ( Thunnus thynnus (L.)) and, finally, a mammal: the humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski), one of the whales.

Beschreibung: Etude exp\xc3\xa9rimentale de la succession des g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rations chez le Doryphore (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say).\nOn a confirm\xc3\xa9 la presence d\xe2\x80\x99une diapause vraie dans le cycle \xc3\xa9volutif du Doryphore, diapause qui commence peu de temps apr\xc3\xa8s la mue imaginale. On peut, par une temp\xc3\xa9rature et \xc3\xa9clairage favorable, supprimer cette diapause en faveur de la r\xc3\xa9production. A 25-29\xc2\xb0 C. et \xc3\xa9clairage continue de 3750 Lux, la suppression de la diapause a r\xc3\xa9ussi pour 50 % des individus. La diapause est acc\xc3\xa9l\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xa9e quand la temp\xc3\xa9rature monte; la dur\xc3\xa9e de la praediapause est doubl\xc3\xa9e quand la temp\xc3\xa9rature s\xe2\x80\x99abaisse de 29\xc2\xb0 C \xc3\xa0 15-25\xc2\xb0 C.\nLa diapause imaginale du Doryphore diff\xc3\xa8re de la diapause nymphale des L\xc3\xa9pidopt\xc3\xa8res en ce qui concerne l\xe2\x80\x99influence d\xe2\x80\x99une periode de froid. Une telle periode de 42 jours \xc3\xa0 0-5\xc2\xb0 C ralentie la rupture de la diapause du Doryphore, ce qui montre que les processus qui finirent par la rupture de la diapause ne sont pas arr\xc3\xaat\xc3\xa9s en hiver mais sont prolong\xc3\xa9s graduellement.

Beschreibung: 1. In Macroscelides (Elephantulus?) rozeti Duv., a North-African form, the pregnant uterus shows 3 swellings (sometimes this number is reduced to 1 or 2). The South-African form Elephantulus myurus Jamesoni, examined by prof. VAN DER HORST (Johannesburg) always shows two swellings, one in each half of the uterus horns. 2. The tuba is connected with a periovarial sac. 3. The eggs in the ampulla are naked and not surrounded by the zona pellucida. This causes sometimes the segmented cells to be set free. 4. The four-celled stage shows a tetrahedral arrangement. 5. In the uterus horn the unilaminar blastula is formed by the absorption of water. 6. In a stage of 120 cells the blastula-wall separates amoeboid cells into the interior forming a loose reticulum. Afterwards these cells concentrate at one side of the germinal vesicle and form the embryonic knot. 7. This organ separates an entodermal cell-layer at its base. 8. At the mesometrical side the germinal vesicle adheres to the uterine wall which is syncytial at this spot. 9. After the adhering of the germinal vesicle the mucosa uteri becomes very thick and the muscularis very thin. The small number of blood vessels in the mucosa is very remarkable. 10. There is a marked increase of the number and extent of the uterine glands. The image resembles that of the secretory phase in man. 11. In the following stage (N. 45) the trophoblast has become very thick and has penetrated into the mucosa uteri. The embryonic knot shows a large archamniotic cavity. 12. In N. 6 the embryonic region shows 7 \xc3\xa0 8 somites. A distinct pharynx is present. In the mid- and hindgut a large connection of enteron and yolk sac is present. Cloaca with allantoic evagination, a large, mesodermal, allantoic rudiment is present. The yolk sac forms about two thirds of the blastocyst, the remaining third part is formed by the exocoel and the amniotic cavity. A proamnion is present. Enlarged uterine glands surround the whole uterine cavity. A large ectoplacenta shows a toadstool-form and penetrates into the uterine wall forming a disc of foeto-maternal symplasma. Heart rudiment rather well developed. 13. N. 8. The embryo shows \xc2\xb1 25 somites. Allantois well developed, adhering to the ectoplacenta. The greater part of the blastocyst is formed by the exocoel. Three visceral pouches are present, the mouth plate is lacerated. The neural tube is completely closed. 14. In N. 1 30-35 somites and 12 nephric tubules are present. Rudiment of anterior extremity, 3-4 aortic arches. 15. In N. 3 the yolk sac is much smaller and its walls are shriveled. A yolk stalk may be seen but the connection between the lumina of gut and yolk sac has disappeared. The allantois surrounds the amniotic cavity and fills up the main part of the blastocyst. It shows four lobes. The ectoplacenta shows a thick layer of labyrinthic tissue at the embryonic side. The embryo is strongly coiled and possesses a distinct torsion. The kidney is well developed (with Malpighian corpuscula). Posterior extremities are present. In the anterior ones the rudiment of the skeleton may be noticed. 16. In the stages N. 45 and N. 1 a distinct mesoplacentarium consisting of numerous lamellae with bloodvessels is present at the mesometrical side of the uterine wall. As in the aguti (BECHER) this phenomenon may be in relation with the jumping propulsion.

Beschreibung: Depuis longtemps certain aspect larvaire de nombreuses formes p\xc3\xa9lagiques faisant partie du plancton permanent a retenu l\xe2\x80\x99attention des naturalistes et a conduit quelques-uns d\xe2\x80\x99entre eux \xc3\xa0 consid\xc3\xa9rer cette faune comme primitive. Si cette conclusion s\xe2\x80\x99est par la suite av\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xa9e inexacte et si l\xe2\x80\x99origine littorale de types planctoniques m\xc3\xaame les plus sp\xc3\xa9cialis\xc3\xa9s, comme les Siphonophores par exemple (W. GARSTANG, 1946), a pu \xc3\xaatre mise en \xc3\xa9vidence, il n\xe2\x80\x99en reste pas moins que cet aspect larvaire, qui avait frapp\xc3\xa9 les premiers observateurs, demeure dans bien des cas \xc3\xa9vident.\nSans doute, beaucoup de larves d\xe2\x80\x99esp\xc3\xa9ces benthiques m\xc3\xa8nent aussi, durant un temps plus ou moins long, une existence p\xc3\xa9lagique; et le fait que les constituants de ce plancton temporaire et du plancton permanent fr\xc3\xa9quentent ainsi un m\xc3\xaame milieu, qui a ses exigences propres, peut rendre compte de certains traits d\xe2\x80\x99organisation communs aux uns et aux autres. Mais il y a plus, et nous savons bien que la ressemblance entre Appendiculaires et larves d\xe2\x80\x99Ascidies n\xe2\x80\x99est pas seulement superficielle; que le Dactylactis Benedeni Gravier (1904) est bien une larve sexu\xc3\xa9e de C\xc3\xa9rianthe; que l\xe2\x80\x99 Amphioxides n\xe2\x80\x99est qu\xe2\x80\x99un Amphioxus continuant ind\xc3\xa9finiment sa vie en haute mer (R. GOLDSCHMIDT, 1933); que les Grimothea, dont les essaims innombrables colorent en rouge, par place, la surface des Mers du Sud, ne sont que des larves de Munida qui peuvent, sous certaines conditions, arriver en cet \xc3\xa9tat \xc3\xa0 maturit\xc3\xa9 (MATTHEWS, 1932); que ces Gobiid\xc3\xa9s, transparents comme le cristal, appartenant aux genres Aphya et Crystallogobius, issus, comme tous les membres de leur famille, d\xe2\x80\x99oeufs fix\xc3\xa9s sur les fonds littoraux, prolongent leur existence p\xc3\xa9lagique jusqu\xe2\x80\x99au moment o\xc3\xb9 ils reviennent \xc3\xa0 la c\xc3\xb4te pondre \xc3\xa0 leur tour et mourir. Sans parler des cas encore incompl\xc3\xa8tement \xc3\xa9lucid\xc3\xa9s des grands Glaucotho\xc3\xa9s, larves de Pagures (THOMPSON, 1943) et des Eryoneicus, larves de Polycheles (BOAS, 1939), que d\xe2\x80\x99exemples encore \xc3\xa0 citer d\xe2\x80\x99organismes planctoniques auxquels on peut, \xc3\xa0 bon droit, reconna\xc3\xaetre pour origine des larves de formes littorales n\xe2\x80\x99ayant pas accompli sur le fond la m\xc3\xa9tamorphose qui leur eut assur\xc3\xa9, comme \xc3\xa0 leurs cong\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa8res, la persistance de la vie benthique. La connaissance des facteurs susceptibles de retarder cette m\xc3\xa9tamorphose est donc de premi\xc3\xa8re importance si l\xe2\x80\x99on veut comprendre les processus qui ont pu conduire \xc3\xa0 un tel r\xc3\xa9sultat.

Beschreibung: In all snakes, the Boidae and Xenopeltidae excepted, only the right lung is well developed, while the left lung is rudimentary or absent (BUTLER, 1895). The right lung consists of an anterior alveolar part that is strongly vascularized, and of a posterior smooth-walled air-sac that is anangious. Between these two parts a transitional zone may be present, in which the wall of the lung shows a faint reticulate pattern, and which receives some very fine branches from the pulmonary vessels. In a number of snakes, among which the Viperidae, the situation becomes more complicated. In these snakes the membrane that connects the dorsal ends of the incomplete tracheal cartilages has become greatly expanded, and this dorsal wall has developed an alveolar structure. COPE (1894, p. 218) very aptly has named this the tracheal lung. When the tracheal lung has very strongly developed, it sometimes merges gradually into the right lung. In species with a rudimentary left lung, its opening into the trachea may be considered to mark the end of the trachea, and consequently also the beginning of the right lung. In other species a slight change in the structure of the alveoles may mark the boundary, but in a number of species it becomes a more or less arbitrary procedure to draw a boundary between the tracheal lung and the right lung. For the purpose of the present note it suffices, however, to consider as right lung that part of the respiratory tract that lies posterior to the middle of the heart.\nThe development of the tracheal lung, and the relative size of the alveolar part of the right lung and of the air-sac vary according to genera and species.

Beschreibung: Si l\xe2\x80\x99on caract\xc3\xa9rise un mode de bourgeonnement par l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9l\xc3\xa9ment blastog\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tique le plus important, on peut distinguer divers types de blastog\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa8se chez les Ascidiac\xc3\xa9s.

Beschreibung: As far as I can recollect, only few reliable informations have been published concerning the total height and weight of new-born giraffe-calves; and as constant measuring of the growth of giraffes probably only in very few cases has been undertaken, I should like, by the following article, to contribute a little to the clearing of these matters. My opservations were made from March, 1939, until December, 1948, on 10 different giraffes whom I had the opportunity of studying at close quarters here in the Zoological Gardens of Copenhagen.\nOn October 24th, 1915, we got a still-born giraffe-calf with a weight of 67,5 kg, the height unfortunately was not recorded.

Beschreibung: Le Castor du Rh\xc3\xb4ne ( Castor fiber L.) a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 particuli\xc3\xa8rement bien \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9 par de nombreux auteurs. VICTOR PIRAUD \xc2\xb9) a donn\xc3\xa9 d\xe2\x80\x99int\xc3\xa9ressants renseignements sur ses moeurs; M. P. CORDIER \xc2\xb2) et A. HUGUES \xc2\xb3) ont fait aussi une \xc3\xa9tude appronfondie de cet animal et L. GERMAND 4) a fourni une description d\xc3\xa9taill\xc3\xa9e des colonies de Castors de la r\xc3\xa9gion Avignonaise.\nAutrefois tr\xc3\xa8s abondant en France o\xc3\xb9 il habitait la plupart des rivi\xc3\xa8res, le Castor n\xe2\x80\x99existe plus actuellement que sur le Rh\xc3\xb4ne, certains de ses affluents et en Camargue. Gr\xc3\xa2ce aux mesures \xc3\xa9nergiques de protection dont il est l\xe2\x80\x99objet depuis un certain nombre d\xe2\x80\x99ann\xc3\xa9es, il s\xe2\x80\x99est multipli\xc3\xa9 et actuellement le nombre de ces colonies ne fait que s\xe2\x80\x99accro\xc3\xaetre. Les stations les plus r\xc3\xa9put\xc3\xa9es sont les suivantes:

Beschreibung: Ofschoon een systematisch onderzoek naar het voorkomen en de verspreiding van zoogdieren in de Noordoostpolder niet heeft plaats gevonden, zijn de gegevens daarover, die in de afgelopen jaren bekend zijn geworden, toch wel van voldoende belang om in een publicatie vast te leggen.\nOver de zoogdierfauna van Urk en Schokland v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r de drooglegging staan ons maar zeer spaarzame opgaven ter beschikking. Schokland werd in 1933 door Utrechtse biologen bezocht en volgens mededeling van de heer M. F. M\xc3\x96RZER BRUYNS werden toen in de omgeving van Middelbuurt huismuizen en bruine ratten aangetroffen. In 1940 is de heer M\xc3\x96RZER BRUYNS begonnen met een hernieuwd onderzoek naar de zoogdierbevolking van Schokland en de N. O. polder, maar na het voorjaar 1941 kon hij zich hiermede niet meer bezig houden. De door hem bijeengebrachte gegevens zijn helaas niet vastgelegd; de heer M\xc3\x96RZER BRUYNS was echter zo welwillend mij hieromtrent enige schriftelijke mededeling te doen, terwijl de door hem verkregen resultaten ook voor een deel zijn gepubliceerd door Mej. Dr. A. SCHREUDER \xc2\xb9).

Beschreibung: Mr. A. C. V. VAN BEMMEL and Dr. A. DIAKONOFF of the Buitenzorg Museum (Java) collected Tendipedidae, which were attracted by artificial lights, when they passed the Suez Canal on 8-XI-1937 and 16-V-1939 respectively. This very interesting collection, containing some new species, was sent to me for determination. I wish to express my sincere thanks to my two friends for the donation of this collection, which is now preserved in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam.

Beschreibung: Recently RIPLEY (1941) has prepared a systematic revision of the Indo-Australian members of the genus Coracina (Cuckoo-Shrike), which for a considerable time had been in a state of great confusion. RYPLEY\xe2\x80\x99s new arrangement represents a noteworthy step in the appreciation of the systematics of this difficult genus. Since only taxonomy and representative distribution have been taken into account by RIPLEY, resulting in the arrangement of 12 species into 3 superspecies and 7 isolated forms, certain problems still remain unsettled. It is the purpose of this paper to deal with some of these problems and to propose an arrangement of the Indo-Australian forms of Coracina not only in accordance with their taxonomy, but also with the history of their distribution. Special attention has been praid to the relative length and shape of the bill, which character RIPLEY almost entirely neglected. According to this method we have arrived at a somewhat different grouping, as will be discussed below.\nThis may be also the place to notice that, contrary to a recent opinion, brought forward by DELACOUR (1946) and others, we still consider the limits of the genus Coracina as opposed to Edolisoma, sufficiently defined by the different shapes of the bill.

Beschreibung: It is notorious that the lycaon, the negro evil of plains, while by no means a declining race in Africa, has always been rare in Zoological Gardens. The reasons of this are twofold and closely interrelated. The animal presented some difficulties to rearing, readily perished and withal was not subject to reproduction in captivity and so there were no new born animals available for exchange between Zoological Gardens.\nCauses for the non resistance of lycaons under conditions of Europe are to be found less in climate differences between Europe and Africa \xe2\x80\x94 for the habitat of these plain animals to the South reaches far beyond the tropic of Capricorn \xe2\x80\x94 and so lycaons should not be excessively susceptibLe to the European climate and especially to temperature changes like are tropical apes, chimpanzees and gorillas. We do not mean that it is possible particularly in east central Europe to risk the keeping of lycaons in winter without heated housing, yet, the final statement in the matter could be not issued until Zoological Gardens design housing accomodations adequate for this kind of animal from biologic point of view.

Beschreibung: Inbezug auf ihren subjektiven Raum haben Tier und Mensch viel miteinander gemeinsam (vgl. HOLZAPFEL, 1943), vor allem das Bestreben nach einer deutlichen Abgrenzung, ferner die Art der Differenzierung und die ausgesprochene Tendenz zum Verharren (vgl. HEDIGER, 1946). Selbst in der modernen Wohnung finden wir eine Aufteilung, wie sie auch bei vielen Tieren vorkommt; es gibt Schlaf-, Ess-, Bade-, Vorrats-, Kotstellen usw. Nur einen Raumteil, der selbst in der primitivsten Eingeborenenh\xc3\xbctte niemals fehlt, vermissen wir beim Tier grunds\xc3\xa4tzlich: die Feuerstelle.\nHinsichtlich der Verbindungen zwischen den \xc3\x96rtlichkeiten mit speziell zugeordneten Funktionen hat von jeher nicht nur eine weitgehende Entsprechung bestanden, sondern zum Teil eine \xc3\x9cberschneidung. Wohl erscheint uns heute die verkehrsreiche Strasse von einem Wildwechsel so verschieden, dass uns das Verwandte zwischen beiden Wegtypen meist gar nicht bewusst wird; aber wer etwa in Gegenden nachsieht, wo das Grosswild noch zahlreicher ist als der weisse Mensch, da l\xc3\xa4sst sich vielfach zwischen Menschenpfad und Tierwechsel \xc3\xbcberhaupt kein Unterschied feststellen \xe2\x80\x94 weil solche Wechsel heute noch von Eingeborenen und von Vertretern verschiedener Wildarten gemeinsam, manchmal gleichzeitig ben\xc3\xbctzt werden.

Beschreibung: Een feestnummer ter ere van het bereiken van de 70-jarige leeftijd, een mijlpaal, en wel een zeer belangrijke mijlpaal in verband met het daaraan onafwendbaar verbondene emeritaat, verlangt een korte terugblik op alles wat tot nu toe bereikt werd, een verantwoording tevens van de aard dezer publicatie, die een hulde wil zijn van allen, die met de geleerde in aanraking kwamen, als collega\xe2\x80\x99s in binnen- en buitenland, als leerlingen, als vrienden allen.\nLIEVEN FERDINAND DE BEAUFORT werd geboren de 23e Maart 1879 te Leusden, als zoon van den staatsman en historicus Mr. W. H. DE BEAUFORT. Reeds vroeg trok hem de natuur, die hem door zijn opgroeien op het buiten \xe2\x80\x9eDen Treek\xe2\x80\x9d bij Amersfoort zo nabij was. Na de H.B.S. te Amersfoort en het z.g. Staatsexamen in 1899 volgde de studie aan de Universiteit te Amsterdam, waar MAX WEBER en SLUITER de dierkunde, HUGO DE VRIES en VERSCHAFFELT de plantkunde doceerden en waar de andere jubilaris, die met dit feestnummer gehuldigd wordt, met DE BUSSY, WEEVERS, VERSLUYS, CRAMER, VAN KAMPEN, DOCTERS VAN LEEUWEN en JOHANNA WESTERDIJK tot zijn studiegenoten behoorde. Reeds dadelijk viel hij op en zo was het, dat hij uitgekozen werd om na zijn candidaatsexamen in 1902, als zo\xc3\xb6loog deel te nemen aan de 1e Nederlandse Nieuw-Guinea-Expeditie onder leiding van Prof. Dr. A. WICHMANN. Rijk waren de ervaringen en avonturen in het toen nog zo goed als onbekende gebied, waar een beschieting der reizigers met pijlen door de wilde Papoea\xe2\x80\x99s tot de spannendste momenten behoorde. Rijk ook waren de meegebrachte collecties, wier bewerking gepubliceerd werd in het nieuwe tijdschrift \xe2\x80\x9eNova Guinea\xe2\x80\x9d en waarvan de verzamelaar zelf de vogels bewerkte in het 5e deel.

Beschreibung: De uitgave door het Koninklijk Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra van een aflevering zijner Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde ter gelegenheid van het bereiken in 1949 van den 70-jarigen leeftijd door de huidige directeuren van het Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Laboratorium en van het Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Museum te Amsterdam, welke gemeentelijke instellingen beide gelegen zijn in den tuin van het Genootschap en gehuisvest zijn in gebouwen, die oorspronkelijk aan het Genootschap behoorden, is een ongezochte aanleiding eenige niet algemeen bekende feiten te memoreeren uit de ontwikkelingsgeschiedenis der Amsterdamsche combinatie: zo\xc3\xb6logisch laboratorium, zo\xc3\xb6logisch museum en zo\xc3\xb6logische tuin.\nArtikel 1 der eerste Wet van het Koninklijk Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra, \xe2\x80\x9egoedgekeurd en gearresteerd\xe2\x80\x9d den 20sten Maart 1839, luidde:

Beschreibung: The material on which the present paper is based has been found in the collections of the British Museum in 1939, when a grant of the \xe2\x80\x9cLinnaeusfonds\xe2\x80\x9d enabled the first named author to pay a short visit to London; it has been brought over to Holland after the war in 1947 by the second author. As it forms an addition to the earlier papers and especially to the thesis of the first named author, the same form of publication has been chosen.\nFor the drawings of habitus and abdomina we are indebted to Mr. J. F. OBBES.

Beschreibung: Rehder (1943: 199) pointed out, that Buccinum clathratum Adams & Reeve, 1848, is the type of the genus Metula H.& A. Adams, 1858. For the species congeneric with Buccinum metula Hinds, 1844, he proposed the generic name Antemetula, with that species as the type.\nBucchium metula was described by Hinds from a specimen dredged by the Sulphur off the West coast of Veragua, at a depth of a few fathoms. There are no other records of the species from the American West coast. Smith (1904: 465) called attention to the fact that young specimens of Buccinum mitrella Adams & Reeve, 1848, match Hinds\xe2\x80\x99s figure of B. metula. B. mitrella was described from one or more specimens dredged by the Samarang in the China Sea, at a depth of 10 fathoms, and has been recorded since from some more localities in the Indo-Westpacific area. Smith thought B. mitrella to be a synonym of B. metula, and the type locality of the latter possibly erroneous. It is, indeed, unlikely that a benthonic prosobranch inhabiting the West coast of America between the tropics will also occur in the Indo-Westpacific area, because the eastern Pacific barrier is practically insurmountable for littoral species, as Ekman (1935: 105\xe2\x80\x94107) has shown. If therefore Smith\xe2\x80\x99s opinion, that B. mitrella is a synonym of B. metula be right, the type locality mentioned by Hinds must be wrong. The Sulphur dredged in the China Sea also, and therefore it seems possible that material from that sea was confounded with shells from the American West coast.

Beschreibung: CONTENTS\nI. Introduction............. 3\nII. Historical notes, including the successive views concerning the specific value of the growth forms.......... 6\nIII. The species of the genus Millepora........ 18\nIV. Synonymy and geographical distribution....... 23\nV. Discussion of the various characters for specific distinction .................................................... 44\nVI. Notes on specimens of Millepora from the islands Edam and Noordwachter in the Java Sea........... 71\nVII. Notes on specimens of Millepora in the Paris Museum ............................................................... 79\nVIII. Notes on specimens of Millepora in the Leiden Museum ............................................................. 86\nIX. Notes on specimens of Millepora in the Amsterdam Museum .................................................. 100\nLiterature............... 108\nI.\nINTRODUCTION\nAs a result of his studies on the growth forms of Millepora Hickson (1898 a, b, 1899) came to the conclusion that these various forms entirely are caused by different environmental factors, and that they are nothing else but manifestations of the extreme variability of the one species Millepora alcicornis L. Previously Hickson (1889) had seen more or less extreme growth forms on the reefs of North Celebes, and at that time he distinguished a more or less delicately branched growth form named by him Millepora alcicornis from a plate-like growth form named by him Millepora plicata. Now these growth forms are so strongly different that it seems a matter of fact that they are specifically distinct. Later, however, Hickson made an extensive study of material from expeditions and of

Beschreibung: Neuwiedia (sect. Euneuwiedia) Griffithii Rehb.f. Xenia Orch. II (1874), 215; Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXV (1890), 235, 241, t. XLVIII, fig. 2\xe2\x80\x949; in Orch. Rev. II (1894), 276; IV (1896), 329; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. VI (1890), 176; in Bot. Mag. CXXI (1895), t. 7425; Krzl. Orch. I (1897), 4; Pfitz. in Pflanzenr. IV. 50 (1903), 5; Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII (1896), 416; Mat. Fl. Mal. Penins. I (1907), 231; Fl. Mal. Penins. IV (1924), 296.\nPlanta in genere parva. Caulis erectus, rigidus, teres, dilute viridis, c. 14 cm longus, 0.63 cm diam., c. 10-folius. Folia erecto-patentia, recurva, lanceolata, sensim longe et acutissime acuminata, basi acuta sensim in petioluin contracta, plicaita, nervis c. 7 subtus prominentibus, nervis tenuioribus alternantibus, papyracea, utrinque nitidule viridia, c. 18.5\xe2\x80\x94 22 cm longa, 4\xe2\x80\x945 cm lata, summa minora; petiolus latus, canaliculatus, 3-costatus, cum vagina tubulosa antice basi excepta rumpente c. 5.5\xe2\x80\x946.5 cm longus. Inflorescentia erecta, foliis multo brevior, subdense multiflora, cylindrica, pedunculo hirtello, atroviridi, c. 4 cm longo, nonnullis vaginulis in bracteas vergentibus donato, rachide angulato-cylindrica, patentissime hirtella, atroviridi, c. 6.5 cm longa. Bracteae patentes, incurvulae, e basi ovata sensim longe subulato-acuminatae, anguste obtusae, basi rachidem semiamplectentes, praesertim basi concavae, dorso et margine hirtellae, 3-nerviae, virides, ad c. 1.4 cm longae, superiores minores. Flores quaquaversi, parvuli, patentes, nutantes, sepalis dorso patentissime superne patenter strigillosis petalisque conniventibus, concavis, tenuibus, albis, pallide flavescenti-apiculatis. Sepalum dorsale ellipticum, apiculo tereti strigilloso, valde concavum, totum c. 0.83 cm longum, apiculo 0.05 cm, 0.4 cm latum. Sepala lateralia oblique ovato-elliptiea, apice cucullatoobtusa cum apiculo recto tereti-subulato strigilloso 0.08 cm longo, concava, costa media dorso convexo-incrassata, tota c. 0.87 cm longa, 0.375 cm lata. Petala late elliptico-obovata, obtusa, apice vix cucullata, basi margine antico vix unguiculato-contraeta, concava, costa media dorso valde incrassata strigosaque apice in apiculum brevem producta in praefloratione inter sepala prominente, c. 0.8 cm longa, 0.525 cm lata. Labellum a gynostemio subrectangule patens et recurvulum, supra basin obtusangule incurvum, stigma paululum superans, valde concavum, explanatum cuneato-angulato-obovatum, apice cucullato-obtusissimum, ungue cuneato excepto leviter crispulum et erosulum, basi intus valde convexoincrassatum, costa media dorso valde prominente et strigosa apice in apiculum incurvulum teretem hirtellum producta, fere 0.8 cm longum, mucrone 0.05 cm longo, 0.6 cm latum. Gynostemium totum c. 0.62 cm, usque ad apicem antherarum 0.4 cm longum. Stamina 3, glabra, inferne cum stylo in columnam rotundato-trigonam supra subtusque 2-sulcatum, c. 0.13 cm longam connata, superne divergentia, filamenti dorsalis pars libera a dorso compressa, oblonga, vix flavescenti-alba, c. 0.1 cm longa; filainentorum lateralium pars libera dorsali similis, 0.13 cm longa; antherae conniventes, fere basifixae, introrsae, praesertim dorsalis valde incurvae, cordatae, apicem versus paululum angustatae, late obtusae, lobis basilaribus obtusis, dorso valde convexae cum sulco levi longitudinali, crassae, vix flaveseenti-albae, dorsalis fere c. 2 cm longa, 0.14 cm lata, laterales bene 0.2 cm longae, 0.175 cm latae. Stylus undatus, teres, leviter clavatus, apice (stigmate) obtusus et papillosus, albus, basi dilute. sulphureus, totus c. 0.6 cm, parte libera 0.525 cm longus. Ovarium pedieellatum curvulum, rotundato-trigonum, patentissime strigillosum, pedicello apicem versus incrassato, pallide viridi, c. 0.33 cm longo, ovario trigono-ellipsoideo, viridi, c. 0.4 cm longo, fere 0.3 cm diam., apice in rostrum apice obliquum pallide viride dorso c. 0.275 cm longum contractum.

Beschreibung: In Blumea V (1943), 316, I published a list of the Orchidaceae collected by Dr van Steenis in Atjeh. In this list a certain number of specimens were purposely omitted, on account of the fact that flowers had been preserved in alcohol, which material, however, was apparently not extant in Leiden. Under these conditions I have worked up the herbarium so far as possible from the dried specimens only.\nPeristylus goodyeroides (D. Don) Lndl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835), 299; etc.

Beschreibung: In a previous number of this volume (Blumea V, nr. 1, 1942, p. 66\xe2\x80\x9480), one of the junior writers of the present paper published an account of nomenclatorial changes concerning javanese Verbenaceae. This paper was written as a supplement to a larger work by the senior writer, who has for long years devoted most of his activities to the study of the flora of Java, on which it was his privilege to publish some more or less extensive papers, all of them in the Dutch language 2). These publications may be considered materials for a Flora of Java. In fact, some of them have the character and even the title of such a flora, though on account of several circumstances none of them could be completed.\nSince the senior writer had retired from his official duties, an attempt was made to fill up this gap. For this purpose numerous scattered annotations were sorted and a start was made with the design of a reviewed and complete Flora of Java, again in Dutch. However, it soon became evident that this work was too extensive a task for a single man of my age and I therefore requested the help of the director of the Rijksherbarium at Leiden. Through his kind mediation the collaboration was procured of some junior assistants. In the first phase of the work financial support to this end was kindly granted, first by the \xe2\x80\x9cMaatschappij ter Bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Koloni\xc3\xabn\xe2\x80\x9d and afterwards also by the \xe2\x80\x9cKorthalsfonds\xe2\x80\x9d, managed by the Royal Netherlands\xe2\x80\x99 Academy of Sciences at Amsterdam and by \xe2\x80\x9cGreshoff\xe2\x80\x99s Rumphiusfonds\xe2\x80\x9d. Prof. Dr A. A. Pulle, Utrecht, kindly took an interest in this work and lent his intermediary in procuring the greater part of the necessary funds. In a later stage, however, also the Government could be convinced of the importance of this work and of a rapid rate of its progress and first one, later on two assistants were added to the Staff of the Rijksherbarium with the special instruction to assist me in my work. Recently a third assistant was appointed at the Botanical Museum and Herbarium of the Utrecht University. I take pleasure to avail myself of this opportunity to tender my best thanks to Dr Pulle and to Dr Lam for their kind collaboration, as well as to the Societies and Foundations, whose generous help in the earlier phases of the work appeared to be vital for starting it.

Beschreibung: It is a generally accepted concept nowadays that dichotomy is the most primitive type of ramification in land plants. Recently Lam (1948) briefly reviewed the literature of this subject in the light of the telome theory. He recalled that the dichotomies of fern leaves are to be regarded as homologous to the dichotomies of stems in more primitive plants and enumerated a number of more or less haphazardly collected cases in higher plants, of which the most probable interpretation is that they are traces of such ancient dichotomies, betraying their original relation to a branch system.\nIn his paper, Lam discriminated between such traces in vegetative and in reproductive parts and he arrived at the provisional conclusion that traces of ancient dichotomies in the vegetative parts should particularly occur in what he termed the \xe2\x80\x98phyllosporous\xe2\x80\x99 plants, and that those of the reproductive parts are particularly found in the \xe2\x80\x98stachysporous\xe2\x80\x99 groups.

Beschreibung: The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. The Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. U.S. National Herbarium, Smithonian Institution, Washington, DC. New York Botanical Gardens, Bronx Park, Fordham Br.P.O., N.Y. Bot. Gardens, Ann. Arbor, Mich. University of California, Department of Botany, Berkeley, Cal. Field museum of natural History, Department of Botany, Chicago, Ill.\nGreat Britain. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew-Surrey (except types) British Museum, Natural History, Bot. Department, Cromwell Road, London SW & Botany School, Cambridge.

Beschreibung: Mr R.E. Holttum, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, who was on leave in England from July to mid-November, reported that Mr C.X. Furtado has returned to Singapore and is working on the genus Calamus as part of his revision of the Palmae of the Malay Peninsula. Mr Holttum \xe2\x80\x99aims at getting a revised Flora of the Malay Peninsula written, of which he himself will be responsible for most of the Monocotyledones except Aroids and Palms. Mr M.R. Henderson is working on some families of Dicotyledones. This Flora must be fuller than Ridley\xe2\x80\x99s, and with sufficient introductory matter and illustrations to make it intelligible to the ordinary resident who is prepared to take soms interest in local plants\xe2\x80\x99. Mr Holttum will retire in 1950; he will then devote his time to revise Flora Malesiana, series II, Pteridophyta. Mr Holttum spent a fortnight in Holland, in October, and discussed the contributions to Flora Malesiana which can be prepared at Singapore on the basis of mutual cooperation.\nDr A.J.G.H. Kostermans has been appointed Forest Botanist in the Forest Experiment Station, Buitenzorg, Java. He has resumed his studies on the Malaysian Lauraceae.

Beschreibung: Flora of Java. Dr C.A. Backer has been working towards the composition of a Dutch-written Flora of Java since about 1903, at first in Java, and onwards of 1931 in Holland. When the war started it was thought safer to mimeograph the MS. as far as it was finished, in order to save the writers\xe2\x80\x99 labours against the chance of complete destruction by bombing or other causes. Prof. Dr H.J. Lam managed to get a number of subscribers and funds for a mimeograph edition. This constitures the \xe2\x80\x9dNooduitgave\xe2\x80\x9d (emergency edition) in which up till now 120 families have appeared in 7 folio volumes. The edition was limited to ca 25 copies. It is the intention to edit 2 volumes more, and then stop it. Circumstances necessitate the printed edition to be written in English to which the author has now consented, and which he will manage himself, Prof. Lam also succeeded in getting a number of temporary cooperators who have assisted Dr Backer in revising some families, viz. Dr A.D.J. Meeuse, A.G.L. Adelbert, and R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr, whilst the specialists Dr J. Wasscher, Dr S.J. van Ooststroom and Miss Dr G.J.H. Amshoff and the late Prof. Dr B.H. Danser made contributions. She revisions are now nearing completion. Only very few families, mostly sympetalous, are not yet finished. The flora will include the Pteridophytes (more than 500 in Java) and through the consent of Mrs Smith also the Orchidaceae (ca 700!); the latter will be revised on the basis of the MS. revision left by the late Dr J.J. Smith.\nIn the emergency edition practically all synonyms have been omitted for brevity\xe2\x80\x99s sake. It is to be hoped that they will be re-inserted in the scientific edition now aimed at. Endless labours have been spent in identifying the species described under various names, and to a certain extent these synonyms have shaped the specific delimitations and argumentate the present conceptions. They can be omitted in a concise popular flora, but not in the work now prepared. It has taken a long way to reach the present state to account for the flora of Java, but we are sure that the work will certainly be the most valuable contribution towards the flora of Java ever made, as its author possesses an unsurpassed field knowledge combined with a very critical taxonomical point of view.

Beschreibung: Mr C.T. White is to be congratulated on being presented with, the Mueller Memorial Medal awarded by the Adelaide Meeting of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, Aug. 1946. This award is in recognition of his work on the systematic botany of Queensland.\nDr Ir J.Ph. Pfeiffer, Director of Research, B.P.M.-lab., Amsterdam, died Nov. 18, 1947, at Amsterdam, 58 years old. He was formerly wood-technologist, and collected plants in Simaloer Island, NW Sumatra.

Beschreibung: Dr H.C.D. de Wit started a revision of Malaysian Bauhinia, this being part of his work on the Caesalpiniaceae of Malaysia; he is working in the Eijksherbarium, Leyden, Holland.\nMr R.A. Blakelock, is revising the genus Evonymus at the Roy. Bot. Gardens, Kew-Surrey.

Beschreibung: Miquel, F.A.W., Illustrations de la flore de l\xe2\x80\x99archipel Indien. 3 parts. 1870-1871.\nJACKSON (Guide 1881, p. 385) mentions this work, \xe2\x80\x9dFlore de l\xe2\x80\x99Archipel Indien\xe2\x80\x9d, as having been published 1870-\xe2\x80\x9971. REHDER (Bradl. Bibl. 1, 1 (1909) 466) says that it contains X + 114 pp. 37 pl., and that it was published in 1871. He adds that another edition was published in 1874 containing 174 pp. Unbound copies in the original covers at the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, prove that these references are either incomplete or wrong.

Beschreibung: Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr, R.C.: Een bijdrage tot de kennis van de Melastomataceae van den Maleischen Archipel in het bijzonder van die van Nederlandsch-Indi\xc3\xab. Thesis. Gouda 1943, VIII 31 pp. (in Dutch).\nExtract from the general and critical parts of the extensive study; no latin descriptions.

Beschreibung: Though the list of nomina generica conservanda must be kept as small as possible, both the spirit of the rules and wish of all taxonomists is to aim at stabilizing nomenclature. In general the number of new combinations necessary through the digging up of an old name or the discovery of the identity of a mis-identified plant will be decisive.\nIf the number of new combinations towards the one or the other side are nearly equal, the generic name which has been in current use will generally be favoured. If no new combinations are necessary, the current use only will be regarded as the reasonable decision.

Beschreibung: There are only a few things left in common to the displaced and disjointed inhabitants of this Earth; they are the things spiritual.\nAmong those treasures of the mind natural science has come to the fore only in the last three centuries, as a lofty and impartial principle that tends to join people instead of disrupting them. Through war, famine and pestilence the undying fire of science has remained a steady beacon.

Beschreibung: Shrubs, trees, or prostrate plants. Leaves spread, rarely opposite, entire or toothed, exstipulate. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80, zygomorphic, rarely almost actinomorphic, small, axillary, solitary or usually in clusters of 2,3 or more. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 4, rarely 5, in pairs of unequal length, inserted on the corolla-tube and alternate with the lobes. Anther-cells opening lengthwise, confluent at the apex, usually forming a single reniform cell after dehiscence. Ovary superior, not lobed, 2\xe2\x80\x9410-celled with 1 ovule in each cell, rarely 2-celled with 2 ovules per cell. Style simple entire or obscurely notched at the apex. Drupe 2\xe2\x80\x9410-celled.\nDistr. Ca 35 spp., largely in Australia, 1 species in E. Asia, further in the Pacific, Rodriguez Isl. and Mauritius.

Beschreibung: Annual or perennial herbs, never woody shrubs (in Malaysia). Stems often furrowed and with soft pith. Leaves alternate along the stems, often also in rosettes; petiole usually with a sheath, sometimes with stipules at the base; lamina usually much divided, sometimes entire. Flowers polygamous, in simple or compound umbels, sometimes in heads, terminal or leaf-opposed, beneath with or without involucres and involucels. Calyx teeth 5, often obsolete. Petals 5, alternate with the calyx teeth, equal or outer ones of the inflorescence enlarged, entire or more or less divided, often with inflexed tips, inserted below the epigynous disk. Stamens alternate with the petals, similarly inserted. Disk 2-lobed, free from the styles or confluent with their thickened base, forming a stylopodium. Ovary inferior; styles 2. Fruits with 2 one-seeded mericarps, connected by a narrow or broad junction (commissure) in fruit separating, leaving sometimes a persistent axis ( carpophore) either entire or splitting into 2 halves; mericarps with 5 longitudinal ribs, 1 dorsal rib at the back of the mericarp, 2 lateral ribs at the commissure; 2 intermediate ribs between the dorsal and the lateral ones; sometimes with secondary ribs between the primary ones, these without fascicular bundles; often vittae in the ridges between the ribs or under the secondary ribs, and in the commissure, seldom under the primary ribs.\nDistr. Numerous genera and species, all over the world. The representatives native in Malaysia belong geographically to five types. (1) Ubiquitous genera ( Hydrocotyle, Centella, Oenanthe); one species, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, shows a remarkable disjunction, occurring in Europe & N. Africa and also in New Guinea, Australia and the Marshall Islands. (2) Western elements are Sanicula (wide-spread in the N. hemisphere but absent from New Guinea and Australia), Heracleum and Pimpinella; though some spp. are endemic their close relatives are found in SE. Asia. (3) A distinctly N. element is the Japano-Formosan Peucedanum japonicum in the islands N. of Luzon. (4) A distinct Australian element is Trachymene which centers in Australia and occurs also in New Caledonia and Fiji; this genus shows a relatively rich secondary centre in East Malaysia; another Australian alliance is found in ubiquitous Eryngium of which the only native Malaysian species hitherto known is allied to Australian spp. (5) A distinct Subantarcticdistributed genus is Oreomyrrhis which centers in New Guinea by 4 spp.; one of these occurs from Kinabalu to Australia, New Zealand to Andine South America as far as Mexico; a marked instance of the ancient alpine-Papuan South Pacific plant refuge (v. ST.).

Beschreibung: Erect tall annual, usually branched. Leaves simple, with 2 free stipules, in the lower part of the stem opposite, in the higher part spirally arranged, long-petioled, palmate, 3\xe2\x80\x9411-foliolate. Flowers (\xe2\x99\x82) (\xe2\x99\x80) or mostly (\xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x80). Male flowers in short, dense cymes, which are united into lax, foliate, terminal panicles, very shortly pedicelled. Tepals 5, free, oblong, membranous, imbricate. Stamens 5, epitepalous; filaments erect and short in bud, linear, with a narrowed apex; anthers comparatively large, basifixed, 2-celled, cells opening longitudinally, rudimentary ovary absent. Female flowers solitary in the axil of a small, primary, membranous, entire bract closely enveloping the ovary, each enveloped by a spathaceous, conspicuous, acuminate, secondary bract. Perianth absent. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; style central; stigmas 2, sessile, long, filiform, caducous. Ovule solitary, pendulous. Achene closely enveloped by the much enlarged, secondary bract, broadly oval, with a concave rimmed base, much compressed, faintly keeled on the lateral margins; pericarp smooth, hard, crustaceous, easily splitting into two halves; albumen unilateral, scanty, fleshy; embryo large, horseshoe-shaped; cotyledons large; radicle long.\nDistr. Monotypic, native of Central Asia, cultivated in tropical Asia, naturalized in N. America.

Beschreibung: Small trees, mostly deciduous, bark gummy, wood soft, roots thickened, pungent; trunk often inflated. Leaves spread, imperfectly 2\xe2\x80\x944-imparipinnate; tissue with myrosin cells; pinnae opposite, provided with stipitate glands at the base of the petiolules and pinnae. Leaflets small, opposite, entire, all articulated. Stipules represented by blunt knobs. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, white (or yellow streaked red), in axillary panicles. Calyx tube short, as a hypanthium; lobes 5 imbricate, spreading or reflexed, separately dropping. Petals 5 free, anterior one largest and erect, others reflexed, posterior smallest. Disk lining the calyx tube, with a short free margin bearing the androecium. Perfect stamens 5 epipetalous; anthers dorsifixed, 1-celled, oblong, when lengthwise opened broader. Staminodes 5, subulate, with or without rudimentary anthers. Ovary superior, shortly stalked, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Style filiform, stigma small. Ovules ~, in 2 series on each placenta. Capsule linear, beaked, 3\xe2\x80\x946-angled; valves thick, spongy, on the inside with pitted cavities in 1 row along the median line. Seeds 3-winged (or exalate), body roundish large. Embryo exalbuminous, straight, containing oil.\nDistr. Ca 10 spp., confined to the semi-arid countries of Somaliland, Madagascar, SW. Africa, NE. Africa, Asia Minor, 2 spp. in India.

Beschreibung: Halophobous, aquatic or palustrial perennial herbs, rooting in the mud or freefloating. Stem erect or floating, solid, with numerous air-chambers as are the petioles. Leaves rosulate or alternate, or solitary at the top of the stem, emersed, floating or submerged, broad or narrow, curvinerved (when emersed); petioles sheathing at the base. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80, ephemerous, mostly in racemiform, spiciform, subumbelliform or paniculiform inflorescences which are subtended by 1-2 spathelike or tubular leaf-sheaths, rarely solitary or pairwise in the leaf-axils. Bracts minute or absent. Flowers often simultaneously or centrifugally expanding. Perianth choriphyllous or gamophyllous, 6-merous, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, blue or lilac, rarely yellow, after anthesis marcescent and tightly including the ovary or the fruit. Stamens 6 or 3, rarely 1, on the base, in the tube or in the throat of the perianth, often unequal; filaments free; anthers 2-celled, cells bursting lengthwise, rarely opening by pores. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-celled, with axile placentas or 1-celled with 3 parietal or with 1 apical placenta. Ovules numerous or 1 and then pendulous from the apex of the cell. Style 1; stigma entire or minutely 3-lobed. Fruit a 3-valved capsule or indehiscent. Seed(s) longitudinally ribbed. Embryo central, terete, straight, hardly shorter than the copious, mealy endosperm.\nDistr. About 8 small genera and \xc2\xb1 25 species, 6 genera confined to the New World, one in Madagascar, one widely distributed in the Old World; in Malaysia one native genus, one introduced and abundantly naturalized, and one occasionally cultivated as an ornamental.

Beschreibung: Submerged, rootless, monoecious freshwater plants. Leaves verticillate, 2-4 times forked, segments linear dentate. Flowers actinomorphic, solitary, axillary, unisexual. Perianth valvate, segments 9-12, persistent, narrow. \xe2\x99\x82: stamens 8-24; anthers nearly sessile rather broad, connective pointed, the 2 cells mostly crowned by a minute bristle; ovary rudiment absent. \xe2\x99\x80: ovary superior, sessile, 1-celled with 1 ovule; style persistent, subulate, sulcate towards the apex; stamen rudiments absent. Fruit oblong, compressed, warty, not dehiscent, near the base with 2 straight or curved soft spines, or unarmed.\nDistr. Ca 2 spp., both ubiquitous.

Beschreibung: Annual or perennial, saprophytic or autotrophic herbs; the saprophytic species often colourless. Leaves usually spread or alternate, entire, simple, without stipules; non-saprophytic species with a radical rosette of linear leaves; stem leaves often reduced to small scales; sometimes the basal part of the stem provided with many decurrent, grass-like leaves. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x82, usually actinomorphic, solitary or in capitate or cymose inflorescences. Perianth corolline; limb consisting of 2 whorls; tube sometimes 3-winged. Anthers 3, subsessile in the perianth throat and dehiscing laterally with horizontal slits,or 6, hanging down in the perianth tube and dehiscing with longitudinal slits. Connective large, often appendiculate. Style filiform or shortly cylindrical or conical. Stigmas 3, sometimes connate. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with parietal placentation, or 3-celled with axile placentation. Ovules ~, anatropous, with 2 integuments; funicles often rather long. Fruit usually capsular, sometimes fleshy, crowned by the persistent perianth tube and the style, or by a thickened persistent basal ring of the perianth tube, dehiscing irregularly or with transverse slits at the top. Seeds ~, small, subglobose to linear, sometimes with loose, reticulate testa, with endosperm.\nDistr. About 125 species, widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres, also in subtropical America, Chicago area, Mo\xc3\xa7ambique, Southern China, Japan, Southern Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania. As many species are rare, it is possible that only a part of their area is known. Most of them are found in moist regions. Among the autotrophic Malaysian Burmanniaceae there are 3 rather common species which are widely spread, viz Burmannia coelestis, B. disticha and B. longifolia. The latter two are absent from Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, the former occurs in Java proper only in its western part. Of the saprophytic Malaysian species only 3 have been often collected, viz Burmannia championii, B. lutescens, and Gymnosiphon affinis.

Beschreibung: Small trees, shrubs or twining woody plants, rarely herbs; branches terete. Glands present in various parts. Indumentum consisting of simple hairs, or in Viburnum sometimes lepidote; glandular hairs mostly present. Stems often pithy. Leaves decussate, simple or deeply divided (Sambucus), sometimes provided with pitted or cup-shaped glands exuding resin. Stipules absent or very small. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, mostly cymosely arranged, 4\xe2\x80\x945-merous; outer flowers in an inflorescence sometimes differing from the normal ones, rarely ( Sambucus p.p.) some fls aborted into extra-floral nectaries. Calyx adnate to the ovary, (4\xe2\x80\x94)5-fid or -toothed, mostly constricted below the limb; sepals often enlarged in fruit. Corolla epigynous, gamopetalous, sometimes 2-lipped, lobes mostly imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the corolla tube, alternating with the lobes, extrorse or introrse. Anthers free, 2-celled, dorsifixed, versatile, cells parallel, opening lengthwise, mostly introrse; filaments sometimes reflexed or curved in bud. Ovary inferior, 1-(2-)3-5(-8)-celled, in fruit cells sometimes partly abortive. Style terminal, often slender with one knoblike stigma, or 3 short partly connate styles. Ovules 1(-~), pendulous or axile. Fruit a drupe or berry, rarely a capsule. Seeds often only one per fruit, often with bony testa. Endosperm copious, sometimes ruminate; embryo straight, often small and linear, axial, cotyledons oval or oblong.\nDistr. Ca 10-14 genera, mainly distributed on the N. hemisphere, in the tropics mostly confined to the mountains, on the S. hemisphere only Viburnum and Sambucus, an endemic genus in New Zealand, two monotypic endemic genera in New Caledonia, in Australia only Sambucus in the eastern part.

Beschreibung: Aquatic often rather large perennial herbs with creeping, subterranean stolons. Stem simple or branched, leafy at the base, stiff or flaccid, erect or floating, bearing a terminal spike or panicle. Leaves long, linear from a sheathing base. Flowers (\xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x80), crowded in separate globose clusters; lower clusters \xe2\x99\x80, in or above the axil of a leafy bract, stalked or sessile; higher clusters \xe2\x99\x82, bractless or with a small bract. \xe2\x99\x82: Perianth actinomorphic, choriphyllous. Tepals 3(-6), spathulate. Stamens 3(-6); filaments free or connate at the base; anthers basifixed, oblong; pollen globose. \xe2\x99\x80: Tepals as in \xe2\x99\x82 but larger. Ovary 1, exceptionally 2, sessile with a narrow base, unilocular; ovule 1, pendulous; style 1, usually simple, rarely forked; stigma unilateral, short. Fruits densely crowded, sessile with a narrow base, crowned by the style, indehiscent; exocarp spongy, endocarp hard; testa thin; embryo in the middle of the mealy endosperm.\nDistr. Temperate and colder regions of the N. hemisphere, crossing the tropics in Malaysia over the mountains towards Australia and New Zealand. About 15 species have been distinguished, in Malaysia only one sp. occurs.

Beschreibung: Herbs or shrubs, sometimes parasitic, usually with twining stems, occasionally prostrate or creeping, or erect, very rarely trees, often with milky juice. Leaves mostly spirally arranged, in parasitic species absent or nearly so, usually petioled; petiole sometimes with extra-floral nectaries. Stipules absent, pseudostipules (leaves of axillary shoot) rarely present. Inflorescences mostly cymose, one- to many-flowered, with mostly opposite or subopposite bracts at the base of the cymes or under the solitary flowers; rarely racemose. Flowers generally hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, rarely slightly zygomorphic, usually 5-merous, rarely 4-merous, various in size and colour, often showy. Sepals usually free, imbricate, with quincuncial aestivation, often persistent, sometimes accrescent in fruit. Corolla sympetalous, of various shapes, often funnel-shaped or campanulate, more rarely rotate, salver-shaped or urceolate; the limb nearly entire or more or less deeply lobed, often contorted-plicate in bud, or valvate or induplicate-valvate. Stamens isomerous, alternating with the corolla-lobes, adnate to the corolla, with usually slender, often filiform filaments and introrse or laterally and longitudinally dehiscing anthers. Pollen smooth or spinulose. Disk mostly present, annular or cupular. Ovary superior, mostly of 2 carpels, 2- or 1-celled, sometimes 4-celled by development of accessory partitions, rarely of 3 carpels and 3-celled; ovules 2 in each carpel, sessile, erect, anatropous. Style 1, often filiform, simple or forked, or 2 free styles, rarely very short or absent. Stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely 3-lobed, or stigmas 2-4, of various shape, globular or ellipsoid to filiform, sometimes applanate, rarely peltate, kidney-shaped, conical or funnel-shaped. Fruit a capsule dehiscing by valves or circumscissile or irregularly dehiscing, rarely a berry or nut-like. Seeds as many as ovules or fewer; endosperm cartilaginous; cotyledons generally folded, sometimes obscure or absent.\nDistr. Ca 55 genera, with ca 1650 spp., widely distributed in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres; the greater part of the species in the tropics and subtropics of America and Asia. The larger genera Cuscuta (ca 165 spp.), Convolvulus (ca 250 spp.) and Ipomoea (ca 500 spp.) nearly throughout the range of the family but Convolvulus more in the temperate parts and Ipomoea more in the tropics and subtropics. Other large genera as Evolvulus (ca 100 spp.) and Jacquemontia (ca 120 spp.) nearly confined to America. Argyreia (ca 90 spp.) confined to tropical Asia. Malaysia, and a single sp. in Australia, and Merremia (ca 80 spp.) circumtropical. Several monotypic or small genera in E. Africa, Madagascar, and Australia.

Beschreibung: Mostly perennial, paludose, grass-like herbs with fibrous roots; stembase very rarely thickened, often profusely producing shoots. Leaves basal, distichous on each shoot, ensiform, linear or filiform, sometimes twisted; sheaths with a membranous margin (in Mal. spp.) producing mucilage (?always), with or without a short ligule; limb glabrous or with numerous, small hard papillae, sometimes with a stout nerve in either margin. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x82, in terminal, few- to many-flowered heads, 3-merous, yellow to white, ephemeral, each in the axil of a conspicuous bract; bracts conchate, imbricate, spirally arranged, lower ones sterile; one to few flowers simultaneously in anthesis. Peduncles scape-like, terete to compressed, sometimes winged or ribbed, glabrous or with numerous hard papillae, at the base with some sheaths provided with a short limb. Bracts entire, ciliate, fimbriate or lacerate, with one complete main nerve and some complete or incomplete longitudinal secondary (descending) nerves, in the apical part mostly with a small minutely-papillose field. Calyx zygomorphic; lateral sepals navicular, with entire, dentate or ciliate crest, wings membranous, entire, glabrous or ciliate; median sepal membranous, spathelliform or cap-shaped, enveloping the corolla, mostly obovate, 1-3(-5)-nerved, pushed out by the corolla in anthesis(?always). Corolla actinomorphic, ephemeral; petals with an orbicular to obovate limb and a long, narrow claw, free, cohering mutually or by the staminodes. Stamens mostly 3 fertile epipetalous inserted on the petals and 3 alternating staminodes, staminodes rarely absent, or all stamens fertile; filaments short; anthers basifix, dehiscing lengthwise extrorsely. Ovary superior, sessile to stipitate (in Australian spp. sometimes with 3 hard swellings at the top), 1- or 3-celled, or incompletely 3-celled. Placentas parietal, central, or basal, with ~ ovules; styles filiform, apex 3-fid, stigmas mostly capitate. Fruit shape similar to that of the ovary but larger, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds ellipsoid to obovoid, often ribbed, with a long funicle.\nDistr. Xyridaceae are confined to the tropics throughout the world including the southern parts of North America; east of Malaysia and Australia hitherto only recorded from the Patau group (Korror) and New Caledonia.

Beschreibung: The Flora Malesiana is not preceded by a general key enabling one to identify any unknown native or wild plant to the family or genus to which it belongs. This is certainly a serious lack and presents a formidable handicap to inexperienced taxonomists in rapid naming current collections.\nHowever, there are several forcing arguments for omitting\xe2\x80\x94at present\xe2\x80\x94such an attempt which in itself would present no facile task, and could be accomplished only by a taxonomist thoroughly acquainted with the Malaysian flora. One could of course use some world key as a basis and cut out the entries leading to genera or families not represented in the Malaysian flora, but this procedure would be unsatisfactory, specially as these world keys make little use of vegetative characters; the latter appear to me very important specially in the earlier forks of the keys.

Beschreibung: Trees or shrubs, at least two spp. laticiferous. Leaves simple, entire, subopposite or opposite, rarely subverticillate; often with some alternate ones between, penninerved; petiole sometimes with auricles at the top; blade often with glandular pits in the axils of the secondary nerves or scattered on the undersurface; tertiary nerves slender but conspicuous, transverse and usually crowded, more or less perpendicular to the midrib. Stipules small, caducous. Flowers bisexual, in small fascicles or solitary, placed along racemose or more or less broadly paniculate axillary shoots; bracts minute deltoid. Sepals 5, quincuncially imbricate, two inner ones with scarious margins. Corolla infundibuliform, tube short, slightly thickened; lobes spreading, imbricate in bud. Staminodes 5, alternipetalous, inserted in the throat. Stamens 5, epipetalous; filaments short, connate with the base of the petals; anthers basifix, slightly extrorse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1\xe2\x80\x942-celled, glabrous, contracted into a short stout style; cells with 1 apotropous, ascending ovule, attached to the basis of the central axis; stigma truncate, capitate or faintly 2-lobed. Fruit drupaceous, 1\xe2\x80\x94(2)-seeded, ovoid to oblong; pericarp thin. Seeds with a thin-crustaceous pale dull testa. Hilum small, round, basal; albumen absent; cotyledons thick; radicle inferior.\nDistr. 6 spp. of this mono-generic family occur in SE. Asia and Malaysia.

Beschreibung: Dioecious trees (or tall herbs), often lepidote or hairy. Leaves large, simple, entire or dentate, spirally arranged, palminerved (or compound), often asymmetric. Stipules 0. Flowers actinomorphic, valvate, unisexual, rarely polygamous, in elongate, bracteate, caducous spikes or panicles.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x99\x82 Flowers: sepals 4-9, free and very unequal or connate in a lobed tube, isomerous, in \xe2\x99\x82 Tetrameles with a few occasionally additional lobules. Petals free, isomerous or 0. Stamens isomerous and episepalous, filaments often long; anthers basifix, intrors or latrors, incurved in bud. Rudimentary ovary present or 0.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x99\x80 Flowers: sepals connate above the ovary or free. Petals and rudimentary stamens 0. Styles isomerous, opposite the calyx lobes, mostly inserted on the margin of the calyx, (2-fid, filiform), club-shaped, or with a capitate stigma. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3-8 parietal, alternisepalous placentas. Ovules ~. Capsule opening at the apex with slits or splitting laterally; pericarp membranous. Seeds ~, very small, ovate or spindleshaped; testa punctate or scrobiculate, outer sheet loosely covering the embryo. Albumen 0. Embryo straight, cylindric.\nDistr. Three genera with 4 spp., Datisca (herbaceous) with one sp. in Asia and one in W. Central America, Tetrameles and Octomeles both with one Indomalaysian sp..

Beschreibung: Trees (or shrubs), often deciduous, producing gum and an orange juice. Leaves spread, palmatilobed, often with domatia in the axils of the main ribs; stipules caducous. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, showy, mostly golden-yellow, paniculate or racemose. Sepals 5 imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate or contorted, emarginate. Stamens ~, with free filaments, equal or subequal; anthers 2-celled, linear, basifixed, opening by introrse, short, often confluent pore-like slits. Ovary 1-celled with laminal placentas projecting into the cell, or perfectly or imperfectly 3-celled, the upper portion remaining 1-celled; ovules ~, style simple, stigma punctiform. Capsule 3\xe2\x80\x945-valved, valves of the endocarp separating from and alternating with those of the pericarp. Seeds covered by woolly hairs, mostly cochleate-reniform; endosperm copious, rich in oil; embryo large, conforming to the shape of the seed; cotyledons broad.\nDistr. Ca 15 spp., mostly in trop. and subtropical America, some in trop. Africa and SE. Asia, 3 species in N. Australia, rare in Malaysia; G. gillivrayi is possibly the only native Malaysian species. LAM assumed the genus to belong to the \xe2\x80\x98antarctic\xe2\x80\x99 type(Blumea 1 (1935) 135), but it is manifestly peri-tropical.

Beschreibung: Trailing shrubs or lianas without special organs for climbing, branches rarely flexuose; stem with wide vessels, raphides in the flowering parts; bark often with short linear lengthwise lenticels. Growth in flushes from terminal and axillary buds. Indumentum of stellate or simple hairs. Stipules minute, obsolete, or absent. Leaves simple, scattered, petiolate, serrate or callous-dentate, penninervous, midrib sulcate, veins in cross-bars, veinlets reticulate. Inflor. lateral, often on a common peduncle forked at the apex, cymose, often pseudo-umbellate; bracts 2, at the apex of the peduncle. Flowers mostly white, dioecious (or polygamous), 5(-4)- merous. Sepals distinctly imbricate (rarely valvate), free or subconnate at the base, persistent. Stamens (10-) ~, in \xe2\x99\x80 fls with short filaments and small sterile anthers; filaments thin, anthers versatile, base divaricate, attached in the middle, reflexed in bud, dehiscing lengthwise. Disc absent. Ovary free, superior, tomentose (or glabrous), (5-) ~-celled; ovules attached on the central axis. Styles free, (5-) ~, persistent, elongating after flowering in \xe2\x99\x80, \xc2\xb1clavate, spreading, in \xe2\x99\x82 ovary small, with minute styles. Berry glabrous (or hairy), often spotted by lenticels, oblong. Seeds ~, small, biconvex, oblong, immersed in pulp; testa cartilagineous, reticulate-pitted, dark when dry; albumen copious; integuments 1; embryo cylindrical straight, cotyledons short.\nDistr. Ca 30 spp. from W. Malaysia & Himalaya to Sachalin, Japan and Formosa, centering in China and Japan.

Beschreibung: Herbs or undershrubs, usually succulent, perennial, less often annual or biennial. Leaves spirally arranged, opposite or whorled, exstipulate, simple or compound, entire, dentate, crenate, serrate or deeply incised. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, usually cymose or cymose-paniculate, rarely spicate or solitary in leaf-axils, pedicelled or sessile, mostly 4\xe2\x80\x945-, rarely 3- or polymerous. Sepals free or nearly so, or united into a distinct tube, after anthesis marcescent and persistent as are the petals. Petals the same number as sepals, rarely more, hypogynous, free or variously connate. Stamens either as many as petals and alternate with them or twice their number, perigynous or all or partly inserted on the corolla; filaments free from each other; anthers 2-celled; cells introrse, dehiscing longitudinally. Hypogynous scales as many as carpels, placed singly at the back of them, free or at the base adnate to the base of the carpels. Carpels superior, the same number as petals, epipetalous, free or connate at the base, 1-celled. Ovules inserted on the adaxial side, mostly many, biseriate, rarely solitary or few. Styles as many as carpels, free, linear or subulate, short to long. Fruit follicular, membranous or leathery, opening on the adaxial side. Seeds minute, endosperm usually fleshy; embryo straight.\nDistr. About 20 genera and upwards of 700 spp., in the frigid, temperate and warm regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, northern and tropical America, rare in S. America and Australia, absent from Polynesia.

Beschreibung: Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbing by means of foliar tendrils, rarely small trees. Leaves spirally arranged or opposite, exstipulate, sessile or petioled, entire or more or less deeply divided, or compound. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary, geminate, corymbose or capitate, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-partite, with or without transparent fields, persistent. Corolla gamophyllous, 5-lobed or 5-partite; lobes contorted in bud. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, inserted at equal or unequal height, alternating with the segments; filaments free from each other, included or exserted; anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled; cells opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, sessile on a disk, 3 (rarely 2)-celled; ovules in each cell 1-~, inserted in the inner angle; style 1, filiform, 3 (rarely 2)-fid. Fruit a loculicidal or septifragal capsule, rarely indehiscent. Endosperm mostly copious; embryo straight or slightly curved.\nDistr. N. America and the Andes, rare in the Old World, absent from Africa and Australia. Genera 12, represented by upwards of 250 species. In Malaysia one American genus is more or less naturalized; a few other species are cultivated in gardens.

Beschreibung: Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs, sometimes fleshy. Leaves simple, entire or subentire, opposite, spread, or spuriously whorled, sometimes minute, stipulate or not. Stipules often small, scarious, fugacious. Flowers axillary, solitary, clustered or fascicled, cymose, pseudoracemose, or subumbellate, actinomorphic, usually \xe2\x99\x80, often small and inconspicuous. Tepals 5, either free, imbricate in bud, herbaceous with scarious often white margins or entirely scarious, persistent, conniving before and after anthesis, or a distinctly gamophyllous, corolline or calycine 3\xe2\x80\x948-lobed perianth with usually persistent, herbaceous lobes imbricate or rarely valvate in bud. Stamens 1-~, perigynous or hypogynous, free or connate at the base, either singly or in groups, often alternate with the perianth lobes. Anthers 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Disk annular or absent. Ovary superior, semi-inferior or inferior, 1\xe2\x80\x949-celled. Ovules 2-~, solitary or ~, basal, apical or axile. Styles 1-~. Capsule or drupe, 2\xe2\x80\x94~-seeded, often enclosed by the perianth and falling off with it.\nDistr. About 23 genera (if Mesembryanthemum is split into segregates many more) and over a thousand spp.(over 800 belonging to Mesembryanthemum), distinctly centering in the S. hemispherical subtropics of the Old World, mainly in S. Africa, with a secondary centre of development in Australia, in Malaysia and other essentially forested tropics poorly represented by some widely distributed, partly peritropical genera and widely distributed weeds.

Beschreibung: Erect herbs with a short rhizome. Leaves linear radical or crowded at the stem base, distich, equitant, parallel-nerved. Flowers zygomorphic, bisexual, solitary in the axil of spathaceous bracts. Perianth corolline, segments 4, 2-seriate. Stamen 1, inserted at the base of the abaxial segments. Filament flattened; anther 2-celled; cells straight or twisted, opening lengthwise by slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled with axile placentas, or 1-celled with parietal placentas. Style simple. Ovules ~, anatropous. Capsule with 3 valves. Seeds ~.\nDistr. Centering in Australia, comprises 4 genera with 5 species.

Beschreibung: Evergreen, glabrous trees or shrubs, without resin-tubes. Leaves spread, simple, entire, more or less crowded towards the ends of the shoots, shining, exstipulate; midrib sulcate; shoots with perular terminal buds. Branches often in pseudowhorls. Inflorescences terminal, sometimes lateral, generally not exceeding the leaves. Flowers on the ultimate axis in fascicles of 3, towards the end solitary, pedicellate, bracteate. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, fleshy, persistent, petaloid, lobes inequal, concave, imbricate, 2 outermost smallest. Petals 5, thinner than the sepals, inserted at the margin of the disk-like receptacle. Stamens 5, attached to the base of the petals; filaments flattened or terete, slightly thickened towards the base; anthers dorsifixed, dehiscing lengthwise, intrors. Staminodes petaloid, dentate in the upper half, top mostly pointed, alternating with the petals. Disk glands 5, ovoid to ellipsoid, epistaminodial. Ovary ovoid, originally 2-celled, one cell soon abortive. Styles 1-2; stigma punctiform. Ovule 1, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, or a nut, with fibrous endocarp. Testa membranous; cotyledons planoconvex; albumen absent.\nDistr. Four spp., one each in New Zealand and adjacent islands, N. Caledonia, the New Hebrides, and N. Queensland & E. Malaysia.

Beschreibung: Scandent shrubs (often erect in youth), without resin; branches sympodial with a series of circinate woody hooks in one plane. Leaves spread, simple, entire, often rosette-crowded, cuneiform, penninervous, reticulate-veined, glabrous, both surfaces minutely pitted, each pit with a peltate small hair secreting a waxlike substance; petiole articulated, scar on the twigs often saddle-shaped; stipules absent. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x82, actinomorphic small. Inflor. few or several times dichotomous or spike-like, often provided with said hooks and single reduced bract-like leaves, branches often recurved. Pedicels articulated. Bracts with a glandular-thickened base, margin fimbriate-membranous. Calyx tube short, at length adnate to the base of the ovary; lobes 5 inequal imbricate, enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Petals 5, united at the base, slightly contorted in bud. Stamens mostly 10, rarely 5, the episepalous slightly longer. Filaments with broadened base; anthers basifixed, \xc2\xb1 introrse to \xc2\xb1 latrorse, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary for the greater part inferior, consisting of 3 carpels, 1-celled, protruding into a nippleshaped elongation bearing 3 articulated erect styles with a punctiform or horseshoe-shaped stigmatic apex; nipple enlarging in fruit. Ovule 1, basal, ascending, with 2 integuments. Nut not dehiscent, crowned by the enlarged calyx. Seed roundish with testa intruding between the cerebral-like folds of the endosperm. Exocarp leathery. Embryo straight, erect, obliquely placed; cotyledons diverging; hypocotyl rather thick.\nDistr. Disjunct, ca 3 spp. in trop. W. Africa, and 9 in SE. Asia, from the Deccan to Burma, Indochina, Hainan, S. China, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra (cf. fig. 2).

Beschreibung: Priority of publication is internationally accepted as the basic principle of the \xe2\x80\x98Rules of Botanical Nomenclature\xe2\x80\x99.\nThis has emphasized to a marked degree the importance of determining accurately the exact time when novelties are placed before the scientific public.

Beschreibung: Perennial herbs, with a short, often strong-smelling rootstock. Lowest leaves in a basal rosette, higher ones decussate, simple, odd-pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, exstipulate but those of one pair often connected by a raised line, radical ones often long-petioled. Flowers small, \xe2\x99\x80 or unisexual, bracteate, sessile, cymose; cymes united into an often large, terminal panicle or corymb. Bracts small, opposite, persistent, oblong or linear, on the ultimate branchlets of the inflorescence only one bract of each pair flowerbearing. Calyx small, persistent; limb during anthesis short, inrolled, deeply divided into 10 or more segments, these in fruit unrolling, much accrescent, finally widely patent, plumose, pappuslike. Corolla gamopetalous, caducous after anthesis, small; tube funnel-shaped, much widened above the very short, narrow basal part, unequalsided; lobes 5, patent, oblong, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3, inserted about halfway down on the corolla-tube, alternating with the lobes, exserted or not; filaments thin; anthers small, versatile, 2-celled, ovalsuborbicular, or sub-biglobose, cells opening lengthwise. Ovary inferior, 3- celled, only one cell perfect, 1-ovuled, the two others barren or imperfect; ovule pendulous. Style thin, filiform, shortly 3-lobed or subentire, glabrous, exserted or not. Fruit small, dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded, ovate-oblong, much compressed, with 3 dorsal, 1 ventral, and 2 marginal ribs, 1-celled, the two barren or imperfect cells either enlarged or reduced to narrow ridges. Seed pendulous; albumen absent or scanty.\nDistr. Very many spp. centering in Andine Chile, the others nearly all on the N. hemisphere, scarce in the mountainous districts of the tropics, absent from Australia, in Malaysia only known from Central Sumatra and Java.

Beschreibung: Shrubs or small trees, usually spiny. Leaves opposite, alternate or fascicled, exstipulate, simple, entire, penninerved, small. Flowers terminal and subterminal, sessile or nearly so, rather large, \xe2\x99\x80, actinomorphic. Calyx thickly coriaceous, coloured, gamophyllous; tube campanulate-urceolate, adnate to the ovary and produced above it, inside with an annular thickening; segments 5-9, valvate in bud, ovate-triangular, acute, persistent. Petals the same number as calyx-lobes and alternating with them, imbricate and strongly crumpled in bud, obovate, deciduous. Stamens very numerous, inserted on the annular thickening of the calyx, deciduous; filaments incurved in bud, filiform, free; anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled; cells bursting longitudinally. Ovary entirely inferior or free at the top; cells several in 2-3 superposed rows, exceptionally 1-seriate; ovules numerous; those of the lower cells axile, of the upper parietal; style 1, robust, with a thickened base; stigma capitate. Berry large, subglobose, crowned by the unaltered calyx-segments, thick-walled, finally bursting irregularly, entirely filled up by the seeds. Seeds very numerous; outer layer of testa thick, fleshy-juicy; inner layer horny; endosperm none; cotyledons convolute.\nDistr. Two spp. viz P. protopunica BALF. f. confined to Socotra, and P. granatum L., a plant of very ancient cultivation in S. Europe, N. Africa, the Orient, tropical Asia, Malaysia, and China. Also introduced in the New World.

Beschreibung: Perennial or annual herbs, tufted or with an erect or creeping rhizome. Stems mostly leafy only at the base but sometimes also in the higher parts. Leaves spirally arranged, cylindric to flat and grass-like, mostly linear or filiform, sheathing at the base or entirely reduced to a sheath; sheaths open or closed, sometimes ciliate at the top. Flowers mostly proterogynous and anemophilous, solitary or in anthelas, panicles, corymbs or heads, usually small, actinomorphic, \xe2\x99\x80 or (\xe2\x99\x82) (\xe2\x99\x80).Tepals 6, free, in two whorls, rarely only 3, glumaceous or coriaceous, rarely white. Stamens 3-6, when 3 opposite the outer tepals; filaments thin; anthers basifixed, introrse; cells opening longitudinally; pollen in tetrads. Ovary superior, 1-celled or divided by 3 septa into 3 cells; style short to long; stigmas 3, papillose; ovules 3, inserted at the base of the ovary or numerous and biseriate on 3 parietal placentas. Fruit a dry, 1- or 3-celled capsule, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds sometimes tailed; embryo in the middle or at the base of the endosperm, small.\nDistr. Genera 8, with 250-300 species, especially in the temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres; in the tropics restricted to the mountainous districts.

Beschreibung: Perennial lactiferous freshwater herbs, rhizome short tuberous with fibrous roots. Leaves radical, submerged or floating, base sheathing, oblong to linear, entire or crisped, often long-petiolate; nerves lengthwise parallel, connected by numerous oblique transverse veins. Spike emerging from the water, simple or 2-8-forked, without bracts, subtended by a mostly caducous basal sheath (spathe). Flowers bisexual (rarely by abortion unisexual), small, spicate-scapose, white, rose, purple, yellow or yellowish-green. Perianth segments 2 (1-3, or absent), equal or unequal, usually persistent. Stamens in 2 rows, 6 (or more), free, hypogynous, persistent; filament filiform; anthers extrorse, small, 2-celled. Pollen subglobose or ellipsoid. Gynaecium superior, apocarpous; carpels 3-6, sessile, each with a simple style. Ovules 1-8 (or more), anatropous. Mature carpels inflated, opening along the back. Seeds without endosperm; outer testa often loose; embryo straight, elongate.\nDistr. About 40 spp. described, Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, SE. Asia, through Malaysia (very rare) to N. Australia, centering in Africa and Madagascar.

Beschreibung: The privilege of being able to examine numerous sheets of Lonicera in the U.S. Nat. Herbarium Washington, Jan. 1947, some in the Kew Herbarium, Nov. 1946, and some in the Leyden Herbarium, Oct. 1946, enabled me to make some further observations which clarify the status and distribution of the Malaysian species, which I preliminarily treated in the Journ. Arnold Arbor. 27 (1946) 442\xe2\x80\x94452, a little further. 1. Lonicera repens Zipp. ex Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 2: 128. 1856; cf. J. Arn. Arb. 27 (1946) 451, was referred by Miquel to L. chinensis, and belongs, according to Ind. Kew and Dr Rehder\xe2\x80\x99s paper to L. japonica Thunb. In the Leyden Herbarium there are 3 authentic sheets; of one the label reads \xe2\x80\x9cNew Guinea\xe2\x80\x9d, of an. other \xe2\x80\x9c? Java\xe2\x80\x9d and of the third \xe2\x80\x9c? Java. ? New Guinea\xe2\x80\x9d. All belong doubtless to L. japonica Thunb. and in my opinion this is a clear case of mislabelled specimens which came from Java, probably from specimens cultivated in the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg.

Beschreibung: 1a. Parasitic plants with filiform, twining stems, leafless or with minute pale scales. Flowers small, in clusters or short racemes; corolla mostly with 5 episepalous fimbriate scales inside ( Cuscuteae Hall, f.) 1. Cuscuta b. Non-parasitic plants with green leaves 2 2a. Pollen spinulose ( Echinoconiae Hall.f.) 18 b. Pollen not spinulose ( Psiloconiae Hall.f.) 3

Beschreibung: Some years ago I treated a number of species of the genus Axonopus in Blumea IV, p. 510. Among them was Axonopus Fockei Henr., based upon Mez\xe2\x80\x99s Paspalum Fockei, which was published in Fedde\xe2\x80\x99s Repertorium XV, 1917, p. 62.\nI mentioned Ule\xe2\x80\x99s number 8022 as identified by Mez himself being his Paspalum Fockei.

Beschreibung: In one of his papers on Malaysian Orchids R. Schleehter (1911) expresses his surprise that the flora of Celebes, though promising so much from a phytogeographical point of view, is very little known in comparison with that of the Philippines and Java and even with that of Borneo. In 1926 E. D. Merrill repeated this assumption with little less emphasis, and it is, indeed, still holding good even nowadays. I am not able to tell the reason why Celebes has been so much neglected in this respect, though it has been given ample attention by zoogeographers.\nYet, botanical exploration has been carried out ever since the French scientific world cruises of the \xe2\x80\x9cAstrolabe\xe2\x80\x9d (1828) and the \xe2\x80\x9cAstrolabe\xe2\x80\x9d and the \xe2\x80\x9cZelee\xe2\x80\x9d (1839). The more important collections have been enumerated in the \xe2\x80\x9cAppendix\xe2\x80\x9d to the present paper and among these the most outstanding ones are those made by the Neth. \xe2\x80\x93 Indian Forestry Service and by such individual collectors as Forsten (1840, N), Zollinger (1847, SW and Salajar), Teysmann and De Vriese (1860, N), Teysmann (1877, SW and Salajar), Warburg (1888, SW), Koorders (1894\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9995, N), P. and F. Sarasin (1893\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9996 and 1902\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9903, all parts), Elbert (1909, SE), Schleehter (1910, N), Van Vuuren (1912\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9914, SW, C, SE), Docters van Leeuwen (1913, Salajar, etc.), Kaudern (1917\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9920, SE, C, E, N), Bunnemeyer (1921, SW), Lam (1926, Talaud), Kjellberg (1929\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9930, SW, SE), Eyma (1938, C, E) and Monod de Froideville (1937\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9939, SW, C, SE).

Beschreibung: Planta parva. Caules erecti, tenues, basi tantum ramosi, basi radicantes, c. 23 cm longi, inferne vaginati, superne 3\xe2\x80\x944-foliati. Folia erecto-patentia, lanceolata, acuminata, acutissima, basi acuta, nervis 5 majoribus sicco subtus et etiam supra prominentibus pluribusque tenuibus, sicco membranacea, ad c. 8\xe2\x80\x9412 cm longa, 1.85\xe2\x80\x942.2 cm lata, ultimum multo angustius; vagina elongata, tubulosa, prominenter nervosa. Inflorescentia terminalis, erecta, simplex, densissime multiflora, quaquaversa, pedunculo c. 3 cm longo, inferne vagina folii ultimi incluso, superne vaginula lineari c. 3 cm longa donato, rachide c. 1.2 cm longa. Bracteae valde approximatae, patentissimae vel subpatentissimae, e basi triangula longe subulato-lineari-acuminatae, 5-nerviae, ad c. 0.7 cm longae, basi dilatata fere 0.3 cm longa 0.25 cm lata, superiores minores. Flores patentes, non resupinati, c. 0.75 cm longi, sepalis petalisque divergentibus. Sepalum dorsale cum ovario angulum obtusum faciens, incurvulum, oblongum, apicem versus angustatum, obtusum, concavum, parte inferiore dorso parce patentissime puberulum, 3-nervium, c. 0.65 cm longum, 0.225 cm latum. Sepala lateralia marginibus anticis c. 1/3 longitudinis connata atque rotundato-saccata, divergentia, 2/5 partibus superioribus recurvula, oblique oblonga, subsigmoidea, apice angustata, acutiuscula, valde concava, dorso nonnullis pilis brevibus inspersa, 3-nervia, costa media dorso incrassata, c. 0.64 cm longa, 0.2 cm lata. Petala oblique elliptica, subfalcatula, obtiuscula, canaliculato-concava, 3-nervia, costa media dorso valde incrassata inter sepala prominente et pilis raris inspersa, c. 0.6 cm longa, 0.25 cm lata. Labellum cum ovario angulum obtusum faeiens, gynostemio parallelum, valde concavum, 2/5 partibus superioribus valde recurvum, apice incurvulum, subtus alte sulcatum, intus valde 3-costatum, costa intermedia in 1/3 supra basin terminante, costis exterioribus intramarginalibus in bene 2/3 supra basin arcuato-incurvis et terminantibus, inexplanatum c. 0.475 cm longum, explanatum ambitu quinquangulari-ovatum, infra medium utrinque leviter obtusangule dilatatum, apice in laminam triangulam obtusam crenulatam contractum, 3-nervium, totum fere 0.6 cm longum, fere 0.4 cm latum, lamina 0.15 cm longa, 0.175 cm lata. Gynostemium cum ovario angulum obtusum faciens, rectum, apicem versus paulum incrassatum, dorso convexum, c. 0.375 cm longum, clinandrio concavo, subquadrangulo cum costa longitudinali. Anthera conspicua, cucullata, cordata, acuta, lobulis basilaribus brevissimis rotundatis, connectivo convexo-costiformi, fere 0.25 cm longa. Pollinia 2, clavata, sulcata, cum stipite longo lineari et glandula parva oblonga fere 0.3 cm longa. Rostellum porrectum, e basi lata acuminatum, acute bidentatum. Stigma margine inferiore semirotundatum productumque. Ovarium 6-sulcatum, pilis raris brevibus inspersum, c. 0.45 cm longum.\nSoemba: In the eastern part, Maoemaroe, in forest. (Iboet n. 425, 7 May 1925; \xe2\x80\x9cflowers white\xe2\x80\x9d).

Beschreibung: In this paper two grasses from New Guinea are described as new species. One of these is proposed as the type of a new genus, the other is referred to a hitherto supposed monotypic genus which is suggested as the type of a new tribe.\nAncistragrostis S. T. Blake; genus novum, e tribu Agrostidearum, affine Deyeuxiae Beauv., sed glumis atque lemmate induratis, lemmate quam glumis conspicue longiore ejus arista robusta uncinata distinguendum.

Beschreibung: Urelytrum Henrardii Chippindall sp. nov.; ab U. agropyroidei Hack., cui e descriptione affine, culmis gracilibus, foliorum laminis non hirsutis, longe attenuatis, longioribus, racemis flavido-viridibus, spicularum sessilium gluma inferiore 5-nervi, arista breviore distinguendum \xe2\x80\x94 Fig. 1.\nGramen perenne caespitosum, usque ad 92 cm altum. Culmi erecti, simplices, graciles, pauci-nodes, glabri, racemos versus asperuli. Folia plerumque basalia; vaginae internodiis longiores, sublaxae, striatae, apicem versus carinatae, basales glabrae laevesque, superiores pilis patulis laxe pilosae, ore villoso-barbatae; ligulae scariosae, rotundato-obtusae, 0.8\xe2\x80\x941.25 mm longae; laminae lineares, apice tenuiter setaceae, planae vel leviter conduplicatae, usque ad 38 cm longae, 3\xe2\x80\x943.8 mm latae, marginibus scabridis, costis asperulis, pone ligulam pilis longis exceptis glabrae. Racemi ad culmi apicem solitarii, stricti, fragiles, subcylindrici, fere glabri, flavidi vel pallide flavido-virides, saltem 16 cm longi; articuli rhacheos compressi, infimo usque ad 2 cm longo, scaberuli, margine uno superne rigide ciliati, appendice membranacea inaequaliter dentata ciliolata; pedicelli articulis similes, sed appendice minore. Spiculae sessiles biflorae, anguste lanceolato-oblongae, 7.5\xe2\x80\x948.2 mm longae (callo excluso); callus crassus, rotundato-obtusus, basi barbatus. Glumae subaequales, minute punctatae; inferior spiculam aequans, coriacea, marginibus hyalinis, explanata lanceolata, subconvexa, subacuta, 5-nervis, dorso apicem versus parce spinuloso-ciliata, superne bicarnata, carinis angustissime alatis, alis spinuloso-ciliatis; superior inferiore paulo brevior, firme membranacea, marginibus hyalinis apice minute ciliolata, lanceolata, acuta, 3-nervis, superne carinata, carina anguste alata, ala spinuloso-ciliata. Anthoecium inferum \xe2\x99\x82: lemma tenuiter hyalinum, lanceolato-ovatum, 6\xe2\x80\x946.5 mm longum, 2-nerve, minute bidentatum, marginibus apicem versus minute ciliolatum; palea lemmati similis sed angustior et paulo longior; antherae 3 mm longae; lodiculae glabrae. Anthoecium superum \xe2\x99\x80: lemma lemmati anthoecii inferi simile sed 3-nerve, apice latius; palea angustior. Spiculae pedicellatae illis sessilibus absimiles, neutrae, ad glumas lemmaque redactae, sine arista 2\xe2\x80\x942.75 mm longae. Glumae coriaceae, marginibus hyalinis superne ciliolatae, minute punctatae; inferior spiculae aequilonga, lanceolata, 5-nervis, ad carinam superne angustissime alata, ala spinulosociliata, in aristam scabridam 9\xe2\x80\x9412.5 mm longam excurrente; superior inferiore paulo longior, apice integra, obtusa, superne carinata, carina anguste alata, ala spinuloso-ciliata, obscure 5-nervis. Lemma tenuiter hyalinum, parvum.

Beschreibung: In the following account the author of the present paper has endeavoured to compile all available information regarding this interesting member of the Gramineae-Zoysieae.\nAs the genus under consideration has in many cases been incorrectly described, it appeared highly desirable to amend the faults and inaccuracies committed by both the original author of the genus and various subsequent taxonomists. The results of these investigations are being put forward in the following pages.

Beschreibung: As my friend Dr J. Th. Henrard, when young, paid much attention to the adventitious species of Fumaria, I will give here an enumeration of the species found in our country. This genus has been somewhat neglected with us, mainly owing to the fact that the descriptions in our flora\xe2\x80\x99s are not exact, so that the determination was not always easy; the less so as the species are variable in several characters.\nAs I have not much space at my disposal, I will refrain from giving detailed descriptions, but the essential characters I will lay down into the key, so that a correct determination is possible. Minute descriptions are to be found in the splendid works of Mr H. W. Pugsley, which have been a great help to me.

Beschreibung: Dactyloctenium Henrardianum Bor spec. nov. quae ab omnibus aliis speciebus hujus generis inflorescentia racemosa haud digitata satis recedit.\nAn annual grass. Culms slender, 10\xe2\x80\x9430 cm tall, erect, smooth, glabrous, striate in robust specimens, terete, long-exserted from the uppermost leaf-sheath. Leaf-sheaths strongly keeled, loose, slipping from the culm, much shorter than the internode and leaf-blade, markedly striate, smooth and glabrous except for some bristles from bulbous bases sparsely arranged near the margins in the upper fourth; ligule a lacerate membrane not more than 2 mm long. Leaf-blades up to 10 cm long by 5 mm wide at the base, gradually narrowed into a fine point from the rounded base, very scabrid on the margins which also bear long bulbous-based bristles in the lower third; upper surface smooth; lower surface often with bulbous-based bristles; midrib strongly marked with 2\xe2\x80\x943 prominent parallel veins on either side.

Beschreibung: The name Arundo Bambos L. Sp. Pl. 81, 1753, is interpreted as properly belonging to the common thorny bamboo of India; therefore this species should be called Bambusa Bambos (L.) Voss. Arundo Bambos L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 120, 1762, insofar as it is represented by Linnaeus\xe2\x80\x99 specimen labeled \xe2\x80\x9c1. Bambos\xe2\x80\x9d and by his description of this specimen, is based on a misidentification of a Chinese species: Bambusa flexuosa Munro (1868).\nBambos arundinacea Retz. Obs. Bot. 5:24, 1789, is shown to have been based on the plant known today as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl. (Coll. Pl. 2:26, pl. 47, 1810), and not on the common thorny bamboo of India, properly called Bambusa Bambos (L.) Voss.\nBambusa arundinacea Willd. Sp. Pl. 2:245, 1799, is based on Bambos arundinacea Retz., but Willdenow is shown to have confused, in his text, as in his mind, at least two species under this name: 1. The plant which has since come to be known as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. (of which he had a specimen labeled \xe2\x80\x9cB. arundinacea 1.\xe2\x80\x9d) and 2. The common thorny bamboo of India (properly called Bambusa Bambos [L.] Voss) of which he had no specimen. Traditional usage for 150 years has overlooked the facts in this case, and has erroneously applied Bambusa arundinacea Willd., and Bambusa arundinacea Retz. (as Bambos) to the common thorny bamboo of India. As a result of the long-continued misapplication of the name Bambos arundinacea Retz. and its variants, it will be exceedingly difficult to re\xc3\xafnvest the name with its original meaning. It may come to pass that consensus of leadership will be to avoid the use of the name Bambos arundinacea Retz and its variants altogether, at least for some time, because of the risk of being misunderstood, and to continue the use of the name Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., which is generally accepted in its proper sense. Those who use Bambusa arundinacea Retz. (as Bambos) or any of the other variants of the name, may be able to avoid being misunderstood by citing Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. as a synonym. Bambusa Schreb. Gen. Pl. 1:236, 1789, and Bambos Retz. Obs. Bot. 5:24, 1789, are synonymous, and are believed to have been based on the same species, namely the plant commonly known today as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Strict adherence to Recommendations IV and V of the fifth edition of the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, and probably the claims of priority, would indicate the replacement of Bambusa Schreb. by Bambos Retz. The continuation of the use of the generic name Bambusa Schreb., instead of Bambos Retz., has the sanction of tradition, and of contemporary preference; but in order to be fully justified and stabilized, this usage should be regularized and legalized by action of the International Botanical Congress, placing Bambusa Schreb. on the list of Nomina Conservanda. The genus Leleba Rumph. ex Nakai, Jour. Jap. Bot. 9: 9 et seq. 1933, is added to the recognized synonymy of Bambusa Schreb.

Beschreibung: On October 16th 1946 Dr J. Th. Henrard will have reached the pensionable age of sixty five years. In accordance with the legal prescriptions he is due to take leave officially as keeper of the \xe2\x80\x9dRijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x9c. The present director, Prof. Dr H. J. Lam, invited me to write a short biography of Dr Henrard on this occasion. Having been Henrard\xe2\x80\x99s eldest colleague till 1934 at the institution, I accepted willingly.\nJan Theodoor Henrard was born October 16th, 1881 at Maastricht, where his father, J. B. Henrard, was director of the Weight and Measures Office. There is a legend in the family that the Henrards originated from the Vend\xc3\xa9e (in France) as descendants of a Huguenot-refugee. Owing to this duties J. B. Henrard was often transferred with his family from one locality to the other; his children got their education in different towns of the country. Jan visited the elementary school at Maastricht. The secundary school he followed at Zwolle and Leeuwarden respectively. At Zwolle he made the acquaintance of two well-known Dutch florists, Lako, a teacher at the secundary school and Carmiggelt, an official at his fathers office. From them Jan gathered already an extensive knowledge of the Dutch flora. His final high school certificate he got at Sneek on August 10th, 1901 (Diploma H. B. S.).

Beschreibung: 1. (with G. H. H. ZANDVOORT) \xe2\x80\x94 Een voor Nederland nieuwe plant, Kentrophyllum lanatum DC. \xe2\x80\x94 De Levende Natuur XV, p. 376\xe2\x80\x94380, 4 fig.

Beschreibung: Most classifications of the genera of the Gramineae have been on the structure and arrangement of their spikelets, for these organs provide a far greater variety of readily distinguishing characters than do other parts of the grass plant. Nevertheless it has not always been possible to decide from morphological studies alone whether marked similarities in structure point to a close affinity or are merely examples of parallel development. The modern taxonomist, endeavouring to arrange the grass genera in as natural a sequence as possible in order to emphasise relationships and evolutionary trends, sooner or later meets with difficulties in this respect, for examples of parallelism are of common occurrence in this family. He is more fortunate, however, than his predecessors, in that his own intensive morphological studies, based on a wider range of specimens, may be supplemented by additional data gleaned from the ecological, anatomical and cytological researches of contemporary workers. Thus aided by the more complete information at his disposal, it has been possible for him to rearrange certain groups, particularly the Festuceae and Hordeeae, in which parallel development has occasionally led to unrelated genera such as Lolium, Agropyron and Nardus, being too closely associated. In the following account an attempt has been made to provide a more natural classification for about eighteen species frequently referred to the genus Lepturus R. Br. by reason of their similar spicate inflorescences.