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  • 1
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    Systemic Risks and Polycrisis: The need for an integrative approach (2024)
    In:  An interdisciplinary discourse on regulation. Biotic Self-Regulation: Model for Man-made Systems?
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 2
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    What determines local attitudes towards Jordan’s renewable energy transition? Evidence from household surveys (2024)
    In:  Climate policy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: The potential for renewable energy to encourage sustainable development raises high hopes for the future among countries in the Global South. However, there has been less research on how energy transitions are perceived outside of the Global North and democratic contexts. This paper explores attitudes towards the energy transition in Jordan, where expert interviews reveal that a strong renewable energy industry has emerged from top-down government efforts to reduce energy dependency and costs. We perform an in-person household survey with 320 respondents in areas with different transition risks and benefits, and then test a series of hypotheses using regression analysis. In the four communities surveyed, income stress and climate concern influence attitudes, as well as perceptions of community benefits. National-level concerns also matter, including energy dependency and energy costs for all Jordanians. Our results highlight the importance of context: findings from the North are not universal and understanding transitions in the Global South requires studying them in their own right. Policy insights Jordanian policymakers should reverse their policy of blocking renewables to avoid public backlash. Jordanian policymakers and funders should promote projects in communities with high economic dependence on the fossil fuel industry to ensure local support in areas facing transition risks. Policymakers should highlight collective, not just individual benefits of transitions, as perceptions of community and country benefits increase support. Policymakers in highly energy-dependent countries like Jordan should frame renewables as an answer to local and national challenges such as high energy prices. Actors wishing to promote clean energy support in different contexts should investigate local dynamics to build communication strategies that frame transitions appropriately. Jordanian policymakers should reverse their policy of blocking renewables to avoid public backlash. Jordanian policymakers and funders should promote projects in communities with high economic dependence on the fossil fuel industry to ensure local support in areas facing transition risks. Policymakers should highlight collective, not just individual benefits of transitions, as perceptions of community and country benefits increase support. Policymakers in highly energy-dependent countries like Jordan should frame renewables as an answer to local and national challenges such as high energy prices. Actors wishing to promote clean energy support in different contexts should investigate local dynamics to build communication strategies that frame transitions appropriately.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
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    Gemeinwesen hacken (2024)
    In:  Organisationen hacken : Einfallstore in eine nachhaltige Arbeitswelt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 4
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    Systemische Risiken und Polykrisen: Die Notwendigkeit für einen integrativen Ansatz (2024)
    In:  Ein interdisziplinärer Diskurs zum Thema regulation. Botische Selbst-Regulation: Model für anthropogene Systeme?
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Unternehmensimpact hacken (2024)
    In:  Organisationen hacken : Einfallstore in eine nachhaltige Arbeitswelt
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 6
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    Die Zeit drängt für einen US-EU-Club für grünen Stahl (2024)
    In:  Tagesspiegel Background: Energie & Klima, 23.05.2024
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Die EU und die USA tun sich schwer mit ihrem „Club für grünen Stahl“. Es hakt an unterschiedlichen Vorstellungen zum Design, an den ungleichen Ausgangslagen und nicht zuletzt an einer drohenden Wiederwahl Donald Trumps. Aber schon ein Minimalkonsens würde zeigen, dass zwei führende Handelsmächte es ernst meinen mit dem Klimaschutz in der Stahlindustrie, ist Charlotte Unger vom RIFS überzeugt.
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 7
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    The Political Logic of Net Zero (2023)
    Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS)
    In:  RIFS Policy Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Technologies for Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (CCUS) and Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) only represent climate solutions in as much as they go hand in hand with deep emissions reductions. The (future) availability of CCUS and CDR technologies does not mean we can delay or avoid phasing out fossil fuels if we are to have a chance of limiting global warming to 1.5°C or even 2°C. Likewise, the expansion of renewable energy technologies will be nowhere near adequate for meeting agreed-upon climate targets unless fossil fuels are simultaneously ramped down. Up until now, renewables have been largely in addition to, rather than substituting for fossil fuels. Achieving our climate and broader sustainable development goals will require transformations that go beyond energy systems and reevaluate the structures and institutions behind our patterns of consumption, mobility, and food production, among others.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 8
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    Using NIW Observations to Assess Mixed Layer Parameterizations: A Case Study in the Tropical Atlantic (2024)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Tropical sea surface temperature (SST) biases can cause atmospheric biases on global scales, hence SST needs to be represented well in climate models. A major source of uncertainties is the representation of turbulent mixing in the oceanic boundary layer, or mixed layer (ML). In the present study we focus on near-inertial wave (NIW) induced mixing. The performance of two mixing schemes, Turbulent Kinetic Energy and K-profile parameterization (KPP), is assessed at two sites (11.5°N, 23°W and 15°N, 38°W) in the tropical Atlantic. At 11.5°N, turbulence observations (eddy diffusivities, shear and stratification) are available for comparison. We find that the schemes differ in their representation of NIWs, but both under-represent the observed enhanced diffusivities below the observed ML. However, we find that the models do mix below the ML at 15°N when a storm passes nearby. The near-inertial oscillations remain below the ML for the following 10 days. Near-inertial kinetic energy (NIKE) biases in the models are not directly correlated with the wind speed, the MLD biases, or the stratification at the ML base. Instead, NIKE biases are sensitive to the vertical mixing scheme parameterization. NIKE biases are lowest when the KPP scheme is used. Key Points: - Observations of inertial oscillations are used to evaluate the performance of two vertical mixing schemes in two high-resolution models - Both the K-profile parameterization and the Turbulent Kinetic Energy closure underestimate the NIW-induced mixing - Near-inertial kinetic energy biases are sensitive to the vertical mixing parameterization
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 9
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    ATOMIX benchmark datasets for dissipation rate measurements using shear probes (2024)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Turbulent mixing in the ocean, lakes and reservoirs facilitates the transport of momentum, heat, nutrients, and other passive tracers. Turbulent fluxes are proportional to the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation per unit mass, ε. A common method for ε measurements is using microstructure profilers with shear probes. Such measurements are now widespread, and a non-expert practitioner will benefit from best practice guidelines and benchmark datasets. As a part of the Scientific Committee on Oceanographic Research (SCOR) working group on “Analysing ocean turbulence observations to quantify mixing” (ATOMIX), we compiled a collection of five benchmark data of ε from measurements of turbulence shear using shear probes. The datasets are processed using the ATOMIX recommendations for best practices documented separately. Here, we describe and validate the datasets. The benchmark collection is from different types of instruments and covers a wide range of environmental conditions. These datasets serve to guide the users to test their ε estimation methods and quality-assurance metrics, and to standardize their data for archiving.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    Glucose Enhances Salinity-Driven Sea Spray Aerosol Production in Eastern Arctic Waters (2024)
    ACS (American Chemical Society)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Sea spray aerosols (SSA) greatly affect the climate system by scattering solar radiation and acting as seeds for cloud droplet formation. The ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean are rapidly changing due to global warming, and the effects these changes have on the generation of SSA, and thereby clouds and fog formation in this region, are unknown. During the ship-based Arctic Century Expedition, we examined the dependency of forced SSA production on the biogeochemical characteristics of seawater using an on-board temperature-controlled aerosol generation chamber with a plunging jet system. Our results indicate that mainly seawater salinity and organic content influence the production and size distribution of SSA. However, we observed a 2-fold higher SSA production from waters with similar salinity collected north of 81°N compared to samples collected south of this latitude. This variability was not explained by phytoplankton and bacterial abundances or Chlorophyll-a concentration but by the presence of glucose in seawater. The synergic action of sea salt (essential component) and glucose or glucose-rich saccharides (enhancer) accounts for 〉80% of SSA predictability throughout the cruise. Our results suggest that besides wind speed and salinity, SSA production in Arctic waters is also affected by specific organics released by the microbiota.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 11
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    Four millennia of vegetation and environmental history above the Hyrcanian forest, northern Iran (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Past vegetation, fire, and climate dynamics, as well as human impact, have been reconstructed for the first time in the highlands of the Gilan province in the Alborz mountains (above the Hyrcanian forest) for the last 4,300 cal yrs bp. Multi-proxy analysis, including pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, charcoal, and geochemical analysis, has been applied to investigate the environmental changes at 2,280 m a.s.l., above the Hyrcanian forest. Dominant steppe vegetation occurred in the study area throughout the recorded period. The formation of the studied mire deposits, as well as vegetation composition, suggest a change to wetter climatic conditions after 4,300 until 1,700 cal yrs bp. Fires were frequent, which may imply long-lasting anthropogenic activities in the area. Less vegetation cover with a marked decrease of the Moisture Index (MI) suggests drier conditions between 1,700 and 1,000 cal yrs bp. A high proportion of Cichorioideae and Amaranthaceae, as well as the reduction of trees, in particular Fagus and Quercus, at lower elevations, indicate human activities such as intense livestock grazing and deforestation. Soil erosion as the result of less vegetation due to dry conditions and/or human activities can be reconstructed from a marked increase of Glomus spores and high values of K and Ti. Since 1,000 cal yrs bp, the increasing MI, as well as the rise of Poaceae and Cyperaceae together with forest recovery, suggest a change to wetter conditions. The occurrence of still frequent Cichorioideae and Plantago lanceolata along with Sordaria reflect continued intense grazing of livestock by humans.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
    Description: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018)
    Keywords: ddc:561 ; Late Holocene ; Northern Iran ; Multi-proxy studies ; Hyrcanian mountain vegetation ; Climate change ; Human impact
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    The inner life of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a central component of the atmospheric general circulation, but remarkably little is known about the dynamical and thermodynamical structure of the convergence zone itself. This is true even for the structure of the low‐level convergence that gives the ITCZ its name. Following on from the major international field campaigns in the 1960s and 1970s, we performed extensive atmospheric profiling of the Atlantic ITCZ during a ship‐based measurement campaign aboard the research vessel 〈italic toggle="no"〉SONNE〈/italic〉 in summer 2021. Combining data collected during our north–south crossing of the ITCZ with reanalysis data shows the ITCZ to be a meridionally extended region of intense precipitation, with enhanced surface convergence at its edges rather than in the center. Based on the location of these edges, we construct a composite view of the structure of the Atlantic ITCZ. The ITCZ, far from being simply a region of enhanced deep convection, has a rich inner life, that is, a rich dynamical and thermodynamic structure that changes throughout the course of the year, and has a northern edge that differs systematically from the southern edge.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme CONSTRAIN http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7051674
    Description: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; ITCZ ; Atlantic ; convergence ; observations ; reanalysis
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Mélange Signatures and Low Oxygen Fugacity in Eclogite Xenoliths From the Crust‐Mantle Transition Below a Mesoproterozoic Collision Belt (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Mass transfer across the crust‐mantle boundary is a fundamental process governing planetary differentiation, the evolution of geochemical reservoirs and ore formation, controlled by physicochemical conditions at the crust‐mantle interface. In situ trace‐element, clinopyroxene 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr and garnet Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉/ΣFe of kimberlite‐borne eclogite xenoliths from the deep (∼50 km) crust‐mantle transition below the ca. 1.2–1.0 Ga Namaqua‐Natal Fold Belt (southwestern Kaapvaal craton margin) were determined to elucidate their origin and evolution, and to constrain the oxygen fugacity of this pivotal but largely inaccessible environment. Based on a garnet source signature (NMORB‐normalized Er/Lu > 1) in pristine “gabbroic” eclogites with pronounced positive Eu, Sr, and Pb anomalies, the suite is interpreted as originating as plagioclase‐rich cumulates in oceanic crust from melts generated beneath mature oceanic lithosphere, subsequently subducted during the Namaqua‐Natal orogeny. Enriched eclogites have higher measured 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr in clinopyroxene (up to 0.7054) than gabbroic ones (up to 0.7036), and show increasing bulk‐rock Li, Be and Pb abundances with increasing δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O in clinopyroxene, and muted Eu‐Sr‐Pb anomalies. These systematics suggest interaction with a siliceous fluid sourced from seawater‐altered oceanic sediment in a subduction mélange setting. Garnet Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉/ΣFe in deep crustal eclogites is extremely low (0.01–0.04, ±0.01 1〈italic〉σ〈/italic〉), as inherited from the plagioclase‐rich cumulate protolith, and owing to preferred partitioning into clinopyroxene at low temperatures (∼815–1000°C). Average maximum oxygen fugacities (∆logƒO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉(FMQ) = −3.1 ± 1.0 to −0.5 ± 0.7 relative to the Fayalite‐Magnetite‐Quartz buffer) are higher than in deeper‐seated on‐craton eclogite xenoliths, but mostly below sulfate stability, limiting the role of S〈sup〉6+〈/sup〉 species in oxidizing the mantle wedge.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Subduction zones represent the main interface between Earth's surface and its deep interior. Metamorphic reactions during subduction cause fluid or melt loss from seawater‐altered oceanic crust and sediment, which enriches the overlying mantle, and possibly oxidizes it. This would explain why the mantle sources of subduction zone magmas appear to be more oxidized than in other tectonic settings. However, the details of the mass transfer in this deep environment are difficult to constrain because it is inaccessible. Using rare deep‐seated magmas (kimberlites) as probes of a ca. 1.2 billion year old southern African subduction zone, we investigated eclogite fragments that originated as subducted oceanic crust and were much later plucked from the wallrocks by the ascending magma. These eclogites show elemental and isotopic signatures of interaction with subducted sediments, pointing to mingling processes similar to those observed in modern subduction zones. We also estimated their oxygen fugacity, a measure of the chemical potential of oxygen. We find that sulfur, which has been implicated in mantle oxidation, would have only been stable in these rocks in its reduced form, making even seawater‐altered eclogites sinks rather than sources of oxygen, with implications for the transfer of sulfur‐loving metals across the mantle‐to‐crust‐boundary.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Eclogite xenoliths sampling deep crust‐mantle transition below Namaqua‐Natal Fold Belt have plagioclase‐rich oceanic protoliths〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Enriched xenoliths show signatures of interaction with siliceous, subducted sediment‐derived fluids under shallow fore‐arc conditions〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉‐based eclogite oxybarometry with oxygen fugacities below sulfate stability limits the role of S〈sup〉6+〈/sup〉 species in mantle wedge oxidation〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
    Description: https://doi.org/10.60520/IEDA/113077
    Keywords: ddc:552.4 ; kimberlite‐borne eclogite xenoliths ; crust‐mantle transition ; subduction zone processes ; redox budget ; metallogeny ; mantle wedge oxidation
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Kinematics and Convergent Tectonics of the Northwestern South American Plate During the Cenozoic (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The interaction of the northern Nazca and southwestern Caribbean oceanic plates with northwestern South America (NWSA) and the collision of the Panama‐Choco arc (PCA) have significant implications on the evolution of the northern Andes. Based on a quantitative kinematic reconstruction of the Caribbean and Farallon/Farallon‐derived plates, we reconstructed the subducting geometries beneath NWSA and the PCA accretion to the continent. The persistent northeastward migration of the Caribbean plate relative to NWSA in Cenozoic time caused the continuous northward advance of the Farallon‐Caribbean plate boundary, which in turn resulted in its progressive concave trench bending against NWSA. The increasing complexity during the Paleogene included the onset of Caribbean shallow subduction, the PCA approaching the continent, and the forced shallow Farallon subduction that ended in the fragmentation of the Farallon Plate into the Nazca and Cocos plates and the Coiba and Malpelo microplates by the late Oligocene. The convergence tectonics after late Oligocene comprised the accretional process of the PCA to NWSA, which evolved from subduction erosion of the forearc to collisional tectonics by the middle Miocene, as well as changes of convergence angle and slab dip of the Farallon‐derived plates, and the attachment of the Coiba and Malpelo microplates to the Nazca plate around 9 Ma, resulting in a change of convergence directions. During the Pliocene, the Nazca slab broke at 5.5°N, shaping the modern configuration. Overall, the proposed reconstruction is supported by geophysical data and is well correlated with the magmatic and deformation history of the northern Andes.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The tectonic reconstruction in convergent triple junctions is a particularly challenging task as the relative motion between plates could define highly changing boundaries. Indeed, the resulting interaction between these convergent plates may induce important changes in the disposition of the trenches, and in turn in the three‐dimensional geometry of the subducting plates. Therefore, these highly dynamic conditions throughout geological time may be accommodated by different phases of plate fragmentation and reorganization. These factors could explain the complex spatial‐temporal distribution of subduction‐related magmatism and the different episodes of deformation in the upper plates. This reasoning is validated in the northwestern corner of South America (SA), where the continent has been converging against the Caribbean and Farallon‐derived oceanic plates since Cretaceous time. Additionally, we study the effects of the collision and accretion of the Panama‐Choco arc with SA. To accomplish that, we review the kinematic history of the Farallon/Nazca and Caribbean oceanic plates relative to stable Guiana Craton (SA) and integrate these results with the magmatic and deformation evolution of the northern Andes, which allow us to propose a model of the geometrical evolution of the subducting slabs. The obtained model is additionally constrained by seismological data and published velocity anomalies.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The tectonics of convergent triple junctions is complicated by the relative plate motion and interaction of the involved plates〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉We propose a model for the kinematic and geometric evolution of the Farallon/Nazca and Caribbean plates throughout the Cenozoic〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The interaction between the Caribbean, Nazca and South American plates is closely related to the deformation history in the Northern Andes〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Helmholtz‐Zentrum Potsdam‐Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010956
    Description: Ecopetrol
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7411340
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8129751
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; plate kinematics ; convergent margins ; slab geometry ; Northern Andean deformation episodes
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Thermische Eigenschaften von Böden (2024)
    Landesamt für Geologie und Bergbau Rheinland-Pfalz
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Ob Energiewende, die Gewinnung geothermischer Energie aus dem Boden, der Bau von unterirdischen Stromtrassen oder die Modellierung des Energiehaushalts der Erdoberfläche – die Kenntnisse der physikalisch-thermischen Eigenschaften des oberflächennahen Untergrundes sind von zentraler Bedeutung für zahlreiche Fragestellen der angewandten Bodenkunde. Böden als 3-Phasengemische aus Wasser, Luft und Festsubstanz können erhebliche Unterschiede und Differenzierungen bezüglich der thermischen Eigenschaften aufweisen. Neben dem Wasser- und Lufthaushalt sind Lagerungsdichte, Textur sowie die mineralogische Zusammensetzung entscheidende Einflussfaktoren. Auf Basis dieser Grundlagen wurden von verschiedenen Autoren Modellansätze entwickelt, um thermische Parameter bei unterschiedlichen Feuchtezuständen abzuleiten. Die meisten dieser Ansätze beruhen auf der Auswertung von repräsentativen Bodenproben, die ein möglichst breites Texturspektrum abbilden sollen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung verfolgt einen alternativen Ansatz. Durch Messungen im Routinebetrieb eines bodenphysikalischen Labors wurde ein umfangreicher Datensatz aufgebaut, der Auswertungen nach verschiedenen laboranalytischen sowie boden- und substratsystematischen Aspekten ermöglicht. Auf dieser breiten Datenbasis sollen die thermischen Eigenschaften von Böden bei definierten Randbedingungen noch genauer gefasst werden. Darüber hinaus sollen Grundlagen erarbeitet werden, die es ermöglichen, thermische Kennwerte über die Kenntnis einfacher Feldparameter möglichst präzise abzuschätzen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:631.436 ; Bodenphysik ; Wärmeleitfähigkeit ; Rheinland-Pfalz
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , publishedVersion
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  • 16
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    Fifty years after deep‐ploughing: Effects on yield, roots, nutrient stocks and soil structure (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Deep‐ploughing far beyond the common depth of 30 cm was used more than 50 years ago in Northern Germany with the aim to break root‐restricting layers and thereby improve access to subsoil water and nutrient resources. We hypothesized that effects of this earlier intervention on soil properties and yields prevailed after 50 years. Hence, we sampled two sandy soils and one silty soil (Cambisols and a Luvisol) of which half of the field had been deep‐ploughed 50 years ago (soils then re‐classified as Treposols). The adjacent other half was not deep‐ploughed and thus served as the control. At all the three sites, both deep‐ploughed and control parts were then conventionally managed over the last 50 years. We assessed yields during the dry year 2019 and additionally in 2020, and rooting intensity at the year of sampling (2019), as well as changes in soil structure, carbon and nutrient stocks in that year. We found that deep‐ploughing improved yields in the dry spell of 2019 at the sandy sites, which was supported by a more general pattern of higher NDVI indices in deep‐ploughed parts for the period from 2016 to 2021 across varying weather conditions. Subsoil stocks of soil organic carbon and total plant‐available phosphorus were enhanced by 21%–199% in the different sites. Root biomass in the subsoil was reduced due to deep‐ploughing at the silty site and was increased or unaffected at the sandy sites. Overall, the effects of deep‐ploughing were site‐specific, with reduced bulk density in the buried topsoil stripes in the subsoil of the sandy sites, but with elevated subsoil density in the silty site. Hence, even 50 years after deep‐ploughing, changes in soil properties are still detectable, although effect size differed among sites.〈/p〉
    Description: BonaRes http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100022576
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; aggregates ; carbon sequestration ; deep‐ploughing ; macronutrients ; subsoil ; Treposol
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Northern Hemisphere Summer Insolation and Ice Volume Driven Variations in Hydrological Environment in Southwest China (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The interpretation of stalagmite δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O in terms of reflecting Asian summer monsoon (ASM) precipitation is still elusive. Here, we present high‐resolution stalagmite trace element ratios (X/Ca, X = Mg, Sr, Ba) records from southwest China covering 116.09 to 4.07 ka BP. δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O, δ〈sup〉13〈/sup〉C, and X/Ca values exhibit clear precessional cycles, with δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O values reflecting ASM circulation/intensity, while X/Ca ratios capture local precipitation or evapotranspiration variations. Our results show that Northern Hemisphere summer insolation (NHSI) is the main driver of ASM intensity and precipitation phase variation, but global ice volume modulates the response magnitude of summer precipitation to insolation. During the Last Glacial Maximum, high ice volumes caused significant monsoon precipitation to decrease. In contrast to modern observations of the tripolar distribution of precipitation in China, our record is consistent with paleo‐precipitation records in southern and northern China.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: While it is well known that global changes have led to variations in the intensity and spatial distribution of Asian monsoon precipitation, the mechanisms behind this are not well understood. Paleoclimate records are essential for revealing the drivers behind monsoon variation. However, speleothem records from the Asian monsoon region rarely provide direct information on the amount of rainfall. Here we report on multiple indicator data sets from a stalagmite in southwestern China. It could help explore the variation of monsoon precipitation over the last ∼100,000 years. We find that the increase/decrease of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation controls the increase/decrease of Asian summer monsoon rainfall. In addition, global ice volume moderates the magnitude of rainfall response to insolation, and precipitation decreases significantly during high ice volume periods. Based on the present paleo‐precipitation records evidence, the existence of the spatial pattern of increasing/decreasing rainfall in central China corresponding to decreasing/increasing rainfall in northern and southern China remains ambiguous on the orbital scales, although the feature has been captured by some of the model simulations.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Stalagmite trace elements are indicators of regional hydrological environmental variations in Southwestern China〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Northern Hemisphere summer insolation and global ice volume modulate the phase and amplitude variations of regional hydrological environment〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The meridional tripolar spatial pattern of precipitation in monsoon region in China on the orbital scale remains ambiguous〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: German Science Grant
    Description: Structure and Innovation Fund of the Region of Baden Württemberg
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: National Nature Science Foundation of China
    Description: Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects
    Description: Young and Middle‐age Academic and Technical Leader in Yunnan Province
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072475
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; stalagmite ; trace elements ; Asian summer monsoon ; Northern Hemisphere summer insolation ; global ice volume ; regional hydrological environment
    Language: English
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    Regional potential of coastal ocean alkalinization with olivine within 100 years (2024)
    IOP Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The spreading of crushed olivine-rich rocks in coastal seas to accelerate weathering reactions sequesters atmospheric CO2 and reduces atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Their weathering rates depend on different factors, including temperature and the reaction surface area. Therefore, this study investigates the variations in olivine-based enhanced weathering rates across 13 regional coasts worldwide. In addition, it assesses the CO2 sequestration within 100 years and evaluates the maximum net-sequestration potential based on varying environmental conditions. Simulations were conducted using the geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium modeling software PHREEQC. A sensitivity analysis was performed, exploring various combinations of influencing parameters, including grain size, seawater temperature, and chemistry. The findings reveal significant variation in CO2 sequestration, ranging from 0.13 to 0.94 metric tons (t) of CO2 per ton of distributed olivine-rich rocks over 100 years. Warmer coastal regions exhibit higher CO2 sequestration capacities than temperate regions, with a difference of 0.4 t CO2/t olivine distributed. Sensitivity analysis shows that smaller grain sizes (10 µm) exhibit higher net CO2 sequestration rates (0.87 t/t) in olivine-based enhanced weathering across all conditions, attributed to their larger reactive surface area. However, in warmer seawater temperatures, olivine with slightly larger grain sizes (50 and 100 µm) displays still larger net CO2 sequestration rates (0.97 and 0.92 t/t), optimizing the efficiency of CO2 sequestration while reducing grinding energy requirements. While relying on a simplified sensitivity analysis that does not capture the full complexity of real-world environmental dynamics, this study contributes to understanding the variability and optimization of enhanced weathering for CO2 sequestration, supporting its potential as a sustainable CO2 removal strategy.
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    Diatom-mediated food web functioning under ocean artificial upwelling (2024)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Enhancing ocean productivity by artificial upwelling is evaluated as a nature-based solution for food security and climate change mitigation. Fish production is intended through diatom-based plankton food webs as these are assumed to be short and efficient. However, our findings from mesocosm experiments on artificial upwelling in the oligotrophic ocean disagree with this classical food web model. Here, diatoms did not reduce trophic length and instead impaired the transfer of primary production to crustacean grazers and small pelagic fish. The diatom-driven decrease in trophic efficiency was likely mediated by changes in nutritional value for the copepod grazers. Whilst diatoms benefitted the availability of essential fatty acids, they also caused unfavorable elemental compositions via high carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (i.e. low protein content) to which the grazers were unable to adapt. This nutritional imbalance for grazers was most pronounced in systems optimized for CO 2 uptake through carbon-to-nitrogen ratios well beyond Redfield. A simultaneous enhancement of fisheries production and carbon sequestration via artificial upwelling may thus be difficult to achieve given their opposing stoichiometric constraints. Our study suggest that food quality can be more critical than quantity to maximize food web productivity during shorter-term fertilization of the oligotrophic ocean.
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    Analytical solution for the long- and short-range every-pair-interactions system (2024)
    In:  Chaos, Solitons and Fractals
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Many physical, biological, and social systems exhibit emergent properties arising from their components’ interactions (cells). In this study, we systematically treat every-pair interactions (a) that exhibit power-law dependence on the Euclidean distance and (b) act in structures that can be characterized using fractal geometry. It can represent the two-body interaction potential, the heat flux between two parts of a structure, friendship strength between two people, etc.. We analytically derive the average intensity of influence that one cell has on the others or, conversely, receives from them. This quantity is referred to as the mean interaction field of the cells, and we find that (i) in a long-range interaction regime, the mean interaction field increases following a power-law with the size of the system, (ii) in a short-range interaction regime, the field saturates, and (iii) in the intermediate range it follows a logarithmic behavior. To validate our analytical solution, we perform numerical simulations. For long-range interactions, the theoretical calculations align closely with the numerical results. However, for short-range interactions, we observe that discreteness significantly impacts the continuum approximation used in the derivation, leading to incorrect asymptotic behavior in this regime. To address this issue, we propose an expansion that substantially improves the accuracy of the analytical expression. We discuss applications of the every-pair interactions system proposed, and one of them is to explore a framework for estimating the fractal dimension of unknown structures. This approach offers an alternative to established methods such as box-counting or sandbox methods. Overall, we believe that our analytical work will have broad applicability in systems where every-pair interactions play a role.
    Language: English
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    The Multi-Dimensional Emergence of Climate-Induced Migrants in Rights-Based Litigation in the Global South (2024)
    In:  Journal of Human Rights Practice
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The article evidences to what extent rights-based climate litigation is applied as a strategy to enhance the recognition and protection of climate-induced migrants. Adopting a deduc- tive approach and desk review, the study, illustrates how climate-induced migration has been addressed by International Human Rights Law, with some attention also paid to the growing application of the right to a safe climate and climate justice. The study highlights the duties of both States and private actors in tackling the emerging climate crisis under the human rights agenda. Relevant responsibilities are framed in particular within the scope of rights-based litiga- tion dealing with the topic. We present an analysis of litigation linked to climate-induced migration that was filed before distinct international, regional, and national jurisdictions and, in doing so, propose a chronology of cases—structured in three generations—of how population movements as a result of climate change have been discussed by judicial means. The first generation relates to cases that consider the issue from the perspective of protection—in both national, regional, and international jurisdictions. The second generation emerges within general climate litigation claims, involving commitments linked to the climate agenda. In addition to raising (forced) pop- ulation movements as one of the expected impacts of climate change, such cases frequently call upon a rights-based approach. The third generation encompasses rights-based cases cen- tred on climate-induced migrants per se. The strengths and limitations of rights-based litigation to respond to the topic are finally highlighted: we conclude that litigation remains a blunt but not unpromising tool to respond to climate-induced migration. Generic references to the risk of (forced) population movements largely prevail; nevertheless, strategic rights-based litigation can facilitate the visibility of climate-induced migrants to the international community, fostering the development of legal solutions in the longer term.
    Language: English
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    A harmonized database of European forest simulations under climate change (2024)
    In:  Data in Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Process-based forest models combine biological, physical, and chemical process understanding to simulate forest dynamics as an emergent property of the system. As such, they are valuable tools to investigate the effects of climate change on forest ecosystems. Specifically, they allow testing of hypotheses regarding long-term ecosystem dynamics and provide means to assess the impacts of climate scenarios on future forest development. As a consequence, numerous local-scale simulation studies have been conducted over the past decades to assess the impacts of climate change on forests. These studies apply the best available models tailored to local conditions, parameterized and evaluated by local experts. However, this treasure trove of knowledge on climate change responses remains underexplored to date, as a consistent and harmonized dataset of local model simulations is missing. Here, our objectives were (i) to compile existing local simulations on forest development under climate change in Europe in a common database, (ii) to harmonize them to a common suite of output variables, and (iii) to provide a standardized vector of auxiliary environmental variables for each simulated location to aid subsequent investigations. Our dataset of European stand- and landscape-level forest simulations contains over 1.1 million simulation runs representing 135 million simulation years for more than 13,000 unique locations spread across Europe. The data were harmonized to consistently describe forest development in terms of stand structure (dominant height), composition (dominant species, admixed species), and functioning (leaf area index). Auxiliary variables provided include consistent daily climate information (temperature, precipitation, radiation, vapor pressure deficit) as well as information on local site conditions (soil depth, soil physical properties, soil water holding capacity, plant-available nitrogen). The present dataset facilitates analyses across models and locations, with the aim to better harness the valuable information contained in local simulations for large-scale policy support, and for fostering a deeper understanding of the effects of climate change on forest ecosystems in Europe.
    Language: English
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    Increasing the resilience of the Texas power grid against extreme storms by hardening critical lines (2024)
    In:  Nature Energy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The Texas power grid on the Gulf Coast of the United States is frequently hit by tropical cyclones (TCs) causing widespread power outages, a risk that is expected to substantially increase under global warming. Here we introduce a new approach that combines a probabilistic line failure model with a network model of the Texas grid to simulate the spatio-temporal co-evolution of wind-induced failures of high-voltage transmission lines and the resulting cascading power outages from seven major historical TCs. The approach allows reproducing observed supply failures. In addition, compared to existing static approaches, it provides a notable advantage in identifying critical lines whose failure can trigger large supply shortages. We show that hardening only 1% of total lines can reduce the likelihood of the most destructive type of outage by a factor of between 5 and 20. The proposed modelling approach could represent a so far missing tool for identifying effective options to strengthen power grids against future TC strikes, even under limited knowledge.
    Language: English
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    Climate summits and protests have a strong impact on climate change media coverage in Germany (2025)
    In:  Communications Earth and Environment
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Media inform the public, thereby influencing societal debates and political decisions. Despite climate change’s importance, drivers of media attention to climate change remain differently understood. Here we assess how different sociopolitical and extreme weather events affect climate change media coverage, both immediately and in the weeks following the event. To this end, we construct a data set of over 90,000 climate change articles published in nine major German newspapers over the past three decades and apply fixed effects panel regressions to control for confounders. We find that United Nations Climate Change Conferences affect coverage most strongly and most persistently. Climate protests incite climate coverage that extends well beyond the reporting on the event itself, whereas many articles on weather extremes do not mention climate change. The influence of all events has risen over time, increasing the media prominence of climate change.
    Language: English
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    Rate-induced tipping cascades arising from interactions between the Greenland Ice Sheet and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (2024)
    In:  Earth System Dynamics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The Greenland Ice Sheet and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation are considered tipping elements in the climate system, where global warming exceeding critical threshold levels in forcing can lead to large-scale and nonlinear reductions in ice volume and overturning strength, respectively. The positive-negative feedback loop governing their interaction (with a destabilizing effect on the AMOC due to ice loss and subsequent freshwater flux into the North Atlantic as well as a stabilizing effect of a net-cooling around Greenland with an AMOC weakening) may determine the long-term stability of both tipping elements. Here we explore the potential dynamic regimes arising from this positive-negative tipping feedback loop in a process-based conceptual model. Under idealized forcing scenarios we identify conditions under which different kinds of tipping cascades can occur: Herein, we distinguish between overshoot tipping cascades (leading to tipping of both GIS and AMOC) and rate-induced tipping cascades (where the AMOC despite not having crossed its own intrinsic tipping point tips nonetheless due to the fast rate of ice loss from Greenland). These different cascades occur within corridors of distinct tipping pathways that are affected by the GIS melting patterns and thus eventually by the imposed forcing and its time scales. Our results suggest that it is not only necessary to avoid breaching the respective critical levels of the environmental drivers for the Greenland Ice Sheet and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, but also to respect safe rates of environmental change to mitigate potential domino effects.
    Language: English
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    Interpolation and sampling effects on recurrence quantification measures (2023)
    In:  Chaos
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The recurrence plot and the recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) are well-established methods for the analysis of data from complex systems. They provide important insights into the nature of the dynamics, periodicity, regime changes, and many more. These methods are used in different fields of research, such as finance, engineering, life, and earth science. To use them, the data have usually to be uniformly sampled, posing difficulties in investigations that provide non-uniformly sampled data, as typical in medical data (e.g., heart-beat based measurements), paleoclimate archives (such as sediment cores or stalagmites), or astrophysics (supernova or pulsar observations). One frequently used solution is interpolation to generate uniform time series. However, this preprocessing step can introduce bias to the RQA measures, particularly those that rely on the diagonal or vertical line structure in the recurrence plot. Using prototypical model systems, we systematically analyze differences in the RQA measure average diagonal line length for data with different sampling and interpolation. For real data, we show that the course of this measure strongly depends on the choice of the sampling rate for interpolation. Furthermore, we suggest a correction scheme, which is capable of correcting the bias introduced by the prepossessing step if the interpolation ratio is an integer.
    Language: English
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    A framework for synthetic power system dynamics (2023)
    In:  Chaos
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: We present a modular framework for generating synthetic power grids that consider the heterogeneity of real power grid dynamics but remain simple and tractable. This enables the generation of large sets of synthetic grids for a wide range of applications. For the first time, our synthetic model also includes the major drivers of fluctuations on short-time scales and a set of validators that ensure the resulting system dynamics are plausible. The synthetic grids generated are robust and show good synchronization under all evaluated scenarios, as should be expected for realistic power grids. A software package that includes an efficient Julia implementation of the framework is released as a companion to the paper.
    Language: English
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    Toward dynamic stability assessment of power grid topologies using graph neural networks (2023)
    In:  Chaos
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: To mitigate climate change, the share of renewable energies in power production needs to be increased. Renewables introduce new challenges to power grids regarding the dynamic stability due to decentralization, reduced inertia, and volatility in production. Since dynamic stability simulations are intractable and exceedingly expensive for large grids, graph neural networks (GNNs) are a promising method to reduce the computational effort of analyzing the dynamic stability of power grids. As a testbed for GNN models, we generate new, large datasets of dynamic stability of synthetic power grids and provide them as an open-source resource to the research community. We find that GNNs are surprisingly effective at predicting the highly non-linear targets from topological information only. For the first time, performance that is suitable for practical use cases is achieved. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of these models to accurately identify particular vulnerable nodes in power grids, so-called troublemakers. Last, we find that GNNs trained on small grids generate accurate predictions on a large synthetic model of the Texan power grid, which illustrates the potential for real-world applications.
    Language: English
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    Cross-border climate change impacts and systemic risks in Europe and beyond: Book of abstracts (2023)
    Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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    Finding tipping points in the global steel sector: A comparison of companies in Australia, Austria, South Korea and the USA (2024)
    In:  Global environmental change: human and policy dimensions
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The global steel sector is responsible for 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the need for significant changes in production practices and the adoption of low-carbon breakthrough technologies to achieve net-zero emissions. This study was conducted to explore positive tipping points at the company level, taking into account socio-political, economic and industry pressures that initiate the tipping process. The study operationalizes tipping points using the Triple Embededdness Framework, which incorporates indicators from the socio-political and economic environment, as well as the industry regime of companies. An analysis is performed of secondary data from four steel companies: BlueScope (Australia), POSCO (South Korea), voestalpine (Austria), and U.S. Steel (USA). The findings indicate that voestalpine is on the verge of reaching a positive tipping point, and POSCO is also on a promising track. In contrast, both BlueScope and U.S. Steel are lagging behind. In the tipping process, national policies play a critical role in expediting the transition to low-carbon steel production for frontrunners, while global climate policy has a greater leverage by influencing producers who operate in a less stringent national policy context. Additionally, the customer demand for low-carbon steel serves as a driving force for innovation and can incentivize steelmakers to produce low-carbon products.
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    Managing systemic risk through transformative change: Combining systemic risk analysis with knowledge co-production (2024)
    In:  One Earth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Increasing interconnectedness, along with the effects of climate change and other global risk drivers, has led to mounting systemic risks in the complex systems that characterize our world. Systemic risks, with their cascading impacts and long-term sustainability concerns, necessitate transformative approaches to manage their effects across system scales and dimensions. To date, however, an “operationalization gap” impedes translating between propositions for transformative change and policy options for addressing systemic risk. Here, we propose combining systemic risk analyses with local approaches, prominently including knowledge co-production, to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of complex systems. This combined approach can support stakeholders in designing transformative risk management and adaptation interventions that balance individual and higher-order interactions, incorporate diverse viewpoints, and thus manage systemic risks and leverage transformation potential more effectively. Furthermore, we suggest that a risk-layering approach can help differentiate, prioritize, and orchestrate these options for incremental and transformative changes.
    Language: English
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    Die Manganknollenvorkommen des Südwestpazifischen Beckens (1989)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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    Properties of Southern Ocean mesoscale eddies in coupled and uncoupled model simulations (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Keywords: Course of study: MSc Climate Physics
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 34
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    Wind-und Flussfracht in Rezenten und Junquartären Sedimenten im Küstenbereich NW-Australiens (1981)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Nordwest-australische Fluß-" Dünen- und Staubsedimente wurden zwischen 16° - 23°S und 116° - 129°E beprobt und mit Hilfe von Korngrößen-, Grobfraktions-, Tonmineral-, Karbonat- und 14c-Analysen untersucht. Ferner wurden jungquartäre Profile in den Tälern und Flußanschnitten der Pilbara-Region„ der Edgar Ranges und der westlichen Kimberleys aufgenommen. Die Untersuchungen dienten dem Zweck, die Zusammensetzung und den Umfang der Sedimente kennenzulernen, die von NW-Australien in den Indischen Ozean gelangen„ und zwar getrennt für semiaride (-humide) und aride Klimaverhältnisse. Als Hauptergebnisse sind zu nennen: 1) Sedimentabfolgen und 14C-Analysen erlaubten im Raum Pilbara die Unterscheidung von mehreren semiariden und ariden Klimaphasen im Jungpleistozän. Demnach lagerten sich zunächst vor mehr als 33000 J.v.h. lößähnliche Sedimente unter aridem Klima ab. In der Zeit von 33000 J.v.h. bis 19000 J.v.h. waren die Klimaverhältnisse wohl relativ instabil. Dieses dokumentiert sich in mehreren Kalkkonkretionshorizonten„ die sich unter semiaridem Klima bilden konnten, und zwischengelagerten lößähnlichen Sedimenten (Abb. 17). Ab 19000 J.v.h. herrschte arides Klima mit äolischer Sedimentation vor, die, ihrer Herkunftsgebiete im Osten nach zu schließen, vor allem durch ein Passatwind-Regime beherrscht wurde. Die gleichen Winde führten zum Vorpau der ausgedehnten Seifdünenfelder in der Großen Sandwüste. 2) Im Holozän füllten dagegen fluviatile Sedimentwechselfolgen die Dünentäler im Norden der Großen Sandwüste teilweise wieder auf, so z. B. in den Edgar Ranges. Diese Ablagerungen deuten auf eine starke Zunahme der Niederschläge ab spätestens 6000 J.v.h., die mit den sommerlichen Monsunwinden aus dem Nordwesten zusammenhängen dürften. 3) Unter dem rezenten semiariden bis semihumiden Klima beherrscht anscheinend das fluviatile Sedimentationsgeschehen weite Teile des NW-australischen Untersuchungsraumes. Die Flußsedimentzufuhr vom NW-australischen Kontinent zum Indischen Ozean wird vor allem durch den sommerlichen NW-Monsun gesteuert„ was eine starke Periodizität des Transportes zur Folge hat. Eine Trennung der Flußfracht aus dem Pilbara- und Kimberley-Raum wird durch Tonminerale und Korngrößen ermöglicht. In der Tonfraktion aus den W-Kimberleys herrschen frischklastische Minerale wie Illit und· Montmorillonit vor, in der Fracht aus dem Pilbara-Raum dominiert hingegen der Kaolinit. Im Vergleich zur Pilbara-Region bilden wesentlich feinere Modalkorngrößen die Siltfraktion der Flußfracht aus den Kimberleys. Dieses hängt vermutlich mit der Länge und dem Gefälle der Transportwege sowie unter Umständen auch mit der saisonalen Bündelung der Niederschläge zusammen. 4) Bei den fossilen Seifdünen der Großen Sandwüste lassen sich örtliche Beimengungen„ z. B. von detritischem Quarz am Fuß der Edgar Ranges oder von grobkörnigem Quarzmaterial im Bereich der Nord-Pilbaras, in der Zusammensetzung unterscheiden. Diesem zum Teil regionalen Sandtransport steht ein eher großregionaler Ton- (Staub) Transport mit überwiegend Kaolinit und untergeordnet Illit gegenüber. 5) Die Transgressionsweite des holozänen Meeres konnte mit Bohrprofilen in der Großen Claypan am Nordwestrand der Großen Sandwüste anhand von marinen Sedimenten im Untergrund nachgewiesen und auf etwa 50 km bestimmt werden.
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    Impact of persistently high sea surface temperatures on the rhizobiomes of Zostera marina in a Baltic Sea benthocosms (2024)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Persistently high marine temperatures are escalating and threating marine biodiversity. The Baltic Sea, warming faster than other seas, is a good model to study the impact of increasing sea surface temperatures. Zostera marina, a key player in the Baltic ecosystem, faces susceptibility to disturbances, especially under chronic high temperatures. Despite the increasing number of studies on the impact of global warming on seagrasses, little attention has been paid to the role of the holobiont. Using an outdoor benthocosm to replicate near-natural conditions, this study explores the repercussions of persistent warming on the microbiome of Z. marina and its implications for holobiont function. Results show that both seasonal warming and chronic warming, impact Z. marina roots and sediment microbiome. Compared with roots, sediments demonstrate higher diversity and stability throughout the study, but temperature effects manifest earlier in both compartments, possibly linked to premature Z. marina die-offs under chronic warming. Shifts in microbial composition, such as an increase in organic matter-degrading and sulfur-related bacteria, accompany chronic warming. A higher ratio of sulfate-reducing bacteria compared to sulfide oxidizers was found in the warming treatment which may result in the collapse of the seagrasses, due to toxic levels of sulfide. Differentiating predicted pathways for warmest temperatures were related to sulfur and nitrogen cycles, suggest an increase of the microbial metabolism, and possible seagrass protection strategies through the production of isoprene. These structural and compositional variations in the associated microbiome offer early insights into the ecological status of seagrasses. Certain taxa/genes/pathways may serve as markers for specific stresses. Monitoring programs should integrate this aspect to identify early indicators of seagrass health. Understanding microbiome changes under stress is crucial for the use of potential probiotic taxa to mitigate climate change effects. Broader-scale examination of seagrass–microorganism interactions is needed to leverage knowledge on host–microbe interactions in seagrasses.
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    Spatial patterns of multi–centennial surface air temperature trends in Antarctica over 1–1000 CE: Insights from ice core records and modeling (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The spatial pattern of Antarctic surface air temperature variability on multi–decadal to multi–centennial time scales is poorly known because of the short instrumental records, the relatively small number of high–resolution paleoclimate observations, and biases in climate models. Here, changes in surface air temperature over Antarctica are reconstructed over the past two millennia using data assimilation constrained by different ice core water isotope records in order to identify robust signals. The comparison between previous statistically based temperature reconstructions and simulations covering the full Common Era driven by natural and anthropogenic forcings shows major discrepancies occurring in the period 1–1000 CE over East Antarctica, with the reconstructions displaying a warming over 1–500 CE that is not reproduced by the simulations. This suggests that the trends in the first millennium deduced from the statistically based reconstructions are unlikely to be entirely forced by external forcings. Our reconstructions show the high sensitivity of the 500-year temperature trend in Antarctica and its spatial distribution to selection of the records for the reconstructions, especially during 1–500 CE. A robust cooling over Antarctica during 501–1000 CE has been obtained in three data assimilation–based reconstructions with a larger magnitude in the WAIS than elsewhere over Antarctica, in agreement with previous estimates with the larger changes than simulated in climate models. The reconstructions for atmospheric circulation indicate that the pattern of temperature changes over 501–1000 CE is related to the positive trend of Southern Annular Mode and a deepening of Amundsen Sea Low. This confirms the role of internal variability in the temperature trends on multi–centennial scales.
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    Hydrological Changes in Late Antiquity: Spatio-Temporal Characteristics and Socio-Economic Impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Until now, proxy records have been the primary tool for quantitative reconstructions of the physical world of the ancient and late antique Mediterranean. This chapter demonstrates the combined use of proxy datasets and the hitherto underutilized potential of earth system models in the scientific and historical study of past environmental variations and impacts on human societies. Results from model simulations are able to explain hydroclimatic anomalies observed in the proxy records and provide links to relevant mechanisms. The Late Roman Dry Period and the Late Roman Wet Period of the mid-fourth to early eighth centuries AD are each associated with the increase in the frequency of subsistence crises and with the accelerated infrastructural adaptations of communities and agricultural expansion, respectively. The chapter concludes with an examination of the historical and climatic contexts behind one such anomaly, a subsistence crisis in Cappadocia in the late 300s AD.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 38
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    A mechanism for reconciling the synchronisation of Heinrich events and Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles (2024)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The evolution of the northern hemispheric climate during the last glacial period was beset by quasi-episodic iceberg discharge events from the Laurentide ice sheet, known as Heinrich events (HEs). The paleo record places most HEs into the cold stadial of the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycle. However, not every Dansgaard-Oeschger cycle is associated with a HE, revealing a complex interplay between the two modes of glacial variability. Here, using a coupled ice sheet-solid earth model, we introduce a mechanism that explains the synchronicity of HEs and Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles. Unlike earlier studies, our mechanism does not require a trigger during the stadial. Instead, the atmospheric warming signal during the interstadial of the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycle causes enhanced ice stream thickening that leads to the HE during the late interstadial. We demonstrate that this mechanism reproduces the key HE characteristics and provides an explanation for synchronous HEs from different regions of the Laurentide ice sheet.
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  • 39
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    Rapid Laurentide Ice Sheet growth preceding the Last Glacial Maximum due to summer snowfall (2024)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: There has been extensive research into the nonlinear responses of the Earth system to astronomical forcing during the last glacial cycle. However, the speed and spatial geometry of ice sheet expansion to its largest extent at the Last Glacial Maximum 21 thousand years ago remains uncertain. Here we use an Earth system model with interactive ice sheets to show that distinct initial North American (Laurentide) ice sheets at 38 thousand years ago converge towards a configuration consistent with the Last Glacial Maximum due to feedbacks between atmospheric circulation and ice sheet geometry. Notably, ice advance speed and spatial pattern in our model are controlled by the amount of summer snowfall, which is dependent on moisture transport pathways from the North Atlantic warm pool linked to ice sheet geometry. The consequence of increased summer snowfall on the surface mass balance of the ice sheet is not only the direct increase in accumulation but the indirect reduction in melt through the snow/ice–albedo feedback. These feedbacks provide an effective mechanism for ice growth for a range of initial ice sheet states and may explain the rapid North American ice volume increase during the last ice age and potentially driving growth during previous glacial periods.
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  • 40
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    Global warming due to loss of large ice masses and Arctic summer sea ice (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Several large-scale cryosphere elements such as the Arctic summer sea ice, the mountain glaciers, the Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheet have changed substantially during the last century due to anthropogenic global warming. However, the impacts of their possible future disintegration on global mean temperature (GMT) and climate feedbacks have not yet been comprehensively evaluated. Here, we quantify this response using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. Overall, we find a median additional global warming of 0.43 °C (interquartile range: 0.39−0.46 °C) at a CO 2 concentration of 400 ppm. Most of this response (55%) is caused by albedo changes, but lapse rate together with water vapour (30%) and cloud feedbacks (15%) also contribute significantly. While a decay of the ice sheets would occur on centennial to millennial time scales, the Arctic might become ice-free during summer within the 21st century. Our findings imply an additional increase of the GMT on intermediate to long time scales.
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  • 41
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    Simulating the Common Era: The Past2k working group of PMIP (2021)
    PAGES
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 42
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    Sizing mudsnails: Applying superpixels to scale growth detection under ocean warming (2024)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: 1. The expansion of scientific image data holds great promise to quantify individuals, size distributions and traits. Computer vision tools are especially powerful to automate data mining of images and thus have been applied widely across studies in aquatic and terrestrial ecology. Yet marine benthic communities, especially infauna, remain understudied despite their dominance of marine biomass, biodiversity and playing critical roles in ecosystem functioning. 2. Here, we disaggregated infauna from sediment cores taken throughout the spring transition (April-June) from a near-natural mesocosm setup under experimental warming (Ambient, +1.5 degrees C, +3.0 degrees C). Numerically abundant mudsnails were imaged in batches under stereomicroscopy, from which we automatically counted and sized individuals using a superpixel-based segmentation algorithm. Our segmentation approach was based on clustering superpixels, which naturally partition images by low-level properties (e.g., colour, shape and edges) and allow instance-based segmentation to extract all individuals from each image. 3. We demonstrate high accuracy and precision for counting and sizing individuals, through a procedure that is robust to the number of individuals per image (5-65) and to size ranges spanning an order of magnitude (〈750 mu m to 7.4 mm). The segmentation routine provided at least a fivefold increase in efficiency compared with manual measurements. Scaling this approach to a larger dataset tallied 〉40k individuals and revealed overall growth in response to springtime warming. 4. We illustrate that image processing and segmentation workflows can be built upon existing open-access R packages, underlining the potential for wider adoption of computer vision tools among ecologists. The image-based approach also generated reproducible data products that, alongside our scripts, we have made freely available. This work reinforces the need for next-generation monitoring of benthic communities, especially infauna, which can display differential responses to average warming.
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  • 43
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    Carbon isotopes in the marine biogeochemistry model FESOM2.1-REcoM3 (2024)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: In this paper we describe the implementation of the carbon isotopes 13C and 14C (radiocarbon) into the marine biogeochemistry model REcoM3. The implementation is tested in long-term equilibrium simulations where REcoM3 is coupled with the ocean general circulation model FESOM2.1, applying a low-resolution configuration and idealized climate forcing. Focusing on the carbon-isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC and Δ14CDIC), our model results are largely consistent with reconstructions for the pre-anthropogenic period. Our simulations also exhibit discrepancies, e.g. in upwelling regions and the interior of the North Pacific. Some of these differences are due to the limitations of our ocean circulation model setup, which results in a rather shallow meridional overturning circulation. We additionally study the accuracy of two simplified modelling approaches for dissolved inorganic 14C, which are faster (15 % and about a factor of five, respectively) than the complete consideration of the marine radiocarbon cycle. The accuracy of both simplified approaches is better than 5 %, which should be sufficient for most studies of Δ14CDIC.
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    Influence of GIA Uncertainty on Climate Model Evaluation With GRACE/GRACE‐FO Satellite Gravimetry Data (2024)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Global coupled climate models are in continuous need for evaluation against independent observations to reveal systematic model deficits and uncertainties. Changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) as measured by satellite gravimetry missions GRACE and GRACE-FO provide valuable information on wetting and drying trends over the continents. Challenges arising from a comparison of observed and modelled water storage trends are related to gravity observations including non-water related variations such as, for example, glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Therefore, correcting secular changes in the Earth's gravity field caused by ongoing GIA is important for the monitoring of long-term changes in terrestrial water from GRACE in particular in former ice-covered regions. By utilizing a new ensemble of 56 individual realizations of GIA signals based on perturbations of mantle viscosities and ice history, we find that many of those alternative GIA corrections change the direction of GRACE-derived water storage trends, for example, from gaining mass into drying conditions, in particular in Eastern Canada. The change in the sign of the TWS trends subsequently impacts the conclusions drawn from using GRACE as observational basis for the evaluation of climate models as it influences the dis-/agreement between observed and modelled wetting/drying trends. A modified GIA correction, a combined GRACE/GRACE-FO data record extending over two decades, and a new generation of climate model experiments leads to substantially larger continental areas where wetting/drying trends currently observed by satellite missions coincide with long-term predictions obtained from climate model experiments.
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  • 45
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    No detectable influence of the carbonate ion effect on changes in stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of shallow dwelling planktic foraminifera over the past 160 kyr (2024)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Laboratory experiments showed that the isotopic fractionation of δ13C and of δ18O during calcite formation of planktic foraminifera are species-specific functions of ambient CO concentration. This effect became known as the carbonate ion effect (CIE), whose role for the interpretation of marine sediment data will be investigated here in an in-depth analysis of the 13C cycle. For this investigation, we constructed new 160 kyr long mono-specific stacks of changes in both δ13C and δ18O from either the planktic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (rub) or Trilobatus sacculifer (sac) from 112 and 40 marine records, respectively, from the wider tropics (latitudes below 38°). Both mono-specific time series Δ(δ13Crub) and Δ(δ13Csac) are very similar to each other, and a linear regression through a scatter plot of both data sets has a slope of ∼ 0.99 – although the laboratory-based CIE for both species differs by a factor of nearly 2, implying that they should record distinctly different changes in δ13C, if we accept that the carbonate ion concentration changes on glacial–interglacial timescales. For a deeper understanding of the 13C cycle, we use the Solid Earth version of the Box model of the Isotopic Carbon cYCLE (BICYLE-SE) to calculate how surface-ocean CO should have varied over time in order to be able to calculate the potential offsets which would by caused by the CIE quantified in culture experiments. Our simulations are forced with atmospheric reconstructions of CO2 and δ13CO2 derived from ice cores to obtain a carbon cycle which should at least at the surface ocean be as close as possible to expected conditions and which in the deep ocean largely agrees with the carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), δ13CDIC, as reconstructed from benthic foraminifera. We find that both Δ(δ13Crub) and Δ(δ13Csac) agree better with changes in simulated δ13CDIC when ignoring the CIE than those time series which were corrected for the CIE. The combination of data- and model-based evidence for the lack of a role for the CIE in Δ(δ13Crub) and Δ(δ13Csac) suggests that the CIE as measured in laboratory experiments is not directly transferable to the interpretation of marine sediment records. The much smaller CIE-to-glacial–interglacial-signal ratio in foraminifera δ18O, when compared to δ13C, prevents us from drawing robust conclusions on the role of the CIE in δ18O as recorded in the hard shells of both species. However, theories propose that the CIE in both δ13C and δ18O depends on the pH in the surrounding water, suggesting that the CIE should be detectable in neither or both of the isotopes. Whether this lack of role of the CIE in the interpretation of planktic paleo-data is a general feature or is restricted to the two species investigated here needs to be checked with further data from other planktic foraminiferal species.
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  • 46
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    Towards spatio-temporal comparison of simulated and reconstructed sea surface temperatures for the last deglaciation (2024)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: An increasing number of climate model simulations is becoming available for the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Assessing the simulations' reliability requires benchmarking against environmental proxy records. To date, no established method exists to compare these two data sources in space and time over a period with changing background conditions. Here, we develop a new algorithm to rank simulations according to their deviation from reconstructed magnitudes and temporal patterns of orbital and millennial-scale temperature variations. The use of proxy forward modeling allows for accounting for non-climatic processes that affect the temperature reconstructions. It further avoids the need to reconstruct gridded fields or regional mean temperature time series from sparse and uncertain proxy data. First, we test the reliability and robustness of our algorithm in idealized experiments with prescribed deglacial temperature histories. We quantify the influence of limited temporal resolution, chronological uncertainties, and non-climatic processes by constructing noisy pseudo-proxies. While model–data comparison results become less reliable with increasing uncertainties, we find that the algorithm discriminates well between simulations under realistic non-climatic noise levels. To obtain reliable and robust rankings, we advise spatial averaging of the results for individual proxy records. Second, we demonstrate our method by quantifying the deviations between an ensemble of transient deglacial simulations and a global compilation of sea surface temperature reconstructions. The ranking of the simulations differs substantially between the considered regions and timescales, which suggests that optimizing for agreement with the temporal patterns of a small set of proxies might be insufficient for capturing the spatial structure of the deglacial temperature variability. We attribute the diversity in the rankings to more regionally confined temperature variations in reconstructions than in simulations, which could be the result of uncertainties in boundary conditions, shortcomings in models, or regionally varying characteristics of reconstructions such as recording seasons and depths. Future work towards disentangling these potential reasons can leverage the flexible design of our algorithm and its demonstrated ability to identify varying levels of model–data agreement. Additionally, the algorithm can be applied to variables like oxygen isotopes and climate transitions such as the penultimate deglaciation and the last glacial inception.
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  • 47
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    A global compilation of diatom silica oxygen isotope records from lake sediment – trends and implications for climate reconstruction (2024)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Oxygen isotopes in biogenic silica (δ18OBSi) from lake sediments allow for quantitative reconstruction of past hydroclimate and proxy-model comparison in terrestrial environments. The signals of individual records have been attributed to different factors, such as air temperature (Tair), atmospheric circulation patterns, hydrological changes, and lake evaporation. While every lake has its own local set of drivers of δ18O variability, here we explore the extent to which regional or even global signals emerge from a series of paleoenvironmental records. This study provides a comprehensive compilation and combined statistical evaluation of the existing lake sediment δ18OBSi records, largely missing in other summary publications (i.e. PAGES network). For this purpose, we have identified and compiled 71 down-core records published to date and complemented these datasets with additional lake basin parameters (e.g. lake water residence time and catchment size) to best characterize the signal properties. Records feature widely different temporal coverage and resolution, ranging from decadal-scale records covering the past 150 years to records with multi-millennial-scale resolution spanning glacial–interglacial cycles. The best coverage in number of records (N = 37) and data points (N = 2112) is available for Northern Hemispheric (NH) extratropical regions throughout the Holocene (roughly corresponding to Marine Isotope Stage 1; MIS 1). To address the different variabilities and temporal offsets, records were brought to a common temporal resolution by binning and subsequently filtered for hydrologically open lakes with lake water residence times 〈 100 years. For mid- to high-latitude (〉 45° N) lakes, we find common δ18OBSi patterns among the lake records during both the Holocene and Common Era (CE). These include maxima and minima corresponding to known climate episodes, such as the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM), Neoglacial Cooling, Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA). These patterns are in line with long-term air temperature changes supported by previously published climate reconstructions from other archives, as well as Holocene summer insolation changes. In conclusion, oxygen isotope records from NH extratropical lake sediments feature a common climate signal at centennial (for CE) and millennial (for Holocene) timescales despite stemming from different lakes in different geographic locations and hence constitute a valuable proxy for past climate reconstructions.
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  • 48
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    Glacial inception through rapid ice area increase driven by albedo and vegetation feedbacks (2024)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: We present transient simulations of the last glacial inception using the Earth system model CLIMBER-X with dynamic vegetation, interactive ice sheets, and visco-elastic solid Earth responses. The simulations are initialized at the middle of the Eemian interglacial (125 kiloyears before present, ka) and run until 100 ka, driven by prescribed changes in Earth's orbital parameters and greenhouse gas concentrations from ice core data. CLIMBER-X simulates a rapid increase in Northern Hemisphere ice sheet area through MIS5d, with ice sheets expanding over northern North America and Scandinavia, in broad agreement with proxy reconstructions. While most of the increase in ice sheet area occurs over a relatively short period between 119 and 117 ka, the larger part of the increase in ice volume occurs afterwards with an almost constant ice sheet extent. We show that the vegetation feedback plays a fundamental role in controlling the ice sheet expansion during the last glacial inception. In particular, with prescribed present-day vegetation the model simulates a global sea level drop of only ∼ 20 m, compared with the ∼ 35 m decrease in sea level with dynamic vegetation response. The ice sheet and carbon cycle feedbacks play only a minor role during the ice sheet expansion phase prior to ∼ 115 ka but are important in limiting the deglaciation during the following phase characterized by increasing summer insolation. The model results are sensitive to climate model biases and to the parameterization of snow albedo, while they show only a weak dependence on changes in the ice sheet model resolution and the acceleration factor used to speed up the climate component. Overall, our simulations confirm and refine previous results showing that climate–vegetation–cryosphere feedbacks play a fundamental role in the transition from interglacial to glacial states characterizing Quaternary glacial cycles.
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    Long-term annual trawl data show shifts in cephalopod community in the western Barents Sea during 18 years (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Climate change is threatening marine ecosystems on a global scale but particularly so in the Arctic. As a result of warming, species are shifting their distributions, altering marine communities and predator-prey interactions. This is known as the Atlantification of the Arctic. Warming may favor short-lived, opportunistic species such as cephalopods, marine mollusks that previously have been hypothesized to be winners in an ocean of change. To detect temporal regional trends in biodiversity, long-term annual surveys in hotspots of climate change are an unparalleled source of data. Here, we use 18 years of annual bottom trawl data (2005–2022) to analyse cephalopods in the western Barents Sea. More specifically, our research goals are to assess temporal trends in cephalopod fauna composition, abundance and biomass, and to relate these trends to climate change in the western Barents Sea. Main changes in cephalopod diversity and distribution occurred in mid-2000s and early 2010s, which corresponds with a period of warming in the Arctic since the late 1990s/early 2000s. Repeated increased occurrence of the boreal-subtropical cephalopods was recorded from 2005–2013 to 2014–2022. Moreover, the abundance of cephalopods in the area (in general and for most taxa) increased from 2005–2013 to 2014–2022. These observations suggest that the cephalopod community of the Barents Sea is subjected to Atlantification since the 2005–2013 period. This corresponds with previously reported evidence of the Atlantification in fishes and benthic invertebrates in the Barents Sea and benthic invertebrates. ‘Typical’ Arctic cephalopod species such as Bathypolypus spp., Gonatus fabricii and Rossia spp., however, are still much more abundant in the western Barents Sea compared to the deep-sea and the boreal-subtropical species. We also found indirect indications for body-size reduction in Bathypolypus spp. from 2005–2013 to 2014–2022. Overall, the temporal trends in the Barents Sea cephalopod fauna provide evidence for changing marine communities in the Arctic.
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    Geomorphology and Age Constraints of Seamounts in the Cabo Verde Archipelago, and Their Relationship to Island Ages and Geodynamic Evolution (2024)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The Cabo Verde Archipelago is related to a mantle plume located close to the rotational pole of the African Plate. It consists of islands and seamounts arranged in a horseshoe‐shaped pattern open to the west, thus forming two volcanic chains, each with a weak east‐west age progression. High‐resolution swath bathymetry of 12 Cabo Verde seamounts is used here to assign each seamount to its pre‐shield, shield or post‐shield evolutionary stage, respectively. The eastern seamounts exhibit degraded and partially eroded morphologies, and are mainly in their post‐shield stage. A new 40 Ar‐ 39 Ar date for Senghor Seamount at 14.872 ± 0.027 Ma supports old ages for the eastern seamounts. The western seamounts generally exhibit younger volcanic‐edifice‐construction morphologies, showing fresh effusive and explosive volcanics, including rarely observed deep‐water explosive volcanism in the Charles Darwin Volcanic Field. Furthermore, the two previously unknown seamounts Sodade and Tavares in the westernmost termini of both volcanic chains exhibit pristine volcanic morphologies, in agreement with present‐day volcanism and seismic activity recorded from the western seamounts. The islands and seamounts rest on three submarine platforms to the east, northwest and southwest, respectively. Taken together, the seamount and island data suggest a shift in igneous activity from the eastern to the other platforms at about 8–6 Ma. However, the complex evolution pattern for both volcanic chains includes the simultaneous occurrence of pre‐shield or shield edifices at any time, followed by erosional and rejuvenation stages. The new seamount data still demonstrate ongoing westward submarine‐growth in both volcanic chains. Plain Language Summary The Cabo Verde volcanic islands and seamounts are located in the central Atlantic Ocean, ∼570 km off the west coast of Africa. They form a horseshoe‐shaped archipelago with two volcanic chains, which were formed by the African plate moving very slowly over a mantle hotspot (the Cabo Verde Plume). Both the northern and southern volcanic chains show weak east‐to‐west age progressions from ∼26 million years to the present day. This study uses underwater topographic data and observations/rock sampling via remotely operated vehicles from 12 submarine volcanic seamounts, including two previously unknown seamounts, collected during four research cruises in the Cabo Verde Archipelago. Geomorphology is used to classify each seamount as being in its pre‐shield, shield or post‐shield evolutionary stage, respectively. Cabo Verde islands and seamounts rest on three submarine morphological platforms, reflecting westward jumps of the main igneous activity, and also confirming the westward migration of the Cabo Verde hotspot beneath both volcanic chains. Key Points We present bathymetrical maps of 12, in part previously uncharted Cabo Verde seamounts Geomorphology reflects various evolutionary seamount stages and relative ages. Four older seamounts indicate late Quaternary sea level lowstands Islands and seamounts rest on three morphological platforms, indicating westward jumps of the main igneous activity
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    Evolution of the Arabian Sea Upwelling from the Last Millennium to the Future as Simulated by Earth System Models (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Arabian Sea upwelling in the past has been generally studied based on the sediment records. We apply two earth system models and analyze the simulated water vertical velocity to investigate coastal upwelling in the western Arabian Sea over the last millennium. In addition, two models with slightly different configurations are also employed to study the upwelling in the 21st century under the strongest and the weakest greenhouse gas emission scenarios. With a negative long-term trend caused by the orbital forcing of the models, the upwelling over the last millennium is found to be closely correlated with the sea surface temperature, the Indian summer Monsoon and the sediment records. The future upwelling under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario reveals a negative trend, in contrast with the positive trend displayed by the upwelling favorable along-shore winds. Therefore, it is likely that other factors, like water stratification in the upper ocean layers caused by the stronger surface warming, overrides the effect from the upwelling favorable wind. No significant trend is found for the upwelling under the RCP2.6 scenario, which is likely due to a compensation between the opposing effects of the increase in upwelling favorable winds and the water stratification.
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    Surface and Tropospheric Response of North Atlantic Summer Climate from Paleoclimate Simulations of the Past Millennium (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: We investigate the effects of solar forcing on the North Atlantic (NA) summer climate, in climate simulations with Earth System Models (ESMs), over the preindustrial past millennium (AD 850–1849). We use one simulation and a four-member ensemble performed with the MPI-ESM-P and CESM-LME models, respectively, forced only by low-scaling variations in Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). We apply linear methods (correlation and regression) and composite analysis to estimate the NA surface and tropospheric climatic responses to decadal solar variability. Linear methods in the CESM ensemble indicate a weak summer response in sea-level pressure (SLP) and 500-hPa geopotential height to TSI, with decreased values over Greenland and increased values over the NA subtropics. Composite analysis indicates that, during high-TSI periods, SLP decreases over eastern Canada and the geopotential height at 500-hPa increases over the subtropical NA. The possible summer response of SSTs is overlapped by model internal variability. Therefore, for low-scaling TSI changes, state-of-the-art ESMs disagree on the NA surface climatic effect of solar forcing indicated by proxy-based studies during the preindustrial millennium. The analysis of control simulations indicates that, in all climatic variables studied, spurious patterns of apparent solar response may arise from the analysis of single model simulations.
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    Synchronization phenomena observed in glacial–interglacial cycles simulated in an Earth system model of intermediate complexity (2023)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The glacial–interglacial cycles of the Quaternary exhibit 41 kyr periodicity before the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) around 1.2–0.8 Myr ago and ∼ 100 kyr periodicity after that. From the viewpoint of dynamical systems, proposed mechanisms generating these periodicities are broadly divided into two types: (i) nonlinear forced responses of a mono- or multi-stable climate system to the astronomical forcing or (ii) synchronization of internal self-sustained oscillations to the astronomical forcing. In this study, we investigate the dynamics of glacial cycles simulated by the Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2 with a fully interactive carbon cycle, which reproduces the MPT under gradual changes in volcanic-CO2 degassing and regolith cover. We report that, in this model, the dominant frequency of glacial cycles is set in line with the principle of synchronization. It is found that the model exhibits self-sustained oscillations in the absence of astronomical forcing. Before the MPT, glacial cycles synchronize to the 41 kyr obliquity cycles because the self-sustained oscillations have periodicity relatively close to 41 kyr. After the MPT the timescale of internal oscillations becomes too long to follow every 41 kyr obliquity cycle, and the oscillations synchronize to the 100 kyr eccentricity cycles that modulate the amplitude of climatic precession. The latter synchronization occurs with the help of the 41 kyr obliquity forcing, which enables some terminations and glaciations to occur robustly at their right timing. We term this phenomenon vibration-enhanced synchronization because of its similarity to the noise-enhanced synchronization known in nonlinear science. While we interpret the dominant periodicities of glacial cycles as the result of synchronization of internal self-sustained oscillations to the astronomical forcing, the Quaternary glacial cycles show facets of both synchronization and forced response.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    “Seeing” Beneath the Clouds — Machine-Learning-Based Reconstruction of North African Dust Plumes (2024)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Mineral dust is one of the most abundant atmospheric aerosol species and has various far-reaching effects on the climate system and adverse impacts on air quality. Satellite observations can provide spatio-temporal information on dust emission and transport pathways. However, satellite observations of dust plumes are frequently obscured by clouds. We use a method based on established, machine-learning-based image in-painting techniques to restore the spatial extent of dust plumes for the first time. We train an artificial neural net (ANN) on modern reanalysis data paired with satellite-derived cloud masks. The trained ANN is applied to cloud-masked, gray-scaled images, which were derived from false color images indicating elevated dust plumes in bright magenta. The images were obtained from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager instrument onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellite. We find up to 15% of summertime observations in West Africa and 10% of summertime observations in Nubia by satellite images miss dust plumes due to cloud cover. We use the new dust-plume data to demonstrate a novel approach for validating spatial patterns of the operational forecasts provided by the World Meteorological Organization Dust Regional Center in Barcelona. The comparison elucidates often similar dust plume patterns in the forecasts and the satellite-based reconstruction, but once trained, the reconstruction is computationally inexpensive. Our proposed reconstruction provides a new opportunity for validating dust aerosol transport in numerical weather models and Earth system models. It can be adapted to other aerosol species and trace gases. Key Points: - We present the first fast reconstruction of cloud-obscured Saharan dust plumes through novel machine learning applied to satellite images - The reconstruction algorithm utilizes partial convolutions to restore cloud-induced gaps in gray-scaled Meteosat Second Generation-Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager Dust RGB images - World Meteorological Organization dust forecasts for North Africa mostly agree with the satellite-based reconstruction of the dust plume extent
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    A climatology of weather-driven anomalies in European photovoltaic and wind power production (2024)
    Nature Research | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Weather causes extremes in photovoltaic and wind power production. Here we present a comprehensive climatology of anomalies in photovoltaic and wind power production associated with weather patterns in Europe considering the 2019 and potential 2050 installations, and hourly to ten-day events. To that end, we performed kilometer-scale numerical simulations of hourly power production for 23 years and paired the output with a weather classification which allows a detailed assessment of weather-driven spatio-temporal production anomalies. Our results highlight the dependency of low-power production events on the installed capacities and the event duration. South-shifted Westerlies (Anticyclonic South-Easterlies) are associated with the lowest hourly (ten-day) extremes for the 2050 (both) installations. Regional power production anomalies can differ from the ones in the European mean. Our findings suggest that weather patterns can serve as indicators for expected photovoltaic and wind power production anomalies and may be useful for early warnings in the energy sector.
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    Strong temperature gradients in the ice age North Atlantic Ocean revealed by plankton biogeography (2023)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The cold Last Glacial Maximum, around 20,000 years ago, provides a useful test case for evaluating whether climate models can simulate climate states distinct from the present. However, because of the indirect and uncertain nature of reconstructions of past environmental variables such as sea surface temperature, such evaluation remains ambiguous. Instead, here we evaluate simulations of Last Glacial Maximum climate by relying on the fundamental macroecological principle of decreasing community similarity with increasing thermal distance. Our analysis of planktonic foraminifera species assemblages from 647 sites reveals that the similarity-decay pattern that we obtain when the simulated ice age seawater temperatures are confronted with species assemblages from that time differs from the modern. This inconsistency between the modern temperature dependence of plankton species turnover and the simulations arises because the simulations show globally rather uniform cooling for the Last Glacial Maximum, whereas the species assemblages indicate stronger cooling in the subpolar North Atlantic. The implied steeper thermal gradient in the North Atlantic is more consistent with climate model simulations with a reduced Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Our approach demonstrates that macroecology can be used to robustly diagnose simulations of past climate and highlights the challenge of correctly resolving the spatial imprint of global change in climate models.
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    Climate effects on archaic human habitats and species successions (2022)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: It has long been believed that climate shifts during the last 2 million years had a pivotal role in the evolution of our genus Homo 1–3 . However, given the limited number of representative palaeo-climate datasets from regions of anthropological interest, it has remained challenging to quantify this linkage. Here, we use an unprecedented transient Pleistocene coupled general circulation model simulation in combination with an extensive compilation of fossil and archaeological records to study the spatiotemporal habitat suitability for five hominin species over the past 2 million years. We show that astronomically forced changes in temperature, rainfall and terrestrial net primary production had a major impact on the observed distributions of these species. During the Early Pleistocene, hominins settled primarily in environments with weak orbital-scale climate variability. This behaviour changed substantially after the mid-Pleistocene transition, when archaic humans became global wanderers who adapted to a wide range of spatial climatic gradients. Analysis of the simulated hominin habitat overlap from approximately 300–400 thousand years ago further suggests that antiphased climate disruptions in southern Africa and Eurasia contributed to the evolutionary transformation of Homo heidelbergensis populations into Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, respectively. Our robust numerical simulations of climate-induced habitat changes provide a framework to test hypotheses on our human origin.
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  • 58
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    Tetrapodenfährten aus dem Rotliegenden der Wetterau und ihre stratigraphische Auswertung (1983)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Aus den Bleichenbach-Schichten der Wetterau werden folgende Fährtentaxa beschrieben und abgebildet: Saurichnites salamandroides Geinitz, 1861, Saurichnites intermedius Fritsch, 1895, Saurichnites incurvatus Fritsch, 1901, Temnospondylen-Fährte unsicherer systematischer Stellung, cf. Hyloidichnus major (Heyler & Lessertisseur, 1963), Amphisauroides discessus Haubold, 1970, Varanopus microdactylus (Pabst, 1896), Ichniotherium cottae (Pohlig, 1885), Dimetropus leisnerianus (Geinitz, 1863), Gilmo- reichnus kablikae (Geinitz & Deichmüller, 1882), cf. Gilmoreichnus minimus Haubold, 1973, Protritonichnites lacertoides (Geinitz, 1861), Anhomoiichnium orobicum Dozy, 1935, Palmichnus renisus Schmidt, 1959, Laoporus sp. und Jacobiichnus caudifer (Fritsch, 1895). Die Fährtengemeinschaft erlaubt eine Parallelisierung der Bleichenbach-Schichten mit dem oberen Teil der Nahe-Gruppe des Saar-Nahe-Gebietes.
    Description: Abstract: From the Bleichenbach beds of the Wetterau area (lower Permian, SW-Germany) the following ichnotaxa are described and figured: Saurichnites salamandroides Geinitz, 1861, Saurichnites intermedius Fritsch, 1895, Saurichnites incurvatus Fritsch, 1901, temnospondyl-trackway of uncertain systematic range, cf . Hyloidichnus major (Heyler & Lessertisseur, 1963), Amphisauroides discessus Haubold, 1970, Varanopus microdactylus (Pabst, 1896), Ichniotherium cottae (Pohlig, 1885), Dimetropus leisnerianus (Geinitz, 1863), Gilmoreichnus kablikae (Geinitz & Deichmüller, 1882), cf. Gilmoreichnus minimus Haubold, 1973, Protritonichnites lacertoides (Geinitz, 1861), Anhomoiichnium orobicum Dozy, 1935, Palmichnus renisus Schmidt, 1959, Laoporus sp. and Jacobiichnus caudifer (Fritsch, 1895). This trackway-assemblage permits a correlation of the Bleichenbach beds with the upper part of the Nahe Group of the Saar-Nahe Basin.
    Description: 1. Einleitung 2. Vorkommen 3. Terminologie 4. Kurzbeschreibung der Fährten 4.1. Amphibien-Fährten 4.1.1. Saurichnites salamandroides Geinitz, 1861 4.1.2. Saurichnites intermedius Fritsch, 1895 4.1.3. Saurichnites incurvatus Fritsch, 1901 4.1.4. Temnospondylen- Fährte unsicherer systematischer Stellung 4.2. Reptil-Fährten 4.2.1. cf. Hyloidichnus major (Heyler & Lessertisseur, 1963) 4.2.2. Amphisauroides discessus Haubold, 1970 4.2.3. Varanopus microdactylus (Pabst, 1896) 4.2.4. Ichniotherium cottae (Pohlig, 1885) 4.2.5. Dimetropus leisnerianus (Geinitz, 1863) 4.2.6. Gilmoreichnus kablikae (Geinitz & Deichmüller, 1882) 4.2.7. cf. Gilmoreichnus minimus Haubold, 1973 142 4.2.8. Protritonichnites lacertoides (Geinitz, 1861) 4.2.9. Anhomoiichnium orobicum Dozy, 1935 4.2.10. Palmichnus renisus Schmidt, 1959 4.2.11. Laoporussp 4.2.12. Jacobiichnus caudifer (Fritsch, 1895) 5. Fossilinhalt der einzelnen Fundhorizonte 6. Biostratigraphische Auswertung der Fährten 7. Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse Schriften
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:560 ; Hessen ; Rotliegend ; Fährten ; Tetrapoden
    Language: German
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    Lithologische Beschreibung einer Forschungsbohrung im Zentrum des oberoligozänen, vulkano-lakustrinen Beckens von Enspel/Westerwald (Rheinland-Pfalz; Bundesrepublik Deutschland) (1998)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Im Spätsommer 1996 wurde in der oberoligozänen Fossillagerstätte Enspel im nordwestlichen Westerwald vom Geologischen Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz, gemeinsam mit dem Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Rheinland-Pfalz, eine Forschungsbohrung niedergebracht. Die Bohrung erreichte eine Teufe von 256,3 m. Es wurden 2,6 m Basalt, etwa 137 m lakustrine Sedimente und 90 m Vulkaniklastika erbohrt. An deren Basis folgen fragmentierte devonische Sedimentgesteine, die bis zu einer Mächtigkeit von 24,3 m erbohrt wurden. Die Abfolge repräsentiert die Füllung eines komplexen, maarähnlichen Beckens. Der Bohrkern wird in einem interdisziplinären Projekt von verschiedenen Arbeitsgruppen untersucht, um Bau und Genese des ehemaligen Enspelsees zu erforschen.
    Description: Abstract: In late summer 1996 the Geological Survey of Rheinland-Pfalz and the Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Rheinland-Pfalz sank a research core, in the Upper Oligocene Fossillagerstätte Enspel, Northwest-Westerwald-area. The drilling reached a depth of 256.3 m. 2.6 m of basalt, 137 m of lakustrine sediments, 90 m of pyroclastic rocks and 24.3 m of fragmented Devonian sediments were found. This section documents the filling of a complex maarlike basin. The cores are examined in an interdisciplinary research project concerning the genesis and structure of the Enspel lake system.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:554.3 ; Westerwald ; TK 5313 ; Oligozän ; Bohrung
    Language: German
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    Effects of rainfall extreme events on coastal marine ecosystems (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: Extreme rainfall generated by storms and atmospheric instability causes innumerable damage to coastal areas and their marine ecosystems. This chapter describes some of the processes that generate critical precipitation events in coastal areas. Among these, the typical synoptic conditions combine with the increase in sea surface temperature and air temperature, coastal geomorphology, and sea breeze. Coastal and regional rainfall events should be studied to understand the meteorological, oceanographic, and geomorphological conditions that cause the extreme events, to later relate them with the consequences on coasts. The effects of the interaction of storms with tides originating storm surges and the effect of sea-level rise are described as well as the main consequences of extreme rainfall events such as beach erosion, decrease in water quality, changes in plankton and fish species that inhabit coastal waters, among others.
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    Comparing environmental impacts of deep‐seabed and land‐based mining: A defensible framework (2024)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: The crises of climate change and biodiversity loss are interlinked and must be addressed jointly. A proposed solution for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and thus mitigating climate change, is the transition from conventional combustion-engine to electric vehicles. This transition currently requires additional mineral resources, such as nickel and cobalt used in car batteries, presently obtained from land-based mines. Most options to meet this demand are associated with some biodiversity loss. One proposal is to mine the deep seabed, a vast, relatively pristine and mostly unexplored region of our planet. Few comparisons of environmental impacts of solely expanding land-based mining versus extending mining to the deep seabed for the additional resources exist and for biodiversity only qualitative. Here, we present a framework that facilitates a holistic comparison of relative ecosystem impacts by mining, using empirical data from relevant environmental metrics. This framework (Environmental Impact Wheel) includes a suite of physicochemical and biological components, rather than a few selected metrics, surrogates, or proxies. It is modified from the “recovery wheel” presented in the International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration to address impacts rather than recovery. The wheel includes six attributes (physical condition, community composition, structural diversity, ecosystem function, external exchanges and absence of threats). Each has 3–5 sub attributes, in turn measured with several indicators. The framework includes five steps: (1) identifying geographic scope; (2) identifying relevant spatiotemporal scales; (3) selecting relevant indicators for each sub-attribute; (4) aggregating changes in indicators to scores; and (5) generating Environmental Impact Wheels for targeted comparisons. To move forward comparisons of land-based with deep seabed mining, thresholds of the indicators that reflect the range in severity of environmental impacts are needed. Indicators should be based on clearly articulated environmental goals, with objectives and targets that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound.
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    Student cruise: Observation techniques for Physical Oceanographers Cruise No. AL599 (2024)
    GEOMAR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: August 14 – August 17, 2023, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) CAU pherPraO
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Southern Ocean phytoplankton under climate change: a shifting balance of bottom-up and top-down control (2024)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: Phytoplankton form the base of the marine food web by transforming CO2 into organic carbon via photosynthesis. Despite the importance of phytoplankton for marine ecosystems and global carbon cycling, projections of phytoplankton biomass in response to climate change differ strongly across Earth system models, illustrating uncertainty in our understanding of the underlying processes. Differences are especially large in the Southern Ocean, a region that is notoriously difficult to represent in models. Here, we argue that total (depth-integrated) phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean is projected to largely remain unchanged under climate change by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) multi-model ensemble because of a shifting balance of bottom-up and top-down processes driven by a shoaling mixed-layer depth. A shallower mixed layer is projected on average to improve growth conditions, consequently weaken bottom-up control, and confine phytoplankton closer to the surface. An increase in the phytoplankton concentration promotes zooplankton grazing efficiency, thus intensifying top-down control. However, large differences across the model ensemble exist, with some models simulating a decrease in surface phytoplankton concentrations. To reduce uncertainties in projections of surface phytoplankton concentrations, we employ an emergent constraint approach using the observed sensitivity of surface chlorophyll concentration, taken as an observable proxy for phytoplankton, to seasonal changes in the mixed-layer depth as an indicator for future changes in surface phytoplankton concentrations. The emergent constraint reduces uncertainties in surface phytoplankton concentration projections by around one-third and increases confidence that surface phytoplankton concentrations will indeed rise due to shoaling mixed layers under global warming, thus favouring intensified top-down control. Overall, our results suggest that while changes in bottom-up conditions stimulate enhanced growth, intensified top-down control opposes an increase in phytoplankton and becomes increasingly important for the phytoplankton response to climate change in the Southern Ocean.
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    CO2-Speicherung im Meeresgebiet – Nutzungskonflikte und Einbeziehung in die Meeresraumplanung? (2024)
    GEOSTOR/BGR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: Bericht zum Fachworkshop des Forschungsverbundes GEOSTOR der Forschungsmission CDRmare am 11. Oktober 2023 im Geozentrum Hannover
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  • 65
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    Zeitvariable Meereshöhen und Bahnfehler aus Satelliten-Altimetermessungen (1987)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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    PointProcessTools.jl (2024)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: This julia package implements various tools for working with simple, non-marked, one dimensional point processes. In special it implements a bootstrap-based goodness-of-fit test for parametric models.
    Type: Software , NonPeerReviewed
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    Recent European drought extremes beyond Common Era background variability (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Europe’s recent summer droughts have had devastating ecological and economic consequences, but the severity and cause of these extremes remain unclear. Here we present 27,080 annually resolved and absolutely dated measurements of tree-ring stable carbon and oxygen (δ13C and δ18O) isotopes from 21 living and 126 relict oaks (Quercus spp.) used to reconstruct central European summer hydroclimate from 75 BCE to 2018 CE. We find that the combined inverse δ13C and δ18O values correlate with the June–August Palmer Drought Severity Index from 1901–2018 at 0.73 (P 〈 0.001). Pluvials around 200, 720 and 1100 CE, and droughts around 40, 590, 950 and 1510 CE and in the twenty-first century, are superimposed on a multi-millennial drying trend. Our reconstruction demonstrates that the sequence of recent European summer droughts since 2015 CE is unprecedented in the past 2,110 years. This hydroclimatic anomaly is probably caused by anthropogenic warming and associated changes in the position of the summer jet stream.
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    Deep ocean hydrographic variability estimated from distributed geodetic sensor arrays off northern Chile (2024)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Observations of spatio-temporal variability of the deep ocean are rare and little is known about occurrence of deep ocean mesoscale dynamics. Here, we make use of 2.5 years of time series data from three distributed sensor arrays, which acquired high-resolution temperature, pressure and sound speed data of the bottom layer offshore northern Chile. Estimating salinity and density from the direct observations enable access to the full spectrum of hydrographic variability from a multi-hourly to annual time scale and with average inter-station distances of less than 1 km. Analyses revealed interannual warming over the continental slope of 0.002 °C yr−1–0.003 °C yr−1, and could trace periodic hydrographic anomalies, likely related to coastal-trapped waves, as far as to the lower continental slope. A concurrent change in the shape of the warm anomalies and the rate of deep-sea warming that occurs with the crossing of the deep-sea trench suggests that the abyssal part of the eastern boundary current system off Chile does not extend past the deep sea trench. Furthermore, the comparison of anomaly timing and shape in between stations implies southwards flow over the mid to lower continental slope, centred closer to the trench.
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    Influence of late Quaternary climate on the biogeography of Neotropical aquatic species as reflected by non-marine ostracodes (2020)
    Copernicus Publications EU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: We evaluated how ranges of four endemic and non-endemic aquatic ostracode species changed in response to long-term (glacial–interglacial cycles) and abrupt climate fluctuations during the last 155 kyr in the northern Neotropical region. We employed two complementary approaches, fossil records and species distribution models (SDMs). Fossil assemblages were obtained from sediment cores PI-1, PI-2, PI-6 and Petén-Itzá 22-VIII-99 from the Petén Itzá Scientific Drilling Project, Lake Petén Itzá, Guatemala. To obtain a spatially resolved pattern of (past) species distribution, a downscaling cascade is employed. SDMs were reconstructed for the last interglacial (∼120 ka), the last glacial maximum (∼22 ka) and the middle Holocene (∼6 ka). During glacial and interglacial cycles and marine isotope stages (MISs), modelled paleo-distributions and paleo-records show the nearly continuous presence of endemic and non-endemic species in the region, suggesting negligible effects of long-term climate variations on aquatic niche stability. During periods of abrupt ecological disruption such as Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), endemic species were resilient, remaining within their current areas of distribution. Non-endemic species, however, proved to be more sensitive. Modelled paleo-distributions suggest that the geographic range of non-endemic species changed, moving southward into Central America. Due to the uncertainties involved in the downscaling from the global numerical to the highly resolved regional geospatial statistical modelling, results can be seen as a benchmark for future studies using similar approaches. Given relatively moderate temperature decreases in Lake Petén Itzá waters (∼5 ∘C) and the persistence of some aquatic ecosystems even during periods of severe drying in HS1, our data suggest (1) the existence of micro-refugia and/or (2) continuous interaction between central metapopulations and surrounding populations, enabling aquatic taxa to survive climate fluctuations in the northern Neotropical region.
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    Assessment of Porites microatolls for paleothermometry: Calibration for French Polynesia (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Highlights • Investigation into the potential of Porites microatolls for SST reconstruction. • Comparison between recent and more conventional coral paleoclimatology methods. • Application of Srsingle bondU and Li/Mg paleothermometer. • Accuracy and reproducibility of Sr/Ca proved to be the most suitable proxy for SST reconstruction. Abstract Massive dome-shaped coral Porites are the predominant choice for paleoclimate studies due to their consistent and reliable growth. When growing close to sea level, they become limited in their vertical growth and form so-called ‘microatolls’. Microatolls have not yet been extensively explored for paleoclimate reconstruction. Here, we investigate how reliable modern Porites microatolls are against empirical sea-surface temperature using Sr/Ca, δ18O, Li/Mg and Srsingle bondU paleothermometry methods on samples from the Society Islands, French Polynesia. Our results show Sr/Ca ratios have the lowest Standard Error of the Inverse Prediction (SEIP) at 0.415 °C (N = 41) with a calibration of Sr/Ca (mmol mol−1) = −0.082 ± 0.006 SST (°C) + 11.256 ± 0.170 and with high reproducibility across multiple corals. The reproducibility of δ18O was less good, with SEIP increasing to 0.829 °C (N = 41). Considering methods directly from the literature, Li/Mg ratio empirically corrected for Sr/Ca had the best balance between bias and precision where no local calibration could be available. This study independently evaluates and confirms the suitability of Porites microatolls from well-flushed environments for paleoclimate studies. Fossil dome-shaped Porites grow anywhere between near-surface and roughly 20 m depths which inherently incorporates uncertainty into any sea surface temperature reconstruction. This uncertainty is significantly reduced for microatolls due to their well-constrained bathymetry. The study represents a fundamental step in paleoclimate research targeting consistently near the water-air interface bringing reliability and, especially when combined with their ability to reconstruct past sea-level changes, microatolls have the potential to be central for future paleoenvironmental studies.
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    Climate and environmental context of the Mongol invasion of Syria and defeat at ‘Ayn Jālūt (1258–1260 CE) (2021)
    Geographisches Institut Bonn
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: After a successful conquest of large parts of Syria in 1258 and 1259 CE, the Mongol army lost the battle of 'Ayn Jālūt against Mamluks on September 3, 1260 CE. Recognized as a turning point in world history, their sudden defeat triggered the reconfiguration of strategic alliances and geopolitical power not only in the Middle East, but also across much of Eurasia. Despite decades of research, scholars have not yet reached consensus over the causes of the Mongol reverse. Here, we revisit previous arguments in light of climate and environmental changes in the aftermath of one the largest volcanic forcings in the past 2500 years, the Samalas eruption ~1257 CE. Regional tree ring-based climate reconstructions and state-of-the-art Earth System Model simulations reveal cooler and wetter conditions from spring 1258 to autumn 1259 CE for the eastern Mediterranean/Arabian region. We therefore hypothesize that the post-Samalas climate anomaly and associated environmental variability affected an estimated 120,000 Mongol soldiers and up to half a million of their horses during the conquest. More specifically, we argue that colder and wetter climates in 1258 and 1259 CE, while complicating and slowing the campaign in certain areas, such as the mountainous regions in the Caucasus and Anatolia, also facilitated the assault on Syria between January and March 1260. A return to warmer and dryer conditions in the summer of 1260 CE, however, likely reduced the regional carrying capacity and may therefore have forced a mass withdrawal of the Mongols from the region that contributed to the Mamluks’ victory. In pointing to a distinct environmental dependency of the Mongols, we offer a new explanation of their defeat at 'Ayn Jālūt, which effectively halted the further expansion of the largest ever land-based empire.
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    Die große Transformation: Zum Verhältnis von (Sozial-)Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft (2024)
    In:  Leviathan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Social-ecological transformation has become an important concept in the face of profound planetary crises (loss of biodiversity, climate crisis). Recently, the needs for social scientific transformation research have become more clearly defined. We reflect on the role of the social sciences and the humanities in democratically shaping social transformation in interaction with other sectors of society. Finally, we sketch three examples that illustrate the kind of new methodological and institutional approaches to be pursued.
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    Undermining by Mining? Deep Seabed Mining in Light of International Marine Environmental Law (2024)
    In:  AJIL unbound
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Some forty years ago, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS) created an unusual regime for states to collectively manage common natural resources on the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction (known as the Area) through the International Seabed Authority (ISA). In the intervening years, scientists have increasingly been warning about the serious environmental risks of mining seabed minerals. At this pivotal point in time, when states are negotiating whether or not to allow seabed mining, this essay explores the risk of undermining by mining, that is, contravening international marine environmental law and the obligations and responsibilities of states thereunder by allowing commercial mining activities to commence. We argue that allowing seabed mining in the Area at this juncture, when so much about the deep ocean remains unknown, would risk frustrating a host of measures, achievements, and progress to enhance marine environmental protection, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction. We begin with an overview of the ISA and its work to date, before discussing potential interactions between seabed mining and marine environmental law and policies, with a particular focus on the new ocean biodiversity agreement. We conclude by urging states to take cognizance of their overarching duty to protect and preserve the marine environment and ensure that all decisions taken with respect to seabed mining are consistent with their obligations and responsibilities under international law.
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    Impacts beyond experimentation - Conceptualising emergent impacts from long-term real-world laboratory processes (2024)
    In:  GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Real-world laboratories have become a recognised research format for addressing sustainability challenges. In these transdisciplinary settings, actors from civil society, local government, and academia work together using a transdisciplinary research approach to jointly experiment and learn about sustainability transformations. While these labs are considered to have potential, their impact has not yet been fully measured. Therefore, in our paper we explore the case of the Zukunftsstadt Lüneburg 2030+ process to uncover the impacts that this long-term effort has generated over the past eight years. By examining the process and its design features from three analytical perspectives, we identify emergent impacts in three dimensions: education, governance, and the lab as an actor for sustainability. Based on our case study, we suggest that real-world labs contribute to sustainability on a local level, beyond the intentional experiments, through impacts that emerge over the course of the joint operation of the lab.
    Language: English
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    Courts, climate litigation and the evolution of earth system law (2024)
    In:  Global Policy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Numerous scientific reports have evidenced the transformation of the earth system due to human activities. These changes – captured under the term ‘Anthropocene’ – require a new perspective on global law and policy. The concept of ‘earth system law’ situates law in an earth system context and offers a new perspective to interrogate the role of law in governing planetary challenges such as climate change. The discourse on earth system law has not yet fully recognised courts as actors that could shape climate governance, while climate litigation discourse has insufficiently considered aspects of earth system law. We posit that courts play an increasingly influential climate governance role and that they need to be recognised as Anthropocene institutions within the earth system law paradigm. Drawing on a set of prominent climate cases, we discuss five inter-related domains that are relevant for earth system law and where the potential influence of courts can be discerned: establishing accountability, redefining power relations, remedying vulnerabilities and injustices, increasing the reach and impact of international climate law and applying climate science to adjudicate legal disputes. We suggest that their innovative work in these domains could provide a basis for positioning courts as planetary climate governance actors.
    Language: English
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    Positioning Germany in an international hydrogen economy: A policy review (2024)
    In:  Energy strategy reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Germany, the European Union member state with the largest fiscal space and its leading manufacturer of industrial goods, is pursuing an ambitious hydrogen strategy aiming at establishing itself as a major technology provider and importer of green hydrogen. The success of its hydrogen strategy represents not only a key element in realizing the European vision of climate neutrality but also a central driver of an emerging global hydrogen economy. This article provides a detailed review of German policy, highlighting its prominent international dimension and its implications for the development of a global renewable hydrogen economy. It provides an overview of the strategy's central goals and how these have evolved since the launch of the strategy in 2020. Next, it moves on to provide an overview of the strategy's main areas of intervention and highlights corresponding policy instruments. For this, we draw on a comprehensive assessment of hydrogen policy instruments, which have been systematically analyzed and coded. This was complemented by a detailed analysis of policy documents and information gathered in six interviews with government officials and staff of key implementing agencies. The article places particular emphasis on the strategy's international dimension. While less significant in financial terms than domestic hydrogen-related spending, it represents a defining feature of the German hydrogen strategy, setting it apart from strategies in other major economies. The article closes with a reflection on the key features of the strategy compared to other important countries, identifies gaps of the strategy and discusses important avenues for future research.
    Language: English
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    David versus Goliath? Indigenous people, carbon majors and climate litigation in South Africa (2024)
    In:  Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: In two recent South African cases, Indigenous communities successfully challenged proposed fossil fuel exploration activities by the Shell petroleum company off South Africa's pristine West Coast. In contrast to earlier climate litigation cases in South Africa, the litigants relied specifically on their Indigenous rights and knowledge. In this case note, we highlight the ways in which the two courts engaged with the communities' cultural beliefs and practices as well as their knowledge related to sustainability and how this relates to protecting their livelihoods, cultural practices and identities that are threatened by the proposed activities. We highlight the important role played by Indigenous communities in the climate movement and argue that, in the future, Indigenous and related considerations could provide a strong basis for climate litigation in South Africa and potentially contribute to efforts to protect Indigenous communities against the activities of carbon majors.
    Language: English
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    An enhanced emissions module for the PALM model system 23.10 with application on PM10 emissions from urban domestic heating (2024)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Discussions
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: This article presents an enhanced emission module for the PALM model system, which collects discrete emission sources from different emission sectors and assigns them dynamically to the prognostic equations for specific pollutant species as volumetric source terms. Bidirectional lookup between each source location and cell index are maintained through using a hash key approach, while allowing all emission source modules to be conceived, developed and operated in a homogeneous and mutually independent manner. An additional generic emission mode has also been implemented to allow the use of external emission data in simulation runs. Results from benchmark runs indicate a high level of performance and scalability. Subsequently, a module for modelling parametrized emissions from domestic heating is implemented under this framework, using the approach of building energy usage and temperature deficit as a generalized form of heating degree days. An model run has been executed under idealized conditions by considering solely dispersion of PM10 from domestic heating sources. The results demonstrate a strong overall dependence on the strength and clustering of individual sources, diurnal variation in domestic heat usage, as well as the temperature deficit between the ambient and the user-defined target temperature. Vertical transport contributes additionally to a rapid attenuation of daytime PM10. Although urban topology plays a minor role on the pollutant concentrations at ground level, it has a relevant contribution to the vertical pollutant distribution.
    Language: English
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    Towards Arctic Research Upholding Indigenous Peoples’ Rights: Recommendations for ICARP IV, the International Conference on Arctic Research Planning (2023)
    Saami Council, Research Institute for Sustainability – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Ecologic Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Key message: A decolonial approach is needed to fulfil IASC’s commitment to recognizing that Traditional Knowledge, Indigenous Knowledge and academic scientific knowledge are co-equal and complementary knowledge systems that all can and should inform its work (website ICARP IV, retrieved October 2023). This document summarizes key recommendations for actions regarding five themes: 1. Indigenous Peoples’ right to self-determination as a prerequisite for high-quality Arctic research 2. Ethics, methods and methodology as key for decolonial research 3. Indigenous-led research in design and practice 4. Indigenous Peoples’ co-equal participation in Arctic research funding structures and decision-making for securing decolonial Arctic research in practice 5. Funding for Co-Creative and Indigenous-Led Arctic Research
    Language: English
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    The economic commitment of climate change (2024)
    In:  Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Global projections of macroeconomic climate-change damages typically consider impacts from average annual and national temperatures over long time horizons. Here we use recent empirical findings from more than 1,600 regions worldwide over the past 40 years to project sub-national damages from temperature and precipitation, including daily variability and extremes. Using an empirical approach that provides a robust lower bound on the persistence of impacts on economic growth, we find that the world economy is committed to an income reduction of 19% within the next 26 years independent of future emission choices (relative to a baseline without climate impacts, likely range of 11–29% accounting for physical climate and empirical uncertainty). These damages already outweigh the mitigation costs required to limit global warming to 2 °C by sixfold over this near-term time frame and thereafter diverge strongly dependent on emission choices. Committed damages arise predominantly through changes in average temperature, but accounting for further climatic components raises estimates by approximately 50% and leads to stronger regional heterogeneity. Committed losses are projected for all regions except those at very high latitudes, at which reductions in temperature variability bring benefits. The largest losses are committed at lower latitudes in regions with lower cumulative historical emissions and lower present-day income.
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    Fair group decisions via non-deterministic proportional consensus (2024)
    In:  Social Choice and Welfare
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Are there group decision methods which (i) give everyone, including minorities, an equal share of effective decision power even when voters act strategically, (ii) promote consensus and equality, rather than polarization and inequality, and (iii) do not favour the status quo or rely too much on chance? We describe two non-deterministic group decision methods that meet these criteria, one based on automatic bargaining over lotteries, the other on conditional commitments to approve compromise options. Using theoretical analysis, agent-based simulations and a behavioral experiment, we show that these methods prevent majorities from consistently suppressing minorities, which can happen in deterministic methods, and keeps proponents of the status quo from blocking decisions, as in other consensus-based approaches. Our simulations show that these methods achieve aggregate welfare comparable to common voting methods, while employing chance judiciously, and that the welfare costs of fairness and consensus are small compared to the inequality costs of majoritarianism. In an incentivized experiment with naive participants, we find that a sizable fraction of participants prefers to use a non-deterministic voting method over Plurality Voting to allocate monetary resources. However, this depends critically on their position within the group. Those in the majority show a strong preference for majoritarian voting methods.
    Language: English
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    Against the budget view in climate ethics (2022)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: The extent of our duties to mitigate climate change is commonly conceptualized in terms of temperature goals like the 1.5°C and the 2°C target and corresponding emissions budgets. While I do acknowledge the political advantages of any framework that is relatively easy to understand, I argue that this particular framework does not capture the true extent of our mitigation duties. Instead I argue for a more differentiated approach that is based on the well-known distinction between subsistence and luxury emissions. At the heart of this approach lies the argument that we have no budget of substantial, net-positive luxury emissions left. In a world in which dangerous climate change has begun, we must expect all further substantial, net-positive luxury emissions to cause harm. Since they lack the kind of justification needed for them to be nevertheless permissible, I conclude that we must stop emitting them with immediate effect. I also briefly discuss the difficult case of subsistence emissions and offer some first thoughts on the morality of a third category of emissions, what I call ‘transition emissions’.
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    Comment: UN-Hochseeabkommen: Heimathafen für die globale Meerespolitik (2023)
    Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Die Vereinten Nationen haben einen Vertrag zum Schutz der Hohen See verabschiedet. Um sein Potenzial für die globale Meerespolitik zu nutzen, sollten die EU und Deutschland ihr strategisches Engagement in diesem Forum jetzt planen, meinen Miranda Böttcher und Gerrit Hansen.
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    Mögliche Zukünfte: CO2-Transport- und Speicheranlagen im maritimen Raum (2024)
    Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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    Into the Blue: The Role of the Ocean in Climate Policy - Europe needs to clarify the balance between protection and use (2023)
    Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Since net zero targets have become a keystone of climate policy, more thought is being given to actively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while continuing to drastically reduce emissions. The ocean plays a major role in regulating the global climate by absorbing a large proportion of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. As the challenges of land-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches are increasingly recognised, the ocean may become the new “blue” frontier for carbon removal and storage strategies in the EU and beyond. However, the ocean is not an “open frontier”; rather, it is a domain of overlapping and sometimes conflicting rights and obligations. There is a tension between the sovereign right of states to use ocean resources within their exclusive economic zones and the international obligation to protect the ocean as a global commons. The EU and its Member States need to clarify the balance between the protection and use paradigms in ocean governance when considering treating the ocean as an enhanced carbon sink or storage site. Facilitating linkages between the ongoing review of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the establishment of the Carbon Removal Certification Framework could help pave the way for debate about trade-offs and synergies in marine ecosystem protection and use.
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    “Carbon Management”: Opportunities and risks for ambitious climate policy (2023)
    Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Climate policy in the European Union (EU) and Germany changed significantly with the adoption of net-zero emissions targets. A key new development is the growing importance of carbon management. The umbrella term includes not only the capture and storage of CO2 (carbon capture and storage, CCS), but also CO2 capture and utilisation (carbon capture and utilisation, CCU) as well as the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere (carbon dioxide removal, CDR). It is important to provide clarity when differentiating between these approaches and identifying their relation to so- called residual emissions and hard-to-abate emissions. This is particularly important because it will determine the overall ambition of climate policy as well as shape future policy designs and their distributional impacts. Current policy and legislative processes should ensure that carbon management does not delay the phase-out of fossil fuels. New policy initiatives present an opportunity to actively shape the interface between ambitious climate and industrial policy.
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    Carbon Dioxide Removal As an Integral Building Block of the European Green Deal (2022)
    Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: The implementation of the new net emission targets for 2030 and 2050 as part of the European Green Deal is moving the deliberate removal of CO 2 from the atmosphere up the agendas of political decision-makers. In its latest report, the Intergovernmen- tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also recently reiterated that net-zero targets can- not be achieved without the deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods. The political debate in the European Union (EU) about CDR has changed rapidly in recent years, with almost all political actors now calling for a new regulatory frame- work for CDR to become an integral building block of EU climate policy. However, fundamental conflicts are brewing over the question as to which removal methods and policy instruments should be implemented and which priorities should be set. There are signs of emerging political alliances on the EU level that will shape the Fit- for-55 legislation in the short term and pre-structure the debate on the design of climate policy between 2030 and 2040.
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    Neun Thesen zur Ethik von Climate Engineering (2023)
    Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen in Kooperation mit GEO Magazin
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Sollen wir Climate Engineering (CE) betreiben? Was spricht dafür und was dagegen? Antworten auf diese Fragen müssen empirisch informiert sein. Um mehr zu tun als das Machbare zu benennen, müssen sie sich aber auch mit Fragen der Moral auseinandersetzen, solchen nach Pflichten, Normen und Werten. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir 9 Thesen zur Ethik von CE auf. Wir diskutieren, welche ethischen Aspekte besonders wichtig, welche Chancen und Risiken von CE moralisch besonders bedeutsam sind, und was die Debatte um CE über uns aussagt. Summary Nine theses on the morality of climate engineering: Should we engineer the climate? What speaks in favour of doing it and what against? Answers to these questions must be based in empirical science. But they must also engage with moral questions – those about duties, norms and values – if they want to do more than simply name what is feasible. In this contribution we defend 9 theses on the ethics of climate engineering (CE). We discuss which ethical aspects are of particular importance, what opportunities and risk matter most from a moral point of view, and how the debate on CE reflects upon us. Resumen Nueve tesis sobre la moralidad de la ingeniería climática: ¿Deberíamos aplicar la ingeniería climática (EC)? ¿Qué está a favor y qué en contra? Las respuestas a estas preguntas deben basarse en datos empíricos. Pero para hacer algo más que afirmar lo que es factible, también deben abordar cuestiones de moralidad, de obligaciones, normas y valores. En este documento presentamos 9 tesis sobre la ética de la EC. Debatimos qué aspectos éticos son especialmente importantes, qué oportunidades y riesgos de la EC son moralmente significativos y qué dice de nosotros el debate sobre la EC.
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    Mögliche Beiträge geologischer und mariner Kohlenstoffspeicher zur Dekarbonisierung (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Es werden mögliche Beiträge geologischer und mariner Kohlenstoffspeicher für die Vermeidung von CO2-Emissionen in die Atmosphäre oder für die Entnahme von bereits emittiertem CO2 aus der Atmosphäre vorgestellt. Neben der Einlagerung von CO2 in geologischen Speichern unter Land und unter dem Meeresboden werden eine forcierte CO2-Entnahme aus der Atmosphäre und Abgabe in den Ozean durch Erhöhung der Alkalinität, durch Ozeandüngung und durch das Management vegetationsreicher Küstenökosysteme untersucht. Alle Optionen können sowohl global als auch aus deutscher Perspektive eine Rolle für das Erreichen der Klimaziele spielen. Umweltverträglichkeit, Permanenz der Speicherung sowie infrastrukturelle und rechtliche Voraussetzungen, gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz und wirtschaftliche Realisierbarkeit bedürfen für alle Ansätze weiterer Klärung, bevor hieraus realisierbare Optionen werden können.
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    The need for local governance of global commons: the example of blue carbon ecosystems (2022)
    Kiel Institute for the World Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: To limit global warming to 1.5°C, vast amounts of CO2 will have to be removed from the atmos‐ phere via Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR). Enhancing the CO2 sequestration of ecosystems will require not just one approach but a portfolio of CDR options, including so‐called nature‐based approaches alongside CDR options that are perceived as more technical. Creating a CDR “supply curve” would however imply that all carbon removals are considered to be perfect substitutes. The various co‐benefits of nature‐based CDR approaches militate against this. We discuss this aspect of nature‐based solutions in connection with the enhancement of blue carbon ecosys‐ tems (BCE) such as mangrove or seagrass habitats. Enhancing BCEs can indeed contribute to CO 2 sequestration, but the value of their carbon storage is low compared to the overall contri‐ bution of their ecosystem services to wealth. Furthermore, their property rights are often un‐ clear, i.e. not comprehensively defined or not enforced. Hence, payment schemes that only compensate BCE carbon sequestration could create tradeoffs at the expense of other im‐ portant, often local, ecosystem services and might not result in socially optimal outcomes. Ac‐ cordingly, one chance for preserving and restoring BCEs lies in the consideration of all services in potential compensation schemes for local communities. Also, local contexts, management structures, and benefit‐sharing rules are crucial factors to be considered when setting up inter‐ national payment schemes to support the use of BCEs and other nature‐ or ecosystem‐based CDR. However, regarding these options as the only hope of achieving more CDR will very prob‐ ably not bring about the desired outcome, either for climate mitigation or for ecosystem preser‐ vation. Unhalted degradation, in turn, will make matters worse due to the large amounts of stored carbon that would be released. Hence, countries committed to climate mitigation in line with the Paris targets should not hide behind vague pledges to enhance natural sinks for re‐ moving atmospheric CO2 but commit to scaling up engineered CDR.
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    mCDR Foresight Scenarios: Policy Frameworks for Marine Carbon-Dioxide Removal in 2040 (2023)
    Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
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    The formative phase of German carbon dioxide removal policy: Positioning between precaution, pragmatism and innovation (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Since net-zero greenhouse gas emissions targets have become a keystone of European and German climate policy, a debate about the need to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in addition to drastically reducing emissions has emerged. Although still relatively scarce, empirical studies on the emergence of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the political agenda have shown that variations in the constellations and positions of policy-relevant actors play a key role in shaping patterns of CDR policymaking. The German and wider European Union (EU) CDR policy space is emergent, and political actors are just beginning to position themselves. Building on our previous work which established a typology of CDR policy integration patterns and developed a discourse analytical framework for mapping CDR-policy-relevant speaker positions, we present the first fine-grained empirical reconstruction of CDR-policy-relevant actors and their positions in the German context. Our analytical approach aims to improve understanding of patterns in CDR policymaking by showing that on the EU, national, and subnational levels, a multitude of institutional actors may adopt differing positions as the CDR policy space evolves. In addition to identifying fine-grained ‘ideal types’ of positions that policy actors may adopt in the formative phase of German CDR policy, our analysis provides an empirical ‘map’ of CDR policy-relevant actors and explores hypotheses about emerging discourse coalitions and potential conflict cleavages.
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    Arguments and architectures: Discursive and institutional structures shaping global climate engineering governance (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Highlights • Climate engineering presents a novel challenge for global environmental governance • Institutional and discursive structures co-shape global environmental governance • A lack of joint analyses of both structures impedes understanding of governance emergence • A joint neo-institutionalist and post-structuralist analysis addresses this gap • Varying structures shape differing climate engineering governance decisions in several forums Abstract The Anthropocene is giving rise to novel challenges for global environmental governance. The barriers and opportunities shaping the ways in which some of these complex environmental challenges become governable on the global level are of increasing academic and practical relevance. In this article, we bring neo-institutionalist and post-structuralist perspectives together in an innovative framework to analyse how both institutional and discursive structures together bound and shape the global governance opportunities which become thinkable and practicable in the face of new global environmental challenges. We apply this framework to explore how governance of climate engineering – large scale, deliberate invention into the global climate system – is being shaped by discursive and institutional structures in three international forums: The London Convention and its Protocol, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the United Nations Environment Assembly. We illustrate that the ‘degree of fit’ between discursive and institutional structures made climate engineering (un)governable in each of these forums. Furthermore, we find that the ‘type of fit’ set the discursive and institutional conditions of possibility for what type of governance emerged in each of these cases. Based on our findings, we critically discuss the implications for the future governance of climate engineering at the global level.
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  • 94
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    Social considerations and best practices to apply to engaging publics on ocean alkalinity enhancement (2023)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) seeks to increase the alkalinity of seawater for carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Following numerous propositions to trial, test, or upscale OAE for CDR, multiple social considerations have begun to be identified. To ensure that OAE research is responsible (is attentive to societal priorities) and successful (does not prematurely engender widespread social rejection), it will be critical to understand how OAE might be perceived as risky or controversial and under what conditions it might be regarded by relevant social groups as most worthy of exploration. To facilitate the answering of these questions, this chapter does the following: (1) characterizes what is known to date about public perceptions of OAE, (2) provides methodological suggestions on how to conduct social science research and public engagement to accompany OAE field research, and (3) addresses how knowledge gained from social research and public engagement on OAE can be integrated into ongoing scientific, siting, and communications work.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 95
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    A Code of Conduct for Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal Research (2023)
    Aspen Institute, Energy & Environment Program
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Given the clear need to inform societal decision-making on the role marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) can play in solving the climate crisis, it is imperative that researchers begin to answer questions about its effectiveness and impacts. Yet overly hasty deployment of new ocean-based climate interventions risks harm to communities and ecosystems and could jeopardize public perception of the field as a whole. In addition, the harms, risks and benefits of mCDR efforts are unlikely to be evenly distributed. Unabated, climate change could have a devastating impact on global ecosystems and human populations, and the impacts of mCDR should be contemplated in this context. This Code of Conduct exclusively applies to mCDR research and does not attempt to put any affiliated risk in the context of the risk of delaying climate action. Its purpose is to ensure that the impacts of mCDR research activities themselves are adequately understood and accounted for as they progress. It provides a roadmap of processes, procedures, and activities that project leads should follow to ensure that decisions regarding whether, when, where, and how to conduct mCDR research are informed by relevant ethical, scientific, economic, environmental, and regulatory considerations.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 96
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    The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal - 1st Edition - The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: A global, independent scientific assessment of Carbon Dioxide Removal
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 97
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    Maritime kritische Infrastrukturen - Strategische Bedeutung und geeignete Schutzmaßnahmen (2024)
    Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Type: Book , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 98
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    Contributions of Jupiter's Deep‐Reaching Surface Winds to Magnetic Field Structure and Secular Variation (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉NASA's Juno mission delivered gravity data of exceptional quality. They indicate that the zonal winds, which rule the dynamics of Jupiter's cloud deck, must slow down significantly beyond a depth of about 3,000 km. Since the underlying inversion is highly non‐unique additional constraints on the flow properties at depth are required. These could potentially be provided by the magnetic field and its Secular Variation (SV) over time. However, the role of these zonal winds in Jupiter's magnetic field dynamics is little understood. Here we use numerical simulations to explore the impact of the zonal winds on the dynamo field produced at depth. We find that the main effect is an attenuation of the non‐axisymmetric field, which can be quantified by a modified magnetic Reynolds number Rm that combines flow amplitude and electrical conductivity profile. Values below Rm = 3 are required to retain a pronounced non‐axisymmetric feature like the Great Blue Spot (GBS), which seems characteristic for Jupiter's magnetic field. This allows for winds reaching as deep as 3,400 km. A SV pattern similar to the observation can only be found in some of our models. Its amplitude reflects the degree of cancellation between advection and diffusion rather than the zonal wind velocity at any depth. It is therefore not straightforward to make inferences on the deep structure of cloud‐level winds based on Jupiter's SV.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The dynamics in Jupiter's cloud layer is dominated by eastward and westward directed wind jets that circumvent the planet and reach velocities of up to 150 m per second. For the first time, NASA's Juno mission could measure the tiny gravity changes caused by these winds. The data show that the winds reach down to a depth of about 3,000 km, roughly 4% of Jupiter's radius. However, the interpretation is difficult and several alternative wind profiles have been suggested. In this paper we use numerical simulations to explore how these winds would affect Jupiter's magnetic field, which has also been measured with high precision by Juno. The field shows a strong inward‐directed local patch just south of the equator, called the GBS. The impact of the winds on the magnetic field rapidly increases with depth because of the increase in the electrical conductivity. Our simulations show that winds reaching deeper than about 3,400 km would practically wipe out the GBS. This confirms that they have to remain shallower. Juno also observed an east‐ward drift of the GBS. While some of our simulations also show an east‐ward drift it is typically much too slow.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉We study the magnetic field variations caused by Jupiter's deep‐reaching surface winds for various flow and electrical conductivity models〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Zonal winds reaching deeper than 3,400 km would yield a very axisymmetric surface field and are thus unrealistic〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉It seems questionable that Jupiter's secular variation carries any useful information on the zonal winds〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17617/3.CNVRWD
    Keywords: ddc:523 ; Jupiter ; magnetic field ; atmospheric dynamics ; zonal winds
    Language: English
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  • 99
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    A Microphysical Thermal Model for the Lunar Regolith: Investigating the Latitudinal Dependence of Regolith Properties (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The microphysical structure of the lunar regolith provides information on the geologic history of the Moon. We used remote sensing measurements of thermal emission and a thermophysical model to determine the microphysical properties of the lunar regolith. We expand upon previous investigations by developing a microphysical thermal model, which more directly simulates regolith properties, such as grain size and volume filling factor. The modeled temperatures are matched with surface temperatures measured by the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment on board the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. The maria and highlands are investigated separately and characterized in the model by a difference in albedo and grain density. We find similar regolith temperatures for both terrains, which can be well described by similar volume filling factor profiles and mean grain sizes obtained from returned Apollo samples. We also investigate a significantly lower thermal conductivity for highlands, which formally also gives a very good solution, but in a parameter range that is well outside the Apollo data. We then study the latitudinal dependence of regolith properties up to ±80° latitude. When assuming constant regolith properties, we find that a variation of the solar incidence‐dependent albedo can reduce the initially observed latitudinal gradient between model and Diviner measurements significantly. A better match between measurements and model can be achieved by a variation in intrinsic regolith properties with a decrease in bulk density with increasing latitude. We find that a variation in grain size alone cannot explain the Diviner measurements at higher latitudes.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Moon is covered by a layer of fine grained material called regolith. To extract information about the regolith, such as grain size or stratification, we used data from the Diviner instrument on board the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Diviner measures the surface temperature of the regolith for each location on the Moon and all times during day and night. To derive regolith properties, we developed a model and varied its model parameters until the simulated surface temperatures matched the measured ones. We applied the model up to a latitude of 80° and find as the best solution a decrease in regolith packing density with increasing latitude. We also find that a variation of regolith grain size alone cannot explain the measurements. These predictions are valuable for planning future missions targeting higher latitudes and can be compared with future in situ measurements and returned samples. However, the fraction of sunlight that actually heats the regolith is quite unknown, especially at high latitudes. A variation of this fraction can explain the measured surface temperatures reasonably well even without a variation of the regolith properties with latitude.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉We developed a microphysical thermal model accounting for regolith grain size and volume filling factor〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The best match between model and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/Diviner data was achieved with a decrease in bulk density between 30° and 80° latitude〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉We also found a reasonable agreement between observed and modeled surface temperatures when varying the solar incidence dependent albedo〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: LRO project
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17189/WJ0S-W188
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8433837
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10781188
    Keywords: ddc:523 ; Moon ; regolith ; Diviner ; thermal modeling ; lunar
    Language: English
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  • 100
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    Thermal and Structural History of Impact Ejecta Deposits, Ries Impact Structure, Germany (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The Ries impact structure (Germany) contains well‐preserved ejecta deposits consisting of melt‐free lithic breccia (Bunte Breccia) overlain by suevite. To test their emplacement conditions, we investigated the magnetic properties and microstructures of 26 polymict breccia clasts and a stratigraphic profile from the clasts into the suevite at the Aumühle quarry. Remanent magnetization directions of the Bunte Breccia clasts fall into two groups: those whose directions mostly lie parallel to the reversed field during impact carried mostly by magnetite, and those whose directions vary widely among each clast carried by titanohematite. Basement clasts containing titanohematite acquired a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) during the ejection process and then rotated during turbulent deposition. Clasts of sedimentary rocks grew magnetite after turbulent deposition, with CRM directions lying parallel to the paleofield. Suevite holds a thermal remanent magnetization carried by magnetite, except for ∼12 cm from the contact with the Bunte Breccia, where hematite concentrations increase due to hydrothermal alteration. These observations lead us to propose a three‐stage model of (a) turbulent deposition of the melt‐free breccia with clast rotation 〈580°C, (b) deposition of the overlying suevite, which acted as a semi‐permeable barrier that confined hot (〈300°C) oxidizing fluids to the permeable breccia zone, and (c) prolonged hydrothermal activity producing further alteration which ended before the next geomagnetic reversal. Basement outcrops have significantly different magnetic properties than the Bunte Breccia basement clasts with similar lithology. Two basement blocks situated near the inner ring may have been thermally overprinted up to 550°C.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The 26‐km‐diameter, ∼15‐million‐year‐old Ries meteorite impact structure in southern Germany is characterized by well‐preserved ejecta deposits expelled from the crater within seconds after the impact. These deposits consist of two main layers: melt‐free, lithic breccia (Bunte Breccia), overlain by melt‐bearing breccia (suevite). To understand the formation conditions of the ejecta deposits, we performed paleomagnetic and rock magnetic measurements and microstructural experiments on clasts within Bunte Breccia and on the overlying suevite at the Aumühle quarry. We found that clasts derived from crystalline basement materials experienced high pressures during the impact. These clasts had randomly oriented magnetization directions carried by titanohematite. In contrast, clasts derived from sedimentary rocks experienced only low pressures and had coherent magnetization directions oriented parallel to the reversed field during the impact that are carried by magnetite. Our findings can be interpreted by a three‐stage model that explains the thermal and structural formation of impact ejecta at the Ries impact structure.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Randomly oriented paleomagnetic directions in basement clasts in ejecta deposits suggest turbulent emplacement〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Bunte Breccia was chemically altered and locally heated by the overlying suevite, resulting in hydrothermal activity up to 300°C〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Basement rocks near the inner ring may have experienced temperatures up to 550°C from cratering〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://earthref.org/MagIC/19984
    Keywords: ddc:622.153 ; Paleomagnetism ; remanent magnetization ; chemical remanence ; impact crater ; impact ejecta ; hydrothermal activity
    Language: English
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