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  • English  (1,447)
  • German  (416)
  • 2020-2023  (1,862)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: The Alpine Fault zone in New Zealand marks a major transpressional plate boundary that is late in its typical earthquake cycle. Understanding the subsurface structures is crucial to understand the tectonic processes taking place. A unique seismic survey including 2D lines, a 3D array, and borehole recordings, has been performed in the Whataroa Valley and provides new insights into the Alpine Fault zone down to ∼2 km depth at the location of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP)-2 drill site. Seismic images are obtained by focusing prestack depth migration approaches. Despite the challenging conditions for seismic imaging within a sediment filled glacial valley and steeply dipping valley flanks, several structures related to the valley itself as well as the tectonic fault system are imaged. A set of several reflectors dipping 40°–56° to the southeast are identified in a ∼600 m wide zone that is interpreted to be the minimum extent of the damage zone. Different approaches image one distinct reflector dipping at ∼40°, which is interpreted to be the main Alpine Fault reflector located only ∼100 m beneath the maximum drilled depth of the DFDP-2B borehole. At shallower depths (z 〈 0.5 km), additional reflectors are identified as fault segments with generally steeper dips up to 56°. Additionally, a glacially over-deepened trough with nearly horizontally layered sediments and a major fault (z 〈 0.5 km) are identified 0.5–1 km south of the DFDP-2B borehole. Thus, a complex structural environment is seismically imaged and shows the complexity of the Alpine Fault at Whataroa.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: Diese Bergordnung wurde am 26. Juni 1427 für die Bergwerke in Gossensaß von Herzog Friedrich IV. von Österreich, Steiermark und Kärnten sowie Herr zu Krain und Pfirt, Graf zu Tirol und Kyburg, Landgraf zu Elsaß und Markgraf zu Burgau erlassen. In der Einleitung wurde darauf hingewiesen, dass diese Bergordnung zwei Jahre gelten sollte. Im Anschluss wurden die zehn eingesetzten Geschworenen namentlich aufgeführt. Erklärt wurden die Holzrechte, die Entlohnung der im Bergbau Beschäftigten und das Verbot Waffen zu tragen.
    Description: source
    Keywords: ddc:557.1 ; ddc:622 ; ddc:343.077 ; Friedrich IV. von Österreich ; Österreich ; Steiermark ; Kärnten ; Tirol ; Elsaß ; Gossensaß ; Sterzing ; Schladming ; Silberbergbau ; Bergordnung
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , updatedVersion
    Format: 6
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: Das Obere Mittelrheintal ist in den vergangenen Jahren mehrfach von Murgängen in Folge von Starkregenereignissen betroffen gewesen. Dadurch ereigneten sich immer wieder Zugunfälle mit weitreichenden Schäden. Es besteht daher ein Bedarf einer vorsorgenden Gefahrenanalyse, um weitere Sach- und ggf. auch Personenschäden nach Möglichkeit zu verhindern. Der hier vorgestellte Forschungsansatz hatte die Ausweisung unterschiedlicher Gefahrenzonen für Murenabgänge am Mittelrheintal zur Priorisierung ortsbezogener Vorsorgemaßnahmen zum Ziel. Weiter wurde die Wirksamkeit verschiedener Vorsorgemaßnahmen geprüft. Zur Erreichung der genannten Ziele wurden numerische Simulationen des Abflussgeschehens und Sedimenttransports durchgeführt. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass mittels der Module r.sim.water und r.sim.sediment unter der Open Source-Software GRASS GIS die Abflussbedingungen am Beispiel eines konkreten Starkregenereignisses und dadurch ausgelöster Muren in den Simulationen plausibel nachgestellt werden konnten. Dafür war die Implementation von realen Landnutzungs- und Bodendaten in das Modell entscheidend. Die Anwendbarkeit der Programme konnte weiterhin durch verschiedene Vorwärtssimulationen gezeigt werden, bei denen wichtige Parameter der Abflussbildung, wie etwa die Landnutzung und die Topographie, markant verändert wurden. Durch eine Verschneidung der aus den Simulationen errechneten Werte mit einem nach TRSTUVVU (1999) entwickelten Ansatz zur Ermittlung minimalkritischer Abflusswerte für die Entstehung eines Murgangs wurden gefährdete Bereiche für die Auslösung von Muren bei Starkregenereignissen im betrachteten Projektgebiet bestimmt. Diese decken sich mit den tatsächlichen Murgängen und können daher als plausibel eingeschätzt und für eine Gefährdungszonierung verwendet werden.
    Description: Abstract: In recent years, the Upper Middle Rhine Valley has been affected by several debris flow events as a result of heavy rainfall. As a result, several train accidents with far reaching damage occurred. Therefore there is a need for a precautionary hazard analysis in order to prevent further property damage and possibly personal injury. The here presented research approach is aimed to identify different danger zones for debris flows at the Middle Rhine Valley in order to prioritize location-based precautionary measures. The effectiveness of various preventive measures was also examined. Numerical simulations of the runoff and sediment transport were carried out on an open source basis to achieve the stated goals. Using the modules r.sim.water and r.sim.sediment under GRASS GIS it was possible to plausibly simulate the runoff conditions that triggered of a real double mudflow event following a heavy rainfall. A crucial adaptation was the implementation of real land use and soil data into the model. The applicability of the programs could also be demonstrated by various forward simulations in which important parameters of runoff formation, such as topography, were significantly altered. By overlapping the values that were calculated using simulations with an approach developed according to TRSTUVVU (1999) to determine minimally critical discharge values for the formation of a debris flow, endangered areas for the triggering of mudslides during heavy rain events in the project area could be determined. These coincide with the position of the actual debris flows and can therefore be assessed as plausible and also shows to possibility to be used for hazard zoning.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.304 ; ddc:551.307 ; Mittelrheintal ; Muren ; Starkregen ; Sediment
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: Diese Bergordnung lies Kurfürst Friedrich II. von Sachsen von seinen Amtleuten, Richtern, Schöffen und den ältesten Bergleuten von Ehrenfriedersdorf, Geyer und Thum auf der Grundlage des alten praktizierten Rechtes erstellen. In ihr wurden die Verleihpraxis durch den Bergmeister, die Größe der Grubenfelder, das gültige Stollenrecht sowie die Fristen bei der Verleihung und dem Betrieb der Gruben beschrieben. Neben dem Bergbau auf Zinn wurden auch die Rechte der Zinnseifen genannt sowie die Handlungen und Kosten des Zinnverkaufs beschrieben.
    Description: source
    Keywords: ddc:343.077 ; ddc:622 ; ddc:557.1 ; Kurfürst Friedrich II. von Sachsen ; Hans Schocher Vogt von Scharfenstein ; Ehrenfriedersdorf ; Geyer ; Thum ; Zinnbergbau ; Sachsen ; Bergordnung
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , updatedVersion
    Format: 5
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Keywords: ddc:640
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Marburg : Metropolis-Verlag
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-12-21
    Description: We present an extensive dataset of highly accurate absolute travel times and travel-time residuals of teleseismic P waves recorded by the AlpArray Seismic Network and complementary field experiments in the years from 2015 to 2019. The dataset is intended to serve as the basis for teleseismic travel-time tomography of the upper mantle below the greater Alpine region. In addition, the data may be used as constraints in full-waveform inversion of AlpArray recordings. The dataset comprises about 170 000 onsets derived from records filtered to an upper-corner frequency of 0.5 Hz and 214 000 onsets from records filtered to an upper-corner frequency of 0.1 Hz. The high accuracy of absolute and residual travel times was obtained by applying a specially designed combination of automatic picking, waveform cross-correlation and beamforming. Taking travel-time data for individual events, we are able to visualise in detail the wave fronts of teleseismic P waves as they propagate across AlpArray. Variations of distances between isochrons indicate structural perturbations in the mantle below. Travel-time residuals for individual events exhibit spatially coherent patterns that prove to be stable if events of similar epicentral distance and azimuth are considered. When residuals for all available events are stacked, conspicuous areas of negative residuals emerge that indicate the lateral location of subducting slabs beneath the Apennines and the western, central and eastern Alps. Stacking residuals for events from 90∘ wide azimuthal sectors results in lateral distributions of negative and positive residuals that are generally consistent but differ in detail due to the differing direction of illumination of mantle structures by the incident P waves. Uncertainties of travel-time residuals are estimated from the peak width of the cross-correlation function and its maximum value. The median uncertainty is 0.15 s at 0.5 Hz and 0.18 s at 0.1 Hz, which is more than 10 times lower than the typical travel-time residuals of up to ±2 s. Uncertainties display a regional dependence caused by quality differences between temporary and permanent stations as well as site-specific noise conditions.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-12-21
    Description: The Alpine orogeny is characterized by tectonic sequences of subduction and collision accompanied by break-off events and possibly preceded by a flip of subduction polarity. The tectonic evolution of the transition to the Eastern Alps has thus been under debate. The dense SWATH-D seismic network as a complementary experiment to the AlpArray seismic network provides unprecedented lateral resolution to address this ongoing discussion. We analyze the shear-wave splitting of this data set including stations of the AlpArray backbone in the region to obtain new insights into the deformation at depth from seismic anisotropy. Previous studies indicate two-layer anisotropy in the Eastern Alps. This is supported by the azimuthal pattern of the measured fast axis direction across all analyzed stations. However, the temporary character of the deployment requires a joint analysis of multiple stations to increase the number of events adding complementary information of the anisotropic properties of the mantle. We, therefore, perform a cluster analysis based on a correlation of energy tensors between all stations. The energy tensors are assembled from the remaining transverse energy after the trial correction of the splitting effect from two consecutive anisotropic layers. This leads to two main groups of different two-layer properties, separated approximately at 13°E. We identify a layer with a constant fast axis direction (measured clockwise with respect to north) of about 60° over the whole area, with a possible dip from west to east. The lower layer in the west shows N–S fast direction and the upper layer in the east shows a fast axis of about 115°. We propose two likely scenarios, both accompanied by a slab break-off in the eastern part. The continuous layer can either be interpreted as frozen-in anisotropy with a lithospheric origin or as an asthenospheric flow evading the retreat of the European slab that would precede the break-off event. In both scenarios, the upper layer in the east is a result of a flow through the gap formed in the slab break-off. The N–S direction can be interpreted as an asthenospheric flow driven by the retreating European slab but might also result from a deep-reaching fault-related anisotropy.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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