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  • 1
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    A generative toolkit to help raise industrial design students' awareness of low metal recycling rates (2024)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Education for Sustainable Development requires raising individuals' awareness of problems relevant to the environment. We designed a Generative Toolkit that supports industrial design students carrying out a Speculative Design task and through this process initiates greater problem awareness of low metal recycling rates. In this paper we give insights into the Toolkit's theoretical derivation and the design process. Findings from testing suggest that there are several opportunities for improvement, such as considering further content-related competencies in the Toolkit's design.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Humboldtn and the sustainable transformation of universities (2024)
    Cham : Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The sustainable transformation of society is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Universities are central actors for knowledge generation and transfer in the sustainability field and, at the same time, are facing the question of how they can become sustainable social actors and make their activities and infrastructure sustainable. Against this background, the 16 member universities of the State Rectors' Conference of North Rhine-Westphalia have joined forces in the Humboldtn initiative to pool their efforts in the field of sustainability and to anchor generational responsibility for sustainable action in research, teaching, administration, infrastructure, and transfer. How the joint responsibility for the questions for the future in the aforementioned complex of topics is addressed via Humboldtn and which focal points are set in the process will be presented and discussed using examples from the institutional sustainability transformation and examples from the research area from RWTH Aachen University. In this way, the implementation of transformation processes at universities and their possible blueprint effect can be illuminated.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Comparative analysis of residential building decarbonization policies in major economies : insights from the EU, China, and India (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The global building sector, responsible for over 30% of CO2 emissions, necessitates urgent decarbonization efforts. This paper examines residential building decarbonization policies in three major economies - the European Union (EU), China, and India. It provides an overview of diverse policies through policy landscape analysis and delves into the design specifics with a detailed policy intensity analysis of building energy codes, information disclosure, and financial incentives in each region. Our findings reveal a diverse mix of policies targeting residential building decarbonization in all three regions. While the EU and China have long-established diverse policy instruments, India's building energy efficiency policies are relatively recent and limited. Detailed analyses of building energy codes, information disclosure, and financial incentives expose variations in ambition, scope, and implementation, even with shared policy instruments. Significant advancements in building energy codes, particularly in stringency and compliance checks, are evident in the EU and China. Conversely, India faces a notable obstacle with limited adoption of residential building energy codes, impacting its journey towards net-zero. The EU leads in building energy labelling policies, while China and India encounter various challenges hindering widespread implementation. Financial incentives across the three regions predominantly take the form of subsidies, potentially straining public budgets. The study concludes with reflections on the pressing need for future research extending beyond the operational phase of buildings.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    A micromechanical analysis of marble pulverization under quasi-static progressive cyclic loading (2024)
    In:  International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Highly fragmented rocks (i.e., pulverized rocks) in the fault damage zone presumably develop during co-seismic deformation processes. These pulverized rocks close to the fault core are generally thought to originate from high strain rates, whereas the genesis of pulverized rocks that can be found several hundred meters away from the fault core – where quasi-static conditions prevail – remains unclear. We thus conducted uniaxial cyclic loading experiments with axial strain rate of ∼10−3 s−1 on Leiyang marble in a stress-controlled manner in order to produce crushed rocks for analysis. We found that cyclic loading between 0.8 σc and 1.3 σc can simultaneously compact pre-existing cracks and generated new cracks in marble, which strengthened and stiffened the rock. The stiffened marble developed a higher crack density and energy density before rupture, thereby facilitating rock fragmentation compared with the reference sample, which was fractured monotonically in one cycle. Our results provide a plausible explanation for the genesis of pulverized marble at quasi-static strain rate in the field.
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Semi-Airborne Electromagnetic Survey Design and Inversion for Large-Scale Mineral Exploration in the Harz Area, Germany (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: This study investigates the optimization of Semi-Airborne Electromagnetic (SAEM) surveys for enhanced subsurface imaging in mineral exploration. It highlights the utility of multi-transmitter systems and explores real data utilization and the challenges of large-scale surveys. With emphasis on Data obtained from DESMEX project surveys. The use of multiple transmitters is crucial. Single transmitters can distort results and mask subsequent bodies. Employing two transmitters on both sides of the target enhances resolution and depth accuracy. results are based on finite element forward operator custEM and pyGIMLi’s inverse solver [1]. substantial advantages of combining single and multi-patch inversion data. This integration results in improved resolution, reduced artifacts, enhanced continuity of geological structures, superior anomaly detection, minimized edge effects, and improved depth penetration [2]. These findings open promising avenues for further exploration and research in geosciences, offering valuable insights into the Earth's subsurface and its intricate geological features. The next logical step involves expanding our methodology to large-scale inversion using more than three transmitters.
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  • 6
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    Multidimensional inversion of sedimentary sequences in the Atacama Desert, Chile, using transient electromagnetic data (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The Atacama Desert along the Chilean Coastal Cordillera is a unique landscape to understand the Earth's evolution in hyper-arid and arid environments. The Paranal clay pan has studied by the CRC 1211 project to recover a continuous climate record for paleoclimate research. The goal is to provide the sedimentary architecture and bedrock topography of the Paranal site by interpreting multidimensional inversion of loop source transient electromagnetic (TEM) data. A total of 133 TEM soundings were carried out using a central loop configuration, with a transmitter loop size of 40×40 m2 and a receiver of about 10×10 m2. The TEM data was processed and analyzed, exhibiting high-quality data, with an average of noise level of about ηnoi = 3·10−10V/Am2. The 1D Occam inversion results exhibits a clear three-layered resistivitydepth structure with a second conductive layer of roughly 20 Ωm. The clay pan's resistivity distribution is well-resolved with a global misfit of around 1.1. However, the study site showed 2D effects that were stronlgy visible at the edges of the clay pan, leading to misinterpretations of the TEM data. This was confirmed based on 2D forward modelling. In this manner, to better deal with the observed 2D distortions in the TEM data and to derive a more accurate geometry of the clay pan, the recently developed Julia Package (3DTEMinv) for time-domain 3D inversion and modeling data was performed. The resulting 3D inversion presents a high convergence rate, and acceptable solutions are obtained after ten iterations with a good misfit of about 1.6. The 3D model exhibits a well-resolved geometry of the clay pan, with a high resolution of the derived conductive body. The drill core results confirm the 1D and 3D TEM models at the center of the clay pan, which is in good agreement with the resulting lithology with a maximum thickness of about 171 m depth and a weathered granodioritic bedrock below. These results agree with the local and regional geological context, improving the understanding of sediment deposition and transportation in this hilly and arid environment.
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    3D Inversion of Loop-Source Time-Domain Electromagnetic Data - Application to Synthetic & Field Data (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Multi-dimensional inversion of Transient electromagnetic data is a computationally expensive task. Only few developments and practical interpretation tools exist. Here, we present a multidimensional inversion framework for loop source time-domain electromagnetic data. The developed algorithm is a robust, efficient, and user-oriented tool for the multi-dimensional inversion of typical loop source time-domain electromagnetic configurations. A time-domain finite volume discretization and the direct solver MUMPS are utilized to solve the 3D TEM forward problem. An iterative Gauss-Newton optimization method is implemented for the inversion kernel. The code is parallelized for calculating multiple sources simultaneously to accelerate the inversion. Based on exploration tasks, different configurations exist for commonly used loop source TEM configurations and typical field scales. Synthetic examples are used to verify the effectiveness and benchmark the developed 3D algorithm. Considering that TEM data is often gathered along profiles, adjusting the model roughness along the different modeling domain directions, sufficiently constrains to allow for 2D imaging. In addition to the vertical signal components, we also included horizontal components for large scale fixed loop applications. Subsequent to synthetic validation, the inversion algorithm is further verified using ~120 dense TEM soundings collected over a clay pan site in the Atacama Desert, Chile, to provide bedrock geometry information and suitable coring sites. The 3D inversion result provided an excellent depth estimate of sedimentary infill as well as the bedrock topography and was later confirmed by deep coring. Another interesting site is the Roter Kamm impact crater in Namibia. Our preliminary results obtained from largescale multicomponent fixed loop TEM data reveal a sedimentary infill down to ~300 m depth. In conclusion, our presented 3D inversion code is capable to handle data from various exploration scenarios and provides a robust tool for advanced EM interpretation.
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Smart data selection - First insights from using machine learning for controlled-source RMT data processing (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Virtual experiments on an IP laboratory measurement (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Carrying out laboratory experiments is usually a time-consuming process. In addition, the options for varying parameter studies are limited and adjustments to the design of the measuring equipment are often not possible at all. In order to circumvent these limitations, we supplement our laboratory experiments with virtual experiments as best as possible. For this purpose, we have expanded our finite element library FEMALY [1] to include the so-called complete electrode model [2], which allows us to simulate electrodes of any shape for DC and IP applications and also provides us with explicit mathematical expressions for calculating sensitivities [3]. As a first case study, we consider an IP measurement on a measuring cylinder with embedded ring electrodes to virtually reproduce the time-varying change of the apparent resistivity for laboratory tracer experiments (Figure 1). We present the real and imaginary part of the sensitivity distribution of the underlying measurement configuration that confirms our initial assumption that the actual electrode surface shape has a relatively small influence on the observed measurement quantities.
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  • 10
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    Semi-airborne electromagnetic exploration for deep earth resources - large scale multi source 3D imaging of a graphite deposit (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The transition towards renewable energies demands secure supply with critical raw material and requires efficient non-invasive methods for deep earth resources exploration. The novel DESMEX (Deep electromagnetic sounding for mineral exploration) semi-airborne electromagnetic (semi-AEM) exploration concept aims at efficient exploration of resources down to 1 km depth. Here we present a large-scale semi-AEM exploration study in a graphite mining district in eastern Bavaria, Germany. At the ground, several horizontal electrical dipole transmitters were deployed and helicopter-towed magnetic field sensors measure the EM fields along flight lines within several overlapping flight areas, providing a fast data acquisition and a high spatial coverage. Imaged shallow high conductivity structures can be correlated with graphite-rich zones and match well with existing helicopter-borne EM results. The presence of graphite leads to significant induced polarization (IP) effects with considerably high chargeabilities superposing electromagnetic induction. We include these effects in a realistic 3D inversion using a synthetic data study to analyse, if the IP effect alters the overall conductivity structure and demonstrate that the obtained 3D model is reliable.
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    FEMALY: A Finite Element MAtlab LibrarY for Electromagnetics (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: We present a finite element software library written in Matlab for the numerical simulation and inversion of electromagnetic fields in two and three dimensions. It is designed in a modular way to easily plug together fundamental building blocks for various electromagnetic applications from DC to the inductive range in the frequency and even time domain. External modules comprise the mesh generator and the equation solver library. Through its homogeneous software concept the adoption to any field application is relatively simple and makes the code suitable to open source distribution. We introduce the key features of this library including higher-order Lagrange and Nédélec finite elements formulated on unstructured tetrahedral grids, a Gauss- Newton inversion approach using linear Raviart-Thomas elements for H1 regularization, and the ability to incorporate any geometric feature such as topography, bathymetry and internal voids like caves, tunnels and mine buildings. The library is currently being tested with large real data sets to confirm its usefulness as a tool for practical data interpretation. Therefore, case studies for the magnetotelluric, direct current resistivity, controlled source electromagnetic and induced polarization methods in the field and laboratory are briefly outlined as examples with challenging geometric features.
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Effect of microvariability on electrical rock properties: investigations based on microstructure simulations (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: In petrophysics, physical rock properties are typically established through laboratory measurements of individual samples. These measurements predominantly relate to the specific sample and can be challenging to associate with the rock as a whole since the physical attributes are heavily reliant on the microstructure, which can vary significantly in different areas. Thus, the obtained values have limited applicability to the entirety of the original rock mass. To examine the dependence of petrophysical measurements based on the variable microstructure, we generate sets of random microstructure representations for a sample, taking into account macroscopic parameters such as porosity and mean grain size. We show that the methodology can adequately mimic the physical behavior of real rocks, showing consistent emulation of the dependence of electrical conductivity on connected porosity according to Archie's law across different types of pore space (micro-fracture, inter-granular, and vuggy, oomoldic pore space). Furthermore, properties such as the internal surface area and its fractal dimension as well as the electrical tortuosity are accessible for the random microstructures and show reasonable behavior. Finally, the possibilities, challenges and meshing strategies for extending the methodology to 3D microstructures are discussed.
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Hydraulic conductivity imaging by induced polarization and hydraulic tomography (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    1D modeling of TEM data influenced by IP effects (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Transient electromagnetic (TEM) data can be significantly distorted by induced polarization (IP) effect, leading to a sign reversal feature and, if overlooked, false geological interpretation. The aim of this paper is to incorporate IP effects in the forward modelling and recover the distorted TEM data using an efficient inversion algorithm. To achieve this aim, we developed a 1D forward solver to incorporate the IP effects using various IP parameterizations including Cole-Cole, maximum phase angle (MPA), maximum imaginary conductivity (MIC) (Fiandaca et al., 2018) and the Jeffrey transform of Cole-Cole parameters (Ghorbani et al., 2007). For 1D inversion of distorted TEM data we used Levenberg-Marquardt and very fast simulated annealing algorithms. The result of 1D forward calculation and inversion of synthetic IPdistorted TEM data revealed that, for incorporation the IP effects into the TEM data, the Cole- Cole parametrization is more robust and reliable than MPA, MIC, and Jeffrey transform. Moreover, the result of inversion using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is strongly depends on the starting model. We successfully implemented these algorithms for 1D inversion of synthetic IP-affected TEM data (Fig. 1 ). For synthetic data generation, a 3-layered half space model with the thickness of the first and second layers of 5 m was considered. The resistivities of the layers from top to bottom are 10, 5 and 300 Ωm, respectively. To include the IP effect, second layer considered to be chargeable with Cole-Cole parameters of m = 0.5, τ = 0.01 s and c = 0.5. TEM central-loop configuration with a loop size of 50*50 m2 and step-off current of 1 A with a zero ramp time was used for data simulation. We evaluated the performance of our algorithm using field data, successfully.
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Ongoing Approaches for utilizing Neural Networks in DC Resistivity Inversion (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: As part of an investigation into applications of Neural Networks for EM problems, different approaches have been tested for DC resistivity modeling and inversion. The first approach consists of using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for DC resistivity inversion. For this purpose, dipole-dipole pseudosections were simulated using the in-house FEMALY toolbox and used as input data for a CNN, which was trained to output underground resistivity. Training results showed qualitatively good match with the ground truth. However, the predictions are characterized by lack of extrapolation to unseen types of data (e.g. homogeneous half-spaces) and coarse grid enforced by the approach. The second approach laid in the use of Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN). In this approach, the relevant partial differential equation is included as a regularization term in the loss function, leading to a network whose outputs are guided by physics. Derivatives for the PDE termare obtained via automatic differentiation, removing the need for discretization. This also necessitated a move to solving the forward problem. While this approach has the benefits of being mesh-free and incorporating physics into the training process, in practice it failed at even elementary modeling cases, particularly involving resistivity anomalies. A third approach aimed at combining the previous two, by creating a physics-informed Convolutional Neural Network. This was achieved by replacing the previous loss approaches by a convolution with a Laplace-operator Kernel. This approach produces results that look promising qualitatively for homogeneous half-spaces, however full Dirichlet boundary conditions are required and resistivity anomalies can again not be easily incorporated.
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  • 16
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    First results from a new surface-towed controlled source electromagnetic experiment to detect offshore extensions of freshwater aquifers in the Adriatic Sea (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: play significant roles in coastal hydrologic systems. Despite the importance of these offshore groundwater systems and their interactions with onshore systems along global coastlines, a lack of understanding persists due to limitations in geophysical methodologies. Controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) techniques are one promising noninvasive avenue for identifying and characterizing OFG and SGD. However, the current availability of CSEM systems in academic research is limited, and applications are still restricted to specific regions. Existing CSEM systems are commonly associated with high deployment costs, logistical complexity, limited modification options and in case of seafloor-towed applications, slow data acquisition rates. To address these limitations, we introduce SWAN - a low-cost, modular, surface-towed hybrid time-frequency domain CSEM system capable of detecting OFG and SGD up to water depths of 100 m. A field test conducted in the central Adriatic Sea showcased the system's capabilities at water depths ranging from several tens to approximately 160 m. SWAN's ability to provide continuous measurements has proven effective in acquiring high-quality data while operating at towing speeds of 2.5 to 3 knots. The system's data coverage allows for the detection of subsurface resistivity variations to depths of approximately 150–200 m below the seafloor. With its user-friendly, modular design, SWAN offers a cost-efficient solution for investigating the hydrogeology of shallow offshore environments. The presentation shows the technological developments of SWAN, including illustrations of measured time series, processed data and first 2D inversion results from the Adriatic Sea.
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  • 17
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    Modelling seismic ground motion and its uncertainty in different tectonic contexts: challenges and application to the 2020European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) (2024)
    In:  Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS)
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Current practice in strong ground motion modelling for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) requires the identification and calibration of empirical models appropriate to the tectonic regimes within the region of application, along with quantification of both their aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. For the development of the 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) a novel approach for ground motion characterisation was adopted based on the concept of a regionalised scaled-backbone model, wherein a single appropriate ground motion model (GMM) is identified for use in PSHA, to which adjustments or scaling factors are then applied to account for epistemic uncertainty in the underlying seismological properties of the region of interest. While the theory and development of the regionalised scaled-backbone GMM concept have been discussed in earlier publications, implementation in the final ESHM20 required further refinements to the shallow-seismicity GMM in three regions, which were undertaken considering new data and insights gained from the feedback provided by experts in several regions of Europe: France, Portugal and Iceland. Exploration of the geophysical characteristics of these regions and analysis of additional ground motion records prompted recalibrations of the GMM logic tree and/or modifications to the proposed regionalisation. These modifications illustrate how the ESHM20 GMM logic tree can still be refined and adapted to different regions based on new ground motion data and/or expert judgement, without diverging from the proposed regionalised scaled-backbone GMM framework. In addition to the regions of crustal seismicity, the scaled-backbone approach needed to be adapted to earthquakes occurring in Europe's subduction zones and to the Vrancea deep seismogenic source region. Using a novel fuzzy methodology to classify earthquakes according to different seismic regimes within the subduction system, we compare ground motion records from non-crustal earthquakes to existing subduction GMMs and identify a suitable-backbone GMM for application to subduction and deep seismic sources in Europe. The observed ground motion records from moderate- and small-magnitude earthquakes allow us to calibrate the anelastic attenuation of the backbone GMM specifically for the eastern Mediterranean region. Epistemic uncertainty is then calibrated based on the global variability in source and attenuation characteristics of subduction GMMs. With the ESHM20 now completed, we reflect on the lessons learned from implementing this new approach in regional-scale PSHA and highlight where we hope to see new developments and improvements to the characterisation of ground motion in future generations of the European Seismic Hazard Model.
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  • 18
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Geophysical modelling of the polar motion (2020)
    Berlin : De Gruyter
    Details Availability
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXVI, 372 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme , 25 cm x 18 cm
    ISBN: 9783110298048 , 311029804X
    Series Statement: De Gruyter studies in mathematical physics volume 31
    URL: Inhaltstext
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    Language: English
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 19
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    Quantifying surface urban heat island variations and patterns: Comparison of two cities in three-stage dynamic rural–urban transition (2024)
    In:  Sustainable Cities and Society
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Urban heat island (UHI) not only reflects the environmental thermal comfort and energy consumption, but also affects the urban meso‑scale climate. There are many researches related with UHI mainly focusing on urban and rural area, while neglecting dynamic rural–urban transition especially in a rapid urbanization in China. Beijing and Zhengzhou are studied by using city clustering algorithm (CCA) and boundary generation algorithm (BGA) to delineate the urban, peri‑urban and rural boundaries from 2000 to 2023 within three stages. Fourier transform model was used to identify the UHI patterns. Results show: 1) Two cities have undergone obvious expansions in 20 years, with a consistent mean LST decrease from urban to peri‑urban and rural areas in three stages. 2) The distribution of UHII was more consistent in Beijing, while it varied more in Zhengzhou across seasons. 3) The UHI patterns notably differ, with Zhengzhou experiencing variable patterns and Beijing consistently showing oblate patterns. 4) The profiles of UHII and NDVI in two cities varied seasonally and reflected urban expansions in terms of longitude and latitude. Understanding the long-term changes and patterns of urban heat islands in different cities will provide information for formulating adaptive policies for urban sustainability.
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  • 20
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    Emergence of rigidity percolation in flowing granular systems (2023)
    In:  Science Advances
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
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  • 21
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    Unequal ‘drivers’: On the inequality of mobility emissions in Germany (2024)
    In:  Energy Economics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Transportation and mobility patterns contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Understanding the drivers of these emissions, particularly for high emitters, is key to designing appropriate climate and mobility policies. In this article, we study the distribution of emissions from mobility in Germany and their drivers. We use a 2017 nation-wide mobility survey to calculate the carbon footprint of individuals associated with day-to-day and long-distance travels. We use quantile regression to investigate both socio-economic and attitudinal drivers of emissions across different categories of emitters, and for different mobility types. We discuss our results with respect to previous findings in the literature. Overall, we find that the top 10% of emitters are responsible for 51% of total emissions, and for 80% of emissions from long-distance travel. The statistical analysis reveals strong differences regarding the contribution of socio-economic drivers such as income or location at different levels of emissions. Attitudes towards different transportation modes also strongly correlate with differences in mobility behaviors.
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    Future tree survival in European forests depends on understorey tree diversity (2022)
    In:  Scientific Reports
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Climate change heavily threatens forest ecosystems worldwide and there is urgent need to understand what controls tree survival and forests stability. There is evidence that biodiversity can enhance ecosystem stability (Loreau and de Mazancourt in Ecol Lett 16:106–115, 2013; McCann in Nature 405:228–233, 2000), however it remains largely unclear whether this also holds for climate change and what aspects of biodiversity might be most important. Here we apply machine learning to outputs of a flexible-trait Dynamic Global Vegetation Model to unravel the effects of enhanced functional tree trait diversity and its sub-components on climate-change resistance of temperate forests (http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~billing/video/Forest_Resistance_LPJmLFIT.mp4). We find that functional tree trait diversity enhances forest resistance. We explain this with 1. stronger complementarity effects (~ 25% importance) especially improving the survival of trees in the understorey of up to + 16.8% (± 1.6%) and 2. environmental and competitive filtering of trees better adapted to future climate (40–87% importance). We conclude that forests containing functionally diverse trees better resist and adapt to future conditions. In this context, we especially highlight the role of functionally diverse understorey trees as they provide the fundament for better survival of young trees and filtering of resistant tree individuals in the future.
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    Thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy prevalence in a community-based sample in Sylhet, Bangladesh (2023)
    In:  Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Background: Inherited blood disorders affect 7% of the population worldwide, with higher prevalences in countries in the “thalassemia belt,” which includes Bangladesh. Clinical management options for severely affected individuals are expensive; thus, targeted government policies are needed to support prevention and treatment programs. In Bangladesh, there is a lack of data, in particular community-based estimates, to determine population prevalence. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of a wide range of hemoglobinopathies and their associations with anemia in a community-based sample of women and young children in rural Sylhet, Bangladesh. - Methods: Capillary blood samples from 900 reproductive-aged women and 395 children (aged 6–37 months) participating in the Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM) trial in two sub-districts of Habiganj, Sylhet Division, Bangladesh were analyzed for alpha thalassemia, beta thalassemia, and other hemoglobinopathies. We examined the association of each inherited blood disorder with hemoglobin concentration and anemia using linear and logistic regression. - Results: We identified at least one inherited blood disorder in 11% of women and 10% of children. Alpha thalassemia was most prevalent, identified in 7% of women and 5% of children, followed by beta thalassemia and hemoglobin E in 2–3%. We also identified cases of hemoglobin S and hemoglobin D in this population. Having any of the identified inherited blood disorders was associated with lower hemoglobin values among non-pregnant women, largely driven by alpha and beta thalassemia. Pregnant women with beta thalassemia were also more likely to have lower hemoglobin concentrations. Among children, we found weak evidence for a relationship between hemoglobinopathy and lower hemoglobin concentrations. - Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of alpha thalassemia among both women and children in rural Sylhet, Bangladesh–higher than all other identified hemoglobinopathies combined. Community-based estimates of alpha thalassemia prevalence in Bangladesh are scarce, yet our findings suggest that alpha thalassemia may comprise the majority of inherited blood disorders in some regions of the country. We recommend that future research on inherited blood disorders in Bangladesh include estimates of alpha thalassemia in their reporting for public health awareness and to facilitate couples counseling.
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    CO2fertilization effect may balance climate change impacts on oil palm cultivation (2023)
    In:  Environmental Research Letters
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Oil palm cultivation has become one of the world's most important drivers of land use change in the tropics causing biodiversity loss and greenhouse gas emissions. The impact of climate change and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere on oil palm productivity is not well understood. If environmental change leads to declining palm oil yields in existing cultivation areas, cultivation areas may expand or shift to other regions. Here we assess climate change impacts on palm oil production using an extended version of the dynamic global vegetation model with managed land, LPJmL4, and a range of climate scenarios from the inter-sectoral impact model intercomparison project. We find increasing average yields under all future climate scenarios. This contradicts earlier studies, which did not consider the potential positive effect of CO2 fertilization. If we do not account for CO2 fertilization, future yields also decrease in our simulations. Our results indicate the potentially large role of rising CO2 levels on oil palm cultivation. This highlights the importance of further applied plant science to better understand the impact of climate change and elevated CO2 levels on oil palm growth and productivity.
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    Analytical solution for the long- and short-range every-pair-interactions system (2024)
    In:  Chaos, Solitons and Fractals
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Many physical, biological, and social systems exhibit emergent properties arising from their components’ interactions (cells). In this study, we systematically treat every-pair interactions (a) that exhibit power-law dependence on the Euclidean distance and (b) act in structures that can be characterized using fractal geometry. It can represent the two-body interaction potential, the heat flux between two parts of a structure, friendship strength between two people, etc.. We analytically derive the average intensity of influence that one cell has on the others or, conversely, receives from them. This quantity is referred to as the mean interaction field of the cells, and we find that (i) in a long-range interaction regime, the mean interaction field increases following a power-law with the size of the system, (ii) in a short-range interaction regime, the field saturates, and (iii) in the intermediate range it follows a logarithmic behavior. To validate our analytical solution, we perform numerical simulations. For long-range interactions, the theoretical calculations align closely with the numerical results. However, for short-range interactions, we observe that discreteness significantly impacts the continuum approximation used in the derivation, leading to incorrect asymptotic behavior in this regime. To address this issue, we propose an expansion that substantially improves the accuracy of the analytical expression. We discuss applications of the every-pair interactions system proposed, and one of them is to explore a framework for estimating the fractal dimension of unknown structures. This approach offers an alternative to established methods such as box-counting or sandbox methods. Overall, we believe that our analytical work will have broad applicability in systems where every-pair interactions play a role.
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    Global crop yields can be lifted by timely adaptation of growing periods to climate change (2022)
    In:  Nature Communications
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Adaptive management of crop growing periods by adjusting sowing dates and cultivars is one of the central aspects of crop production systems, tightly connected to local climate. However, it is so far underrepresented in crop-model based assessments of yields under climate change. In this study, we integrate models of farmers’ decision making with biophysical crop modeling at the global scale to simulate crop calendars adaptation and its effect on crop yields of maize, rice, sorghum, soybean and wheat. We simulate crop growing periods and yields (1986-2099) under counterfactual management scenarios assuming no adaptation, timely adaptation or delayed adaptation of sowing dates and cultivars. We then compare the counterfactual growing periods and corresponding yields at the end of the century (2080-2099). We find that (i) with adaptation, temperature-driven sowing dates (typical at latitudes 〉30°N-S) will have larger shifts than precipitation-driven sowing dates (at latitudes 〈30°N-S); (ii) later-maturing cultivars will be needed, particularly at higher latitudes; (iii) timely adaptation of growing periods would increase actual crop yields by ~12%, reducing climate change negative impacts and enhancing the positive CO2 fertilization effect. Despite remaining uncertainties, crop growing periods adaptation require consideration in climate change impact assessments.
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    Millennial-scale climate variability in the Northern Hemisphere influenced glacier dynamics in the Alps around 250,000 years ago (2023)
    In:  Communications Earth and Environment
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Mountain glaciers are sensitive recorders of natural and human-induced climate change. Therefore, it is imperative to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between climate and glacier response on both short and long timescales. Here we present an analysis of oxygen and carbon isotope data from speleothems formed mainly below a glacier-covered catchment in the Alps 300,000 to 200,000 years ago. Isotope-enabled climate model simulations reveal that δ18O of precipitation in the Alps was higher by approximately 1 ‰ during interstadials compared to stadials. This agrees with interstadial-stadial amplitudes of our new speleothem-based estimate after correcting for cave-internal effects. We propose that the variability of these cave-internal effects offers a unique tool for reconstructing long-term dynamics of warm-based Alpine palaeoglaciers. Our data thereby suggests a close link between North Atlantic interstadial-stadial variability and the meltwater dynamics of Alpine glaciers during Marine Isotope Stage 8 and 7d.
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    Tracing the Snowball bifurcation of aquaplanets through time reveals a fundamental shift in critical-state dynamics (2023)
    In:  Earth System Dynamics
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The instability with respect to global glaciation is a fundamental property of the climate system caused by the positive ice-albedo feedback. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) at which this Snowball bifurcation occurs changes through Earth's history, most notably because of the slowly increasing solar luminosity. Quantifying this critical CO2 concentration is not only interesting from a climate dynamics perspective but also constitutes an important prerequisite for understanding past Snowball Earth episodes, as well as the conditions for habitability on Earth and other planets. Earlier studies are limited to investigations with very simple climate models for Earth's entire history or studies of individual time slices carried out with a variety of more complex models and for different boundary conditions, making comparisons and the identification of secular changes difficult. Here, we use a coupled climate model of intermediate complexity to trace the Snowball bifurcation of an aquaplanet through Earth's history in one consistent model framework. We find that the critical CO2 concentration decreased more or less logarithmically with increasing solar luminosity until about 1 billion years ago but dropped faster in more recent times. Furthermore, there was a fundamental shift in the dynamics of the critical state about 1.2 billion years ago (unrelated to the downturn in critical CO2 values), driven by the interplay of wind-driven sea-ice dynamics and the surface energy balance: for critical states at low solar luminosities, the ice line lies in the Ferrel cell, stabilised by the poleward winds despite moderate meridional temperature gradients under strong greenhouse warming. For critical states at high solar luminosities, on the other hand, the ice line rests at the Hadley cell boundary, stabilised against the equatorward winds by steep meridional temperature gradients resulting from the increased solar energy input at lower latitudes and stronger Ekman transport in the ocean.
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    Modelling the role of livestock grazing in C and N cycling in grasslands with LPJmL5.0-grazing (2023)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: To represent the impact of grazing livestock on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in grasslands, we implement a livestock module into LPJmL5.0-tillage, a global vegetation and crop model with explicit representation of managed grasslands and pastures, forming LPJmL5.0-grazing. The livestock module uses lactating dairy cows as a generic representation of grazing livestock. The new module explicitly accounts for forage quality in terms of dry-matter intake and digestibility using relationships derived from compositional analyses for different forages. Partitioning of N into milk, feces, and urine as simulated by the new livestock module shows very good agreement with observation-based relationships reported in the literature. Modelled C and N dynamics depend on forage quality (C:N ratios in grazed biomass), forage quantity, livestock densities, manure or fertilizer inputs, soil, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and climate conditions. Due to the many interacting relationships, C sequestration, GHG emissions, N losses, and livestock productivity show substantial variation in space and across livestock densities. The improved LPJmL5.0-grazing model can now assess the effects of livestock grazing on C and N stocks and fluxes in grasslands. It can also provide insights about the spatio-temporal variability of grassland productivity and about the trade-offs between livestock production and environmental impacts.
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    Exploring risks and benefits of overshooting a 1.5 °C carbon budget over space and time (2023)
    In:  Environmental Research Letters
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Temperature targets of the Paris Agreement limit global net cumulative emissions to very tight carbon budgets. The possibility to overshoot the budget and offset near-term excess emissions by net-negative emissions is considered economically attractive as it eases near-term mitigation pressure. While potential side effects of carbon removal deployment are discussed extensively, the additional climate risks and the impacts and damages have attracted less attention. We link six models for an integrative analysis of the climatic, environmental and socio-economic consequences of temporarily overshooting a carbon budget consistent with the 1.5 °C temperature target along the cause-effect chain from emissions and carbon removals to climate risks and impact. Global climatic indicators such as CO2-concentration and mean temperature closely follow the carbon budget overshoot with mid-century peaks of 50 ppmv and 0.35 °C, respectively. Our findings highlight that investigating overshoot scenarios requires temporally and spatially differentiated analysis of climate, environmental and socioeconomic systems. We find persistent and spatially heterogeneous differences in the distribution of carbon across various pools, ocean heat content, sea-level rise as well as economic damages. Moreover, we find that key impacts, including degradation of marine ecosystem, heat wave exposure and economic damages, are more severe in equatorial areas than in higher latitudes, although absolute temperature changes being stronger in higher latitudes. The detrimental effects of a 1.5 °C warming and the additional effects due to overshoots are strongest in non-OECD countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Constraining the overshoot inflates CO2 prices, thus shifting carbon removal towards early afforestation while reducing the total cumulative deployment only slightly, while mitigation costs increase sharply in developing countries. Thus, scenarios with carbon budget overshoots can reverse global mean temperature increase but imply more persistent and geographically heterogeneous impacts. Overall, the decision about overshooting implies more severe trade-offs between mitigation and impacts in developing countries.
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    Effects of extreme melt events on ice flow and sea level rise of the Greenland Ice Sheet (2023)
    In:  The Cryosphere
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Over the past decade, Greenland has experienced several extreme melt events, the most pronounced ones in the years 2010, 2012 and 2019. With progressing climate change, such extreme melt events can be expected to occur more frequently and potentially become more severe and persistent. So far, however, projections of ice loss and sea level change from Greenland typically rely on scenarios which only take gradual changes in the climate into account. Using the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM), we investigate the effect of extreme melt events on the overall mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet and the changes in ice flow, invoked by the altered surface topography. As a first constraint, this study estimates the overall effect of extreme melt events on the cumulative mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet. We find that the sea level contribution from Greenland might increase by 2 to 45 cm (0.2 % to 14 %) by the year 2300 if extreme events occur more frequently in the future under a Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario, and the ice sheet area might be reduced by an additional 6000 to 26 000 km2 by 2300 in comparison to future warming scenarios without extremes. In conclusion, projecting the future sea level contribution from the Greenland Ice Sheet requires consideration of the changes in both the frequency and intensity of extreme events. It is crucial to individually address these extremes at a monthly resolution as temperature forcing with the same excess temperature but evenly distributed over longer timescales (e.g., seasonal) leads to less sea level rise than for the simulations of the resolved extremes. Extremes lead to additional mass loss and thinning. This, in turn, reduces the driving stress and surface velocities, ultimately dampening the ice loss attributed to ice flow and discharge. Overall, we find that the surface elevation feedback largely amplifies melting for scenarios with and without extremes, with additional mass loss attributed to this feedback having the greatest impact on projected sea level.
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    Timescales of outlet-glacier flow with negligible basal friction: theory, observations and modeling (2023)
    In:  The Cryosphere
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The timescales of the flow and retreat of Greenland’s and Antarctica’s outlet glaciers and their potential instabilities are arguably the largest uncertainty in future sea-level projections. Here we derive a scaling relation that allows the comparison of the timescales of observed complex ice flow fields with geometric similarity. The scaling relation is derived under the assumption of fast, laterally confined, geometrically similar outlet-glacier flow over a slippery bed, i.e., with negligible basal friction. According to the relation, the time scaling of the outlet flow is determined by the product of the inverse of 1) the fourth power of the width-to-length ratio of its confinement, 2) the third power of the confinement depth and 3) the temperature- dependent ice softness. For the outflow at the grounding line of streams with negligible basal friction this means that the volume flux is proportional to the ice softness and the bed depth, but goes with the fourth power of the gradient of the bed and with the fifth power of the width of the stream. We show that the theoretically derived scaling relation is supported by the observed velocity scaling of outlet glaciers across Greenland as well as by idealized numerical simulations of marine ice-sheet instabilities (MISIs) as found in Antarctica. Assuming that changes in the ice-flow velocity due to ice-dynamic imbalance are proportional to the equilibrium velocity, we combine the scaling relation with a statistical analysis of the topography of 13 MISI-prone Antarctic outlets. Under these assumptions the timescales in response to a potential destabilization are fastest for Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica and Mellor, Ninnis and Cook Glaciers in East Antarctica; between 16 and 67 times faster than for Pine Island Glacier. While the applicability of our results is limited by several strong assumptions, the utilization and potential further development of the presented scaling approach may help to constrain time-scale estimates of outlet glacier- flow, augmenting the commonly exploited and comparatively computationally expensive approach of numerical modeling.
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    Human displacements, fatalities, and economic damages linked to remotely observed floods (2023)
    In:  Scientific Data
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: We present a new open source dataset FLODIS that links estimates of flood-induced human displacements, fatalities, and economic damages to flooded areas observed through remote sensing. The dataset connects displacement data from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), as well as data on fatalities and damages from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), with the Global Flood Database (GFD), a satellite-based inventory of historic flood footprints. It thereby provides a spatially explicit estimate of the flood hazard underlying each individual disaster event. FLODIS contains two datasets with event-specific information for 335 human displacement events and 695 mortality/damage events that occurred around the world between 2000 and 2018. Additionally, we provide estimates of affected population, GDP, and critical infrastructure, as well as socio-economic indicators; and we provide geocoding for displacement events ascribed to other types of disasters, such as tropical cyclones, so that they may be linked to corresponding hazard estimates in future work. FLODIS facilitates integrated flood risk analysis, allowing, for example, for detailed assessments of local flood-damage and displacement vulnerability.
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    DOSE – Global data set of reported sub-national economic output (2023)
    In:  Scientific Data
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Many phenomena of high relevance for economic development such as human capital, geography and climate vary considerably within countries as well as between them. Yet, global data sets of economic output are typically available at the national level only, thereby limiting the accuracy and precision of insights gained through empirical analyses. Recent work has used interpolation and downscaling to yield estimates of sub-national economic output at a global scale, but respective data sets based on official, reported values only are lacking. We here present DOSE — the MCC-PIK Database Of Sub-national Economic Output. DOSE contains harmonised data on reported economic output from 1,661 sub-national regions across 83 countries from 1960 to 2020. To avoid interpolation, values are assembled from numerous statistical agencies, yearbooks and the literature and harmonised for both aggregate and sectoral output. Moreover, we provide temporally- and spatially-consistent data for regional boundaries, enabling matching with geo-spatial data such as climate observations. DOSE provides the opportunity for detailed analyses of economic development at the subnational level, consistent with reported values.
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    The extremely hot and dry 2018 summer in central and northern Europe from a multi-faceted weather and climate perspective (2023)
    In:  Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: The summer of 2018 was an extraordinary season in climatological terms for northern and central Europe, bringing simultaneous, widespread, and concurrent heat and drought extremes in large parts of the continent with extensive impacts on agriculture, forests, water supply, and socio-economic sector. Here, we present a comprehensive, multi-faceted analysis of the 2018 extreme summer in terms of heat and drought in central and northern Europe, with a particular focus on Germany. The heatwave first affected Scandinavia by mid-July, shifted towards central Europe in late July, while Iberia was primarily affected in early August. The atmospheric circulation was characterized by strongly positive blocking anomalies over Europe, in combination with a positive summer North Atlantic Oscillation and a double jet stream configuration before the initiation of the heatwave. In terms of possible precursors common to previous European heatwaves, the Eurasian double jet structure and a tripolar sea-surface temperature anomaly over the North Atlantic were identified already in spring. While in the early stages over Scandinavia the air masses at mid- and upper-levels were often of remote, maritime origin, at later stages over Iberia the air masses had primarily a local-to-regional origin. The drought affected Germany the most, starting with warmer than average conditions in spring, associated with enhanced latent heat release that initiated a severe depletion of soil moisture. During summer, a continued precipitation deficit exacerbated the problem, leading to hydrological and agricultural drought. A probabilistic attribution assessment of the heatwave in Germany showed that such events of prolonged heat have become more likely due to anthropogenic global warming. Regarding future projections, an extreme summer such as this of 2018 is expected to occur every two out of three years in Europe under a 1.5 °C warmer world and virtually every single year under 2 °C of global warming. With such large-scale and impactful extreme events becoming more frequent and intense under anthropogenic climate change, comprehensive and multi-faceted studies like the one presented here quantify the multitude of effects and provide valuable information as basis for adaptation and mitigation strategies.
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    Inequality in behavioural heat adaptation: an empirical study with mobility data from the transport system in New York City, NY, USA (2023)
    In:  The Lancet Planetary Health
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Background: Heat exposure, which can negatively affect human health and wellbeing, is heterogeneous within US cities. However, little is known about who can avoid heat stress by adjusting their everyday behaviour. We aimed to analyse the effect of ambient temperature on mobility, specifically subway (ie, the underground railway system) use, in New York City, NY, USA, during 2014–19. - Methods: For this empirical study, subway use across New York City was measured with turnstile data from the New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority between Jan 1, 2014, and Dec 31, 2019. Passenger numbers were then aggregated to the zip code tabulation area (ZCTA) level. Daily observational climate data were obtained from the US National Weather Service between Jan 1, 2014, and Dec 31, 2019. Socioeconomic data at the ZCTA level originated from the American Community Survey 2019. We extracted data on population age, ethnicity, commuting, employment, median household income, rent, and health-insurance coverage. We used a fixed-effects panel-regression model to assess the influence of temperature on subway use in New York City, which was the main outcome of our study. - Findings: We obtained data for 438 subway stations across New York City. After data cleaning and preprocessing, the final aggregated data sample consisted of 238 508 instances of subway use in 1955 days across 6 years for 122 ZCTAs, with 168 days missing in the raw data and 67 days removed as outliers. The results of the fixed-effects panel-regression analysis showed a strong, non-linear effect of daily maximum temperature on subway use. Subway use was highest at 11·5°C and substantially decreased for temperatures that were colder and warmer than that, with reductions reaching 6·5% (95% CI 2·5–10·5) for the coldest temperature (ie, –6·5°C) and 10·5% (6·0–14·0) for the hottest temperature (ie, 34·5°C). Reductions differed between weekdays and weekends, when residents generally had more freedom to adjust their behaviour. Neighbourhoods that were at a socioeconomic disadvantage experienced smaller or no reductions in mobility in heat; mobility increased in neighbourhoods with beach access. - Interpretation: Our study showed that temperature had a strong, non-linear effect on subway use, but the magnitude of the effect on subway use was heterogeneous across areas of the city on warm days. Weaker avoidance of heat stress correlated with less privilege, indicating compounding health risks. Everyday behavioural adaptation to heat is therefore an effect pathway that contributes to unequal heat effects and should be explored in future research.
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    Calibration for an Ensemble of Grapevine Phenology Models under Different Optimization Algorithms (2023)
    In:  Agronomy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Vine phenology modelling is increasingly important for winegrowers and viticulturists. Model calibration is often required before practical applications. However, when multiple models and optimization methods are applied for different varieties, it is rarely known which factor tends to mostly affect the calibration results. We mainly aim to investigate the main source of the variability in the modelling errors for the flowering timings of two important varieties of vine in the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR) of Portugal; this is based on five phenology model simulations that use optimal parameters and that are estimated by three optimization algorithms (MLE, SA and SCE-UA). Our results indicate that the main source of the variability in calibration can be affected by the initially assumed parameter boundary. Restricting the initial parameter distribution to a narrow range impedes the algorithm from exploring the full parameter space and searching for optimal parameters. This can lead to the largest variation in different models. At an identified appropriate boundary, the difference between the two varieties represents the largest source of uncertainty, while the choice of algorithm for calibration contributes least to the overall uncertainty. The smaller variability among different models or algorithms (tools for analysis) compared to between different varieties could indicate the overall reliability of the calibration. All optimization algorithms show similar results in terms of the obtained goodness-of-fit: the RMSE (MAE) is 5–6 (4–5) days with a negligible mean bias and moderately good R2 (0.5–0.6) for the ensemble median predictor. Nevertheless, a similar predictive performance can result from differently estimated parameter values, due to the equifinality or multi-modal issue in which different parameter combinations give similar results. This mainly occurs for models with a non-linear structure compared to those with a near-linear one. Yet, the former models are found to outperform the latter ones in predicting the flowering timing of the two varieties in the DDR. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of carefully defining the initial parameter boundary and decomposing the total variance of prediction errors. This study is expected to bring new insights that will help to better inform users about the importance of choice when these factors are involved in calibration. Nonetheless, the importance of each factor can change depending on the specific situation. Details of how the optimization methods are applied and of the continuous model improvement are important.
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    LivWell: a sub-national Dataset on the Living Conditions of Women and their Well-being for 52 Countries (2022)
    In:  Scientific Data
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Data on women’s living conditions and socio-economic development are important for understanding and addressing the pronounced challenges and inequalities faced by women worldwide. While such information is increasingly available at the national level, comparable data at the sub-national level are missing. We here present the LivWell global longitudinal dataset, which includes a set of key indicators on women’s socio-economic status, health and well-being, access to basic services and demographic outcomes. It covers 447 regions in 52 countries and includes a total of 265 different indicators. The majority of these are based on 199 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for the period 1990–2019 and are complemented by extensive information on socio-economic and climatic conditions in the respective regions. The resulting dataset offers various opportunities for policy-relevant research on gender inequality, inclusive development and demographic trends at the sub-national level.
    Language: English
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  • 39
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    Decline in seasonal predictability potentially destabilized Classic Maya societies (2023)
    In:  Communications Earth and Environment
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Classic Maya populations living in peri-urban states were highly dependent on seasonally distributed rainfall for reliable surplus crop yields. Despite intense study of the potential impact of decadal to centennial-scale climatic changes on the demise of Classic Maya sociopolitical institutions (750-950 CE), its direct importance remains debated. We provide a detailed analysis of a precisely dated speleothem record from Yok Balum cave, Belize, that reflects local hydroclimatic changes at seasonal scale over the past 1600 years. We find that the initial disintegration of Maya sociopolitical institutions and population decline occurred in the context of a pronounced decrease in the predictability of seasonal rainfall and severe drought between 700 and 800 CE. The failure of Classic Maya societies to successfully adapt to volatile seasonal rainfall dynamics likely contributed to gradual but widespread processes of sociopolitical disintegration. We propose that the complex abandonment of Classic Maya population centres was not solely driven by protracted drought but also aggravated by year-to-year decreases in rainfall predictability, potentially caused by a regional reduction in coherent Intertropical Convergence Zone-driven rainfall.
    Language: English
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  • 40
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    LandInG 1.0: a toolbox to derive input datasets for terrestrial ecosystem modelling at variable resolutions from heterogeneous sources (2023)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: We present the Land Input Generator (LandInG) version 1.0, a new toolbox for generating input datasets for terrestrial ecosystem models (TEMs) from diverse and partially conflicting data sources. While LandInG 1.0 is applicable to process data for any TEM, it is developed specifically for the open-source dynamic global vegetation, hydrology, and crop growth model LPJmL (Lund–Potsdam–Jena with managed Land). The toolbox documents the sources and processing of data to model inputs and allows for easy changes to the spatial resolution. It is designed to make inconsistencies between different sources of data transparent so that users can make their own decisions on how to resolve these should they not be content with the default assumptions made here. As an example, we use the toolbox to create input datasets at 5 and 30 arcmin spatial resolution covering land, country, and region masks, soil, river networks, freshwater reservoirs, irrigation water distribution networks, crop-specific annual land use, fertilizer, and manure application. We focus on the toolbox describing the data processing rather than only publishing the datasets as users may want to make different choices for reconciling inconsistencies, aggregation, spatial extent, or similar. Also, new data sources or new versions of existing data become available continuously, and the toolbox approach allows for incorporating new data to stay up to date.
    Language: English
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  • 41
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    Four millennia of vegetation and environmental history above the Hyrcanian forest, northern Iran (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Past vegetation, fire, and climate dynamics, as well as human impact, have been reconstructed for the first time in the highlands of the Gilan province in the Alborz mountains (above the Hyrcanian forest) for the last 4,300 cal yrs bp. Multi-proxy analysis, including pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, charcoal, and geochemical analysis, has been applied to investigate the environmental changes at 2,280 m a.s.l., above the Hyrcanian forest. Dominant steppe vegetation occurred in the study area throughout the recorded period. The formation of the studied mire deposits, as well as vegetation composition, suggest a change to wetter climatic conditions after 4,300 until 1,700 cal yrs bp. Fires were frequent, which may imply long-lasting anthropogenic activities in the area. Less vegetation cover with a marked decrease of the Moisture Index (MI) suggests drier conditions between 1,700 and 1,000 cal yrs bp. A high proportion of Cichorioideae and Amaranthaceae, as well as the reduction of trees, in particular Fagus and Quercus, at lower elevations, indicate human activities such as intense livestock grazing and deforestation. Soil erosion as the result of less vegetation due to dry conditions and/or human activities can be reconstructed from a marked increase of Glomus spores and high values of K and Ti. Since 1,000 cal yrs bp, the increasing MI, as well as the rise of Poaceae and Cyperaceae together with forest recovery, suggest a change to wetter conditions. The occurrence of still frequent Cichorioideae and Plantago lanceolata along with Sordaria reflect continued intense grazing of livestock by humans.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
    Description: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018)
    Keywords: ddc:561 ; Late Holocene ; Northern Iran ; Multi-proxy studies ; Hyrcanian mountain vegetation ; Climate change ; Human impact
    Language: English
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  • 42
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    The inner life of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a central component of the atmospheric general circulation, but remarkably little is known about the dynamical and thermodynamical structure of the convergence zone itself. This is true even for the structure of the low‐level convergence that gives the ITCZ its name. Following on from the major international field campaigns in the 1960s and 1970s, we performed extensive atmospheric profiling of the Atlantic ITCZ during a ship‐based measurement campaign aboard the research vessel 〈italic toggle="no"〉SONNE〈/italic〉 in summer 2021. Combining data collected during our north–south crossing of the ITCZ with reanalysis data shows the ITCZ to be a meridionally extended region of intense precipitation, with enhanced surface convergence at its edges rather than in the center. Based on the location of these edges, we construct a composite view of the structure of the Atlantic ITCZ. The ITCZ, far from being simply a region of enhanced deep convection, has a rich inner life, that is, a rich dynamical and thermodynamic structure that changes throughout the course of the year, and has a northern edge that differs systematically from the southern edge.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme CONSTRAIN http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7051674
    Description: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; ITCZ ; Atlantic ; convergence ; observations ; reanalysis
    Language: English
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  • 43
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    Mélange Signatures and Low Oxygen Fugacity in Eclogite Xenoliths From the Crust‐Mantle Transition Below a Mesoproterozoic Collision Belt (2024)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Mass transfer across the crust‐mantle boundary is a fundamental process governing planetary differentiation, the evolution of geochemical reservoirs and ore formation, controlled by physicochemical conditions at the crust‐mantle interface. In situ trace‐element, clinopyroxene 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr and garnet Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉/ΣFe of kimberlite‐borne eclogite xenoliths from the deep (∼50 km) crust‐mantle transition below the ca. 1.2–1.0 Ga Namaqua‐Natal Fold Belt (southwestern Kaapvaal craton margin) were determined to elucidate their origin and evolution, and to constrain the oxygen fugacity of this pivotal but largely inaccessible environment. Based on a garnet source signature (NMORB‐normalized Er/Lu > 1) in pristine “gabbroic” eclogites with pronounced positive Eu, Sr, and Pb anomalies, the suite is interpreted as originating as plagioclase‐rich cumulates in oceanic crust from melts generated beneath mature oceanic lithosphere, subsequently subducted during the Namaqua‐Natal orogeny. Enriched eclogites have higher measured 〈sup〉87〈/sup〉Sr/〈sup〉86〈/sup〉Sr in clinopyroxene (up to 0.7054) than gabbroic ones (up to 0.7036), and show increasing bulk‐rock Li, Be and Pb abundances with increasing δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O in clinopyroxene, and muted Eu‐Sr‐Pb anomalies. These systematics suggest interaction with a siliceous fluid sourced from seawater‐altered oceanic sediment in a subduction mélange setting. Garnet Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉/ΣFe in deep crustal eclogites is extremely low (0.01–0.04, ±0.01 1〈italic〉σ〈/italic〉), as inherited from the plagioclase‐rich cumulate protolith, and owing to preferred partitioning into clinopyroxene at low temperatures (∼815–1000°C). Average maximum oxygen fugacities (∆logƒO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉(FMQ) = −3.1 ± 1.0 to −0.5 ± 0.7 relative to the Fayalite‐Magnetite‐Quartz buffer) are higher than in deeper‐seated on‐craton eclogite xenoliths, but mostly below sulfate stability, limiting the role of S〈sup〉6+〈/sup〉 species in oxidizing the mantle wedge.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Subduction zones represent the main interface between Earth's surface and its deep interior. Metamorphic reactions during subduction cause fluid or melt loss from seawater‐altered oceanic crust and sediment, which enriches the overlying mantle, and possibly oxidizes it. This would explain why the mantle sources of subduction zone magmas appear to be more oxidized than in other tectonic settings. However, the details of the mass transfer in this deep environment are difficult to constrain because it is inaccessible. Using rare deep‐seated magmas (kimberlites) as probes of a ca. 1.2 billion year old southern African subduction zone, we investigated eclogite fragments that originated as subducted oceanic crust and were much later plucked from the wallrocks by the ascending magma. These eclogites show elemental and isotopic signatures of interaction with subducted sediments, pointing to mingling processes similar to those observed in modern subduction zones. We also estimated their oxygen fugacity, a measure of the chemical potential of oxygen. We find that sulfur, which has been implicated in mantle oxidation, would have only been stable in these rocks in its reduced form, making even seawater‐altered eclogites sinks rather than sources of oxygen, with implications for the transfer of sulfur‐loving metals across the mantle‐to‐crust‐boundary.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Eclogite xenoliths sampling deep crust‐mantle transition below Namaqua‐Natal Fold Belt have plagioclase‐rich oceanic protoliths〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Enriched xenoliths show signatures of interaction with siliceous, subducted sediment‐derived fluids under shallow fore‐arc conditions〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉‐based eclogite oxybarometry with oxygen fugacities below sulfate stability limits the role of S〈sup〉6+〈/sup〉 species in mantle wedge oxidation〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
    Description: https://doi.org/10.60520/IEDA/113077
    Keywords: ddc:552.4 ; kimberlite‐borne eclogite xenoliths ; crust‐mantle transition ; subduction zone processes ; redox budget ; metallogeny ; mantle wedge oxidation
    Language: English
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  • 44
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    Kinematics and Convergent Tectonics of the Northwestern South American Plate During the Cenozoic (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The interaction of the northern Nazca and southwestern Caribbean oceanic plates with northwestern South America (NWSA) and the collision of the Panama‐Choco arc (PCA) have significant implications on the evolution of the northern Andes. Based on a quantitative kinematic reconstruction of the Caribbean and Farallon/Farallon‐derived plates, we reconstructed the subducting geometries beneath NWSA and the PCA accretion to the continent. The persistent northeastward migration of the Caribbean plate relative to NWSA in Cenozoic time caused the continuous northward advance of the Farallon‐Caribbean plate boundary, which in turn resulted in its progressive concave trench bending against NWSA. The increasing complexity during the Paleogene included the onset of Caribbean shallow subduction, the PCA approaching the continent, and the forced shallow Farallon subduction that ended in the fragmentation of the Farallon Plate into the Nazca and Cocos plates and the Coiba and Malpelo microplates by the late Oligocene. The convergence tectonics after late Oligocene comprised the accretional process of the PCA to NWSA, which evolved from subduction erosion of the forearc to collisional tectonics by the middle Miocene, as well as changes of convergence angle and slab dip of the Farallon‐derived plates, and the attachment of the Coiba and Malpelo microplates to the Nazca plate around 9 Ma, resulting in a change of convergence directions. During the Pliocene, the Nazca slab broke at 5.5°N, shaping the modern configuration. Overall, the proposed reconstruction is supported by geophysical data and is well correlated with the magmatic and deformation history of the northern Andes.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The tectonic reconstruction in convergent triple junctions is a particularly challenging task as the relative motion between plates could define highly changing boundaries. Indeed, the resulting interaction between these convergent plates may induce important changes in the disposition of the trenches, and in turn in the three‐dimensional geometry of the subducting plates. Therefore, these highly dynamic conditions throughout geological time may be accommodated by different phases of plate fragmentation and reorganization. These factors could explain the complex spatial‐temporal distribution of subduction‐related magmatism and the different episodes of deformation in the upper plates. This reasoning is validated in the northwestern corner of South America (SA), where the continent has been converging against the Caribbean and Farallon‐derived oceanic plates since Cretaceous time. Additionally, we study the effects of the collision and accretion of the Panama‐Choco arc with SA. To accomplish that, we review the kinematic history of the Farallon/Nazca and Caribbean oceanic plates relative to stable Guiana Craton (SA) and integrate these results with the magmatic and deformation evolution of the northern Andes, which allow us to propose a model of the geometrical evolution of the subducting slabs. The obtained model is additionally constrained by seismological data and published velocity anomalies.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The tectonics of convergent triple junctions is complicated by the relative plate motion and interaction of the involved plates〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉We propose a model for the kinematic and geometric evolution of the Farallon/Nazca and Caribbean plates throughout the Cenozoic〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The interaction between the Caribbean, Nazca and South American plates is closely related to the deformation history in the Northern Andes〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Helmholtz‐Zentrum Potsdam‐Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010956
    Description: Ecopetrol
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7411340
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8129751
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; plate kinematics ; convergent margins ; slab geometry ; Northern Andean deformation episodes
    Language: English
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  • 45
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    Fifty years after deep‐ploughing: Effects on yield, roots, nutrient stocks and soil structure (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Deep‐ploughing far beyond the common depth of 30 cm was used more than 50 years ago in Northern Germany with the aim to break root‐restricting layers and thereby improve access to subsoil water and nutrient resources. We hypothesized that effects of this earlier intervention on soil properties and yields prevailed after 50 years. Hence, we sampled two sandy soils and one silty soil (Cambisols and a Luvisol) of which half of the field had been deep‐ploughed 50 years ago (soils then re‐classified as Treposols). The adjacent other half was not deep‐ploughed and thus served as the control. At all the three sites, both deep‐ploughed and control parts were then conventionally managed over the last 50 years. We assessed yields during the dry year 2019 and additionally in 2020, and rooting intensity at the year of sampling (2019), as well as changes in soil structure, carbon and nutrient stocks in that year. We found that deep‐ploughing improved yields in the dry spell of 2019 at the sandy sites, which was supported by a more general pattern of higher NDVI indices in deep‐ploughed parts for the period from 2016 to 2021 across varying weather conditions. Subsoil stocks of soil organic carbon and total plant‐available phosphorus were enhanced by 21%–199% in the different sites. Root biomass in the subsoil was reduced due to deep‐ploughing at the silty site and was increased or unaffected at the sandy sites. Overall, the effects of deep‐ploughing were site‐specific, with reduced bulk density in the buried topsoil stripes in the subsoil of the sandy sites, but with elevated subsoil density in the silty site. Hence, even 50 years after deep‐ploughing, changes in soil properties are still detectable, although effect size differed among sites.〈/p〉
    Description: BonaRes http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100022576
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; aggregates ; carbon sequestration ; deep‐ploughing ; macronutrients ; subsoil ; Treposol
    Language: English
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  • 46
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    Northern Hemisphere Summer Insolation and Ice Volume Driven Variations in Hydrological Environment in Southwest China (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The interpretation of stalagmite δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O in terms of reflecting Asian summer monsoon (ASM) precipitation is still elusive. Here, we present high‐resolution stalagmite trace element ratios (X/Ca, X = Mg, Sr, Ba) records from southwest China covering 116.09 to 4.07 ka BP. δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O, δ〈sup〉13〈/sup〉C, and X/Ca values exhibit clear precessional cycles, with δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O values reflecting ASM circulation/intensity, while X/Ca ratios capture local precipitation or evapotranspiration variations. Our results show that Northern Hemisphere summer insolation (NHSI) is the main driver of ASM intensity and precipitation phase variation, but global ice volume modulates the response magnitude of summer precipitation to insolation. During the Last Glacial Maximum, high ice volumes caused significant monsoon precipitation to decrease. In contrast to modern observations of the tripolar distribution of precipitation in China, our record is consistent with paleo‐precipitation records in southern and northern China.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: While it is well known that global changes have led to variations in the intensity and spatial distribution of Asian monsoon precipitation, the mechanisms behind this are not well understood. Paleoclimate records are essential for revealing the drivers behind monsoon variation. However, speleothem records from the Asian monsoon region rarely provide direct information on the amount of rainfall. Here we report on multiple indicator data sets from a stalagmite in southwestern China. It could help explore the variation of monsoon precipitation over the last ∼100,000 years. We find that the increase/decrease of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation controls the increase/decrease of Asian summer monsoon rainfall. In addition, global ice volume moderates the magnitude of rainfall response to insolation, and precipitation decreases significantly during high ice volume periods. Based on the present paleo‐precipitation records evidence, the existence of the spatial pattern of increasing/decreasing rainfall in central China corresponding to decreasing/increasing rainfall in northern and southern China remains ambiguous on the orbital scales, although the feature has been captured by some of the model simulations.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Stalagmite trace elements are indicators of regional hydrological environmental variations in Southwestern China〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Northern Hemisphere summer insolation and global ice volume modulate the phase and amplitude variations of regional hydrological environment〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The meridional tripolar spatial pattern of precipitation in monsoon region in China on the orbital scale remains ambiguous〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: German Science Grant
    Description: Structure and Innovation Fund of the Region of Baden Württemberg
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: National Nature Science Foundation of China
    Description: Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects
    Description: Young and Middle‐age Academic and Technical Leader in Yunnan Province
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072475
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; stalagmite ; trace elements ; Asian summer monsoon ; Northern Hemisphere summer insolation ; global ice volume ; regional hydrological environment
    Language: English
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  • 47
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    Three-Dimensional Inversion of Magnetotelluric Data from Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Language: English
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    Geophysical Investigation of the Weidenpesch Waste Site in Cologne, Germany (2024)
    In:  Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung: virtuell, 25. September - 29. September 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 49
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    Ultrafast Laser-Induced Dynamics of Non-Equilibrium Electron Spill-Out in Nanoplasmonic Bilayers (2024)
    In:  Nano Letters
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Contemporary quantum plasmonics capture subtle corrections to the properties of plasmonic nano-objects in equilibrium. Here, we demonstrate non-equilibrium spill-out redistribution of the electronic density at the ultrafast time scale. As revealed by time-resolved 2D spectroscopy of nanoplasmonic Fe/Au bilayers, an injection of the laser-excited non-thermal electrons induces transient electron spill-out thus changing the plasma frequency. The response of the local electronic density switches the electronic density behavior from spill-in to strong (an order of magnitude larger) spill-out at the femtosecond time scale. The superdiffusive transport of hot electrons and the lack of a direct laser heating indicate significantly non-thermal origin of the underlying physics. Our results demonstrate an ultrafast and non-thermal way to control surface plasmon dispersion through transient variations of the spatial electron distribution at the nanoscale. These findings expand quantum plasmonics into previously unexplored directions by introducing ultrashort time scales in the non-equilibrium electronic systems.
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  • 50
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    Systemic Risks and Polycrisis: The need for an integrative approach (2024)
    In:  An interdisciplinary discourse on regulation. Biotic Self-Regulation: Model for Man-made Systems?
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Language: English
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  • 51
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    What determines local attitudes towards Jordan’s renewable energy transition? Evidence from household surveys (2024)
    In:  Climate policy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: The potential for renewable energy to encourage sustainable development raises high hopes for the future among countries in the Global South. However, there has been less research on how energy transitions are perceived outside of the Global North and democratic contexts. This paper explores attitudes towards the energy transition in Jordan, where expert interviews reveal that a strong renewable energy industry has emerged from top-down government efforts to reduce energy dependency and costs. We perform an in-person household survey with 320 respondents in areas with different transition risks and benefits, and then test a series of hypotheses using regression analysis. In the four communities surveyed, income stress and climate concern influence attitudes, as well as perceptions of community benefits. National-level concerns also matter, including energy dependency and energy costs for all Jordanians. Our results highlight the importance of context: findings from the North are not universal and understanding transitions in the Global South requires studying them in their own right. Policy insights Jordanian policymakers should reverse their policy of blocking renewables to avoid public backlash. Jordanian policymakers and funders should promote projects in communities with high economic dependence on the fossil fuel industry to ensure local support in areas facing transition risks. Policymakers should highlight collective, not just individual benefits of transitions, as perceptions of community and country benefits increase support. Policymakers in highly energy-dependent countries like Jordan should frame renewables as an answer to local and national challenges such as high energy prices. Actors wishing to promote clean energy support in different contexts should investigate local dynamics to build communication strategies that frame transitions appropriately. Jordanian policymakers should reverse their policy of blocking renewables to avoid public backlash. Jordanian policymakers and funders should promote projects in communities with high economic dependence on the fossil fuel industry to ensure local support in areas facing transition risks. Policymakers should highlight collective, not just individual benefits of transitions, as perceptions of community and country benefits increase support. Policymakers in highly energy-dependent countries like Jordan should frame renewables as an answer to local and national challenges such as high energy prices. Actors wishing to promote clean energy support in different contexts should investigate local dynamics to build communication strategies that frame transitions appropriately.
    Language: English
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  • 52
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    Systemische Risiken und Polykrisen: Die Notwendigkeit für einen integrativen Ansatz (2024)
    In:  Ein interdisziplinärer Diskurs zum Thema regulation. Botische Selbst-Regulation: Model für anthropogene Systeme?
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Language: English
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  • 53
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    The Political Logic of Net Zero (2023)
    Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS)
    In:  RIFS Policy Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Technologies for Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (CCUS) and Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) only represent climate solutions in as much as they go hand in hand with deep emissions reductions. The (future) availability of CCUS and CDR technologies does not mean we can delay or avoid phasing out fossil fuels if we are to have a chance of limiting global warming to 1.5°C or even 2°C. Likewise, the expansion of renewable energy technologies will be nowhere near adequate for meeting agreed-upon climate targets unless fossil fuels are simultaneously ramped down. Up until now, renewables have been largely in addition to, rather than substituting for fossil fuels. Achieving our climate and broader sustainable development goals will require transformations that go beyond energy systems and reevaluate the structures and institutions behind our patterns of consumption, mobility, and food production, among others.
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    Protokoll über das 30. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung St. Marienthal, 25.-29. September 2023 (2024)
    Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft e. V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Der vorliegende Kolloquiumsband der ”Blauen Bände“ umfasst 41 Beiträge. Dem diesjährigen Kolloquiumsband wurde ein neues Format hinzugefügt. Der sogenannte 1-Pager bietet die Möglichkeit eines einseitigen Beitrages, bestehend aus einer Zusammenfassung, einer Abbildung und einer Referenz zu weiterführender Information. In der Vergangenheit haben sich immer wieder Diskussionen zur Publikation von wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten in den ”Blauen Bänden“ ergeben. Mit diesem neuen niederschwelligen 1-Pager Format wollen wir alle EMTF Kolloquiums Teilnehmer*innen motivieren, ihren Beitrag in diesem traditionellen Kolloquiumsband sichtbar zu machen. Das ist mit einer vergleichsweise großen Anzahl von Beitr¨agen gut gelungen. In diesem Band sind Extended Abstracts (4), Vortragsfolien (8), Postern (19) sowie der neu eingeführte 1-Pager (10) zusammengefasst. Als weitere Neuerung wurde dem Band erstmalig das Tagungsprogramm als Anhang beigefügt. Wir danken allen Teilnehmern, die mit ihren Beiträgen dazu beitragen, die Breite des Kolloquiums auch in den ”Blauen Bänden“ zu dokumentieren.
    Language: German , English
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    Early Pleistocene drainage pattern changes in Eastern Tibet: Constraints from provenance analysis, thermochronometry, and numerical modeling (2020)
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The geometry and evolution of fluvial systems are thought to be related to surface uplift. In eastern Tibet, rivers exhibit peculiar drainage patterns but how these patterns were established and their connection with the plateau uplift are still under debate. Here, we use detrital zircon U-Pb dating, bedrock (U-Th)/He thermochronometry, topographic analysis and numerical modeling to explore the paleo-drainage pattern of the Dadu and Anning Rivers, eastern Tibet. Our detrital data indicate that the Pliocene sources of sediments to the Anning River are different from the modern ones and they include a source similar to that of the modern Dadu River, implying a paleo-connection between the Dadu and the Anning Rivers and a subsequent cutoff of this connection after the deposition of the Pliocene sediments. Bedrock thermochronometric data along the Dadu River reveal rapid cooling at ∼10 Ma and a possible enhanced cooling at ∼2 Ma, which we interpret as a response to the regional plateau uplift in eastern Tibet and to the Dadu-Anning capture, respectively. Combined with topographic analysis and numerical modeling, our results indicate an Early Pleistocene capture between the Dadu and Anning Rivers, resulting in the changes in the sediment sources of the Anning River, enhanced incision of the Dadu, and the transience of the Dadu River profile. The Dadu-Anning capture is related to the motion along the active sinistral strike-slip Daliangshan fault that locally disrupts the river network. This event does not date the plateau uplift; rather, it indicates how river reorganization can effectively enhance river incision and affect landscape development independently from regional-scale uplift.
    Language: English
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    The Multi-Dimensional Emergence of Climate-Induced Migrants in Rights-Based Litigation in the Global South (2024)
    In:  Journal of Human Rights Practice
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The article evidences to what extent rights-based climate litigation is applied as a strategy to enhance the recognition and protection of climate-induced migrants. Adopting a deduc- tive approach and desk review, the study, illustrates how climate-induced migration has been addressed by International Human Rights Law, with some attention also paid to the growing application of the right to a safe climate and climate justice. The study highlights the duties of both States and private actors in tackling the emerging climate crisis under the human rights agenda. Relevant responsibilities are framed in particular within the scope of rights-based litiga- tion dealing with the topic. We present an analysis of litigation linked to climate-induced migration that was filed before distinct international, regional, and national jurisdictions and, in doing so, propose a chronology of cases—structured in three generations—of how population movements as a result of climate change have been discussed by judicial means. The first generation relates to cases that consider the issue from the perspective of protection—in both national, regional, and international jurisdictions. The second generation emerges within general climate litigation claims, involving commitments linked to the climate agenda. In addition to raising (forced) pop- ulation movements as one of the expected impacts of climate change, such cases frequently call upon a rights-based approach. The third generation encompasses rights-based cases cen- tred on climate-induced migrants per se. The strengths and limitations of rights-based litigation to respond to the topic are finally highlighted: we conclude that litigation remains a blunt but not unpromising tool to respond to climate-induced migration. Generic references to the risk of (forced) population movements largely prevail; nevertheless, strategic rights-based litigation can facilitate the visibility of climate-induced migrants to the international community, fostering the development of legal solutions in the longer term.
    Language: English
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    A harmonized database of European forest simulations under climate change (2024)
    In:  Data in Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Process-based forest models combine biological, physical, and chemical process understanding to simulate forest dynamics as an emergent property of the system. As such, they are valuable tools to investigate the effects of climate change on forest ecosystems. Specifically, they allow testing of hypotheses regarding long-term ecosystem dynamics and provide means to assess the impacts of climate scenarios on future forest development. As a consequence, numerous local-scale simulation studies have been conducted over the past decades to assess the impacts of climate change on forests. These studies apply the best available models tailored to local conditions, parameterized and evaluated by local experts. However, this treasure trove of knowledge on climate change responses remains underexplored to date, as a consistent and harmonized dataset of local model simulations is missing. Here, our objectives were (i) to compile existing local simulations on forest development under climate change in Europe in a common database, (ii) to harmonize them to a common suite of output variables, and (iii) to provide a standardized vector of auxiliary environmental variables for each simulated location to aid subsequent investigations. Our dataset of European stand- and landscape-level forest simulations contains over 1.1 million simulation runs representing 135 million simulation years for more than 13,000 unique locations spread across Europe. The data were harmonized to consistently describe forest development in terms of stand structure (dominant height), composition (dominant species, admixed species), and functioning (leaf area index). Auxiliary variables provided include consistent daily climate information (temperature, precipitation, radiation, vapor pressure deficit) as well as information on local site conditions (soil depth, soil physical properties, soil water holding capacity, plant-available nitrogen). The present dataset facilitates analyses across models and locations, with the aim to better harness the valuable information contained in local simulations for large-scale policy support, and for fostering a deeper understanding of the effects of climate change on forest ecosystems in Europe.
    Language: English
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    Increasing the resilience of the Texas power grid against extreme storms by hardening critical lines (2024)
    In:  Nature Energy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The Texas power grid on the Gulf Coast of the United States is frequently hit by tropical cyclones (TCs) causing widespread power outages, a risk that is expected to substantially increase under global warming. Here we introduce a new approach that combines a probabilistic line failure model with a network model of the Texas grid to simulate the spatio-temporal co-evolution of wind-induced failures of high-voltage transmission lines and the resulting cascading power outages from seven major historical TCs. The approach allows reproducing observed supply failures. In addition, compared to existing static approaches, it provides a notable advantage in identifying critical lines whose failure can trigger large supply shortages. We show that hardening only 1% of total lines can reduce the likelihood of the most destructive type of outage by a factor of between 5 and 20. The proposed modelling approach could represent a so far missing tool for identifying effective options to strengthen power grids against future TC strikes, even under limited knowledge.
    Language: English
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  • 59
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    Climate summits and protests have a strong impact on climate change media coverage in Germany (2025)
    In:  Communications Earth and Environment
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Media inform the public, thereby influencing societal debates and political decisions. Despite climate change’s importance, drivers of media attention to climate change remain differently understood. Here we assess how different sociopolitical and extreme weather events affect climate change media coverage, both immediately and in the weeks following the event. To this end, we construct a data set of over 90,000 climate change articles published in nine major German newspapers over the past three decades and apply fixed effects panel regressions to control for confounders. We find that United Nations Climate Change Conferences affect coverage most strongly and most persistently. Climate protests incite climate coverage that extends well beyond the reporting on the event itself, whereas many articles on weather extremes do not mention climate change. The influence of all events has risen over time, increasing the media prominence of climate change.
    Language: English
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  • 60
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    Rate-induced tipping cascades arising from interactions between the Greenland Ice Sheet and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (2024)
    In:  Earth System Dynamics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The Greenland Ice Sheet and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation are considered tipping elements in the climate system, where global warming exceeding critical threshold levels in forcing can lead to large-scale and nonlinear reductions in ice volume and overturning strength, respectively. The positive-negative feedback loop governing their interaction (with a destabilizing effect on the AMOC due to ice loss and subsequent freshwater flux into the North Atlantic as well as a stabilizing effect of a net-cooling around Greenland with an AMOC weakening) may determine the long-term stability of both tipping elements. Here we explore the potential dynamic regimes arising from this positive-negative tipping feedback loop in a process-based conceptual model. Under idealized forcing scenarios we identify conditions under which different kinds of tipping cascades can occur: Herein, we distinguish between overshoot tipping cascades (leading to tipping of both GIS and AMOC) and rate-induced tipping cascades (where the AMOC despite not having crossed its own intrinsic tipping point tips nonetheless due to the fast rate of ice loss from Greenland). These different cascades occur within corridors of distinct tipping pathways that are affected by the GIS melting patterns and thus eventually by the imposed forcing and its time scales. Our results suggest that it is not only necessary to avoid breaching the respective critical levels of the environmental drivers for the Greenland Ice Sheet and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, but also to respect safe rates of environmental change to mitigate potential domino effects.
    Language: English
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    Arsenic-poor fluids promote strong As partitioning into pyrite (2024)
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Pyrite is a ubiquitous sulfide mineral found in diverse geological settings and holds great significance in the formation of Au deposits as well as the safe utilization of groundwater due to its remarkable ability to incorporate substantial amounts of As. However, despite its importance, there remains a dearth of fundamental data on the partitioning of As between pyrite and fluid, which is key for accurately modeling the As distribution in these environments. Here, we present new insights into the partitioning behavior of As between pyrite and fluid at conditions that mimic natural fluid systems. Pyrite was synthesized by replacement of natural siderite in hydrothermal experiments at 200 °C and pH 5 applying a wide range of fluid As concentrations, spanning from 0.001 to 100 µg/g. The As distribution and concentration in synthetic pyrite was analyzed by quantitative LA-ICP-MS mapping providing a high spatial resolution and sensitivity at 2–3 µm image pixel size at a detection limit of ∼1 µg/g at the single pixel scale. Pyrite-fluid partitioning coefficients (DAs(py/fluid)) between synthetic pyrite and experimental fluid agree with previously published data for high fluid As concentrations of 1 µg/g to 100 µg/g (DAs 〈 2000). However, at low As concentrations in the experimental fluid (〈1 µg/g), a steep increase in the DAs(py/fluid) values of up to ∼30,000 was detected, demonstrating even stronger As partitioning into pyrite. This is confirmed by the analyses of natural pyrite that precipitated from As-poor fluids (0.3–0.4 ng/g) within a deep anoxic aquifer in SE Sweden. The discovery holds significant implications for the mobility and scavenging of As, which in turn is important for understanding the formation and fingerprinting of mineral deposits as well as for the secure utilization of groundwater resources.
    Language: English
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    The role of protolith composition in the formation of tin-enriched granitic melts: A modeling study using the example of the southwest China tin province (2024)
    In:  Ore Geology Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Important features of Sn mineralization are the heterogeneous geographic distribution and frequent regional separation from W mineralization in spite some similarities of Sn and W behavior during magmatic processes. Major Sn and W mineralization is often spatially associated with peraluminous granites, which are derived from partial melting of metasediments. Several concepts have been suggested to explain those features, such as a weathering-related Sn-enriched source, Sn redistribution between melts and restite during protolith melting, and extensive fractional crystallization. We demonstrate the importance of protolith composition for the formation of Sn (and W) granites by using a comprehensive bulk-rock composition dataset from Precambrian metasediments of the South China Sn-W province and employing a thermodynamic modeling approach. We used four compositional proxies for phase equilibria calculations, which are the metasediments of the Mengdong, Sibao, Pingbian, and Shuangqiaoshan Groups. It is well documented that those Precambrian metasediments are important protoliths of Sn granites in South China. We present quantitative evaluation of the control of protolith composition in the generation of Sn-enriched granitic melts using South China as example, but our conclusions may also be applicable to worldwide Sn–enriched granites. Our results indicate that the protolith major-element geochemistry controls the anatectic reactions and melt productivity at specific melting conditions, and consequently the partitioning behavior of Sn. Further, pre-enrichment of Sn is crucial to the fertility of granitic melt and may be a prerequisite, particularly for the formation of giant Sn deposits. We propose that the heterogeneous distribution of favorable source rocks is one of the important factors that control the spatial distribution of major Sn (and W) districts in South China and other regions worldwide.
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    Morpho‐Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Apennines and Calabrian Arc: Insights From Pollino Range and Surrounding Extensional Intermontane Basins (2024)
    In:  Tectonics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The evolution of topography in forearc regions results from the complex interplay of crustal and mantle processes. The Southern Apennines represent a well‐studied forearc region that experienced several tectonic phases, initially marked by compressional deformation followed by extension and large‐scale uplift. We present a new structural, geomorphic and fluvial analysis of the Pollino Massif and surrounding intermontane basins (Mercure, Campotenese and Castrovillari) to unravel their evolution since the Pliocene. We constrain multiple tectonic transport directions, evolution of the drainage, and magnitude and timing of long‐ term incision following base level falls. Two sets of knickpoints suggest two phases of base level lowering and allow to estimate ∼500 m of long‐term uplift (late Pleistocene), as observed in the Sila Massif. On a smaller spatial scale, the evolution and formation of topographic relief, sedimentation, and opening of intermontane basins is strongly controlled by the recent increase in rock uplift rate and fault activity. At the regional scale, an along‐strike, long‐wavelength uplift pattern from north to south can be explained by progressive lateral slab tearing and inflow of asthenospheric mantle beneath Pollino and Sila, which in turn may have promoted extensional tectonics. The lower uplift of Le Serre Massif may be explained as result of weak plate coupling due to narrowing of the Calabrian slab. The onset of uplift in the Pollino Massif, ranging from 400 to 800 ka, is consistent with that one proposed in the southern Calabrian forearc, suggesting a possible synchronism of uplift, and lateral tearing of the Calabrian slab.
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    Subduction of active spreading ridges and the disappearance of Andean-type cordilleras (2024)
    In:  Comptes Rendus Geoscience
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: We address the possible link between the age of subducting oceanic lithosphere and growth of elevated cordilleras versus extension-dominated arc regions. Singularity exists in South America: the lowest elevated Andean segments are found in Patagonia where the active Chile Ridge enters the trench. Subduction of active ridge triggers thermal doming, crustal extension and attenuation of former cordilleras. At the Antarctica–South America connection, three active ridge subductions induced the disruption of a former continuous cordillera during the opening of Drake Passage. Active ridge subduction induces lithosphere thermal erosion and related crustal extension in the upper plate. Evolution of regions worldwide experiencing ridge subduction confirms this hypothesis.
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    Finding tipping points in the global steel sector: A comparison of companies in Australia, Austria, South Korea and the USA (2024)
    In:  Global environmental change: human and policy dimensions
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The global steel sector is responsible for 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the need for significant changes in production practices and the adoption of low-carbon breakthrough technologies to achieve net-zero emissions. This study was conducted to explore positive tipping points at the company level, taking into account socio-political, economic and industry pressures that initiate the tipping process. The study operationalizes tipping points using the Triple Embededdness Framework, which incorporates indicators from the socio-political and economic environment, as well as the industry regime of companies. An analysis is performed of secondary data from four steel companies: BlueScope (Australia), POSCO (South Korea), voestalpine (Austria), and U.S. Steel (USA). The findings indicate that voestalpine is on the verge of reaching a positive tipping point, and POSCO is also on a promising track. In contrast, both BlueScope and U.S. Steel are lagging behind. In the tipping process, national policies play a critical role in expediting the transition to low-carbon steel production for frontrunners, while global climate policy has a greater leverage by influencing producers who operate in a less stringent national policy context. Additionally, the customer demand for low-carbon steel serves as a driving force for innovation and can incentivize steelmakers to produce low-carbon products.
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    Managing systemic risk through transformative change: Combining systemic risk analysis with knowledge co-production (2024)
    In:  One Earth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Increasing interconnectedness, along with the effects of climate change and other global risk drivers, has led to mounting systemic risks in the complex systems that characterize our world. Systemic risks, with their cascading impacts and long-term sustainability concerns, necessitate transformative approaches to manage their effects across system scales and dimensions. To date, however, an “operationalization gap” impedes translating between propositions for transformative change and policy options for addressing systemic risk. Here, we propose combining systemic risk analyses with local approaches, prominently including knowledge co-production, to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of complex systems. This combined approach can support stakeholders in designing transformative risk management and adaptation interventions that balance individual and higher-order interactions, incorporate diverse viewpoints, and thus manage systemic risks and leverage transformation potential more effectively. Furthermore, we suggest that a risk-layering approach can help differentiate, prioritize, and orchestrate these options for incremental and transformative changes.
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    Interpolation and sampling effects on recurrence quantification measures (2023)
    In:  Chaos
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The recurrence plot and the recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) are well-established methods for the analysis of data from complex systems. They provide important insights into the nature of the dynamics, periodicity, regime changes, and many more. These methods are used in different fields of research, such as finance, engineering, life, and earth science. To use them, the data have usually to be uniformly sampled, posing difficulties in investigations that provide non-uniformly sampled data, as typical in medical data (e.g., heart-beat based measurements), paleoclimate archives (such as sediment cores or stalagmites), or astrophysics (supernova or pulsar observations). One frequently used solution is interpolation to generate uniform time series. However, this preprocessing step can introduce bias to the RQA measures, particularly those that rely on the diagonal or vertical line structure in the recurrence plot. Using prototypical model systems, we systematically analyze differences in the RQA measure average diagonal line length for data with different sampling and interpolation. For real data, we show that the course of this measure strongly depends on the choice of the sampling rate for interpolation. Furthermore, we suggest a correction scheme, which is capable of correcting the bias introduced by the prepossessing step if the interpolation ratio is an integer.
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    A framework for synthetic power system dynamics (2023)
    In:  Chaos
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: We present a modular framework for generating synthetic power grids that consider the heterogeneity of real power grid dynamics but remain simple and tractable. This enables the generation of large sets of synthetic grids for a wide range of applications. For the first time, our synthetic model also includes the major drivers of fluctuations on short-time scales and a set of validators that ensure the resulting system dynamics are plausible. The synthetic grids generated are robust and show good synchronization under all evaluated scenarios, as should be expected for realistic power grids. A software package that includes an efficient Julia implementation of the framework is released as a companion to the paper.
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    Toward dynamic stability assessment of power grid topologies using graph neural networks (2023)
    In:  Chaos
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: To mitigate climate change, the share of renewable energies in power production needs to be increased. Renewables introduce new challenges to power grids regarding the dynamic stability due to decentralization, reduced inertia, and volatility in production. Since dynamic stability simulations are intractable and exceedingly expensive for large grids, graph neural networks (GNNs) are a promising method to reduce the computational effort of analyzing the dynamic stability of power grids. As a testbed for GNN models, we generate new, large datasets of dynamic stability of synthetic power grids and provide them as an open-source resource to the research community. We find that GNNs are surprisingly effective at predicting the highly non-linear targets from topological information only. For the first time, performance that is suitable for practical use cases is achieved. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of these models to accurately identify particular vulnerable nodes in power grids, so-called troublemakers. Last, we find that GNNs trained on small grids generate accurate predictions on a large synthetic model of the Texan power grid, which illustrates the potential for real-world applications.
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    Cross-border climate change impacts and systemic risks in Europe and beyond: Book of abstracts (2023)
    Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Language: English
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  • 71
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Plate tectonics : continental drift and mountain building (2022)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer
    Details Availability
    Call number: M 24.95738
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Contractional theory, continental drift and plate tectonics -- 2 Plate movements and their geometric relationships -- 3. Continental graben structures -- 4. Passive continental margins and abyssal plains -- 5. Mid-ocean ridges -- 6. Hot spots -- 7. Subduction zones, island arcs and active continental margins -- 8. Transform faults -- 9. Terranes -- 10. Early Precambrian plate tectonics -- 11. Plate tectonics and mountain building -- 12. Old orogens -- 13. Young orogens - the Earth's loftiest places.
    Description / Table of Contents: This textbook explains how mountains are formed and why there are old and young mountains. It provides a reconstruction of the Earths paleogeography and shows why the shapes of South America and Africa fit so well together. Furthermore, it explains why the Pacific is surrounded by a ring of volcanos and earthquake-prone areas while the edges of the Atlantic are relatively peaceful. This thoroughly revised textbook edition addresses all these questions and more through the presentation and explanation of the geodynamic processes upon which the theory of continental drift is based and which have led to the concept of plate tectonics. It is a source of information for students of geology, geophysics, geography, geosciences in general, general natural sciences, as well as professionals, and interested layman.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: X, 245 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 2nd ed. 2022.
    ISBN: 978-3-030-88998-2 , 978-3-030-89000-1 , 978-3-030-89001-8
    Series Statement: Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment
    Language: English
    Location: 19
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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    Scheelite composition fingerprints pulsed flow of magmatic fluid in the Fujiashan W skarn deposit, eastern China (2024)
    In:  American Mineralogist
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: Scheelite (CaWO4) is an economically important W mineral in skarns that form when magmatic fluids exsolved from a granitic intrusion react with carbonate wall rocks. In the Fujiashan W skarn deposit, scheelite formed during four stages of the hydrothermal skarn development. We present cathodoluminescence (CL) images and in situ trace element and Sr-O isotope data of scheelite from these four stages, i.e., scheelite in prograde and retrograde skarn, quartz-sulfide veins, and late calcite replacements. Scheelite from prograde skarn and quartz sulfide veins are homogeneous and show oscillatory zoning textures in CL images, whereas scheelite from retrograde skarn and late carbonate stages display dissolution-reprecipitation and patchy textures. The brightness of CL textures decreases with a higher substitution of Mo. Molybdenum-rich scheelite (up to 2.1 wt%) is characterized by relatively high contents of Nb and Ta (up to 156 and 0.9 ppm, respectively), positive Eu anomalies, high-δ18O values (5.2 to 5.9‰), and relatively low-87Sr/86Sr values (0.70661 to 0.70727), and has grown in a system with a continuous supply of magmatic fluid. Molybdenum-poor scheelite (0.2 wt%) has low contents of Nb and Ta, negative Eu anomalies, low-δ18O values (4.2 to 4.3‰), and relatively high-87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70748 to 0.70804). This type of scheelite formed in a system with a restricted flow of magmatic fluid during scheelite precipitation became increasingly depleted in elements that substitute into scheelite. The continued reaction of the magmatic fluid with the wall rocks and the precipitation of minerals from the fluid resulted in a systematic change of the δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Chemical and isotopic variations in scheelite may reflect the pulsed flow of a magmatic fluid and do not require the involvement of different fluids or contrasting redox conditions.
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  • 73
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    CRM-geothermal - Gas chemical measurements at the Tuzla, Seferihisar and Dikili geothermal fields, Turkey (2024)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: To enhance the EU's economic autonomy, feasible options for local sourcing of critical raw materials that would allow for shorter supply routes along with ethical and responsible value chains are under contemplation. Social acceptance of mining in Europe is, however, low, and the establishment of new mining sites faces strong public opposition. Therefore, innovative solutions for the production of primary raw materials need to be developed. A new idea for raw material extraction is the extraction of essential elements from geothermal fluids. Deep geothermal fluids, increasingly used for energy production, often contain high concen-trations of dissolved ions and gases in commercially interesting concentrations. The EU-funded project CRM-geothermal aims to develop new technologies to extract these highly relevant elements, including helium, during geothermal production cycles. In this way, an environmentally friendly and socially acceptable exploration and exploitation method could be deployed. One aim of the CRM-geothermal project is to gain an overview of the actual quantities of critical raw materials in various geothermal fluids in Europe by taking and analyzing fluid samples. In Turkey for instance, classical high enthalpy (volcanic) systems exist, which are representative for many geothermal areas worldwide. The sites are located at the edges of tectonic plates and close to areas undergoing volcanic activity. The brines are mixed with seawater and circulate in the deeper crust. The data publication contains analyses results of three gas samples from Tuzla, two samples from Seferihisar geothermal power plant and one sample from the Dikili geothermal field in Turkey, taken in 2023 as part of the CRM-geothermal project.
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  • 74
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    Toroidal flow around the Tonga slab moved the Samoan plume during the Pliocene (2024)
    In:  Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: Age-progressive seamount tracks generated by lithospheric motion over a stationary mantle plume have long been used to reconstruct absolute plate motion (APM) models. However, the basis of these models requires the plumes to move significantly slower than the overriding lithosphere. When a plume interacts with a convergent or divergent plate boundary, it is often deflected within the strong local mantle flow fields associated with such regimes. Here, we examined the age progression and geometry of the Samoa hotspot track, focusing on lava flow samples dredged from the deep flanks of seamounts in order to best reconstruct when a given seamount was overlying the mantle plume (i.e., during the shield-building stage). The Samoan seamounts display an apparent local plate velocity of 7.8 cm/yr from 0 to 9 Ma, 11.1 cm/yr from 9 to 14 Ma, and 5.6 cm/yr from 14 to 24 Ma. Current fixed and mobile hotspot Pacific APM models cannot reproduce the geometry of the Samoa seamount track if a long-term fixed hotspot location, currently beneath the active Vailulu’u Seamount, is assumed. Rather, reconstruction of the eruptive locations of the Samoan seamounts using APM models indicates that the surface expression of the plume migrated ~2° northward in the Pliocene. Large-scale mantle flow beneath the Pacific Ocean Basin cannot explain this plume migration. Instead, the best explanation is that toroidal flow fields—generated by westward migration of the Tonga Trench and associated slab rollback—have deflected the conduit northward over the past 2–3 m.y. These observations provide novel constraints on the ways in which plume-trench interactions can alter hotspot track geometries.
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    Microbial preference for chlorate over perchlorate under simulated shallow subsurface Mars-like conditions (2024)
    In:  Scientific Reports
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: The Martian surface and shallow subsurface lacks stable liquid water, yet hygroscopic salts in the regolith may enable the transient formation of liquid brines. This study investigated the combined impact of water scarcity, UV exposure, and regolith depth on microbial survival under Marslike environmental conditions. Both vegetative cells of Debaryomyces hansenii and Planococcus halocryophilus, alongside with spores of Aspergillus niger, were exposed to an experimental chamber simulating Martian environmental conditions (constant temperatures of about − 11 °C, low pressure of approximately 6 mbar, a CO2 atmosphere, and 2 h of daily UV irradiation). We evaluated colonyforming units (CFU) and water content at three different regolith depths before and after exposure periods of 3 and 7 days, respectively. Each organism was tested under three conditions: one without the addition of salts to the regolith, one containing sodium chlorate, and one with sodium perchlorate. Our results reveal that the residual water content after the exposure experiments increased with regolith depth, along with the organism survival rates in chlorate-containing and salt-free samples. The survival rates of the three organisms in perchlorate-containing regolith were consistently lower for all organisms and depths compared to chlorate, with the most significant difference being observed at a depth of 10–12 cm, which corresponds to the depth with the highest residual water content. The postulated reason for this is an increase in the salt concentration at this depth due to the freezing of water, showing that for these organisms, perchlorate brines are more toxic than chlorate brines under the experimental conditions. This underscores the significance of chlorate salts when considering the habitability of Martian environments.
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  • 76
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    Evaluating long-term water storage trends in small catchments and aquifers from a joint inversion of 20 years of GRACE/GRACE-FO mission data (2024)
    In:  Geophysical Journal International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: More than 20 yr of measurement data of the gravity missions GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) and GRACE-FO (GRACE-Follow-On) allow detailed investigations of long-term trends in continental terrestrial water storage (TWS). However, the spatial resolution of conventional GRACE/GRACE-FO data products is limited to a few hundred kilometres which restrains from investigating hydrological trends at smaller spatial scales. In this study GRACE and GRACE-FO data have been used to calculate TWS trends with maximized spatial resolution. Conventionally, GRACE/GRACE-FO is presented as a series of either unconstrained gravity fields post-processed with spatial low pass filters or constrained inversions commonly known as Mascon products. This paper demonstrates that both approaches to suppress spatially correlated noise are mathematically equivalent. Moreover, we demonstrate that readily inverting all available sensor data from GRACE/GRACE-FO for a single TWS trend map, together with annual variations and a mean gravity field, provides additional spatial detail not accessible from the standard products. The variable trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution as a unique feature of satellite gravimetry allows for gravity products that are tailored towards specific geophysical applications. We show additional signal content in terms of long-term water storage trends for four dedicated examples (Lake Victoria, Northwest India, Bugachany Reservoir and High Plains Aquifer) for which external information from other remote sensing instruments corroborates the enhanced spatial resolution of the new mean-field trend product.
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  • 77
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    Exploring the Origin of Geoid Low and Topography High in West Antarctica: Insights from Density Anomalies and Mantle Convection Models (2023)
    In:  Tektonika
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: The deepest geoid low globally with respect to hydrostatic equilibrium is in the Ross Sea area. Nearby in West Antarctica is a residual topography high. Both are in a region with thin lithosphere, where a mantle plume has been suggested. Hence upper mantle viscosity could be regionally reduced, allowing for faster rebound than elsewhere upon melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, one of the global climate system’s tipping elements. To study possible causes of the geoid low / topography high combination, we compute the effects of disk-shaped density anomalies. With -1% density anomaly and a global average radial viscosity structure, geoid low and topography high can be explained with disk radius about 10° and depth range ~150-650 km. Alternatively, there may be two separate disks somewhat laterally displaced, one just below the lithosphere and mainly causing a dynamic topography high and one below the transition zone causing the geoid low. If viscosity in the uppermost mantle is reduced by a factor 10 (from 50 to 350 km depth) to 100 (from 100 to 220 km), one shallow disk in the depth range 50-350 km would also be sufficient. In order to test the feasibility of such density models, we perform computations of a thermal plume that enters at the base of a cartesian box corresponding to a region in the upper mantle, as well as some whole-mantle thermal plume models, with ASPECT. These plume models have typically a narrow conduit and the plume tends to only become wider as it spreads beneath the lithosphere, typically shallower than ~300 km. These results are most consistent with the shallow disk model with reduced uppermost mantle viscosity, hence providing further support for such low viscosities beneath West Antarctica.
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  • 78
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    Magmatic-hydrothermal fluid evolution of the tin-polymetallic metallogenic systems from the Weilasituo ore district, Northeast China (2024)
    In:  Scientific Reports
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: The large Weilasituo Sn-polymetallic deposit is a recent exploration discovery in the southern Great Xing’an Range, northeast China. The ore cluster area shows horizontal mineralization zoning, from the inner granite body outward, consisting of high-T Sn–W–Li mineralization, middle-T Cu–Zn mineralization and peripheral low-T Pb–Zn–Ag mineralization. However, the intrinsic genetic relationship between Sn-W-Li mineralization and peripheral vein-type Pb–Zn–Ag–Cu mineralization, the formation mechanism and the deep geological background are still insufficiently understood. Here, we use fluid inclusions, trace elements concentrations in quartz and sphalerite, and H–O isotope studies to determine the genetic mechanism and establish a metallogenic model. Fluid inclusion microthermometry and Laser Raman spectroscopic analysis results demonstrates that the aqueous ore-forming fluids evolved from low-medium salinity, medium–high temperature to low salinity, low-medium temperature fluids. Laser Raman spectroscopic analysis shows that CH4 is ubiquitous in fluid inclusions of all ore stages. Early ore fluids have δ18OH2O (v–SMOW) values from + 5.5 to + 6.2‰ and δD values of approximately − 67‰, concordant with a magmatic origin. However, the late ore fluids shifted toward lower δ18OH2O (v–SMOW) (as low as 0.3‰) and δD values (~ − 136‰), suggesting mixing between external fluids derived from the wall rocks and a contribution from meteoric water. Ti-in-quartz thermometry indicates a magmatic crystallization temperature of around 700 °C at a pressure of 1.5 kbar for the magmatic ore stage. Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and trace element analysis of quartz from a hydrothermal vug highlight at least three growth episodes that relate to different fluid pulses; each episode begins with CL-bright, Al-Li-rich quartz, and ends with CL-dark quartz with low Al and Li contents. Quartz from Episode 1 formed from early Sn-(Zn)-rich fluids which were likely derived from the quartz porphyry. Quartz from episodes 2 and 3 formed from Zn-(Sn)-Cu-rich fluid. The early magmatic fluid is characterized by low fS2. The SO2 produced by magma degassing reacted with heated water to form SO42−, causing the shift from low fS2 to high fS2. The SO42− generated was converted to S2– by mixing with CH4-rich, Fe and Zn-bearing external fluid which led to late-stage alteration and dissolution of micas in vein walls, thus promoting crystallization of pyrrhotite, Fe-rich sphalerite and chalcopyrite and inhibiting the precipitation of anhydrite. This study shows that ore formation encompassed multiple episodes involving steadily evolved fluids, and that the addition of external fluids plays an important role in the formation of the later Cu–Zn and Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization in the Weilasituo ore district.
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    Geomechanical-numerical models without stress magnitude data (2024)
    In:  Proceedings
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Language: English
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    Characteristics and formation of rare-metal pegmatites and granites in the Duanfengshan-Guanyuan district of the northern Mufushan granite complex in South China (2024)
    In:  Lithos
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: The Mufushan area, which has abundant rare-metal pegmatites within and around the Mufushan Granite Complex, has become a major target for Ta-Nb-(Li-Be) exploration in South China. The age and origin of the pegmatites and associated rare-metal mineralization are still under debate. Here, we report the in situ U-Pb ages and geochemical characteristics of granites and pegmatites in the Guanyuan and Duanfengshan districts, which are located in the central and northern parts of the Mufushan Complex. Combined zircon, apatite and monazite U-(Th)-Pb dating revealed that biotite, two-mica, and muscovite granites from the Guanyuan and Duanfengshan districts were emplaced at 143–139 Ma, which overlaps with the U-Pb ages of columbite-group minerals (CGM) from different internal zones of the Duanfengshan pegmatites (142–140 Ma). Whole-rock major and trace element compositions and Sr-Nd-Hf isotope data reveal that the granites and pegmatites experienced continuous evolution from biotite, two-mica, and muscovite granites to pegmatite and that the magma originated from the partial melting of mica schists that are abundant in the Mufushan area. Temporal, chemical and mineralogical evidence indicates a genetic link between muscovite granite and Ta-Nb pegmatites. The textures and chemical compositions of CGM from different pegmatites exhibit features typical of magmatic CGM, indicating that fractional crystallization was the driving force that promoted Ta-Nb enrichment. The increasing alumina satu- ration index [ASI: molar Al/(Ca–1.67P + Na + K)] of pegmatitic melt due to albite crystallization may have been the main factor controlling CGM deposition, explaining why major Ta-Nb mineralization is bound to albite pegmatites. The Duanfengshan and other rare-metal pegmatites in the Mufushan area are derivatives of the most evolved granitic facies (i.e., muscovite granite) of the Mufushan Complex. The Duanfengshan and Renli pegmatite fields indicate that the Early Cretaceous (~140 Ma) may have been an important, underappreciated epoch for the formation of pegmatite-related rare-metal resources in the Mufushan area and beyond in South China.
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    A novel approach for geomechanical modelling in the absence of stress magnitude data (2024)
    In:  Australian Energy Producers Journal
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Geomechanics play an important role in any underground activity, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) geo-storage, owing to the considerable hazards linked to the injection and withdrawal of fluids into and from the subsurface. In order to quantify these risks, knowledge of full stress tensor is required. Yet, most of our stress information in the Australian target basins for geo-storage is limited to the stress orientations, while stress magnitude data is sparse. 3D geomechanical modelling has proved to be an invaluable tool for prediction of full stress tensor. Nevertheless, a model requires some stress magnitude data in order to tune the model to be representative of real stress state. In situations where stress magnitude data is lacking, this means that the model is susceptible to significant uncertainties. Herein, we present a novel strategy for stress modelling, which involves the utilisation of indirect data such as borehole breakouts, drilling-induced fractures, seismic activity records, and formation integrity tests to calibrate a 3D geomechanical model. We employ the northern Bowen Basin, an onshore basin in Queensland, Australia, as a case study for a comprehensive 3D geomechanical modelling approach. We assess all the indirect information in the model’s volume to narrow down the model predictions and find the most reliable stress state. This innovative approach is an important step forward in stress modelling of Australian basins, where lack of stress magnitudes is a great challenge for geomechanical assessment of geo-storage.
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    A Neural network model of Electron density in Earth’s Topside ionosphere (NET) (2023)
    In:  Proceedings
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: The ionosphere is an ionized part of the upper atmosphere, where the number of free electrons is large enough to affect the propagation of radio signals, including those of the GNSS systems. The knowledge of electron density values in the ionosphere is crucial for both industrial and scientific applications. Here, we develop a novel empirical model of electron density in the topside ionosphere using the radio occultation profiles collected by the CHAMP, GRACE, and COSMIC missions. We assume a linear decay of scale height with altitude and model four parameters, namely the F2-peak density and height (NmF2 and hmF2) and the slope and intercept of the linear scale height decay (dHs/dh and HO). The resulting model (NET) is based on feedforward neural networks. The model inputs include the the geographic and geomagnetic position, the solar flux and geomagnetic indices. The resulting density reconstructions are validated on more than a hundred million in-situ measurements from CHAMP, CNOFS and Swarm satellites, as well as on the GRACE/KBR data, and the developed NET model is compared to several topside options of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. The NET model yields highly accurate reconstructions of the topside ionosphere and gives unbiased predictions for different locations, seasons, and solar activity conditions.
    Language: English
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    Continental subduction controls regional magma heterogeneity and distribution of porphyry deposits in post-collisional settings (2024)
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Act
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Continental subduction is the major cause of regional heterogeneities in the lithospheric mantle and contrasting types of magmatism and mineralization in post-collisional settings. We illustrate the relation between the nature of the subducted crust and the character of magmatism for the Late Miocene New Guinea Orogen that formed by the collision of the Australian continental margin with an island arc. The bipartite nature of the subducted Australian plate margin, with Precambrian crust in the west and Phanerozoic accreted arcs in the east, is reflected in the contrasting magmatism along the strike of the New Guinea Orogen. The chemical signature of the subducted crust is particularly prominent in small-volume Late Miocene–Quaternary ultrapotassic rocks of New Guinea. In the west, ultrapotassic lavas have low εNd values (−12.6 to −20.9), indicating the recycling of ancient continental material. Conversely, high εNd values of +3.5 to +4.5 are found in ultrapotassic lavas from eastern New Guinea. This suggests recycling of juvenile continental material, similar to the orthogneisses exposed in the Late Miocene ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic complex of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands. By comparison with ultrapotassic rocks from other orogenic belts, we show that crustal recycling is responsible for regionally contrasting redox conditions in the lithospheric mantle, which may explain why porphyry-type deposits are important in some regions but absent in others.
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    ClarifAI: Interactive XAI Methods for Geosciences (2024)
    In:  Abstracts
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: In geosciences, machine learning (ML) has become essential for solving complex problems, such as predicting natural disasters or analysing the impact of extreme temperatures on mortality rates. However, the integration of ML into geoscience scenarios faces significant challenges, especially in explaining the influence of hyperparameters (HP) on model performance and model behaviour in specific scenarios. The Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) system ClarifAI developed at GFZ addresses these challenges by combining XAI concepts with interactive visualisation. ClarifAI currently provides users with two interactive XAI methods: HyperParameter Explorer (HPExplorer) and Hypothetical Scenario Explorer (HSExplorer). HPExplorer allows interactive exploration of the HP space by computing an interactive tour through stable regions of the HP space. We define a stable region in HP space as a subspace of HP space in which ML models show similar model performance. We also employ HP importance analysis to deepen the understanding of the impact of separate HPs on model performance.The Hypothetical Scenarios Explorer (HSExplorer) helps users explore model behaviour by allowing them to test how changes in input data affect the model's response. In our presentation, we will demonstrate how HSExplorer helps users understand the impact of individual HPs on model performance. As ClarifAI is an important research area in our lab, we are interested in discussing relevant XAI challenges with the XAI community in ESSI. Our goal is to create a comprehensive set of tools that explain the mechanics of ML models and allow practitioners to apply ML to a wide range of geoscience applications.
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    The behavior of Li and B isotopes in high-T and low-T eclogites enclosed by phengite schists (2024)
    In:  Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Subduction zones are critical sites for recycling of Li and B into the mantle. The way of redistribution of Li and B and their isotopes in subduction settings is debated, and there is a lack of detailed studies on Li and B partitioning between minerals of different types of eclogites and the host rocks of the eclogites. We present Li and B concentration data of minerals and Li and B whole-rock isotope data for low-T and high-T eclogites and their phengite schist host rocks from the Changning–Menglian suture zone, SW China. Omphacite controls the Li budget in both the low-T and high-T eclogites. Low-T eclogites have Li and δ7Li values (8.4–27.0 ppm, – 5.5 to + 3.2 ‰) similar to the phengite schists (8.7–27.0 ppm, – 3.8 to + 3.0 ‰), suggesting that Li was added to low-T eclogites from the phengite schists. In contrast, high-T eclogites have much lower δ7Li values (– 13.2 to – 5.8 ‰) than the phengite schists, reflecting prograde loss of Li or exchange with wall rocks characterized by low δ7Li values. Phengite and retrograde amphibole/muscovite are the major B hosts for low-T and high-T eclogites, respectively. The budgets and isotopic compositions of B in eclogites are affected by the infiltration of fluids derived from phengite schists, as indicated by eclogite δ11B values (– 15.1 to – 8.1 ‰) overlapping with the values of the phengite schists (– 22.8 to – 9.5 ‰). Lithium and B in eclogites are hosted in different mineral phases that may have formed at different stages of metamorphism, implying that the contents and isotopic compositions of Li and B may become decoupled during subduction-related fluid-mediated redistribution. We suggest a mineralogical control on the redistribution of Li and B in eclogites during subduction and the exchange of Li and B with the immediate wall rocks. The observed contrasting Li and B isotopic signatures in eclogites are likely caused by a fluid-mediated exchange with different types of wall rocks during both prograde metamorphism and exhumation.
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    TFe and SiO2 Spatial Mapping Enhancement in Iron Tailings: Efficiency of a Calibration Transfer Model (2024)
    In:  Abstracts
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Iron tailings are crystalline powders predominantly composed of iron (Fe) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). Spatially characterizing of the physical and chemical properties of iron tailings is greatly important for optimal utilization and proper disposal of tailings. Visible–near infrared–shortwave infrared (VIS–NIR–SWIR; 350–2500 nm) spectroscopy offers a rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective method for quantitatively analyzing tailings properties. The main objective of this study was to map the spatial distribution of total Fe (TFe) and SiO2 content in a tailings dam through the use of laboratory spectra and GF-5 hyperspectral imagery based a calibration transfer model approach. A total of 77 samples were collected from the surface of targeting field and scanned by a laboratory VIS–NIR–SWIR reflectance spectrometer. The competitive adaptive re-weighted sampling (CARS) algorithm was applied to select important spectral features. Subsequently, different spectral indices were calculated to enhance the prediction performance of the calibration models. Rulefit and random forest (RF) algorithms were used to calibrate spectral information with associated tailing properties. The results showed that the Rulefit algorithm with selected feature bands and calculated spectral indices yielded the highest estimation accuracy for TFe (R2 = 0.86, RMSE = 1.30%, LCCC = 0.87 and bias = -0.45) and SiO2 (R2 = 0.74, RMSE = 2.00%, LCCC = 0.84 and bias = 0.38). The direct standardization (DS) algorithm was applied to correct GF-5 hyperspectral images and enhance the efficiency of calibration model transfer process. Finally, the Rulefit models were transferred to corrected GF-5 hyperspectral images for mapping the spatial distribution of TFe and SiO2 contents. Our results demonstrated the possibility of successful transfer of laboratory spectral-based model to the GF-5 hyperspectral imagery for mapping spatial distribution of tailing compositions. This finding can be applied for efficiently recovering valuable metals and minimizing environmental risks.
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    Zircon trace element fingerprint of changing tectonic regimes in Permian rhyolites from the Central European Lowlands (2024)
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: The late Carboniferous/early Permian post-collisional rhyolites (305–285 Ma) that formed in Central Europe have generally similar whole rock compositions to that of older Late-Variscan rhyolites (330–310 Ma). However, data compilation combining zircon age with the chemical composition of rhyolites from 20 units shows a trend of increasing zircon saturation temperature with decreasing age. This trend is particularly well identified in rhyolites from the Central European Lowlands (CEL)—consisting of the NE German and NW Polish Basin—and also correlates their location with the zircon saturation temperature increasing from SE to NW from 750°C to 850°C. We infer that these higher temperatures of zircon saturation reflect a contemporaneous change in the tectonic setting from collisional to divergent, reflecting the onset of the Central European continental rifting. This interpretation is further corroborated by the trace element compositions of the CEL zircons, which resembles zircon crystallized in a divergent setting. Interestingly, the zircon formed globally in this type of setting is chemically diverse, especially considering uranium concentration. For example, zircon from locations dominated by mafic magma fractionation, such as rhyolites from Iceland, have low U concentrations and low U/Yb ratios. On the other hand, zircon formed in rhyolites in rifted margins, like western North America, tends to have much higher U and U/Yb ratios. Such high concentrations are not observed in zircon from the CEL, suggesting that the mantle input could be higher and residence times within continental crust shorter than those for rhyolites from the Cenozoic western USA. This may, in turn, suggest that the region might have been affected by a hot spot, similar to that responsible for rhyolite formation of the Snake River Plain.
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    The Clinical Relevance of Age at Presentation in Nephroblastoma (2024)
    Exon Publications | Wilms Tumor
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: The most important prognostic factors for Wilms tumor (WT) patients seem to be stage, histological subtype, and 1p/16q loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in chemotherapy-naive WTs. Over the last decade, age at diagnosis also was suggested to be an important risk factor for WT recurrence in Children’s Oncology Group (COG), United Kingdom (UK), and International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) studies. Several studies have analyzed age as a prognostic factor; these studies revealed age 〈2 years as a favorable prognostic factor, while age 〉4 years has been described as an adverse prognostic factor. In adults (〉18 years of age), WT represents less than 1% of all diagnosed renal tumors; therefore, diagnosis of WT in adults is often unexpected and poorly recognized, thereby inducing treatment delay with subsequent adverse outcome. One explanation for the higher risk of recurrence with increasing patient age is the higher frequency of anaplasia at higher age. Other suggested reasons are delay in diagnosis, advanced tumor stage at presentation, and intrinsically different biological behaviors. Whether age is really an independent risk factor, and whether age is a stronger prognostic factor than stage, histology, and LOH 1p/16q, needs to be further explored. This may provide some insight into whether older patients need to be treated more intensively, as is already advised for adult WT patients.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: MJR
    Language: English
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    Wilms’ Tumour – Histology and Differential Diagnosis (2024)
    Exon Publications | Wilms Tumor
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Wilms’ tumour (WT) is the most common paediatric renal tumour, which can present as a single nodule, as multifocal unilateral lesions or as bilateral tumours. Typically, WT comprises three histological components namely blastemal, epithelial and stromal. The proportion and the degree of maturation of these components vary significantly, making the histological appearance of each tumour unique. Classical triphasic WT rarely presents diagnostic difficulty for pathologists, but when only one component is present, especially in a small biopsy specimen, the differential diagnosis may include renal cell carcinoma, metanephric adenoma and hyperplastic nephrogenic rest for epithelial elements and clear cell sarcoma of the kidney, mesoblastic nephroma and synovial sarcoma for stromal elements. Pure blastemal-type WT may be difficult to distinguish from other embryonal ‘small round blue cell tumours’, including neuroblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumour/Ewing sarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumour and lymphoma. All the three components, though usually blastema, can become anaplastic, leading to the diagnosis of either focal or diffuse anaplasia. WT with diffuse anaplasia and WT with blastemal predominance (after preoperative che¬motherapy) are regarded as high-risk tumours and require more aggressive treatment. Careful assessment of the tumour and the normal kidney is critical for accurate subtyping and staging of WT, which is the basis for post-operative treatment. In addition, the identification and correct interpretation of nephrogenic rests may affect prognosis and management. Histological distinction between WT and nephrogenic rest is not always possible based on morphology alone, and implementation of new molecular genetic tools may aid in this regard. Other molecular genetic signatures of WT, such as P53 mutation and MYCN dysregulation, may provide future additional prognostic and therapeutic information.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: nephrogenic rest ; Wilms’ tumour ; MJR
    Language: English
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    Die große Transformation: Zum Verhältnis von (Sozial-)Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft (2024)
    In:  Leviathan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Social-ecological transformation has become an important concept in the face of profound planetary crises (loss of biodiversity, climate crisis). Recently, the needs for social scientific transformation research have become more clearly defined. We reflect on the role of the social sciences and the humanities in democratically shaping social transformation in interaction with other sectors of society. Finally, we sketch three examples that illustrate the kind of new methodological and institutional approaches to be pursued.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Undermining by Mining? Deep Seabed Mining in Light of International Marine Environmental Law (2024)
    In:  AJIL unbound
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Some forty years ago, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS) created an unusual regime for states to collectively manage common natural resources on the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction (known as the Area) through the International Seabed Authority (ISA). In the intervening years, scientists have increasingly been warning about the serious environmental risks of mining seabed minerals. At this pivotal point in time, when states are negotiating whether or not to allow seabed mining, this essay explores the risk of undermining by mining, that is, contravening international marine environmental law and the obligations and responsibilities of states thereunder by allowing commercial mining activities to commence. We argue that allowing seabed mining in the Area at this juncture, when so much about the deep ocean remains unknown, would risk frustrating a host of measures, achievements, and progress to enhance marine environmental protection, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction. We begin with an overview of the ISA and its work to date, before discussing potential interactions between seabed mining and marine environmental law and policies, with a particular focus on the new ocean biodiversity agreement. We conclude by urging states to take cognizance of their overarching duty to protect and preserve the marine environment and ensure that all decisions taken with respect to seabed mining are consistent with their obligations and responsibilities under international law.
    Language: English
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    Impacts beyond experimentation - Conceptualising emergent impacts from long-term real-world laboratory processes (2024)
    In:  GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Real-world laboratories have become a recognised research format for addressing sustainability challenges. In these transdisciplinary settings, actors from civil society, local government, and academia work together using a transdisciplinary research approach to jointly experiment and learn about sustainability transformations. While these labs are considered to have potential, their impact has not yet been fully measured. Therefore, in our paper we explore the case of the Zukunftsstadt Lüneburg 2030+ process to uncover the impacts that this long-term effort has generated over the past eight years. By examining the process and its design features from three analytical perspectives, we identify emergent impacts in three dimensions: education, governance, and the lab as an actor for sustainability. Based on our case study, we suggest that real-world labs contribute to sustainability on a local level, beyond the intentional experiments, through impacts that emerge over the course of the joint operation of the lab.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Courts, climate litigation and the evolution of earth system law (2024)
    In:  Global Policy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Numerous scientific reports have evidenced the transformation of the earth system due to human activities. These changes – captured under the term ‘Anthropocene’ – require a new perspective on global law and policy. The concept of ‘earth system law’ situates law in an earth system context and offers a new perspective to interrogate the role of law in governing planetary challenges such as climate change. The discourse on earth system law has not yet fully recognised courts as actors that could shape climate governance, while climate litigation discourse has insufficiently considered aspects of earth system law. We posit that courts play an increasingly influential climate governance role and that they need to be recognised as Anthropocene institutions within the earth system law paradigm. Drawing on a set of prominent climate cases, we discuss five inter-related domains that are relevant for earth system law and where the potential influence of courts can be discerned: establishing accountability, redefining power relations, remedying vulnerabilities and injustices, increasing the reach and impact of international climate law and applying climate science to adjudicate legal disputes. We suggest that their innovative work in these domains could provide a basis for positioning courts as planetary climate governance actors.
    Language: English
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    Positioning Germany in an international hydrogen economy: A policy review (2024)
    In:  Energy strategy reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Germany, the European Union member state with the largest fiscal space and its leading manufacturer of industrial goods, is pursuing an ambitious hydrogen strategy aiming at establishing itself as a major technology provider and importer of green hydrogen. The success of its hydrogen strategy represents not only a key element in realizing the European vision of climate neutrality but also a central driver of an emerging global hydrogen economy. This article provides a detailed review of German policy, highlighting its prominent international dimension and its implications for the development of a global renewable hydrogen economy. It provides an overview of the strategy's central goals and how these have evolved since the launch of the strategy in 2020. Next, it moves on to provide an overview of the strategy's main areas of intervention and highlights corresponding policy instruments. For this, we draw on a comprehensive assessment of hydrogen policy instruments, which have been systematically analyzed and coded. This was complemented by a detailed analysis of policy documents and information gathered in six interviews with government officials and staff of key implementing agencies. The article places particular emphasis on the strategy's international dimension. While less significant in financial terms than domestic hydrogen-related spending, it represents a defining feature of the German hydrogen strategy, setting it apart from strategies in other major economies. The article closes with a reflection on the key features of the strategy compared to other important countries, identifies gaps of the strategy and discusses important avenues for future research.
    Language: English
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    David versus Goliath? Indigenous people, carbon majors and climate litigation in South Africa (2024)
    In:  Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: In two recent South African cases, Indigenous communities successfully challenged proposed fossil fuel exploration activities by the Shell petroleum company off South Africa's pristine West Coast. In contrast to earlier climate litigation cases in South Africa, the litigants relied specifically on their Indigenous rights and knowledge. In this case note, we highlight the ways in which the two courts engaged with the communities' cultural beliefs and practices as well as their knowledge related to sustainability and how this relates to protecting their livelihoods, cultural practices and identities that are threatened by the proposed activities. We highlight the important role played by Indigenous communities in the climate movement and argue that, in the future, Indigenous and related considerations could provide a strong basis for climate litigation in South Africa and potentially contribute to efforts to protect Indigenous communities against the activities of carbon majors.
    Language: English
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    An enhanced emissions module for the PALM model system 23.10 with application on PM10 emissions from urban domestic heating (2024)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Discussions
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: This article presents an enhanced emission module for the PALM model system, which collects discrete emission sources from different emission sectors and assigns them dynamically to the prognostic equations for specific pollutant species as volumetric source terms. Bidirectional lookup between each source location and cell index are maintained through using a hash key approach, while allowing all emission source modules to be conceived, developed and operated in a homogeneous and mutually independent manner. An additional generic emission mode has also been implemented to allow the use of external emission data in simulation runs. Results from benchmark runs indicate a high level of performance and scalability. Subsequently, a module for modelling parametrized emissions from domestic heating is implemented under this framework, using the approach of building energy usage and temperature deficit as a generalized form of heating degree days. An model run has been executed under idealized conditions by considering solely dispersion of PM10 from domestic heating sources. The results demonstrate a strong overall dependence on the strength and clustering of individual sources, diurnal variation in domestic heat usage, as well as the temperature deficit between the ambient and the user-defined target temperature. Vertical transport contributes additionally to a rapid attenuation of daytime PM10. Although urban topology plays a minor role on the pollutant concentrations at ground level, it has a relevant contribution to the vertical pollutant distribution.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Towards Arctic Research Upholding Indigenous Peoples’ Rights: Recommendations for ICARP IV, the International Conference on Arctic Research Planning (2023)
    Saami Council, Research Institute for Sustainability – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Ecologic Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Key message: A decolonial approach is needed to fulfil IASC’s commitment to recognizing that Traditional Knowledge, Indigenous Knowledge and academic scientific knowledge are co-equal and complementary knowledge systems that all can and should inform its work (website ICARP IV, retrieved October 2023). This document summarizes key recommendations for actions regarding five themes: 1. Indigenous Peoples’ right to self-determination as a prerequisite for high-quality Arctic research 2. Ethics, methods and methodology as key for decolonial research 3. Indigenous-led research in design and practice 4. Indigenous Peoples’ co-equal participation in Arctic research funding structures and decision-making for securing decolonial Arctic research in practice 5. Funding for Co-Creative and Indigenous-Led Arctic Research
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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    The economic commitment of climate change (2024)
    In:  Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Global projections of macroeconomic climate-change damages typically consider impacts from average annual and national temperatures over long time horizons. Here we use recent empirical findings from more than 1,600 regions worldwide over the past 40 years to project sub-national damages from temperature and precipitation, including daily variability and extremes. Using an empirical approach that provides a robust lower bound on the persistence of impacts on economic growth, we find that the world economy is committed to an income reduction of 19% within the next 26 years independent of future emission choices (relative to a baseline without climate impacts, likely range of 11–29% accounting for physical climate and empirical uncertainty). These damages already outweigh the mitigation costs required to limit global warming to 2 °C by sixfold over this near-term time frame and thereafter diverge strongly dependent on emission choices. Committed damages arise predominantly through changes in average temperature, but accounting for further climatic components raises estimates by approximately 50% and leads to stronger regional heterogeneity. Committed losses are projected for all regions except those at very high latitudes, at which reductions in temperature variability bring benefits. The largest losses are committed at lower latitudes in regions with lower cumulative historical emissions and lower present-day income.
    Language: English
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    Fair group decisions via non-deterministic proportional consensus (2024)
    In:  Social Choice and Welfare
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-24
    Description: Are there group decision methods which (i) give everyone, including minorities, an equal share of effective decision power even when voters act strategically, (ii) promote consensus and equality, rather than polarization and inequality, and (iii) do not favour the status quo or rely too much on chance? We describe two non-deterministic group decision methods that meet these criteria, one based on automatic bargaining over lotteries, the other on conditional commitments to approve compromise options. Using theoretical analysis, agent-based simulations and a behavioral experiment, we show that these methods prevent majorities from consistently suppressing minorities, which can happen in deterministic methods, and keeps proponents of the status quo from blocking decisions, as in other consensus-based approaches. Our simulations show that these methods achieve aggregate welfare comparable to common voting methods, while employing chance judiciously, and that the welfare costs of fairness and consensus are small compared to the inequality costs of majoritarianism. In an incentivized experiment with naive participants, we find that a sizable fraction of participants prefers to use a non-deterministic voting method over Plurality Voting to allocate monetary resources. However, this depends critically on their position within the group. Those in the majority show a strong preference for majoritarian voting methods.
    Language: English
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    What is the voluntary carbon market - and what contribution does it make to climate action? (2024)
    München : acatech - Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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