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  • SPACE RADIATION  (1,385)
  • 1975-1979  (713)
  • 1960-1964  (672)
  • 1
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    Fluctuations in microwave background radiation due to secondary ionization of the intergalactic gas in the universe (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Secondary heating and ionization of the intergalactic gas at redshifts z approximately 10-30 could lead to the large optical depth of the Universe for Thomson scattering and could smooth the primordial fluctuations formed at z approximately 1500. It is shown that the gas motions connected with the large scale density perturbations at z approximately 10-15 must lead to the generation of secondary fluctuations of microwave background. The contribution of the rich clusters of galaxies and young galaxies to the fluctuations of microwave background is also estimated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75619
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  • 2
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    Soviet-French working group interpretation of the scientific information during the search for celestial sources of gamma pulses, abstract of reports, 24-30 March 1977 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The progress made and techniques used by the Soviet-French group in the study of gamma and X ray pulses are described in abstracts of 16 reports. Experiments included calibration and operation of various recording instruments designed for measurements involving these pulses, specifically the location of sources of such pulses in outer space. Space vehicles are utilized in conjunction with ground equipment to accomplish these tests.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75050
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  • 3
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    Current cosmic-ray programs in the United States (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Approved NASA cosmic ray programs for the next five years are reviewed. In deep space, four new missions are planned. The first two, Helios A and B, will go inwards to approximately 0.3 AU, and the second two, Mariner Jupiter-Saturn, will go outwards to Saturn at 9.5 AU. Two missions in the earth orbital program promise to provide major new information on cosmic ray isotopes and on very heavy cosmic rays. These are the C mission of the International Sun-Earth Explorer, and the C mission of the High Energy Astronomy Observatory. The balloon research program is also mentioned.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Res. Goals for Cosmic-Ray Astrophys. in the 1980's; p 47-49
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  • 4
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    Space Research in the Physical Sciences (1962)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Nasa-sponsored space research - geodesy, earth-sun relationships, moon and planets, and astronomy - satellite and space probe data review
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The AIBS Bulletin. Special Space-Biology Issue; XII; 5; 70-72
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    A gamma-ray testing technique for spacecraft (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The simulated cosmic radiation effect on a spacecraft structure is evaluated by gamma ray testing in relation to structural thickness. A drawing of the test set-up is provided and measurement errors are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75053
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  • 6
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    On the nature of the sources of hard pulse X-ray radiation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Besides the identified sources of cosmic pulse X-ray radiation with globular clusters NGC 6624, NGC 1851 and MXB 1730-335 several new identifications were made. The source in Norma was probably identified with globular cluster NGC 5927, the source in Aquila with globular cluster NGC 6838 (M71), and the source in Puppis with globular cluster NGC 2298. Gamma pulses discovered by the Vela satellites and X-ray pulses thoroughly measured by the SAS-3, Ariel-5, and ANS satellites are thought to be the same phenomenon. The sources of such a radiation must be some kind of peculiarity at the central part of globular clusters; it is most probably a massive black hole. The sources of hard pulse radiation which cannot be identified with globular clusters are considered to be a new kind of galactic object, invisible globular clusters, which are naked nuclei of globular clusters.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75561 , PR-280
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  • 7
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    Algorithms for locating celestial sources of X-rays and gamma flares with the aid of several spacecraft (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: An Algorithm is suggested for defining the coordinates of X-ray and Gamma Ray radiation sources by measuring the time lag of the transmission of radiation flares from various points of space in which spacecraft are located. Instances are cited where the 2-x, 3-x and 4x spacecraft are used.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75920 , PR-344
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  • 8
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    Possible radio emission mechanism for pulsars (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A mathematical model is presented and discussed as a possible mechanism to describe radio emission from pulsars. The model determines that the magnetic field in the neutron proton electron (npe) layer of a neutron star results from a quasistationary eddy current of superconducting and normal protons relative to normal electrons, which generates radio emission by the Josephson effect. The radiation propagates in the magnetically active medium, from the optically thick npe layer to the magnetosphere through breaks in the crust. As a result, hot radio spots form on the surface of the star, and a radiation pattern forms near the magnetic poles, the cross section of which gives the observed pulse structure. Due to the specific properties of the mechanism, variations of the quasistationary current are converted to amplitude frequency variations of the radiation spectrum. Variations of the fine structure of the spectrum pulse amplitude and spectral index, as well as their correlation are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75715 , PR-326
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  • 9
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    On the variability of extragalactic sources in the decimeter range and their correlation with galactic structures (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: It is shown that all of the extragalactic radio sources presently known are variable in the decimeter range (lambda or = 30 cm) and are projected on the large continuum radio structure of the galaxy: loops, spurs, ridges. Probability that coordinates could coincide is or = 10 to the minus 7 power. The variations in the intensity are explained by scintillations (regime of focusing radiation) on the large-scale irregularities of electron density in the medium of loops, spurs and ridges with the dimension a magnitude of approximately 10 to the 13th power cm. A correlation of the characteristics of radiation of the sources with their position relative to the galactic loop is considered. Based on the known experimental data, it is shown that the angle of scattering of extragalactic radiation and the dispersion measures of pulsars projecting on the loops is considerably larger than those of the sources lying outside the loops.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75628
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  • 10
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    Direct Contact Among Galactic Civilizations by Relativistic Interstellar Spaceflight (1962)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Direct contact among galactic populations by relativistic interstellar spaceflight
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 11
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    Calculation of the Eclipse Factor for Elliptical Satellite Orbits (1962)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Calculation of the eclipse factor for elliptical satellite orbits
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-1347
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  • 12
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    Space... the New Frontier (1964)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Space exploration - united states space program
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA EP-6
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  • 13
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    Observations of the Van Allen Radiation Regions During August and September 1959 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: An integrating ionization chamber and a single Geiger counter were flown on United States satellite Explorer VI in an elliptical orbit extending to 48,000 km. In addition to the Van Allen inner zone and the great outer zone, a stable and distinct intermediate zone was detected throughout August and September 1959. The outer-zone intensity showed a large decrease following the sudden commencement of a geomagnetic storm. Later in the storm the outer zone increased to much in excess of its prestorm level. During stable periods the outer zone was fairly constant and less intense than it had been observed to be with Pioneer III or Pioneer IV or the first Soviet cosmic rocket. Cosmic-ray background counting rates were reached on most passes in August and Septmeber near apogee of the satellite. The radiation ?dumped? from the outer zone during the geomagnetic storm fits very well with the intensity and latitude distribution required to account for balloon observations of auroral X rays made during the IGY period. This paper is based on preliminary analysis of Explorer VI data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 65; 5; 1361-1376
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  • 14
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    Research Summary No. 36-6 (1960)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: JPL-RS-36-6, VOL. 1
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  • 15
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    Research Summary No. 36-4 (1960)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: JPL-RS-36-4, VOL. 1
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  • 16
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    Manned Space Flight (1963)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Manned space flight - summary
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 17
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    Spectrometer of high energy gamma quantums (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: A detailed description of the apparatus GG-2M is given. The spectrometer contains a Cerenkov and scintillation (including anticoincidence) counter. The energies of the gamma quantums are measured by a shower calorimeter, in which scintillation counters are used in the capacity of detectors. Results are given for tuning the device on mu-mesons of cosmic rays. The data of physical tuning allow more reliable interpretation of the results of measurements which are received on the satellites.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75647 , PR-416
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  • 18
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    Preliminary results of a gamma-ray burst study in the Konus experiment on the Venera-11 and Venera-12 space probes (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Twenty-one gamma-ray bursts and 68 solar flares in the hard X-ray range were detected on Venera-11 and Venera-12 space probes during the initial 50-day observation period. Major characteristics of the equipment used and preliminary data on the temporal structure and energy spectra of the gamma-ray bursts are considered. The pattern of gamma-ray burst frequency distribution vs. intensity, N(S), is established.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75610
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  • 19
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    A review and interpretation of recent cosmic ray beryllium isotope measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Beryllium-10 is of interest for cosmic ray propagation, because its radioactive decay half-life is well matched to the expected cosmic ray age. Recent beryllium isotope measurements from satellites and balloon covered an energy range from about 30 to 300 MeV/nucleon. At the lowest energies, most of the Be-10 is absent, indicating a cosmic ray lifetime of order 2 x 10 to the 7th power years and the rather low average density of 0.2 atoms/cc traversed by the cosmic rays. At higher energies, a greater propagation of Be-10 is observed, indicating a somewhat shorter lifetime. These experiments will be reviewed and then compared with a new experiment covering from 100 to 1000 MeV/nucleon. Although improved experiments will be necessary to realize the full potential of cosmic ray beryllium isotope measurements, these first results are already disclosing interesting and unexpected facts about cosmic ray acceleration and propagation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-164967 , Apr 26, 1978; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 20
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    Gamma-ray evidence for a galactic halo (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Gamma-ray evidence for the existence of a cosmic-ray halo around the Galaxy is examined. Gamma-ray data obtained by SAS-2 and COS-B and nonthermal radio continuum data are shown to indicate the nonconfinement of cosmic rays to the spiral arms and thus the existence of a larger propagation disk through which cosmic rays diffuse. The latitudinal distribution of gamma rays observed by SAS-2 is found to be consistent with the existence of a thin disk-shaped electron halo of half-thickness 1.5 kpc. The propagation of nucleons is determined indirectly from their radial distribution in the galactic plane, which is obtained from an analysis of the longitudinal distribution of gamma rays in the plane. The resulting distributions are found to be similar to the distribution of supernovae in the Galaxy, implying a galactic origin for cosmic rays and a half-thickness of less than 3 kpc.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The large-scale characteristics of the galaxy; Jun 12, 1978 - Jun 17, 1978; College Park, MD
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  • 21
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    The significance of gamma ray observations for neutrino astronomy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: X-ray, gamma ray and neutrino observations are examined to show, in a general way, the relationship between them. Existing gamma ray measurements are summarized and some examples are used to set ranges or limits for neutrino fluxes for specific types of models. The purpose of this is to show the possibilities for separation between models and to aid in the consideration of neutrino detector designs. Attention is given to exceptional and normal galaxies, as well as to compact objects, and diffuse isotropic radiation. It is noted that the close relationship between gamma rays and neutrino production will be useful for future neutrino astronomy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 22
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    Observability of the neutrino flux from the inner region of the galactic disk (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The observability of galactic neutrinos in a detector of 10 to the 10th tons of water with an observing time of a few years is explored. Although the atmospheric flux exceeds the galactic flux considerably at energies greater than or equal to 1 TeV, the latter may still provide a marginally observable signal owing to its directionality. Galactic muon neutrinos with energy greater than approximately 1 TeV will produce a signal approximately two standard deviations above the atmospheric background over a four year period. If electron neutrinos can also be studied with DUMAND, then galactic electron neutrinos above 1 TeV would give an approximately four to five standard deviations signal above the electron neutrino background over a four-year integration time.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 23
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    DUMAND Summer Workshop, University of California, La Jolla, Calif., July 24-September 2, 1978, Proceedings. Volume 2 - UHE interactions, neutrino astronomy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The volume covers categories on inelastic neutrino scattering and the W-boson, and other ultra-high-energy processes, on pulsars, quasars and galactic nuclei, as well as other point sources and constants from gamma ray astronomy. Individual subjects include weak intermediate vector bosons and DUMAND, the Monte Carlo simulation of inelastic neutrino scattering in DUMAND, and Higgs boson production by very high-energy neutrinos. The observability of the neutrino flux from the inner region of the galactic disk, the diffuse fluxes of high-energy neutrinos, as well as the significance of gamma ray observations for neutrino astronomy are also among the topics covered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 24
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    DUMAND Summer Workshop, University of California, La Jolla, Calif., July 24-September 2, 1978, Proceedings. Volume 1 - Array studies (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Papers are presented concerning the design and implementation of the optical and acoustic sensors that will comprise the DUMAND (Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector) array. Specific topics include the results of experiments on atmospheric muon and neutrino spectra obtained with various muon and neutrino spectrometers, optical sensors and arrays, optical data handling systems, the simulation of the sound generated by high-energy particles in water, constraints on acoustic arrays, standard ocean parameters for DUMAND calculations, and Monte Carlo investigations of hadronic and electromagnetic cascades in sea water.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 25
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    A search for gamma-ray spectral lines from the Galactic Center by HEAO-1 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Preliminary results are reported for a search by HEAO 1 for gamma-ray lines from the Galactic Center in the energy range from 1.5 to 8 MeV. The hard X-ray/low-energy gamma-ray instrument aboard HEAO 1 is briefly described, and results are examined which indicate no obvious statistically significant spectral lines from the Galactic Center. It is concluded that the present observations fail to confirm the previously reported 4.4-MeV flux from the Galactic Center but that the existence of the reported 4.4-MeV feature cannot be strongly rejected on the basis of these results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: X-ray astronomy; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 26
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    Experiment definition and integration study for the accommodation of giant, passive detector of Exotic Particles In the Cosmic Rays (EPIC) payload on shuttle/spacelab missions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The feasibility of the design, construction, launch and retrieval of a hinged 15 ft by 110 ft the platform containing an array of interleaved CR-39 and Lexan track-recording detectors to be placed into circular orbit by space shuttle is assessed. The total weight of the detector assembly plus supporting structure and accessories is 32,000 pounds. The modular construction permits as little as one fourth of the payload to be exposed at one time. The CR-39 detector has sensitivity adequate to detect and study cosmic rays ranging from minimum ionizing iron-group nuclei to the heaviest elements. The detectors will survive a one year exposure to trapped protons without losing their high resolution. Advantages include low cost, huge collecting power (approximately 150 sq m) as well as the high resolution previously attainable only with electronic detectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-159895 , SSL-SER-19-ISSUE-37
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  • 27
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    The diffuse component of the cosmic X-radiation (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The A-2 experiment on HEAO-1 is specifically developed to study the diffuse radiation of the entire X-ray sky over a wide bandwidth, covering both the soft X-ray emission from nearby regions of the galaxy and the isotropic hard X-radiation indicative of remote extragalactic origins. A partial conclusion from the experiment is that a hot thermal plasma, on a scale comparable to that of the universe, may be the principal source of hard X-radiation characteristic of the extragalactic sky. Some key features of this background were defined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78106 , Ann. Meeting of the Am. Assoc. for the Advan. of Sci.; Feb 13, 1978; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 28
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    Observations of celestial X-ray sources above 20 keV with the high-energy scintillation spectrometer on board OSO 8 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: High-energy X-ray spectra of the Crab Nebula, Cyg- XR-1, and Cen A were determined from observations with the scintillation spectrometer on board the OSO-8 satellite, launched in June, 1975. Each of these sources was observed over two periods of 8 days or more, enabling a search for day-to-day and year to year variations in the spectral and temporal characteristics of the X-ray emission. No variation in the light curve of the Crab pulsar was found from observations which span a 15-day period in March 1976, with demonstrable phase stability. Transitions associated with the binary phase of Cyg XR-1 and a large change in the emission from Con A are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71332 , X-682-77-121 , ESLAB Symp., Recent Advances in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; May 24, 1977 - May 27, 1977; Frascati; Italy
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  • 29
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    Nuclear emulsion measurements of the dose contribution from tissue disintegration stars on the Apollo-Soyuz mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A total of 996 disintegration stars were prong-counted in two 100 micron llford K.2 emulsions from the dosimeter of the Docking Pilot on Apollo-Soyuz. The change of slope of the distribution at a prong number of about 6 or 7 indicates 219 stars as originating in gelatin. Applying the QF values set forth in official regulations to the energy spectra of the proton and a alpha prongs of the gelatin stars leads to a tissue star dose of 7.8 millirad or 45 millirem. The quoted values do not include the dose contribution from star-produced neutrons since neutrons do not leave visible prongs in emulsion. Nuclear theory, in good agreement with measurements of galactic radiation in the earth's atmosphere, indicates that the dose equivalent from neutrons is about equal to the one from all ionizing secondaries of stars. Application of this proposition to the star prong spectrum found on Apollo-Soyuz would set the total tissue star dose for the mission at approximately 90 millirem.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-151349 , REPT-2
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  • 30
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    Light flash observations during Apollo-Soyuz (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A total of 82 visual events was reported by two dark-adapted astronauts during a 90-minute orbit at 225 km altitude. Silver chloride crystal events for that orbit totaled 69 stopping protons and alphas per sq cm and 304 heavy ions with stopping power of 150 MeV sq cm/g or greater. The frequency of visual observations near the geomagnetic poles corresponds to calculated abundances of ions with LET greater than 5 keV per micrometer in tissue. Nuclear collisions of fast protons on C, N, and O in the retina or the abundance of stopping protons can explain the low frequency of events in the SAA for this mission in comparison with the high frequency during Skylab IV at 443 km altitude.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: IAF PAPER 76-032 , International Astronautical Congress; Oct 10, 1976 - Oct 16, 1976; Anaheim, CA
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  • 31
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    Comparisons of ground-based monitor data with Pioneers 8, 9, 10 and 11 observations in 1968-1974 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper examines ground-based neutron monitor data and the counting rates in different energy channels on the Pioneer 8, 9, 10 and 11 spacecraft to determine the scale size of the transient cosmic-ray variations (Forbush decreases) and the relationship of these variations to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field. Since the Pioneer spacecraft sampled the inner modulating region extensively, the spatial extent of Forbush decreases (Fd's) can be determined. In some cases the Fd modulating region was co-rotating and in others radially expanding. The azimuthal extent of the Fd region was variable but was typically about 45 deg in extent. These observations will be interpreted in terms of models proposed for Fds.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 32
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    Response of a tungsten-scintillator ionization spectrometer to hadrons with primary energies in the range 5-300 GeV (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 33
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    An experiment to measure cosmic ray 2H and 3He in the 4-10 GV range (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It is known that the mean matter traversed by cosmic rays, X, can be obtained from the observed ratio of the flux of daughter nuclei to that of the parent nuclei provided X is much less than the attenuation mean free of the daughter nuclei. This condition is well satisfied in the case of 2H and 3He. We propose to measure the 2H/1H and 3He/4He ratios, using a multiwire proportional counter array and a superconducting magnet to measure the rigidity, and a set of aerogel Cerenkov counters to measure the velocity, thus yielding the mass of the particle. Results of a Monte-Carlo calculation based on actual experimental conditions are presented to show the resolution of the instrument. The area solid angle of the telescope is 90 sq cm sr with an average maximum detectable momentum of 140 GV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 34
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    Observation of radioactive background in the OSO-7 gamma ray monitor (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The counting rate as measured by the gamma ray monitor on the OSO-7 satellite, covering the energy range 0.3-10 MeV, during a sixteen month period (October 1971-December 1972) was considerably higher than expected from balloon data previously reported. Dyer et al. (1971) have shown the importance of activation in satellites for diffuse gamma flux measurements. The OSO-7 spectra exhibit strong, complex line structure, especially between 400 keV and 900 keV, and several identifications can be made consistent with the model of Dyer et al. The spectral structure and time variations are presented which must be explained by any activation model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 35
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    Measurements of cosmic ray anisotropies from Pioneers 10 and 11 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A progress report is presented on cosmic ray anisotropy measurements performed in interplanetary space on the Pioneers 10 and 11. A directional Cerenkov counter, sensitive to protons and alpha particles with kinetic energies exceeding 480 MeV/nucleon, was used to determine east-west and north-south anisotropies. Large variations in anisotropies with a time scale of about 60 days were found for the period April-November 1973. The total data set shows an east-west anisotropy of 0.46 plus or minus 0.11% and a north-south anisotropy of 0.03 plus or minus 0.11%. This result for the east-west anisotropy is compatible with a large value of the ratio of the perpendicular to the parallel components of the diffusion coefficient.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 36
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    A determination of the sea level muon spectrum using accelerator data and some implications (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The differential sea-level muon spectrum is calculated from first principle for a pure beam of cosmic-ray protons cascading in the atmosphere by using a representation of the invariant cross section that describes the observed data from 6 GeV to 1500 GeV. This spectrum is compared with the observed muon spectrum to deduce information on the interaction characteristics of nuclei-nuclei collisions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 37
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    Possible evidence for latitude-dependent cosmic-ray modulation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It is suggested that the slope of the modulated proton spectrum at low energies (less than 250 MeV) is not well accounted for in a steady state spherically symmetrical cosmic-ray modulation model and therefore may contain information on the effects of latitude variations. Under quasi-steady interplanetary conditions, slopes steeper than unity have been observed for low-energy protons. It is shown that the slope of unity or a steeper slope may be a natural consequence of having a region of enhanced modulation lying immediately above or below the solar equatorial plane and therefore may be due to the variation of interplanetary conditions with heliocentric latitude.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 38
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    Hydromagnetic waves and cosmic ray diffusion theory (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Pitch angle diffusion of cosmic rays in hydromagnetic wave fields is considered strictly within the quasilinear approximation. It is shown that the popular assumption of an isotropic power spectrum tensor of magnetic fluctuations requires in this case equal forms and magnitudes of Alfven and magnetosonic wave spectra - a situation which is generally unlikely. The relative contributions to the pitch angle diffusion coefficient from the cyclotron resonances and Landau resonance due to the different types of waves are evaluated for a typical situation in the solar wind. Since in this approximation also the Landau resonance does not lead to particle reflections a proper consideration of the nonlinear particle orbits is indeed necessary to overcome the well known difficulties of quasilinear scattering theory for cosmic rays near 90 degrees pitch angle.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 39
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    Implications of time variations for the origin of low energy cosmic ray nitrogen and oxygen nuclei (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Time variations have been observed in the quiet time intensities of 5-27 MeV/nuc nitrogen and oxygen and 13-25 MeV/nuc helium nuclei measured by spectrometers aboard IMPs 7 and 8. There is no significant correlation of the O variations with variations in the low intensity fluxes of 1-2 MeV solar protons, but the O intensity is well correlated with the modulation of galactic cosmic rays. These observations indicate that the enhanced low energy N and O fluxes are not of solar origin, and suggest that the acceleration mechanism required by the model of Fisk et al. (1974) must be located far enough from the sun that the singly charged ions, once accelerated, undergo considerable modulation in penetrating to 1 AU. Comparison of the time variations of He and O fluxes may yield information on the charge state of these nuclei, since these variations are strongly correlated and exhibit similar hysteresis effects when compared with the neutron monitor.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 40
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    Anomalous composition and energy spectra of cosmic rays below 20 MeV/nucleon (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The relative abundances and energy spectra of C, N, O, Ne, and Fe are investigated as a function of the interplanetary low energy proton intensity using observations obtained over a 17-month period by IMP-8. The oxygen intensity was enhanced when proton activity was at its lowest level, while all other heavy elements almost disappeared. Nuclei of less than 3 MeV/nucleon showed a strong intensity fluctuation strongly correlated with the interplanetary proton flux and displayed a velocity anisotropy along the garden-hose angle, indicating that they are of solar origin. The anomalous oxygen hump between 3 and 20 MeV is apparently not of solar origin. The observations are compatible with the model proposed by Fisk et al. (1974), in which these oxygen nuclei are considered to be interstellar neutral oxygen atoms which are ionized and accelerated to the observed energies by magnetic field irregularities in the outer solar system.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 41
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    Observations of low energy interplanetary electrons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of the temporal behavior of low energy (0.16-6 MeV) at 1 AU are reported. The electron intensity is found to vary by a factor of more than five from one quiet time to another, including short-term enhancements of the type reported at higher electron energies. Over a period of about four months, beginning with the time at which the interplanetary field line first connects earth and Jupiter, the magnitude and frequency of the increases grow abruptly and remain high. The observed longitudinal distribution of Jovian electrons could be the result of the interconnection of the interplanetary field with an extended Jovian magnetotail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 42
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    The interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic ray nuclei with intergalactic photon fields - Relation between mean atomic mass, age, and origin (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 43
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    A chart of cosmic ray isotopes (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A chart has been prepared that lists some of the properties relevant to cosmic ray studies of all the significant nuclides between lithium and nickel. On this chart there are shown all the possible decays that might be of interest in the unique conditions experienced by cosmic ray nuclei, various abundance figures and the probable nucleosynthesis processes of origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 44
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    An examination of the adiabatic approximation in cosmic ray propagation theory (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A theory for the pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays in a turbulent magnetic field can be derived from first principles by applying both the quasi-linear and adiabatic approximations to the master equation for the ensemble averaged distribution function. A proof of the failure of these approximations, taken together, is given. Some predictions of the quasi-linear theory, are given. New wave-like propagation modes have been discovered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 45
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    Cosmic ray positron and negatron spectra between 20 and 800 MeV measured in 1974 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A balloon-borne spark-chamber magnetic spectrometer has been used to measure separate spectra of positrons and negatrons in two flights during the summer of 1974. The flights reached atmospheric depths of 1.9 and 1.5 g/sq cm after slow ascents which enhance the statistical accuracy of the atmospheric secondary subtraction. The total electron flux is about sq m/s/sr/MeV between 70 and 800 MeV, and increases toward lower energies. The positron spectrum decreases sharply toward lower energies from a value of about 0.08 sq m/s/sr/MeV at 650 MeV, and only upper limits are obtained for positrons below 200 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 46
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    A Cerenkov-Range analysis of the isotopic composition of cosmic rays with Z from 6 to 26 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: High-altitude balloon data on the isotopic composition of heavy cosmic rays are reported. The experiment used a Cerenkov detector, arrays of scintillators, and a digitized wire spark chamber. Peaks assigned to the mono-isotopic elements F and Na indicate that an absolute mass scale can be derived from the data. Even-Z elements in the Z range from 12 through 16 are represented mainly by alpha-particle nuclei. Neutron-rich components dominate in the case of neon present. Mass histograms are plotted for C, O, N, Ne, Mg, and Fe.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 47
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    Isotopic composition of the anomalous low energy cosmic ray nitrogen and oxygen (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The isotopic composition of the enhanced fluxes of cosmic ray nitrogen and oxygen observed below 30 MeV/nuc is of interest, whether the nuclei are a sample from some nearby galactic source region that is underabundant in carbon, or a sample of the neutral interstellar medium. Enhanced fluxes in the 6 to 12 MeV/nuc energy interval were measured over a two year period with the Caltech Electron/Isotope Spectrometer on IMP-7. The observed low-energy nitrogen and oxygen nuclei are predominantly N-14 and O-16, with upper limits (84% confidence level) of N-15/N below 0.26, O-17/0 below 0.13, and O-18/0 below 0.12 for other isotopes in the 6-12 MeV/nuc energy interval. The implications of these results for the origin of the enhanced nitrogen and oxygen fluxes are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 48
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    High energy gamma rays from Vela and Cygnus (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 49
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    Distribution of cosmic gamma rays in the galactic anticenter region as observed by SAS-2 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The high energy (above 35 MeV) gamma ray telescope flown on the second Small Astronomy Satellite has collected over one thousand gamma rays from the direction of the galactic anticenter. In addition to the diffuse galactic emission the distribution indicates a strong pulsed contribution from the Crab nebula with the same period and phase as the NP0532 pulsar. There also seems to be an excess in the direction of (gal. long. ? 195 deg; gal. lat ? +5 deg) where there is a region containing old supernova remnants. Search for gamma ray pulsations from other pulsars in the region do not show any statistically significant signal. The general intensity distribution of the gamma rays away from the plane appear to be similar to nonthermal radio emission brightness contours.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 50
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    Galactic gamma radiation from cosmic rays concentrated in spiral arms (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Extending the model proposed by Bignami et al. (1975), and by Fichtel et al. (1975a) for the production of the galactic high energy gamma ray distribution observed by SAS-2 to lower energies indicates the radiation is dominated by the bremsstrahlung emission of cosmic ray electrons traversing the interstellar gas. Although secondary electrons contribute only about 15% to the 10-30 MeV gamma ray emission in the solar vicinity, their contribution in the model is proportional to the third power of N, where N(r, gal. long., gal. lat.) is the total interstellar gas density, as compared to the square of N for the case of the primary components, and hence their relative importance increases in high density regions. Gamma-ray observations at these energies when compared to those at high energies (above 100 MeV) may provide a means for mapping the ratio of cosmic ray electrons to nucleons throughout the galaxy without the necessity of invoking models for the galactic magnetic field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 51
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    Spectroscopic analysis of solar and cosmic X-ray spectra. 1: The nature of cosmic X-ray spectra and proposed analytical techniques (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Techniques for the study of the solar corona are reviewed as an introduction to a discussion of modifications required for the study of cosmic sources. Spectroscopic analysis of individual sources and the interstellar medium is considered. The latter was studied via analysis of its effect on the spectra of selected individual sources. The effects of various characteristics of the ISM, including the presence of grains, molecules, and ionization, are first discussed, and the development of ISM models is described. The expected spectral structure of individual cosmic sources is then reviewed with emphasis on supernovae remnants and binary X-ray sources. The observational and analytical requirements imposed by the characteristics of these sources are identified, and prospects for the analysis of abundances and the study of physical parameters within them are assessed. Prospects for the spectroscopic study of other classes of X-ray sources are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-119093 , SU-IPR-628 , Symp. on the Techniques of Solar and Cosmic X-ray Spectroscopy; May 22, 1975 - May 23, 1975; Surrey
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  • 52
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    Atmospheric X-ray emission experiment for shuttle (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An experiment designed to measure the spatial, temporal, and energy distribution of X-ray aurorae produced by precipitating electrons, is presented. The experiment will provide vital data on solar-terrestrial relationships that may lead to defining the transfer mechanism that causes certain terrestrial weather events and climatological behavior. An instrument concept is discussed, and is based on a spatially sensitive multiwire proportional counter, combined with collimators to produce X-ray images of the aurorae. An instrument pointing system, on which the counter can be mounted, will provide the required altitude control, and can be operated by a Spacelab payload specialist for full control over its observing and data taking modes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70954 , X-912-75-189 , Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the AAS; Aug 26, 1975 - Aug 28, 1975; Denver, Colorado
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  • 53
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    Calculations for interpretation of solar vector magnetograph data (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Computer techniques for data analysis of sunspot observations are presented. Photographic spectra were converted to digital form and analyzed. Methods of determining magnetic field strengths, i.e., the Zeeman effect, are discussed. Errors originating with telescope equipment and the magnetograph are treated. Flow charts of test programs and procedures of the data analysis are shown.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-120685 , EE-MSFC-1900
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  • 54
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    Selected Theoretical Studies Group contributions to the 14th International Cosmic Ray conference (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The galactic distribution of H2 was studied through gamma radiation and through X-ray, optical, and infrared absorption measurements from SAS-2 and other sources. A comparison of the latitude distribution of gamma-ray intensity with reddening data shows reddening data to give the best estimate of interstellar gas in the solar vicinity. The distribution of galactic cosmic ray nucleons was determined and appears to be identical to the supernova remnant distribution. Interactions between ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray nuclei and intergalactic photon radiation fields were calculated, using the Monte Carlo method.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70925 , X-602-75-160 , Aug 01, 1975; Munich
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  • 55
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    Detailed studies of the nonperiodic time variability of several galactic X-ray sources (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Computer software necessary for the analysis of the time variability of X-ray sources was developed and tested. Seventy-one Uhuru observations of the black hole candidate Cygnus X-1 were also examined. Data show that the X-ray emission can be best represented as arising from randomly occurring X-ray flares with a mean rate of occurrence of 18 flares/sec and a mean cooling time of approximately 1/2 sec. Furthermore data show that photons in the 2 to 16 keV bandwidth arise from within the same flares. Finally, it was found that the mean flare rate and cooling time have been constant since the source underwent a spectral transition in March 1971. Long term variations of several parameters associated with the X-ray emission from this object were studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-142551 , CAL-1291
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  • 56
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    Cosmic ray diffusion: Report of the Workshop in Cosmic Ray Diffusion Theory (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A workshop in cosmic ray diffusion theory was held at Goddard Space Flight Center on May 16-17, 1974. Topics discussed and summarized are: (1) cosmic ray measurements as related to diffusion theory; (2) quasi-linear theory, nonlinear theory, and computer simulation of cosmic ray pitch-angle diffusion; and (3) magnetic field fluctuation measurements as related to diffusion theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7873 , G-7542 , May 16, 1974 - May 17, 1974; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 57
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    Investigation of space radiation effects in polymeric film-forming materials (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The literature search in the field of ultraviolet radiation effects that was conducted during the previous program, Contract No. NAS1-12549, has been expanded to include the effects of charged particle radiation and high energy electromagnetic radiation. The literature from 1958 to 1969 was searched manually, while the literature from 1969 to present was searched by using a computerized keyword system. The information generated from this search was utilized for the design of an experimental program aimed at the development of materials with improved resistance to the vacuum-radiation environment of space. Preliminary irradiation experiments were performed which indicate that the approaches and criteria employed are very promising and may provide a solution to the challenging problem of polymer stability to combined ultraviolet/high energy radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-132740 , C6318-8
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  • 58
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    A study of heavy-heavy nuclear reactions (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Calculations are presented for the reaction products in high energy collisions and of the atmospheric transport of particles such as protons, neutrons and other nucleons. The magnetic moments of charmed baryons are examined. Total cross sections which are required for cosmic heavy ion transport and shielding studies are also examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-145401
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  • 59
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    Effects of high energy simulated space radiation on polymeric second-surface mirrors (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A radiation effects experimental program was performed, in which second surface mirror type thermal control coatings were exposed to ultraviolet radiation, electrons, and protons simultaneously. Stability was assessed by making periodic spectral reflectance measurements in situ (and in air after testing for comparison). Solar absorption coefficients were derived by computer. Many of the exposed materials showed large amounts of degradation in reflectance absorptance, principally due to the electron exposure. A series of tests was conducted, leading to the identification of a modified second surface mirror that shows considerable improvement and promise for stability during thermal control applications in a charged particle space radiation environment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-132725 , D180-18014-2
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  • 60
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    HEAO A-2 extragalactic results (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The all-sky surveys made with the A-2 instrument aboard HEAO-1 involved spectroscopy over a broad enough band width, with sufficient resolution, to obtain the basic spectral characteristics for two extreme aspects of the extragalactic X-ray sky. The overall spectrum (above 3 KeV) is remarkably well decribed by a thermal model. At the other extreme, the detailed broad-band observations of individual sources are restricted to objects within the present epoch. The objects include several individual active galaxies studied in detail for the first time as well as clusters of galaxies. Relating these results to the vast spatially unresolved hard X-ray flux measured with this instruments as well as the softer X-rays (at less than 3 keV) spatially resolved to high redshifts with the Einstein Observatory remains a challenge.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80314 , HEAO Symp.; May 08, 1979; Huntsville, AL; United States
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  • 61
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    Search for an X-ray identification of a strong gamma-ray source (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: X-rays from Cygnus X-3 were observed during early 1978 with the detectors of the SAS-3 satellite. These observations in conjunction with earlier UHURU and ANS data indicate that the 4.8 hr period of Cygnus X-3 is increasing at the rate of P/P = (5/1 plus or minus 1.3) x 10 to the minus 6 power/1 yr. The sign and magnitude for this change are incompatible with a rotation model for the period and are in reasonable agreement with model predictions for orbital changes associated with mass loss and transfer in a binary system.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-158112
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  • 62
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    The proton and helium rigidity spectra from 10 to 100 GV (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An airborne superconducting magnet spectrometer was used to obtain measurements on 700,000 protons and 50,000 helium nuclei of rigidity greater than about 4 GV. The rigidity spectra of protons and helium nuclei in the 9-100 GV range are determined. In the cited range, the proton and helium nuclei can be represented by a power law in rigidity, with an index of 2.78 + or - 0.03 and 2.80 + or - 0.03 respectively. An upper limit on H-2/p of 10% at 35 GeV/nucleon is established
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 63
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    Elemental composition of cosmic rays and cosmic ray electrons (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A summary of 40 papers on the elemental composition of cosmic rays and cosmic ray electrons is presented. Attention is given to experimental results concerning the 'anomalous component' of low energy cosmic radiation, the composition of ultraheavy cosmic rays, the energy dependence of cosmic ray composition at high energies (between 1 and 100 GeV/nucleon), and the energy spectrum of high-energy electrons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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    The relationship between Jovian electrons and solar wind stream structure (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Near-earth observations of above-0.22-MeV Jovian electrons by the APL/JHU experiments on IMP-7 and 8 during 1972-1975, a period of stable recurrent solar wind, reveals 19 of 26 events in good association with solar wind streams. This pattern of positive correlation with solar wind streams is also observed in 3-6 MeV data from 1965-1972 during well-defined electron events. During their pre-encounter periods Pioneers 10 and 11 were nearly radially aligned with Jupiter and direct magnetic connection was highly unlikely. Jovian electrons above about 5 MeV in the UCSD experiments on Pioneers 10 and 11 were anticorrelated with solar wind velocity from about 3-4 AU until encounter. Reconstructions of the large-scale interplanetary magnetic field suggest that the near-earth events result from direct connection with the Jovian magnetotail and corotation of quasi-trapped populations while for Pioneer events electrons propagate out from the magnetosphere to a solar wind stream interaction, in along the interaction, then in to Pioneer on undisturbed field lines.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 65
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    Spectra and composition 2-40 MeV/nucleon of ions Z = 2-28 in solar cosmic ray events (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Solid-state detectors on IMP 7 and IMP 8 provide measurements in interplanetary space of ion energy spectra and relative composition from He through Ni in the energy range 2-40 MeV/nucleon. The large solar events of July 3-9, September 11-16, and September 20-26, 1974, are analyzed in detail. Spectra are fit by either power laws in energy or by momentum-dependent exponentials. Spectral slope is independent of ion charge for elements beyond C. Substantial time variations in the He/O and (Fe + Ni)/O ratios are noted. New limits are derived for the abundances of Li, Be, B, F, Na, Al, P, S, Ar, and Ca. Analysis of additional events from 1973 through 1976 suggests a systematic enhancement of the He/O and C/O ratios in low-energy corotating flux increases compared with flare-associated particle fluxes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 66
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    The location of the particle acceleration region in the 1 September 1971 solar cosmic ray event (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A numerical model of interplanetary propagation is used to reconstruct the shape of particle spectra near the sun shortly after release, from the proton and electron fluxes observed at 1 AU after the solar cosmic-ray event of September 1, 1971. A calculation of the spectral changes that would be produced by collisional energy losses is employed to estimate the amount of matter through which the particles passed, the height at which they were accelerated, and, for the proton, the temperature of the plasma. A temperature of about 2.4 million K in the proton acceleration region is obtained, along with a column density of material traversed equal to about 140 micrograms/sq cm for the protons and a column density of less than 4 micrograms/sq cm for the electrons. These results are shown to imply proton acceleration near the base of the corona and electron acceleration at a height greater than about 1 solar radius.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 67
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    Thermal X-rays and deuterium production in stellar flares (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The X-ray spectrum of flares is shown to be necessarily thermal up to at least 200 keV because the self-magnetic field of any electron stream required for a thick- or thin-target source is inconsistently large. The resulting flare model can then be related to stellar luminosity convection, and magnetic fields to result in a maximum possible gamma-burst and continuous X-ray flux. One of the most striking isotopic anomalies observed is the extreme enrichment of He-3 in some solar flares and the mysterious depletion of deuterium. The way in which deuterium may be produced and emitted in the largest flares associated with gamma-bursts but in amounts insufficient to support the tentative conclusion of Coleman and Worden (1976) is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 68
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    Cosmic ray scintillations in the frequency range from 0.00001 to 0.01 Hz (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Power spectra of the flux variations in cosmic rays of energy greater than a few GeV are presented. The data were obtained at balloon altitudes (40-45 km) from two scintillation-type detectors flown for six hours from Palestine, Texas, on November 4, 1972. The large area detectors had effective count rates up to 2000 cps setting the Poisson noise level in the power spectra of the relative fluctuations at 0.001/Hz. The analysis was made on the singles rate of each of the counters as well as on the coincidence rates between them. In all cases, the spectra between 0.0001 and 0.002 Hz are power laws in frequency of the form f to the exponent negative gamma, where gamma is between 1.5 and 2.0. No significant peaks in the range 0.0001 to 0.01 Hz are observed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 69
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    The appearance of super fluxes of quiet time cosmic rays (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: By 1975, it was found that the low-energy H and He fluxes had continued to rise to a point where they exceeded significantly the 1965 levels reported by Garcia-Munoz at al. (1977). In the present paper, it is shown that this trend continued into 1976, and that at least some of the phenomena observed during the 1972-1976 period were not present in 1965.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 70
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    A measurement of the interplanetary radial gradient of low-energy oxygen nuclei from 1-10 AU and implications of this measurement (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cosmic-ray telescopes on the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft has been used to measure the interplanetary radial gradients of oxygen nuclei between 7.1 and 26.6 MeV/nuc between 1 and 10 AU, in 1972-1976. Between 1 and 5 AU the average gradient for 10.6-26.6-MeV/nuc particles is 25 + or - 5%/AU, while between 5 and 10 AU this gradient is 12 + or - 4%/AU. Conventional cosmic-ray transport theory can be used to determine an average diffusion mean free path from these data. The value of lambda sub r for both energy ranges is deduced to be 0.19 + or - 0.04 AU between 1 and 5 AU and 0.40 + or - 0.13 AU between 5 and 10 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 71
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    Cosmic ray intensity gradients in the outer solar system measured by Pioneer 10 and 11 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Earlier results are extended to include data from Pioneer 10 to a radial range of 11.3 AU, and from Pioneer 11 inward from 5 AU to 3.75 AU after Jupiter encounter, and to a maximum heliographic latitude of 17 deg. The data include the period from March 1972 through October 1976, during which time the neutron monitor cosmic ray intensity was, except for a few significant excursions, near solar minimum level. It is shown that the radial gradients of all particle species considered are small and positive throughout the period of study. On a shorter time scale, the data indicate transient decreases in the value of the differential gradient associated with major decreases in the cosmic ray intensity in the inner solar system. The observations are consistent with a modulating region whose radius is large compared to 11 AU. The 'anomalous' helium component, present since 1972 at earth orbit, is observed continuously at all radial distances.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 72
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    Propagation of cosmic rays in extragalactic radio sources (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A model of extragalactic radio sources is considered which assumes that relativistic electrons carry energy from the central galaxy to the radio lobes and also emit the radio waves. It is suggested that the radio emission is confined to an axis because electrons propagate parallel to the magnetic field more readily than perpendicular to it and that symmetric radio lobes appear on this axis because electrons are deposited at supercoherent transitions far from the central galaxy, where they propagate diffusively. The slow drift velocities that characterize this propagation are shown to explain the secondary structure between the main lobes and to establish a relationship between double sources and galactic radio trails.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 73
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    Cosmic electrons, galactic radio background and cosmic ray confinement (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cosmic ray electron measurements and radio background data are analyzed to obtain bounds on the galactic magnetic fields. It is shown that the magnetic field required to explain the radio flux must be greater than 2 micro Gauss. The difference in the steepening of the radio spectra towards the Anticenter and the Halo Minimum provides evidence that the magnetic field decreases with the height above the galactic plane. The calculations of Bulanov and Dogiel (1975) are applied to the radio and electron observations. It is shown that the most plausible interpretation of these results requires that the electron injection spectrum has an intrinsic flattening below a few GeV. The observed steepening of radio and electron data is apparently a combined effect of the injection spectrum and the first break due to continuous energy loss of electrons in space.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 74
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    Cosmic ray electrons - A discussion of recent observations (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A recent measurement of the spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons has provided statistically significant evidence for a spectral shape that is much steeper than that of protons. The electron spectrum does not fit well to a single power law, and the abundance of electrons relative to that of protons decreases from approximately 1% at 10 GeV to approximately 0.1% at 300 GeV. This result is consistent with a galactic escape lifetime for electrons exceeding 10 million years. The data are discussed in light of current models for the propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy, and conclusions are drawn concerning the consistency of various models with the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 75
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    Secondary positrons and electrons in the cosmic radiation (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An improved calculation of the secondary production and equilibrium spectrum of positrons and electrons in the Galaxy in the energy range from 1 MeV to 100 GeV has been performed. This has been done by obtaining an analytic representation of the accelerator data which describes accurately the invariant cross-section of pions, kaons, and their antiparticles from threshold energy to about 1500 GeV. This calculation takes into account the correct angular distribution of electrons in the decay of muons and the effect of nuclei-nuclei collisions. The contributions of beta-decay positrons and knock-on electrons have been included. A comparison of the present calculations with earlier calculations and experiment is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 76
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    Unusual interactions above 100 TeV: A review of cosmic ray experiments with emulsion chambers (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A method is given for analyzing the space correlated collection of jets (gamma ray families) with energies greater than 100 TeV in Pb or Fe absorber sampled by photosensitive layers in an emulsion chamber. Events analyzed indicate large multiplicities of particles in the primary hadron-air interaction, and a marked absence of neutral pions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71358 , X-661-77-174 , Brookhaven Symp. on Prospects of Strong Interaction Phys.; Apr 01, 1977; Isabelle, TN; United States
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  • 77
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    Gamma rays from the de-excitation of C-12 resonance 15.11 MeV and C-12 resonance 4.44 MeV as probes of energetic particle spectra (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The flux of 15.11 MeV gamma rays relative to the flux 4.44 MeV gamma rays was calculated from measured cross sections for excitation of the corresponding states of C-12 and from experimental determinations of the branching ratios for direct de-excitation of these states to the ground state. Because of the difference in threshold energies for excitation of these two levels, the relative intensities in the two lines are particularly sensitive to the spectral distribution of energetic particles which excite the corresponding nuclear levels. For both solar and cosmic emission, the observability of the 15.11 MeV line is expected to be enhances by low source-background continuum in this energy range.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71331 , X-682-77-118 , ESLAB Symp., Recent Advances in Gamma-Ray Astronomy; May 24, 1977 - May 27, 1977; Frascati; Italy
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  • 78
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    The specific light output of cesium iodide crystals (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Large area ion chambers for a high energy cosmic ray experiment, scintillating plastic fibers as light pipes for a cosmic ray hodoscope, and an evaluation of clad scintillating light pipes were considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-150267 , UAH-RR-200
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  • 79
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    Worst-case space radiation environments for geocentric missions (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Worst-case possible annual radiation fluences of energetic charged particles in the terrestrial space environment, and the resultant depth-dose distributions in aluminum, were calculated in order to establish absolute upper limits to the radiation exposure of spacecraft in geocentric orbits. The results are a concise set of data intended to aid in the determination of the feasibility of a particular mission. The data may further serve as guidelines in the evaluation of standard spacecraft components. Calculations were performed for each significant particle species populating or visiting the magnetosphere, on the basis of volume occupied by or accessible to the respective species. Thus, magnetospheric space was divided into five distinct regions using the magnetic shell parameter L, which gives the approximate geocentric distance (in earth radii) of a field line's equatorial intersect.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71272 , X-601-76-294 , IEEE Ann. Conf. on Nucl. and Space Radiation Effects; Dec 01, 1976; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 80
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    X-ray signatures: New time scales and spectral features (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The millisecond bursts from Cyg X-1 are investigated and the overall chaotic variability for the bulk of the Cyg X-1 emission is compared to that of Sco X-1, showing that the essential character is remarkably similar (i.e. shot noise) although the fundamental time scales involved differ widely, from a fraction of a second (for Cyg X-1) to a fraction of a day (for Sco X-1). Recent OSO-8 observations of spectra features attributable to iron are reviewed. In particular, line emission is discussed within the context of a model for thermal radiation by a hot evolved gas in systems as different as supernova remnants and clusters of galaxies. Newly observed spectral structure in the emission from the X-ray pulsar Her X-1 is reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71267 , X-661-77-8 , Tex. Symp. on Relativistic Astrophys.; Dec 13, 1976 - Dec 17, 1976; Boston
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  • 81
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    Interpretation of the radioactive background observed in the OSO-7 gamma-ray monitor (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Application of a spallation activation calculation to the OSO-7 gamma-ray monitor background shows that major line features and about 30% of the continuum can be understood as activation of the central detector crystal by trapped protons. Weaker line features arise from activation of materials unshielded by the anticoincidence cup, while the remaining continuum and annihilation line would seem to come largely from electron-photon cascades originating in the spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 82
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    Low energy particle composition (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A review is given of current knowledge of low-energy cosmic ray particles produced in the solar system. It is argued that the notion that the sun alone can accelerate particles in the solar system must be abandoned in light of evidence that Jupiter and earth may be sources of observed low-energy particles. Measurements of the composition and energy spectra of low-energy particles during quiet times are examined, emphasizing the abundance of protons and helium and of anomalous N, O, and Ne. The abundance of heavy particles (B, C, N, O, Ne, Ca and Fe) of unknown origin in the earth magnetosphere is examined. Reported observations of Jovian electrons are discussed and solar particle events with anomalous compositions (He-3 rich events and Fe rich events) are treated in detail. Nuclear abundances of solar particles, emphasizing their temporal and spatial variations are considered together with the nature of nuclear reaction products in solar flares.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 83
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    Monte Carlo simulation of astronaut light flash observations on Apollo and Skylab missions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Monte Carlo calculations are performed to study the relation between cosmic ray nuclei and visual flashes observed by astronauts, in space. A satisfactory overall fit to all available data excluding the Skylab observations in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) has been achieved by varying three visual system parameters: effective retinal thickness, minimum projected track length inside retina and minimum energy loss rate. All light flash data from space excluding the SAA observations can be understood fully upon the basis of the primary cosmic ray charge and energy spectra together with the fitted values of the three visual system parameters. Monte Carlo simulations of the SAA observations suggest the existence of a previously unobserved multiply-charged component of the inner radiation belt.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 84
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    The University of California Iron Isotope Experiment (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We suggest a novel technique for resolving neighboring isotopes of iron-group nuclei with abundance ratios as great as 20:1 over the energy range from about 360 to about 550 MeV/nucleon. The determination of mass is based on the proportionality between mass and range and the negligible magnitude of range straggling. A balloon-borne experiment based on this technique is described which uses active electronic counters to measure particle speed, trajectory, and charge, and a passive polycarbonate plastic stack to measure range.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 85
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    Measurement of the abundance ratio of cosmic ray medium charge nuclei by a charged particle telescope and its feasibility for the isotopic study (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 86
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    Calculation of the radio emission from EAS (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Time-varying features of an electron-photon cascade are considered, particularly those associated with radio emission. The cosmic ray shower is represented as a superposition of collinear 10 GeV electron-photon cascades launched at different heights in the atmosphere. Actual simulations are performed for only 10 cascades at each of 40 heights and the results are scaled to represent the total number of cascades required. The apparent angular motions of the cascade particles as detected by antennas located at various positions up to 300 m from the shower axis are simulated. The radio pulse waveform and the corresponding frequency spectrum are obtained from these motions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 87
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    The width of electron-photon cascades in air (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results of a Monte-Carlo simulation of electron-photon cascades are presented with particular emphasis on cascade lateral spread. The effects of single and multiple Coulomb scattering are represented by giving the particles suitable displacements in position and angle at each interaction point. Some of the more oblique particle tracks are first divided into a number of steps between interaction points and the scattering procedure is applied to each step separately. To represent the particle defections due the geomagnetic field, a field of 0.3 gauss is supposed present and the appropriate helical path is imposed on each particle between interaction points. The results are in good agreement with the calculations of Nordheim et al., with simulations using the Berger-Seltzer electron photon transport program and with experimental measurements in water.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 88
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    Pion-nucleon scattering at cosmic-ray energies (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents a model of high-energy hadron-hadron scattering where each hadron is a fully absorbing scatterer with a radius that increases with energy. The energy dependence of the radius is chosen such that the total cross section has the energy behavior of the Froissart bound (which means that the cross sections are rising to infinity). The model is used to obtain amplitudes for pion-nucleon scattering.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 89
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    Nucleon radial gradients between 0.45 and 1.0 A.U. from the Mariner-10 mission to Mercury (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 90
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    IMP 6, 7 and 8 observations of the composition and time variations of low energy cosmic rays (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The charge composition and time variations of quiet-time cosmic rays in the energy range 10 to 25 MeV/nucleon were studied to determine the source of the enhancement of quiet-time intensities of low energy nitrogen and oxygen nuclei observed by Pioneer 10. Time variations were established from data from IMPs 6, 7, and 8; the charge composition was obtained by summing data from IMP 7 and IMP 8. The neon to carbon ratio present in solar rays is too low to explain an observed enhancement of neon. Helium and oxygen have the same percentage modulation for a range of x5 in intensity. This can be explained within the framework of the field-force approximation and the selection mechanism based on the first ionization potential proposed by Fisk et al. (1974) if both oxygen and helium are singly charged.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 91
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    The energy spectra of protons and alpha particles above 300 keV/nucleon during quiet times (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An unusual spectral feature and anomalously large abundance of helium between 0.6 and about 2 MeV/nucleon observed during the most quiet time periods in 1974 indicate the presence of low energy helium of an unknown origin. During these same quiet periods protons below 1.5 MeV and alphas below 0.6 MeV/nucleon have a power law energy spectrum with an index of -1.8 and the proton to alpha ratio is about 30. From these results and the measured anisotropy of these particles we conclude that the sun emits less than about 1 MeV particles continuously even during its most inactive periods.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 92
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    The elemental composition of 4-30 MeV/nuc cosmic ray nuclei with Z between 1 and 8 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The fluxes of elements from lithium through oxygen at energies down to about 4 MeV/nucleon were measured during solar quiet periods from October 1972 to September 1974 by spectrometers aboard IMPs 7 and 8. The energy spectra of Li, Be, B, and C are consistent with those expected from the adiabatic deceleration of higher energy galactic cosmic rays. The He, N, and O fluxes are greatly enhanced, with relative abundances of O/He of about 0.25, O/B of about 100, and O/C of about 30 at energies of 5 to 12.5 MeV/nucleon. There is qualitative agreement between the observed He, N, O, and Ne fluxes and the source abundances estimated from the model proposed by Fisk et al. (1974); however, the observed hydrogen flux is about 1000 times lower than the source hydrogen.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 93
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    The quiet time spectra of low energy hydrogen and helium nuclei (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements of the 1972-1973 quiet time hydrogen and helium spectra from 1.3-40 MeV/nuc are discussed. For both spectra the relative-intensity minimum occurs at lower energies than those reported for earlier years. There is no evidence of a low energy turnup in the He spectrum down to 2.4 MeV/nuc. The spectra indicate that the galactic component dominates down to about 10 MeV; a stable, non-solar He-4 component extends from higher energies down to about 2.4 MeV/nuc. At lower energies the periods of minimum H and He intensity do not coincide, and the relative abundance of H and He at 1.3-2.3 MeV/nuc is variable, with H/He ratios ranging from about 3 to about 10. The observations suggest that the 1.3-2.3 MeV/nuc protons and alphas are of solar origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 94
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    The quiet-time low energy nucleon spectrum in the vicinity of earth (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of the low energy quiet-time interplanetary nucleon spectrum obtained by Explorer 47 are examined for March 9-12, 1973, the quietest period from Sept. 26, 1972 through Feb. 15, 1975. The quiet-time energy spectrum may be represented by a power law with an index of about -3.1. The H/He ratio below 2 MeV is about 10. The ratio of antisunward to sunward intensities is about 2.6, increasing to about 8.55 in a frame moving with the solar wind. The angular distributions show that in the 0.3-0.5 MeV range most of the proton intensity originates in the earth's magnetosphere. The spectral behavior and enhancement of proton counting rates during microbursts suggest that the magnetosphere is a significant source at energies up to 2 MeV. The observed intensities are lower than those reported by Simpson and Tuzzolino (1973) by factors of 3 to 10. It is suggested that the low energy upturn in the quiet-time interplanetary proton spectrum may be related to particle emissions from planetary magnetospheres, such as that of Jupiter.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 95
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    Measurements of He-3 and He-4 nuclei using a balloon borne telescope (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Relative abundances of cosmic-ray He-3 and He-4 nuclei in the 125-210 MeV/nucleon energy range are reported from balloon data. The He-3 spectrum above roughly 40 MeV/nucleon can be derived from the He-4 spectrum. Predicted and observed He-3 spectra are compared, with solar modulation taken into account, to interstellar He-4 spectra. It is concluded that conventional interstellar He-4 spectra cannot simultaneously reproduce high-energy and low-energy He-4 fluxes seen at earth in 1972, and medium-energy and low-energy He-4 fluxes seen at earth in 1972.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 96
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    Angular sensitivities of scintillator slab configurations for location of gamma ray bursts (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Thin flat scintillator slabs are a useful means of measuring the angular location of gamma ray fluxes of astronomical interest. A statistical estimate of position error was made of two scintillator systems suitable for gamma ray burst location from a balloon or satellite platform. A single rotating scintillator with associated flux monitor is compared with a pair of stationary orthogonal scintillators. Position error for a strong burst is of the order of a few arcmin if systematic errors are ignored.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144237
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  • 97
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    Reduction and analysis of ATS-6 data (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A data reduction program was developed and debugged which presents the Aerospace particle data and the UCLA magnetometer data in a variety of formats suitable for analysis as well as further data processing. Fifty days of data were processed through this program and analysis of these data were begun. In addition, modifications were made to an old ATS-1 program in order to enable this program to process ATS-1 data obtained simultaneously with ATS-6 data acquisitions during 1974. Some analysis of ATS-1 data and comparison with ATS-6 data also went forward. Preparations were begun to transfer ATS-6 data to the National Space Science Data Center. These efforts are described in detail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146347 , ATR-75(7517)-1 , SPL-76(7517)-1
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  • 98
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    Implications for flare build-up and heating from observations made by OSO-7 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The evolution of the EUV and soft X-ray emission in the event on January 19, 1972 are discussed in terms of the slow (passive) and fast (active) phases of flare evolution that were previously discussed. The implications are summarized for a flare build-up model which was derived-from these observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71045 , X-682-75-293 , Flare Build-Up Study Workshop; Sep 08, 1975 - Sep 11, 1975; Cape Cod, MA; United States
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  • 99
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    Super-Alfvenic particle streaming in astrophysical settings (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The pitch angle scattering of relativistic particles by self-generated hydromagnetic waves is discussed. It is shown that in a hot background plasma, because of the resonant damping of short wavelength waves by thermal protons, cosmic rays need not slow down to a mean streaming speed which is of order the Alfven speed. The effects of a high cosmic ray energy density upon the destabilized wave model are also discussed. Recent work indicates that when the cosmic ray energy density is on the order of or exceeds the energy density in the ambient magnetic field, the velocity of the amplified waves is significantly greater than the Alfven speed. These effects have important implications for recent cosmic ray acceleration models and are important for studies of particle propagation in many astrophysical plasmas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Particle acceleration mechanisms in astrophysics; Jan 03, 1979 - Jan 05, 1979; La Jolla, CA
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  • 100
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    Implications of gamma ray observations for particle acceleration Experimental prospects (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The relationship of gamma ray observations to the energetic particle acceleration phenomena is discussed. In particular the requirements for production of gamma rays by energetic particles are reviewed. The present state of observations of gamma rays is also reviewed and where there is a clear connection, the implications for particle acceleration theory is pointed out. In conclusion, a brief summary is given for instrument capabilities for the next major USA satellite experiments to be conducted in the 1980s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Particle acceleration mechanisms in astrophysics; Jan 03, 1979 - Jan 05, 1979; La Jolla, CA
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