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  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 2015-2019  (352)
  • 1975-1979  (6,726)
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  • 1
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    Deformation pathway and defect generation in crystals: a combined group theory and graph theory description (2018)
    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-19
    Description: The generation and motion of crystalline defects during plastic deformation are critical processes that determine the mechanical properties of a crystal. The types of defect generated are not only related to the symmetry of a crystal but also associated with the symmetry-breaking process during deformation. Proposed here is a new mathematical framework to capture the intrinsic coupling between crystal symmetry and deformation-induced symmetry breaking. Using a combination of group theory and graph theory, a general approach is demonstrated for the systematic determination of the types of crystalline defect induced by plastic deformation, through the construction of a crystal deformation group and a deformation pathway graph. The types of defect generated in the deformation of a face-centered cubic crystal are analyzed through the deformation pathway graph and compared with experimental observations.
    Keywords: crystal deformationcrystalline defectsgroup theoryCayley graph
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
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  • 2
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    Incommensurate structures of the [CH3NH3][Co(COOH)3] compound (2018)
    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-19
    Description: The present article is devoted to the characterization of the structural phase transitions of the [CH3NH3][Co(COOH)3] (1) perovskite-like metal–organic compound through variable-temperature single-crystal neutron diffraction. At room temperature, compound 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (phase I). A decrease in temperature gives rise to a first phase transition from the space group Pnma to an incommensurate phase (phase II) at approximately 128 K. At about 96 K, this incommensurate phase evolves into a second phase with a sharp change in the modulation vector (phase III). At lower temperatures (ca 78 K), the crystal structure again becomes commensurate and can be described in the monoclinic space group P21/n (phase IV). Although phases I and IV have been reported previously [Boča et al. (2004). Acta Cryst. C60, m631–m633; Gómez-Aguirre et al. (2016). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 1122–1125; Mazzuca et al. (2018). Chem. Eur. J. 24, 388–399], phases III and IV corresponding to the Pnma(00γ)0s0 space group have not yet been described. These phase transitions involve not only the occurrence of small distortions in the three-dimensional anionic [Co(HCOO)3]− framework, but also the reorganization of the [CH3NH3]+ counter-ions in the cavities of the structure, which gives rise to an alteration of the hydrogen-bonded network, modifying the electrical properties of compound 1.
    Keywords: phase transitionsincommensurate structuresformate ligandmultiferroic materialsaperiodic structuresmaterials scienceinorganic chemistryphase transitionsMOFs
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
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  • 3
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    Structure model of γ-Al2O3 based on planar defects (2018)
    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-19
    Description: The defect structure of γ-Al2O3 derived from boehmite was investigated using a combination of selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Both methods confirmed a strong dependence of the diffraction line broadening on the diffraction indices known from literature. The analysis of the SAED patterns revealed that the dominant structure defects in the spinel-type γ-Al2O3 are antiphase boundaries located on the lattice planes (00l), which produce the sublattice shifts {{1}\over{4}}\langle 10{\overline 1}\rangle. Quantitative information about the defect structure of γ-Al2O3 was obtained from the powder XRD patterns. This includes mainly the size of γ-Al2O3 crystallites and the density of planar defects. The correlation between the density of the planar defects and the presence of structural vacancies, which maintain the stoichiometry of the spinel-type γ-Al2O3, is discussed. A computer routine running on a fast graphical processing unit was written for simulation of the XRD patterns. This routine calculates the atomic positions for a given kind and density of planar defect, and simulates the diffracted intensities with the aid of the Debye scattering equation.
    Keywords: γ-aluminamicrostructure defectsantiphase boundariesrotational boundariesselected-area electron diffractionpowder X-ray diffractionDebye equationanisotropic broadening
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
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    Framework disorder and its effect on selective hysteretic sorption of a T-shaped azole-based metal–organic framework (2018)
    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-08
    Description: Metal–organic frameworks with highly ordered porosity have been studied extensively. In this paper, the effect of framework (pore) disorder on the gas sorption of azole-based isoreticular Cu(II) MOFs with rtl topology and characteristic 1D tubular pore channels is investigated for the first time. In contrast to other isoreticular rtl metal–organic frameworks, the Cu(II) metal–organic framework based on 5-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)isophthalate acid has a crystallographically identifiable disordered framework without open N-donor sites. The framework provides a unique example for investigating the effect of pore disorder on gas sorption that can be systematically evaluated. It exhibits remarkable temperature-dependent hysteretic CO2 sorption up to room temperature, and shows selectivity of CO2 over H2, CH4 and N2 at ambient temperature. The unique property of the framework is its disordered structure featuring distorted 1D tubular channels and DMF-guest-remediated defects. The results imply that structural disorder (defects) may play an important role in the modification of the performance of the material.
    Keywords: metal–organic frameworksT-shaped ligandsdisorderMOFssolid propertieschannel structuresgas separation
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
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    SPIND: a reference-based auto-indexing algorithm for sparse serial crystallography data (2018)
    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-08
    Description: SPIND (sparse-pattern indexing) is an auto-indexing algorithm for sparse snapshot diffraction patterns (`stills') that requires the positions of only five Bragg peaks in a single pattern, when provided with unit-cell parameters. The capability of SPIND is demonstrated for the orientation determination of sparse diffraction patterns using simulated data from microcrystals of a small inorganic molecule containing three iodines, 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid monohydrate (I3C) [Beck & Sheldrick (2008), Acta Cryst. E64, o1286], which is challenging for commonly used indexing algorithms. SPIND, integrated with CrystFEL [White et al. (2012), J. Appl. Cryst. 45, 335–341], is then shown to improve the indexing rate and quality of merged serial femtosecond crystallography data from two membrane proteins, the human δ-opioid receptor in complex with a bi-functional peptide ligand DIPP-NH2 and the NTQ chloride-pumping rhodopsin (CIR). The study demonstrates the suitability of SPIND for indexing sparse inorganic crystal data with smaller unit cells, and for improving the quality of serial femtosecond protein crystallography data, significantly reducing the amount of sample and beam time required by making better use of limited data sets. SPIND is written in Python and is publicly available under the GNU General Public License from https://github.com/LiuLab-CSRC/SPIND.
    Keywords: serial crystallographyX-ray free-electron lasersXFELelectron diffractiondiffract-then-destroydynamical studiesauto-indexing algorithmsBragg peaks
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
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    K-paracelsian (KAlSi3O8·H2O) and identification of a simple building scheme of dense double-crankshaft zeolite topologies (2018)
    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-05
    Description: During screening of the phase space using KOH and 1-methyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane hydroxide (1-methyl-DABCO) under hydrothermal zeolite synthesis conditions, K-paracelsian was synthesized. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and ex situ powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a material that is compositionally closely related to the mineral microcline and structurally closely related to the mineral paracelsian, both of which are feldspars. In contrast to the feldspars, K-paracelsian contains intrazeolitic water corresponding to one molecule per cage. In the case of K-paracelsian it might be useful to consider it a link between feldspars and zeolites. It was also shown that K-paracelsian can be described as the simplest endmember of a family of dense double-crankshaft zeolite topologies. By applying the identified building principle, a number of known zeolite topologies can be constructed. Furthermore, it facilitates the construction of a range of hypothetical small-pore structures that are crystallo-chemically healthy, but which have not yet been realized experimentally.
    Keywords: K-paracelsiandense double-crankshaft zeolite topologiesstructure refinementcrystal engineeringinorganic porous solidsmicroporous materials
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 7
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    Direct air capture of CO2 – topological analysis of the experimental electron density (QTAIM) of the highly insoluble carbonate salt of a 2,6-pyridine-bis(iminoguanidine), (PyBIGH2)(CO3)(H2O)4 (2018)
    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Description: Chemical bonding and all intermolecular interactions in the highly insoluble carbonate salt of a 2,6-pyridine-bis(iminoguanidine), (PyBIGH2)(CO3)(H2O)4, recently employed in the direct air capture of CO2 via crystallization, have been analyzed within the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) based on the experimental electron density derived from X-ray diffraction data obtained at 20 K. Accurate hydrogen positions were included based on an analogous neutron diffraction study at 100 K. Topological features of the covalent bonds demonstrate the presence of multiple bonds of various orders within the PyBIGH22+ cation. Strong hydrogen bonds define ribbons comprising carbonate anions and water molecules. These ribbons are linked to stacks of essentially planar dications via hydrogen bonds from the guanidinium moieties and an additional one to the pyridine nitrogen. The linking hydrogen bonds are approximately perpendicular to the anion–water ribbons. The observation of these putative interactions provided motivation to characterize them by topological analysis of the total electron density. Thus, all hydrogen bonds have been characterized by the properties of their (3,−1) bond critical points. Weaker interactions between the PyBIGH22+ cations have similarly been characterized. Integrated atomic charges are also reported. A small amount of cocrystallized hydroxide ion (∼2%) was also detected in both the X-ray and neutron data, and included in the multipole model for the electron-density refinement. The small amount of additional H+ required for charge balance was not detected in either the X-ray or the neutron data. The results are discussed in the context of the unusually low aqueous solubility of (PyBIGH2)(CO3)(H2O)4 and its ability to sequester atmospheric CO2.
    Keywords: carbon captureguanidineX-ray diffractionneutron diffractioncharge densitytopological analysiscrystal engineeringintermolecular interactionshydrogen bondingenvironmental chemistry
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
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    Computational design of symmetrical eight-bladed β-propeller proteins (2018)
    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Description: β-Propeller proteins form one of the largest families of protein structures, with a pseudo-symmetrical fold made up of subdomains called blades. They are not only abundant but are also involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, often by acting as a platform for the assembly of protein complexes. WD40 proteins are a subfamily of propeller proteins with no intrinsic enzymatic activity, but their stable, modular architecture and versatile surface have allowed evolution to adapt them to many vital roles. By computationally reverse-engineering the duplication, fusion and diversification events in the evolutionary history of a WD40 protein, a perfectly symmetrical homologue called Tako8 was made. If two or four blades of Tako8 are expressed as single polypeptides, they do not self-assemble to complete the eight-bladed architecture, which may be owing to the closely spaced negative charges inside the ring. A different computational approach was employed to redesign Tako8 to create Ika8, a fourfold-symmetrical protein in which neighbouring blades carry compensating charges. Ika2 and Ika4, carrying two or four blades per subunit, respectively, were found to assemble spontaneously into a complete eight-bladed ring in solution. These artificial eight-bladed rings may find applications in bionanotechnology and as models to study the folding and evolution of WD40 proteins.
    Keywords: bioinformaticsprotein structurecomputational modellingmolecular simulationstructural biologyWD40 proteinsβ-propeller proteins
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
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    Structure-factor amplitude reconstruction from serial femtosecond crystallography of two-dimensional membrane-protein crystals (2018)
    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-13
    Description: Serial femtosecond crystallography of two-dimensional membrane-protein crystals at X-ray free-electron lasers has the potential to address the dynamics of functionally relevant large-scale motions, which can be sterically hindered in three-dimensional crystals and suppressed in cryocooled samples. In previous work, diffraction data limited to a two-dimensional reciprocal-space slice were evaluated and it was demonstrated that the low intensity of the diffraction signal can be overcome by collecting highly redundant data, thus enhancing the achievable resolution. Here, the application of a newly developed method to analyze diffraction data covering three reciprocal-space dimensions, extracting the reciprocal-space map of the structure-factor amplitudes, is presented. Despite the low resolution and completeness of the data set, it is shown by molecular replacement that the reconstructed amplitudes carry meaningful structural information. Therefore, it appears that these intrinsic limitations in resolution and completeness from two-dimensional crystal diffraction may be overcome by collecting highly redundant data along the three reciprocal-space axes, thus allowing the measurement of large-scale dynamics in pump–probe experiments.
    Keywords: free-electron lasersserial femtosecond crystallographymembrane proteinstwo-dimensional crystals
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
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    Thresholding of cryo-EM density maps by false discovery rate control (2018)
    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    In: IUCrJ
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-09
    Description: Cryo-EM now commonly generates close-to-atomic resolution as well as intermediate resolution maps from macromolecules observed in isolation and in situ. Interpreting these maps remains a challenging task owing to poor signal in the highest resolution shells and the necessity to select a threshold for density analysis. In order to facilitate this process, a statistical framework for the generation of confidence maps by multiple hypothesis testing and false discovery rate (FDR) control has been developed. In this way, three-dimensional confidence maps contain signal separated from background noise in the form of local detection rates of EM density values. It is demonstrated that confidence maps and FDR-based thresholding can be used for the interpretation of near-atomic resolution single-particle structures as well as lower resolution maps determined by subtomogram averaging. Confidence maps represent a conservative way of interpreting molecular structures owing to minimized noise. At the same time they provide a detection error with respect to background noise, which is associated with the density and is particularly beneficial for the interpretation of weaker cryo-EM densities in cases of conformational flexibility and lower occupancy of bound molecules and ions in the structure.
    Keywords: electron cryo-microscopysignal detectionfalse discovery ratecryo-EM densitysubtomogram averaginglocal resolutionligand binding
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
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