ALBERT

Note: Kt. u.d.T.: Part of Franz Josef Archipelago surveyed by the Ziegler Polar Expedition 1903-4-5 〈1 : 600.000〉 ; Map of Franz Josef Archipelago compiled from surveys of the Ziegler Polar Expeditions 1901--02, 1903-5, and from information published by Payer (1872-74), Leigh Smith (1880-81), Jackson (1894-97), Nansen (1895-96), Wellman (1898-99), the Duke of the Abruzzi (1899-1900) 〈1 : 750.000〉 , Contents: Introduction by Anthony Fiala. - Section A - Magnetic Observations and Reductions. - Section B - Notes and Sketches of the Auroræ Borealis. - Section C - Meteorological Observations and Compilations. - Section D - Tidal Observations and Reductions. - Section E - Astronomic Observations and Reductions. - Section F - Map construction and survey work

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: Metric (SI) to U.S. customary units of measurement Introduction Selection of experimental approach Previous investigations of effect of freeze-thaw on soil deform ability Selection of laboratory test method Selection of method of field validation tests Field repeated-load plate-bearing tests Test pavements, soils and materials Test procedures and results Resilient modulus of subgrade calculated from field tests Mathematical model Characterization of asphalt concrete Characterization of frozen silt Calculated resilient modulus of silt within the zone of freezing Laboratory repeated-load triaxial tests Specimens, equipment and testing procedures Apparatus Procedures Resilient properties calculated from laboratory tests Calculation methods Asphalt concrete - test results Asphalt concrete - statistical analysis and discussion Silt - test results Silt - statistical analysis Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Repeated-load plate-bearing test results Appendix B. Laboratory repeated-load triaxial test results Appendix C. Regression equation coefficients for resilient modulus and Poisson’s ratio from repeated-load triaxial test data on asphalt concrete and silt Appendix D. Detailed procedures for repeated-load triaxial testing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site description Background and objectives Project history Approach General Aircraft imagery and sensor data LANDSAT imagery Ground truth data Results and discussion Remote sensing techniques Conventional techniques Comparison of results Conclusions Advantages and disadvantages Applications Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Analysis of stress Geometry of the Mohr circle Stress characteristic directions Analysis of strain rate Constitutive equations Strain-rate characteristic directions Constitutive geometry Strain-rate tensor The dyadic expression Plastic work rate Coordinate transformation Example The stress solution Velocity equations in the a-characteristic curvilinear coordinates The constant speed solution Velocity equations in the constant density region Solution in the first constant-density subregion Solution in the second constant-density subregion Solution in the passive region Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Segregation freezing Analysis Heat conduction in the nascent ice layer Water flow in the unfrozen soil Heat transfer in the unfrozen soil Energy balance at the segregation-freezing front Numerical computation Literature cited Appendix A. Essence of Portnov’s method Appendix B. Frost-heaving without air available

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The protected membrane roof Winter construction considerations Construction costs Conclusion

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Water movement through snow Vertical percolation Lateral flow Flat roofs Sloping roofs Rainfall intensity-duration effects Miscellaneous effects Radial flow to drains Flow along gutters on snow-covered roofs Snow structure Basal layer Conclusion Literature citied Appendix A. Computer program calculating roof loads from rain-on-snow

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Background Objectives Profiling system Approach Profiling method Data reduction and interpretation Results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Comparison of ground and aerial data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Principles of cutting Forces acting on a single cutter Theoretical Ideas on cutting Experimental data on cutting forces Effect of chipping depth on tool forces Effect of rake angle on tool forces Effect of relief angle on cutting forces Effect of side rake on tool forces Effect of base angle or face profile on tool forces Effect of rounding at the cutting edge Effect of tool width on cutting forces Tool compliance and force fluctuations Effect of tool speed on cutting forces Effect of rock properties on cutting forces Tool interaction and kerf spacing Effect of multiple pass cutting on tool forces Effect of tool wear on cutting forces Development of wear Energetics of cutting Energetics of parallel-motion tools Variation of specific energy with chipping depth for a single tool Effect of rake angle on specific energy Effect of relief angle on specific energy Effect of side rake on specific energy Effect of base angle or face profile on specific energy Effect of tip radius on specific energy Effect of tool width on specific energy Effect of tool speed on specific energy Variation of specific energy with rock properties Effect of kerf spacing on specific energy Effect of multiple pass cutting on specific energy Effect of tool wear on specific energy General summary Literature cited Appendix Α. Additional data for ice Appendix Β. Conversion factors: U.S. customary and metric units of measurement

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Foreword Terminology Trajectories of fixed tools Trajectories of roller cutters and indenters Speed of fixed cutting tools Speed of rolling disc cutters Speed and geometry of "wide" roller cutters Skidding rollers "Spiked" rollers Epicyclic or planetary mechanisms Chipping depth and penetration rate Chip production and cutting removal rate Balancing cutting and clearing rates in flight augers Tool relief angles - kinematic considerations Tool rake angles Distribution and spacing of cutting tools Radial tool spacing Angular tool spacing Spacing in the axial direction Literature cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Foreword Introduction Terminology Chipping depth Production and conveyance of cuttings Tool trajectories Tool speeds Tool relief angles — kinematic considerations Tool rake angles Belt curvature, slackness and flexibility Tool layout Longitudinal tool spacing Transverse tool spacing Cross-section profiles of the kerf Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors for U.S.customary and SI units Introduction Materials, instruments, measurements Experiments with water freezing in fine pores Freezing experiments with bulk water Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Results Models for predicting thickness from ice freeboard Comparison between measured and predicted thicknesses Spectral behavior of measured and predicted profiles Comparisons of ice thickness using airborne laser profilometry Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Misgivings on isostatic imbalance as a mechanism for sea ice cracking

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Über die Verbreitung stabiler Isotope in der Erdkruste / K. Wetzel. - Carbon isotope fractionation in the isotopic exchange reaction between gaseous carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion / J. Szaran, W. Zuk, J. Serafin. - Zur Berechnung von Isotopieeffekten von Transportkoeffizienten in binären Mischungen mittlerer Dichte / R. Der, H. G. Deuretzbacher, R. Haberlandt, J. Heybey. - Untersuchungen zur Diffusion isotopischer Methanspezies / H. Schütze. - Mathematische Modellierung von Trennprozessen bei der Bildung und Zerstörung von Erdgasakkumulationen / W.-D Hermichen, H. Schütze. - Geophysikalisch-montanwissenschaftliche Anwendungen der Radonexhalation des Bodens / W. Stolz, H. Gast. - Zur Problematik offener Systeme bei radioaktiven Altersbestimmungen / G. Kaiser, J. Pilot, M. Schlichting. - Die Anwendung von Quarz in der Rb-Sr-Geochronologie / W. S. Lepin, M. N. Maslowskaja, L. W. Pawlowa, T. W. Jegorowa, A. I. Melnikow, S. R. Brandt. - Isotopische Zusammensetzung des Strontiums in Mineralen aus Kimberliten / M. N. Maslowskaja, W. S. Lepin, S. I. Kostrowizky, T. I. Kolosnizina, L. W. Pawlowa, B. M. Wladimirow, S. B. Brandt. - Rb-Sr-Datierungen in Südbezirken der DDR / G. Hartmann, T. Kaemmel, G. Tischendorf, S. Lächelt, H.-J. Dietze, M. Habedank. - Sr- und O-Isotopenuntersuchungen an basischen Magmatiten der DDR / L. Pfeiffer, J. Pilot, H. J. Rösler, M. Schlichting, C.-D. Werner. - Molybdän-Isotopenanalyse an Mineralen / S. Becker, H.-J. Dietze. - Isotopische Zusammensetzung des Bleis von Sulfiden aus Molybdän-Kupfer-Lagerstätten der Mongolei (russ.) / W. I. Sotnikow, W. A. Chalilow, A. P. Bersina, M. Shamsran. - An inexpensive device for digitalization of an isotope ratio mass-spectrometer / S. Hałas, Z. Skorzyński. - Sauerstoffisotopenanalyse karbonathaltiger Gesteine (russ.) / W. I. Ustinow, W. A. Grinenko. - Methode zur Bestimmung natürlicher 15N-Häufigkeiten an geringen Mengen medizinisch-biologischen Materials / H. Faust, H. Bornhak, K. Hirschberg, H. Birkenfeld. - Die N-15-Bestimmung am NOI-5 mit verringerter Probemenge / K. Mauersberger. - Die Tritium-Bestimmung von low-level-Proben im Flüssigkeitsszintillationsspektrometer / B. Kiehl. - Bestimmung von natürlichen C-14-Gehalten in Umweltproben / R. Trettin, A. Hiller. - Environmental isotopes in geothermal water investigation / P. Noto, S. Nuti, C. Panichi, R. Gonfiantini. - Umweltisotope als Hilfsmittel bei hydrologischen Untersuchungen / H. Moser. - Tritium-helium-3 dating of natural waters / W. Weiss, W. Jenkins. - Ergebnisse von Langzeit-Tritium- und 14C-Grundwasseruntersuchungen / K. Fröhlich, H. Jordan, D. Hebert. - Tritium- und Deuteriumvariationen in der Schneedecke der Zentralantarktis (1875-1970) (russ.) / A. L. Dewirz, W. D. Wilenski, W. A. Grinenko. - Breitengradabhängige Deuteriumvariationen im atmosphärischen Wasserdampf des Atlantiks / P. Kowski, G. Strauch, H. Schütze. - Isotope fractionation due to evaporation from sand dunes / K. O. Münnich, C. Sonntag, D. Christmann, G. Thoma. - Neue Ergebnisse zum Kohlenstoff-Isotopenaustausch im System CH4-CO2 / P. Harting, I. Maaß. - Über die Ursachen der Temperaturüberschreitung bei der CO2-CH4-Geothermometrie in Geothermalgebieten (russ.) / L. K. Gutzalo. - Modelluntersuchungen zur Isotopenfraktionierung des Stickstoffs während der Metamorphose von Gesteinen / H.-M. Nitzsche, K. Mühle, A. Krause, G. Schlegel, K. Wetzel. - Variationen der Stickstoffisotope in regionalmetamorphen Gesteinen / D. Haendel, K. Mühle, G. Stiehl, U. Wand. - Über die isotope Zusammensetzung des Stickstoffs in magmatischen und metamorphen Gesteinen / W. F. Wolynez, D. Haendel, G. Stiehl. - Die Sauerstoffisotopenzusammensetzung von granitischen Gesteinen und Mineralen des Schwarzwaldes / J. Hoefs. - A new high-temperature 18O thermometer / J. R. O'Neil, T. K. Kyser. - Einfluß regressiver Effekte auf die Verteilung der Sauerstoffisotope bei Hochtemperaturprozessen (russ.) / D. P. Krylow, M. E. Salje, D. P. Winogradow. - Fraktionierung der Sauerstoffisotope in Karbonatmineralen bei der Kontaktmetamorphose (russ.) / M. E. Salje, L. M. Gawrilowa. - The stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits / J. R. O'Neil. - Besonderheiten der isotopischen Zusammensetzung des Kohlenstoffs in Kimberlitröhren Jakutiens (russ.) / G. P. Mamtschur. - Kohlenstoff-Isotopenuntersuchungen an graphitischer Substanz von Metaschwarzschiefern des Erzgebirges und anderer Gebiete der DDR / U. Wand, G. Stiehl, I. Winkler, P. Ossenkopf. - Zu einigen isotopengeochemischen Aspekten bei der Modellierung des globalen Sauerstoffkreislaufes / G. Weise, W.-D. Hermichen. - Über die isotopische Zusammensetzung des karbonatischen und organischen Kohlenstoffs in der Erdgeschichte (russ.) / A. A. Iwljew. - Über die Isotopenzusammensetzung des Schwefels in sedimentären Sulfiden und Sulfaten / K. Wetzel. - The sulfur contents and isotopes in ultramafic and basic rocks / L. N. Grinenko. - Zur Schwefelisotopengeochemie basaltischer Gesteine / H.-W. Hubberten, H. Puchelt. - Ein dynamisches Modell der Bleiisotopenevolution in der Erdkruste und im Erdmantel (russ.) / B. G. Amow. - Entwicklung genetischer Modelle für permische Erdgase in der VR Polen unter Nutzung von Isotopendaten / W.-D. Hermichen, F. May, E. P. Müller, H. Schütze. - Die isotopische Zusammensetzung des Kohlenstoffs von Lipiden aus Bodensedimenten des Atlantiks (russ.) / I. P. Schadski, G. N. Baturin, J. I. Grintschenko. - Kohlenstoff- und Wasserstoffisotopenvariationen in Methan aus Erdgasen und in Methan aus Crackreaktionen / A. Runge, U. Wand. - Die isotopische Zusammensetzung des Schwefels, Kohlenstoffs und Wasserstoffs als Funktion der Evolution des Lebens auf der Erde (russ.) / S. P. Maksimow, R. G. Pankina, W. L. Mechtijewa. - Isotope Zusammensetzung des Kohlenstoffs von CO2 in Kohlenwasserstoffakkumulationen unter dem Aspekt seiner Genese (russ.) / R. G. Pankina, W. L. Mechtijewa, S. M. Gurijewa. - Die Isotopenzusammensetzung von rezenten und fossilen Eierschalen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Dinosauriereierschalen / J. Hoefs. - Isotopische Zusammensetzung des Kohlenstoffs als ein Kriterium der Typisierung von Erdölen des Kama-Gebietes (russ.) / A. Z. Koblowa, M. G. Frik, W. M. Proworow. - Die isotopische Zusammensetzung des Kohlenstoffs als Fazieskriterium für organische Substanzen / I. Maaß. - Die isotopische Zusammensetzung des Stickstoffs in natürlichen Diamanten - erste Ergebnisse / U. Wand, K. Mühle, H.-M. Nitzsche, K. Wetzel. - Über einige Isotopieeffekte des Stickstoffs in der Bodenzone / H. Hübner. - Besonderheiten der Kohlenstoff-Isotopenverteilung in Erdölen und Kondensaten bei der Migration (nach experimentellen Daten) (russ.) / T. A. Botnewa, A. G. Miljoschina, W. S. Fonin. - Beziehungen zwischen δ18O-Werten und stofflich-strukturellen Parametern von Silikaten /K. Wetzel, D. Mißbach, K. Mühle. - Vulkanogenes Kohlendioxid: Aussagen zur Herkunft aufgrund von Isotopenuntersuchungen / H. Puchelt, H.-W. Hubberten. - Zur Druckabhängigkeit des Isotopieeffektes bei Verteilungsgleichgewichten - experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen an Modellsystemen / J. Heybey, P. Harting. - Zur Druck- und Temperaturabhängigkeit der thermodynamischen Löslichkeits-Isotopieeffekte von Methan und Stickstoff in Wasser / P. Harting, H. Schütze. - Die isotopische Zusammensetzung des Sulfatschwefels in Flüssen der UdSSR (russ.) / A. L. Rabinowitsch, W. A. Grinenko. - Zum CO2-Austausch zwischen der nördlichen und der südlichen Hemisphäre / G. Weise, K. Wetzel. - Isotopenuntersuchungen an Sulfiden in Braunkohlen / H. J. Rösler, H. Calliess, J. Pilot. - Die isotopische Zusammensetzung des Schwefels von Sulfiden und Baryten der Lagerstättte Baschkischlag und ihre physikochemischen Bildungsbedingungen (russ.) / N. M. Sairi, P. S. Gawriljuk, A. A. Magribi, W. P. Strishow, W. A. Grinenko. - Quellen des Schwefels und Kohlenstoffs in einigen Imprägnations- und Quarz-S , Zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift.

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 82-October 83. - II. Planned Activities, October 83-October 84. - References.

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 83-October 84. - II. Planned Activities, October 84-October 85. - References.

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 81-October 82. - II. Planned Activities, October 82-October 83. - References.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Methodology Potential flow around an arbitrary airfoil Incompressible velocity field Droplet trajectory equation Computational procedure for trajectories Determining the point of impact Calculation of collision efficiencies Accreting an ice layer Determining the accuracy of the flow field Determining the accuracy of the trajectories Results and discussion Comparing results with and without the history term Collision efficiency of NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 0° attack angle Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A : Sample input Appendix B: Sample output Appendix C : Program listing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research of the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Station. - Antarctic Research Activities 1979-1980. - Planned Research Activities 1980-1981. - References.

Note: Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Test specimens Test methods Results Impact strength of beanms Ductility of beams Effect of notched bars Elastic deflection of beams Impact tests on rebars Conclusions and summary Literature cited Appendix A: Beam crack patterns Appendix B: Photomicrographs of failure surfaces of some steels

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Non-melting heat transfer relations for horizontal surfaces Heat transfer for melting horizontal ice sheets Instrument setup, data acquisition and test procedures General Instrumentation Data acquisition Computer software Test procedures Data output from computer Equations used for data analysis Control volume and melting surface Control of variables Error analysis Experimental results and discussion Wave formation Temperature and velocity profiles in open channel flow Correlation of data Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Conversion equations for data acquisition equipment Appendix B: Computer code for data acquisition and analysis Appendix C: Typical test output Appendix D: Thermal properties of water and ice Appendix E: Error analysis Appendix F: Summary of test conditions Appendix G: Experimental data and calculated quantities, with inlet length

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Sites and site preparation Results and discussion Lake Morey Post Pond Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Study objectives and field locale Study site Equipment Vehicles Drilling equipment Sampling equipment Geophysical equipment Shelter and icing control Surveying equipment Miscellaneous equipment Field techniques and methodology Logistics Drilling procedures Data collection Geophysical analyses Experiences summary Morphology, transport and hydraulic data Mid-winter physical characteristics Hydraulic characteristics Sediment transport Late winter physical characteristics Seasonal morphology Geophysical data interpretation Spatial morphology Frazil ice characteristics Discussion and conclusions Recommendations Equipment Research Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site weather Site selection Equipment Rotor Data logger Rotoscope Laser profile camera Thin section preparation Run procedure Sample collection and shutdown Dry runs and static runs Results and discussion Wet-to-dry growth regime transition Stagnation line icing rate Icing rate on cylindrical and airfoil blades Liquid water content vs stagnation line icing rate Droplet capture efficiency index Temperature rise Morphological and crystallographic aspects Summary and conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Chronology of events .. Appendix B: Narrative description of icing runs Appendix C: Weather summary sheets for test days Appendix D: Signal conditioner circuit diagram and sample printout

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Chapter 1. Introduction Location Purpose of study Previous work Chapter 2. Methodology Geology Overland erosion Wave erosion Frost penetration and heave Thaw failure Bank recession Ground water Soil moisture Chapter 3. Results Geology Geotechnical properties Overland erosion Wave erosion Freeze-thaw phenomena Ground water fluctuations Other slope failures Chapter 4. Discussion Overland erosion Wave erosion Thaw failure Universal soil loss equation Chapter 5. Summary and conclusions Techniques Erosion processes at Orwell lake Bank recession Literature cited Appendix A1: Average cumulative change of surface at erosion stations #2-12, 1980-81 Appendix A2: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix A3: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1 -12, 198 1-82 Appendix A4: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix AS: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1981-82 Appendix A6: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1 -1 2A, 1982 Appendix B: Dimensions of erosion sections, Orwell Lake, Minnesota Appendix C: Piezometer installation data, Orwell Lake, Minneso

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Description of the selected sites Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity tests Freezing test Validation Description of test sites and materials Sample preparation Results and analysis of laboratory tests Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity test Freezing test Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Summary of frost-susceptibility tests on natural soil

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections and materials Specimen preparation Test soils Asphalt concrete Laboratory testing Soil testing Waveforms of applied stress Asphalt concrete Data reduction and analysis Soil Asphalt concrete Results and discussion General Resilient modulus Summary Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil moisture tension versus water content for several test soils Appendix B: Tabulated results for all tests on frozen and thawed soils

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Field test sites Frost-susceptibility index testing Index tests selected Laboratory test results Conclusions Soil column and dual gamma system Design features Test results Mathematical model of frost heave and thaw settlement Model development Numerical approach Probabilistic concepts Model verification Discussion Seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils Characterization by laboratory testing Field verification Summary of predictive approach Simulating frost heave and pavement deflection Method of evaluation Results and discussion Summary of findings Frost-susceptibility index tests Soil column and dual gamma system Mathematical model of frost heave and thaw settlement Seasonal variation in resilient modulus of granular soils Implementation of research findings Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system New laboratory freeze-thaw test Frost-heave model Repeated-load triaxial test on frozen and thawed soil Evaluation of seasonal variation of resilient modulus Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Tested multi-year floe ice samples Ice description Uniaxial constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-load compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial constant-strain-rate compression test Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data Appendix B: Multi-year floe sample data

Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling procedure Analytical techniques Salinities Crystal structure Results Salinity Crystal structure Brine layer spacing Incidental temperatures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Vertical and horizontal thin section photographs of sea ice from various sites

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Sea ice growth and structure Model sea ice Brine salinity Seawater and model brine conductivity Complex dielectric constant of brine Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 MHz Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 and 500 MHz and 1 and 5 GHz Example of impulse radar sea ice profiling results Example of frequency-domain electromagnetic sea ice thickness sounding Concluding remarks Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sea ice structure and classification Logistics and field operations Analytical techniques Crystalline structure Fluorescence Results Salinity Crystalline structure Fluorescence Description of selected floes Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Floe descriptions

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Review of previous work Specimen preparation Material Molding Testing procedure and apparatus Test results Definition of strain and stress Definition of creep failure Definition of failure in constant-strain-rate tests Definition of initial yield strength Determination of initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Creep behavior General nature of the creep process and the failure mode Minimum creep rate Time to creep failure Relationship between t, and tm Creep failure strain and failure criterion Creep model and prediction of creep strain Strength behavior General stress-strain behavior and failure mode Peak compressive strength Initial yield strength Failure strain Initial yield strain Initial tangent modulus 50% peak strength modulus Correspondence between constant-stress tests and constant-strain-rate tests Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content data Appendix B: Physical properties of samples tested

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Problem formulation Analytical treatment Application to the upper St. Lawrence River Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Basic program for St. Lawrence River freeze-up forecast

Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Procedures for growing urea ice sheets Analysis of the crystalline structure of urea ice Characteristics of urea ice Results and discussion Ice sheet no. 1 Ice sheet no. 2 Ice sheet no. 3 Ice sheet no. 4 Ice sheet no. 5 Ice sheet no. 6 Ice sheet no. 7 Ice sheet no. 8 Ice sheet no. 9 Ice sheet no. 10 Ice sheet no. 11 Ice sheet no. 12 Ice sheet no. 13 Ice sheet no. 14 Ice sheet no. 15 Ice sheet no. 16 Ice sheet no. 17 Ice sheet no. 18 Ice sheet no. 19 Ice sheet no. 20 Ice sheet no. 21 Ice sheet no. 22 Ice sheet no. 23 Ice sheet no. 24 Urea concentrations in test tank solution and ice Discussion and conclusions E/σf ratio Thickness of incubation layer Crystal properties Literature cited Appendix A: Thin sections of urea ice sheets

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Materials Sample preparation Nuclear magnetic resonance Specific surface area Electrical conductivity Results and discussion Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content vs temperature data for Lanzhou silt

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Winter 1979-80 observations Winter 1980-81 and summer 1981 observations Winter 1981-82 and summer 1982 observations Old ice ride-up features Discussion Literature cited Appendix A. The boulder rampart and rock littered shore west of Konganevik Pt. Appendix B. Site location maps

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental facility and procedures Ice test basin Ice growth procedure Measurements Ice growth and structure Ice thickness distribution Ice growth during freeze-up Ice growth during warm-up Structure of urea-doped ice Mechanical properties of urea-doped ice Introductory remarks Model of a two-layer elastic material Properties of urea-doped ice during freeze-up Properties of urea-doped ice during warm-up Applications to test program scheduling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Results of ice thickness measurements for various growth conditions Appendix B: Properties of untempered ice Appendix C: Properties of tempered ice

Note: Contents Section I: Introduction Section II: Analytical procedures 1. Fourier transforms 2. Basic transform properties 3. Transform techniques 4. The transfer function Section II: Parameter studies and program evaluations 1. Analytical parameter study 2. I-TRAIN evaluation 3. S-TRAIN evaluation Section IV: Data 1. DATEX I 2. DATEX II 3. STARMET 4. MINERAL LODE 5. HARD HAT and PILEDRIVER Section V: Analysis of transformed data 1. Absorption 2. Dispersion 3. Transfer function Section VI: Fourier synthesis Section VII: Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: The Fourier integral and series Appendix B: Subroutine FOURT used in analysis Appendix C: I-TRAIN and S-TRAIN programs

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Location Test procedure Loading Site preparation and bridge construction Deflection measurements Conclusions Literature cited Appendix, Test data

Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Summary Notation Scope of the study Part I. Energy balance computations Introduction The experimental sites Instrumentation Theoretical Radiation heat flow Hr Sensible heat flux Hc and latent heat flux He The application of the heat flow model Results and discussion Conclusions and recommendations Part II. Comparison of water runoff computations and measurements Introduction The runoff model The unsaturated zone The saturated layer The field study Instrumentation of the plots Descriptive hydrology Application of the runoff model The unsaturated zone The saturated zone Discussion and conclusions Comparison of predicted and observed hydrographs Factors affecting results Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Tool forces Number of active cutting teeth Tool force and chain force Chain power Tool turce and belt power Tractive thrust and normal reaction Traction of carrier vehicles Power/weight ratio Cutter bar moments Specific energy Performance index Power density Apparent belt pressure Acceleratin and transport of cuttings Examples

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Measurement techniques employed Ground Airborne Magnetometer survey Results Ground control study VLF survey Bedrock geology and resistivity Aeromagnetic survey results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Theory of electromagnetic resistivity surveying Appendix B. Magnetic surveying

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Principal features of a protected membrane roof system Reported advantages of a protected membrane roof system Study sites Stevens Hall, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Building 41 5, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Building 1053, Ft. Wainwright, Alaska Gruening Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Consortium Library and K Building, University of Alaska, Anchorage CRREL Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Resources Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Insulation properties Sampling Results Bulksamples Sliced samples Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Moisture contents Appendix B. Photographs

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Section 1. Introduction Section 2. Wave propagation in the earth Section 3. Body waves: ray theory and wave theory Geometric ray theory Wave theory Section 4. Surface waves Section 5. Normal modes Section 6. Finite-difference method Section 7. Finite-element method Section 8. Hybrid methods Section 9. Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Radio echo profiling Core drilling Results and discussion Brine infiltration survey Brine layer steps Brine infiltration characteristics Brine infiltration mechanisms at inland boundary Confirmation of brine depths by drilling Density and temperature profiles Ice shelf freeboard Brine upwelling Brine chemistry Conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Previous work in cold weather window performance Investigation Data acquisition and analysis Modeling the window thermal regime Moisture and ice observations Airtightness testing and analysis Annual heat loss from air leakage Results and conclusions Moisture on windows Airtightness Airtightness economics Recommendations for windows in extreme cold Airtightness Multiple glazing Literature cited Appendix A: Moisture levels and airtightness Appendix B: Dewpoint data Appendix C: Sample observations of icing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Results Ice forces on inclined structures Transition of ice action due to velocity increase Aspect ratio Bridge pier nose geometry Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methodology Geologic setting Camp construction and occupation Types of disturbance Degradational processes and the effective area of impact Areal effects of disturbance Topography Groundwater, surface water and drainage Sediment properties and near-surface stratigraphy Surficial processes Depth of thaw Comparison to Fish Creek Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Dielectric properties of sea ice Time-domain spectroscopy measurement Laboratory measurements Field measurements Analysis of ladder data Conductivity of brine and sea ice Complex dielectric constant of brine and sea ice Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Introduction Principal relationships Constitutive equation Failure criteria Secondary creep: Flow equations Creep at constant stress (σ = Const.) Creep model Creep strain (σ = Const.) Creep at constant strain rate (ϵ = Const.) Stress-strain relationship Stress/strain/strain rate at failure Test data Preliminary analysis Constant stress tests (σ = Const.) Constant strain rate tests (ϵ = Const.) The principle of superposition Thermodynamic equation of creep Conclusions Literature cited

Note: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Forest systems design Pretreatment Distribution systems Public health considerations Buffer zone requirements Toxic effects Public access Hydraulic loading Nutrient uptake and loading Introduction Nitrogen Phosphorus Trace metals Design considerations Hydraulic loading rates Nitrogen loading rates Forest management options Reforestation Existing forest ecosystems Short term rotation plantations Potential long term effects on forest ecosystems Longevity of forest systems Consequences of overloading Soil chemical, physical and hydrologic properties Productivity Summary Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement lntroduction Objectives Approach and project history Study area Physical setting Cultural setting Documented pollution sources in the study area Evaluation of imagery Photographic imagery Thermal imagery PMIS imagery Land use analysis Analysis of 1972 imagery Analysis of 1974 imagery Soils of Manitowoc, East Twin and Oconto River watersheds Manitowoc River watershed East Twin River watershed Oconto River watershed Water quality data Manitowoc River East Twin River Oconto River Land use/stream sedimentation relationships Results and conclusions Sensor evaluation Land use analysis Mapping approaches Land use/sedimentation relationships Cost effectiveness analysis Recommendations and applications Selected bibliography Appendix A. Precipitation and temperature data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Upwind: flux gradient method Downwind: integral method ResulIts Energy budget Latent heat flux Surface stress Downwind humidity profiles Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous investigations Approach Shoreline conditions Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Marys River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Clair River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation Detroit River Bank changes Bank recession before winter navigation St. Lawrence River Bank changes Historical bank recession Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: St. Marys River Appendix B: St. Clair River Appendix C: Detroit River Appendix D: St. Lawrence River