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  • 1
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    Strain rate effect on the strength of frozen silt (1975)
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-350
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 350
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 350
    URL: https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6211
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Sample preparation. - Apparatus and testing procedure. - Test results. - Uniaxial strength. - Initial tangent and 50% strength moduli. - Specific energy. - Discussion. - Testing method. - Compressive strength. - Tensile strength. - Ductile and brittle fracture.. - Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli. - Specific energy. - Conclusions and recommendations. - References. - Appendix A: Description of soil and calculations. - Appendix B: Description of the LVDT and averaging circuits. - Appendix C: Determination of strain in the neck section of a dumbbell specimen.
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  • 2
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    Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography; Part III: Survey of USA CRREL (1975)
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    Call number: ZSP-202-348
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography, Part III
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 348
    Description / Table of Contents: During the winter of 1973 - 74 a mobile infrared thermography system was used to survey the USA CRREL building at Hanover, New Hampshire. This report provides a description of excessive heat losses at several locations around the building. This report also discusses the need to carefully monitor meteorological conditions before starting a survey of a building exterior to determine if solar radiation decay from the building surface might interfere with thermographic analysis by masking the heat emanating from within the building.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 9 S. : Ill.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 348
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/5785
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Seasonal variations of chemical constituents in annual layers of Greenland deep ice deposits (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-347
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 347
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Experimental. - Results and discussion. - Applications. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical analysis of century-old ice from continuous 5 to 7 year intervals of three ice cores from south and central Greenland (Dye 3, Milcent and Crete) show maximum concentrations of Na, Mg,Ca, K, and Al during early spring and minimum concentrations during late summer and early fall. Peak spring values are as much as 10 times greater than fall values. Because of the large seasonal chemical variations, samples used for depth-age or annual deposition rate studies must represent accumulation from exactly one year or whole multiples of a year. The seasonal chemical variations seem promising as a new method of defining annual layers and thus dating old ice cores.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 347
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA021319
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Flexural strength of lake ice in relation to its growth structure and thermal history (1975)
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-349
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 349
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Test locations. - Post Pond. - Mascoma Lake. - Winter freeze-up. - Ice cover properties. - Stratigraphy. - Microstructure. - Porosity. - Impurity content. - Flexural strength. - Test sites. - Beam test procedure. - Beam dimensions. - Beam temperatures. - Beam strengths. - Results. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 February 1974. - Post Pond, Site PC, 21 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 25 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 26 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 1 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 4 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 7 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 8 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PB and PC, 15 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 26 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 29 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 3 April 1974. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: In-place cantilever beam tests on Post Pond and Mascoma Lake ice yielded a maximum flexural strength of 7.1 kg/cm^2. The minimum strength, unrelated to failure along pre-existing cracks in the ice, was 2.9 kg/cm^2. The majority of tests were performed in the push-down mode after it was discovered that beams tested in the pull-up mode, which places the bottom surface in tension, frequently broke prematurely along cracks in the bottom of the ice. Premature failures of this kind usually occurred at stresses of 2-3 kg/cm^2. Data further demonstrate that the intrinsic strength of lake ice decreases significantly as the surface air temperature goes to 0°C. Ice that has just become isothermal, but has not yet begun to candle, has a strength of about 4 kg/cm^2; ice that has been subjected to prolonged periods of above-freezing air temperatures generally fails at about 3 kg/cm^2. Tests also show that cold unrecrystallized snow-ice is as strong as the underlying lake ice. Tests of the effect of crystalline structure indicate that ice composed of crystals with their c-axes horizontal is measurably stronger than ice in which the crystals are oriented with their c-axes vertical.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 349
    URL: https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6226/rec/1
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Series available for loan
    Biological aspects of terrestrial oil spills : USA CRREL oil research in Alaska, 1970-1974 ; [Final Report] (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-346
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 346
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - USA CRREL project and personnel involvement. - Part I. Introduction. - Background. - Literature review. - Part II. CRREL investigations from 1970 - 1974. - Initial literature survey (1970). - Oil detection kit development. - Survey of Cape Simpson, Alaska, natural crude oil seepages (1970). - Haines-Fairbanks military pipeline investigations (1971-1973). - Barrow investigations (1970-1974). - Fairbanks and Fox investigations. - Germination studies. - Physiological studies. - Dispersant studies. - Microbiological investigations. - Field investigations of accidental petroleum losses. - Part III. Recent related literature. - Part IV. Conclusions and recommendations. - USA CRREL reports, publications and presentations on Alaska oil spill research. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge concerning the biological effects of oil pollution on arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems is limited. USA CRREL research personnel conducted investigations from 1970 through 1974 to expand information in this field. Objectives were to: 1) define the ecosystems most sensitive to the presence of crude oil or its refined products, 2) quantify and understand the injury response, and 3) establish time frames for manifestation of damage and natural restorative processes in arctic and subarctic regions. This was accomplished through: 1) surveys of natural oil seepages and past accidential spills in the Arctic and Subarctic, 2) initiation of controlled oil spills and 3) detailed laboratory investigations. Results demonstrated that terrestrial oil spills will to some degree be detrimental to both arctic and subarctic plant communities. Degree and longevity of damage will be influenced primarily by the magnitude of the spill, season of occurrence and existing soil moisture content. Rapid recovery of plant communities subjected to spills will occur only if root systems remain relatively unaffected. Damage will be more extensive and long-term when root systems are saturated with oil. Effects of damage will be manifested gradually over several seasons being influenced by winter stresses. Variation does exist in plant species susceptibility. Carex aquatilis, a predominant sedge of the arctic, is markedly resistant to crude oil damage. In the taiga Picea mariana is very susceptible. Plant recovery can be enhanced through the application of fertilizer. Fertilization, in addition to its direct effect on plant nutrition, will stimulate microbial decomposition of crude oil.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 66 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 346
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA047365
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Series available for loan
    Internal friction of single-crystal ice (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-243
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 243
    Description / Table of Contents: The internal friction of single-crystal ice has been attributed to reorientation of the water molecule under periodic stress. However, the theory for damped dislocations, which offers another mechanism for the internal friction of ice, has not been investigated. The effects of scratching the surface of 41 ice samples and X-irradiating and plastically deforming them were evaluated. The effects observed on the internal friction of pure, single-crystal ice, in the flexure mode of oscillation between 400 and 1400 Hz, supported the existence of a dislocation-controlled mechanism, with the drag produced by the interaction of the dislocation with the protons in the crystal. In addition, analysis of the detailed shape of the data curve showed two peaks of tan delta as a function of temperature. The second peak, which had not been previously reported, had an activation energy of 0.16 eV and a relaxation time of 1.7 x 10^8 sec at infinite temperature. These experiments indicated that both peaks vrere controlled by the dislocation mechanism described above.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 243
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/5931
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Previous work. - Previous theory. - Internal friction of a crystal. - Granato-Lücke theory of dislocation damping. - Double kink mechanism. - Mechanisms not involving dislocations. - Experimental work. - Experimental approach. - Experimental apparatus. - Mode of oscillation. - Automated system. - Support, acoustic isolation, and temperature control. - Sample preparation. - X-ray apparatus. - Data analysis. - Stage I. - Stage II. - Stage III. - Experimental results and discussion. - The second peak. - Interpretation of scratching, X-irradiation, and plastic deformation. - Scratching. - X-irradiation. - Plastic deformation. - Supporting research. - Interpretation of the two peaks. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Computer programs. - Abstract.
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  • 7
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    Brine drainage and initial salt entrapment in sodium chloride ice (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-345
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 345
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - List of symbols. - Introduction. - Previous work. - Experimental design. - The radioisotope 22Na. - Description of apparatus. - Experimental procedure. - Correction of profiles. - Assumptions. - Decay correction. - Boundary correction. - Error analysis. - Results. - Salinity data. - Temperature data. - Growth velocity. - Discussion. - Brine and ice properties. - Brine salinity. - Brine density. - Brine volume. - Brine latent heat of freezing. - Brine viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. - Ice properties. - Theoretical brine expulsion model. - Continuity equations. - Thermal energy equation. - Simplified brine expulsion equations. - Brine expulsion in NaCl ice. - Results. - Discussion. - Gravity drainage in NaCl ice. - Application of results to natural sea ice. - Effective distribution coefficient. - Previous work. - Experimental procedure and results. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Profile correction data. - Appendix B: Program "correct" and sample output. - Appendix C: Tabulation of salinity data. - Appendix D: Tabulation of profile data. - Appendix E: Time-ice thickness equations (Runs 2 and 3). - Appendix F: Tabulation of distribution coefficient data.
    Description / Table of Contents: To obtain a better understanding of the desalination of natural sea ice, an experimental technique was developed to measure sequential salinity profiles of a growing sodium chloride ice sheet. Using radioactive 22Na as a tracer, it was possible to determine both the concentration and movement of the brine within the ice without destroying the sample. A detailed temperature and growth history of the ice was also maintained so that the variation of the salinity profiles could be properly interpreted. Since the experimental salinity profile represented a smoothed, rather than a true salinity distribution, a deconvolution method was devised to restore the true salinity profile. This was achieved without any significant loss of end points. In all respects, the salinity profiles are similar to those of natural sea ice. They have a characteristic C-shape, and clearly exhibit the effects of brine drainage. Not knowing the rates of brine expulsion or gravity drainage, the variation of the salinity profiles during the period of ice growth could be explained by either process. To determine the relative importance of the desalination mechanisms, a theoretical brine expulsion model was derived and compared to the experimental data. As input for the model, equations describing the variation of some properties of NaCl brine with temperature were derived. These included the brine salinity, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and latent heat of freezing. The theoretical brine expulsion model was derived by performing mass and energy balances over a control volume of NaCl ice. A simplified form of the model, when compared to the experimental results, indicated that brine expulsion was only important during the first several hours of ice growth, and later became a minor desalination process relative to gravity drainage which continued to be the dominant mechanism for the remainder of the study period (up to 6 weeks). The rate of gravity drainage was found to be dependent on the brine volume and the temperature gradient of the ice. As either the brine volume or temperature gradient was increased, the rate of change of salinity due to gravity drainage increased. The equation commonly used to calculate the effective distribution coefficient (Weeks and Lofgren 1967) was modified and improved by taking brine drainage into account. An expression was also derived to give the distribution coefficient at very low growth velocities.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 345
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA021765
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Blank corrections for ultratrace atomic absorption analysis (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/3
    In: CRREL Report, 79-3
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-3
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9018
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Study of water drainage from columns of snow (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/1
    In: CRREL Report, 79-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments were conducted to study the flow of water through columns of homogeneous, repacked snow. The gravity flow theory of water flow through snow was verified, although possibly there is some dependence of the relative permeability on the state of metamorphism of the snow. Also, at very large values of saturation there may be some additional flow in saturated channels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9017
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Symbols Introduction Test procedure Theory Evaluation of the experimental results Example evaluation Results and discussion Literature cited Appendix A. Measured and computed discharge
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  • 10
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    Bearing capacity of river ice for vehicles (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/3
    In: CRREL Report, 78-3
    Description / Table of Contents: The mathematical theory for the bearing capacity of river ice for vehicles is presented. The floating ice sheet is assumed to have simple supports at the shore line. Solutions are presented for loads uniformly distributed over circular and rectangular areas. Numerical evaluations are made for a number of vehicles and the results presented in graphical form
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-3
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9418
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Theory Solution by superposition Solution by Fourier integral Solution by Fourier series Application and results Literature cited Appendix A: Bearing capacity of river ice for military vehicles Appendix B: Vehicle specifications Appendix C: Fortran II computer program
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  • 11
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    Some elements of iceberg technology (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/2
    In: CRREL Report, 78-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the technical questions relating to iceberg transport are given brief, but quantitative, consideration. These include iceberg genesis and properties, the mechanical stability of icebergs at sea, towing forces and tug characteristics, drag coefficients, ablation rates, and handling and processing the iceberg at both the pick-up site and at the final destination. In particular the paper attempts to make technical information on glaciological and ice engineering aspects of the problem more readily available to the interested planner or engineer. Specific conclusions include: (1) No unprotected iceberg, no matter how long or wide, would be likely to survive the ablation caused by a long trip to low latitudes. (2) Icebergs that have a horizontal dimension exceeding 2 km may well be prone to breakup by long wavelength swells. (3) To avoid the dangers associated with an iceberg capsizing, the width of a 200-m thick iceberg should always be more than 300 m. (4) For towing efficiency the length/width ratio of a towed iceberg should be appreciably greater than unity. (5) For a pilot project, the selected iceberg would have to be quite small, if for no other reason than the practical availability of tug power.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-2
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9421
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited
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  • 12
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    Remote sensing of accumulated frazil and brash ice in the St. Lawrence River (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/8
    In: CRREL Report, 77-8
    Description / Table of Contents: A broadbanded impulse radar system was used for aerial detection of accumulated frazil and brash ice in a 9.5-km reach of the St. Lawrence River near Ogden Island. The remote sensing and data reduction system developed for the project provided data sufficient for production of a contour map having 1-ft intervals. With this contour map, the accumulation pattern of frazil and brash ice could be analyzed. Recommendations are given for improving the performance of the aerial profiling system.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-8
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9483
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Background Objectives Profiling system Approach Profiling method Data reduction and interpretation Results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Comparison of ground and aerial data
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  • 13
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    Ice accumulation on ocean structures (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/17
    In: CRREL Report, 77-17
    Description / Table of Contents: A literature search was made for information on the accretion of ice on ocean structures and on methods for control. The bulk of the reports were in Russian, with some additional Japanese, British, American, Canadian, and Icelandic sources. Analysis of icing reports indicated that sea spray is the most important cause of ship icing, with lesser amounts due to freezing rain, snow, and fog. Icing is a potential danger whenever air temperatures are below the freezing point of water and the sea temperature is 6 C or lower. Theoretical work on the ice accretion process is discussed, and a method is suggested, based on Russian experiments, for calculating the sea spray accumulation rate for cylindrical and flat surfaces as a function of water source temperature, air temperature, and wind speed. Other factors that influence icing severity are ship size and configuration, angle between ship course and water heading, and ship speed. Icing in the north temperate latitudes generally occurs in the rear of barometric depressions. Maps showing limits of various degrees of icing severity are included. Atmospheric icing measurements on tall land-based structures are presented, and potential maximum accumulations estimated. Control measures are discussed, though no completely effective method is available. Mechanical (impaction) methods are the most common, but experiments have been conducted on heated, icephobic, and deformable surfaces, and with freezing point depressants. No device for the unequivocal measurement of ice accumulation is available, though some experimental methods are suitable for controlled testing; it is recommended that a device be developed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9516
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurements Introduction The freezing proeess Icing observations Geographical distribution of icing and contributing meteorological conditions Extreme icing conditions Extremes of icc accumulation Prediction of icing occurrences Prediction of icing intensity and rate Control methods Measurement of icing rate Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Maps of icing occurrence and rate Appendix B. Data for computing ship icing rates Appendix C. Estimation of ice accumulation
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  • 14
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    Experimental scaling study of an annular flow ice-water heat sink (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/15
    In: CRREL Report, 77-15
    Description / Table of Contents: A laboratory experimental study was conducted on a scale model of an annular flow ice-water heat sink to be used to store the waste heat produced in a hardened defense installation operating in an isolated mode. The study ex­amined: 1) scaling relationships for predicting the performance of prototype units using data from scale models, 2) the accuracy of a computer prediction technique developed during an earlier study, 3) the heat transfer phenom­enon at the ice-water interface, and 4) some practical aspects related to the operation of a prototype installation. The scaling relationships and the computer program were found to be sufficiently accurate for use in developing a proto­type sink design. During operation the scale model sink provided an almost constant low temperature source of coolant water for approximately one-half its useful life and thereafter behaved like an ordinary stored water reservoir type heat sink. No significant operational problems were discovered.
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    Pages: vii, 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-15
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9514
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Description of experiment Apparatus Test procedure Experimental results Summary of experimental tests Influence of coolant water flow rates Approximation of the rate of melting Comparison of experimental and computed results Comparative analysis of the model sinks Approximation of the heat transfer coefficient Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Experimental data, heat sink Model II Appendix B. Heat sink scaling and similarity relationships Appendix C. Derivation of the relationships for the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers Appendix D. Determination of freezing rates and refrigeration loads Appendix E. Approximation of stresses in the heat sink tank
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  • 15
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    Roof loads resulting from rain-on-snow (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/12
    In: CRREL Report, 77-12
    Description / Table of Contents: A computer program to calculate the increased live load on a snow-covered roof due to rain-on-snow is given. For the 25-year rainstorm falling on a heavy snow load on a flat roof in Hanover, New Hamsphire, and additional 98 kg/m2 (20 lb/ft2) of liquid water is added to the live load. The additional load due to rain-on-snow is very sensitive to the snow properties and characteristics of the roof. A wide range of live loads is possible, depending on the particular circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-12
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9511
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Water movement through snow Vertical percolation Lateral flow Flat roofs Sloping roofs Rainfall intensity-duration effects Miscellaneous effects Radial flow to drains Flow along gutters on snow-covered roofs Snow structure Basal layer Conclusion Literature citied Appendix A. Computer program calculating roof loads from rain-on-snow
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  • 16
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    Ice breakup on the Chena River 1975 and 1976 (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/14
    In: CRREL Report, 77-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The breakup of the Chena River was observed and documented during the spring of 1975 and 1976. This study attempted to determine the potential for damage to the proposed Chena River flood control dam from ice and debris during breakup. Results of this study were compared to those of a 1974 companion study. In 1975, ice thickness were determined to be 15% thinner than in 1974 and ice volume was 33% smaller. No major ice floes were observed in 1975 and no significant flooding occurred, although the approaches to a bridge at the damsite were eroded by debris and high water immediately after breakup. The 1976 breakup was milder than that of 1975. Minor flooding in the lower river was caused by jamming of a few large ice pieces, but no property damage resulted.
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    Pages: v, 44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-14
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9513
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12
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  • 17
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    Observation and analysis of protected membrane roofing system (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/11
    In: CRREL Report, 77-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Two performance indicators, effectiveness and thermal efficiency, are defined and used to evaluate the year-round performance of three protected membrane roofs in Alaska and New Hampshire. Effectiveness is a measure of the deviations of ceiling temperatures from a yearly average, with large diviations indicating erratic performance in the roofing-insulation system and small departures indicating a thermally stable system. Thermal efficiency, the ratio of calculated heat loss to measured heat loss, is affected by climatic conditions such as rain, snow, solar radiation and wind. Thermal efficiency values of 100% or greater are possible since the calculated heat loss is based only on the inside and outside air temperature differences and the thermal properties of the roof components. Results of the year-round evaluation indicate that the three protected membrane roofs generally have high values of both effectiveness and thermal efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-11
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9506
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Location of test sites Fairbanks Anchorage Hanover, N.H. Test program Instrumentation Effectiveness Therma lefficiency Heat balance within the roof Comparisons with conventional systems Conclusions Effectiveness of the test roof Thermal efficiency Heat balance within the roof Applicability Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Temperature and heat flow measurements, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix B. Thermal efficiencies of the test roof, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix C. January 1973 and August 1972 comparisons of protected membrane and conventional built-up membrane systems at Hanover, New Hampshire
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  • 18
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    Ice forces on vertical piles (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/10
    In: CRREL Report, 77-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: The amount of force that an ice sheet can apply to a vertical pile was tested by lowering a hydraulic ram device into a hole cut in an existing ice sheet. The device had a large base and shoved a relatively narrow vertical pile in a horizontal direction. Test variables were: pile widths - 1.5 in. to 36.7 in.; pile shapes - flat, round, 45 ° and 90° wedges; ice thickness - 2.6 in. to 8.8 in.; and ram speed - 0.07 in./sec to 18.75 in./sec; but not all shapes and sizes were tested at all speeds. Air temperature was 20 ° F (-6.7 ° C). Forces and displacements were measured electronically. The findings are presented as a table of test results and as bar graphs of the resultant ice pressures versus the pile width-to-ice-thickness ratio, pile width and shape combination and pile velocity. The types of failures in the ice sheet were classified as crushing, splitting, buckling, bending, and creeping. The ice sheet generally withstood a high initial load followed by several lower peak load levels. The maximum ice pressure measured was 610 psi for a 12.6-in.-diam round pile in 8.4-in.-thick ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-10
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9505
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    A laboratory investigation of the mechanics and hydraulics of river ice jams (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/9
    In: CRREL Report, 77-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents experimental results on the conditions of initiation of an ice jam by a simple surface obstruction, on the equilibrium thickness of an ice jam formed by accumulation and submergence of ice floes, and on the compression strength of floating, fragmented ice cover. In the study on ice jam initiation, it was found that the minimum concentration of floes in the opening of the obstruction at which a jam occurs is nearly independent of the ratio of width of constricted passage to channel width, and is proportional to a negative power of the ratio of floe length to width of constricted passage. From energy analysis of floe submergence, a relationship relating the thickness of a jam formed by accumulation and submergence of floes to the approach flow characteristics was derived and found to fit satisfactorily the experimental data. In experiments on compression strength of floating, fragmented ice cover it was found that the compressive strength is inversely proportional to compression velocity and independent of cover length.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 45 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-9
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9482
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction I. Initiation of ice jams by partial surface obstructions A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedure C. Dimensional analysis D. Presentation of results and discussion ΙΙ. Thickness of ice jams due to accumulation and transport of ice floes A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedures C. Presentation of results E. Conclusion III. Compressive strength of floating fragmented ice covers A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental setup and procedure C. Presentation of results and discussion D. Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results on ice jam initiation Appendix B: Effect of surface tension on submergence velocity of ice floes Appendix C: Experimental results for ice jam thickness study Appendix D: Experimental results on compressive strength of fragmented ice cover
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  • 20
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    Shoreline changes along the outer shore of Cape Cod from Long Point to Monomoy Point (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/17
    In: CRREL Report, 78-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: This investigation utilized historical and recent aerial photographs and satellite imagery in 1) estimating changes in positions of the high-water line and sea cliff break and base, in rates of accretion and/or erosion, and in volumes of transported sediment, and 2) providing a preliminary evaluation of the direction of littoral transport along the outer Cape Cod coast. Using aerial photographs acquired in 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 with manual photointerpretation techniques, changes in the distances from selected reference points to the cliff break, cliff base and the high-water line were measured. LANDSAT-1 and -2 imagery acquired from 1 September 1972 to 28 May 1975 was evaluated for use in determining the directions of littoral transport that are active the predominant amount of time. Although the imagery has been very useful for this purpose at other locations, it proved to be useless along the outer shore of Cape Cod. Largest net migrations of the high water line from 1938 to 1974 occurred in the northern and southern portions of this coast. The northern maximum high water line was 321.4 ft, the southern was 1794.6 ft. The central portion of the coast was generally more stable with changes varying from 6.8 to 157.6 ft. Cliff-base recession rates varied from 0.4 to 7.3 ft/yr. Maximum estimated net volume of sediment deposited per linear foot of beach from 1938 to 1974 was 334 yd^3 (based on 2 yd^3/ft of recession or accretion); maximum eroded was 914 yd^3. Changes in the configuration of spits were used to evaluate directions of littoral transport since suspended sediment concentrations were generally not sufficient to act as natural tracers of surface currents. Based on the literature and a determination of the portion of the coast perpendicular to the direction of dominant wave approach, the location of the nodal zone for predominant littoral directions of drift probably shifts between the area near Spectacle Pond and North Truro Air Force Station. This investigation has illustrated a photo interpretation technique that is useful in performing a reconnaissance of coastal change. The data obtained from this method can be used to supplement those acquired by ground surveys and are valid as first approximations for planning subsequent, more detailed surveys.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9394
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change
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  • 21
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    Heat transfer over a vertical melting plate (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/32
    In: CRREL Report, 77-32
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study of forced convective heat transfer over a vertical melting plate has been conducted. This study covers water velocities ranging from 1.7 to 9.8 mm/s and bulk water temperatures from 1.11 to 7.50 C. The experimental results are correlated in terms of Nusselt, Prandtl and Reynolds numbers with a moderate correlation coefficient of 0.843. The results are expected to be useful in predicting the heat transfer characteristics of a much larger prototype ice-water heat sink.
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    Pages: v, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-32
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9426
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 22
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    A computer model of municipal snow removal (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/30
    In: CRREL Report, 77-30
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Ageneral computer model to simulate municipal snow removal has been developed. Programs which aid in the routing of snowplows are a part of this package. Once vehicle routes are created, the simulation program can be used to assess situations varying both equipment and meteorological parameters. Time for each plow to complete its route is calculated. Considerations are made for the above variable parameters plus plowing windrow, route starting depth, overlapping truck routes and intersection delay time. The effects of storm length, snowfall rate and starting depth on total plowing time are examined in a test case.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-30
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9503
    Language: English
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  • 23
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    SIPRE report
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-201
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    ISSN: 0149-3841
    Subsequent Title: CRREL Report
    Language: English
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  • 24
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    Creep of single crystals of ice (1954)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
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    Call number: ZSP-201-11
    In: SIPRE report, 11
    Description / Table of Contents: A commercial deep-freeze unit was modified to serve as a laboratory for growing single crystals, cutting specimens of a given orientation, testing these specimens in compressive creep, and studying thin-sections of the results on a universal stage. A method of growing single crystals of adequate size was developed by adapting the Bridgman method. Fortyone creep tests were made at temperatures ranging from -1° to -18°C. These gave an unexpected form of creep-curve in which the rate of strain continuously increases with time. The mechanism of deformation is dominantly basal translation—consistent with earlier work. The dependence on temperature and stress is expressed empirically.
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    Pages: 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: SIPRE report 11
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/6031
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Introduction Use of the deep-freeze as a cold laboratory Growing single crystals Creep tests Conclusions References cited
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  • 25
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    The prediction of unfrozen water contents in frozen soils from liquid limit determinations (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/8
    In: CRREL Report, 76-8
    Description / Table of Contents: During the past decade a number of methods for measuring the amount of unfrozen water in partially frozen ground have emerged. Means of quickly and simply predicting unfrozen water contents in clay have become increasingly important with the growth of interest in encapsulating clay soils compacted at low water contents to serve as base courses for roads. Unfortunately the measurements require sophisticated equipment and, in most instances, specially trained operators. In an effort to simplify the task of obtaining water-ice phase composition data, methods of calculating phase composition curves from other, simpler measurements on soils have been sought. The paper presents a method of deriving the measurement of unfrozen water contents at various temperatures from liquid limit determinations.
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    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-8
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA026632
    Language: English
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  • 26
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    Study of piles installed in polar snow (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/23
    In: CRREL Report, 76-23
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the study of piles tested in polar snow at Camp Century, Greenland. More than 20 piles of various lengths and sizes were driven, including timber, closed-end and open-end steel pipe piles, and I- and H-piles. The H-piles were instrumented with strain gages. In addition to the driven piles, two purely end-bearing piles were installed in augered holes and five piles were frozen in place using a snow-water slurry. Driving records were obtained and are discussed. Analysis of the driving response of various piles revealed that the Hiley formula, and presumably other similar pile driving formulas, cannot be used to predict the ultimate supporting capacity of piles driven in snow. Factors such as pile inertia, rigidity, size, and tip resistance are discussed in relation to their apparent influence upon pile penetration. Pile load test procedures are described and test results are discussed. It was found that closed-end pipe piles are decidedly inferior to open-end pipe piles in their load-carrying capability and their ultimate supporting capacity. Although pile settlement was found to be dependent upon such variables as pipe load, time, pile shape, and snow temperature, precise effects of these variables were not determined. Nevertheless, the capability of open-end piles to carry quite heavy loads was demonstrated and a procedure is presented for testing these piles in snow.
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    Pages: ix, 132 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-23
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA029191
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Test site Pile driving equipment Test instrumentation Testing procedures Pile driving data Pile type vs driving resistance Closed-end vs open-end piles Calculated bearing capacity of pile Effect of pile driving on the embedment medium Pile inclination Slurried-in-place piles Pile load test data Strain gage instrumentation and results Pile excavation Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Theoretical elastic deflection of piles supported by skin friction Appendix B: Trench floor arching study
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  • 27
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    The Arctic environment and the Arctic surface effect vehicle (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/1
    In: CRREL Report, 76-1
    Description / Table of Contents: This report summarizes the advances in understanding of the Arctic which have come about since the inception of the ARPA Arctic Surface Effect Vehicle Program in 1970, primarily as the result of CRREL’s participation. Major efforts to increase knowledge of sea ice, terrestrial, and coastal topographic features are described. Special empha­sis is placed upon the quantitative understanding of pressure ridging. Other areas of major interest are atmospheric characteristics and ecological effects. A list of publications generated is included.
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    Pages: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-1
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6018
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sea ice characteristics Ridging intensity Arctic terrain characteristics databank Digital terrain maps Digital laser profiles Standard terrain tapes Mobility analysis Terrestrial and coastal characteristics Northern Alaska Interior Alaska Arctic USSR Northern Canada and Greenland Climatological characteristics General features Surface winds Temperatures Precipitation and visibility Electromagnetic/optical propagation Ecological effects of SEV operations SK-5 tests Simulated SEV tests Conclusions Literature cited Additional CRREL SEV Bibliography
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  • 28
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    Site access for a subarctic research effort (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/9
    In: CRREL Report, 76-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Access to study areas may be an important factor in long-term field-oriented research, particularly in-regions without well-developed road and communications systems. In a wildland hydrometeorology research project in subarctic Alaska, access to and within a 40-square-mile research watershed has been developed both in accordance with a general plan prepared at project inception and in response to developing research requirements. Foot trails, trails for 'off-road' low-ground-pressure tracked vehicles, helicopter transport, long-term data recorders, and radio telemetry of data have all been incorporated in an access and communications system. Cost estimates indicate that incorporation of gravel roads into the system would be economically advantageous, given adequate funding for initial road construction.
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    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA026624
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Conversion factors for U.S. customary and SI units Introduction Access within the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed Trail access Helicopter access Road access Alternative approaches Long-term recorders Telemetry systems Remote sensing Relative costs A desirable system Selected bibliography
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  • 29
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    Effects of radiation penetration on snowmelt runoff hydrographs (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/11
    In: CRREL Report, 76-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Water flow through the unsaturated portion of a snowpack is calculated using various assumptions about radiation penetration into the snow. The results show that for the purposes of hydrologic forecasting, it is sufficiently ac­curate to assume that all of the radiation absorption occurs at the surface. The error in the calculation of flow is largest for very shallow snowpacks, but this error is reduced by radiation absorption at the base of the snow and by the routing of meltwater through the saturated basal layer.
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    Pages: v, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-11
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6186
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors for U.S. customary and SI units Introduction Theory Examples Discussion Literature cited
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  • 30
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    Heat transfer characteristics of melting and refreezing a drill hole through an ice shelf in Antarctica (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/12
    In: CRREL Report, 76-12
    Description / Table of Contents: The heat transfer processes associated with melting and refreezing a drill hole 500 m in depth and 0.150 m in initial radius through an ice shelf were approximately analyzed. The results were expressed in graphical form showing the time available for experimentation under the hole as a function of heating duration and heating strength. It was found that the refreezing of the drill hole had a much slower rate than the melting of the hole.
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    Pages: vi, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA026368
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Analysis Melting period Freezing period Calculation Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Justification of using eq 8 for the calculation of heat transfer coefficient h
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  • 31
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    Mechanics of cutting and boring; Part III: Kinematics of continuous belt machines (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/17
    In: CRREL Report, 76-17
    In: Mechanics of cutting and boring, (DE-B103)20210225152525
    Description / Table of Contents: This report, which is one of a series on the mechanics of cutting and boring in rock, deals with the kinematics of machines which utilize a continuous belt as the cutting unit (e.g. coal saws, shale saws, digger-chain trenchers). The discussion and analysis cover the geometry and motion of various components of the cutting system, including such topics as chipping depth, production and conveyance of cuttings, tool trajectories, tool speeds, tool angles, and arrangement of cutting tools on the belt. Worked examples are included to illustrate the application of various equations to practical problems
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: viii, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-17
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/5414
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Foreword Introduction Terminology Chipping depth Production and conveyance of cuttings Tool trajectories Tool speeds Tool relief angles — kinematic considerations Tool rake angles Belt curvature, slackness and flexibility Tool layout Longitudinal tool spacing Transverse tool spacing Cross-section profiles of the kerf Literature cited
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  • 32
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    Apparent anomaly in freezing of ordinary water (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/20
    In: CRREL Report, 76-20
    Description / Table of Contents: Under ordinary conditions the freezing of water begins with supercooling and ice nucleation, and proceeds at 0°C at the ice/water interface until ice formation stops. The presence of solutes, high pressure, or dispersal in fine pores causes the water to freeze at temperatures below 0°C (the so-called freezing point depression). Whenever freezing begins, it pro­ceeds at a constant temperature, or at a temperature which becomes progressively lower. A temperature rise during ice formation is considered here to be an anomaly. Under all equal circumstances, the conditions under which an anomal­ous freezing temperature is observable appear to be very special. This report describes two different experiments dis­playing the anomalous rise of temperature after nucleation and during ice formation. In one case the water was dispersed in the fine pores of fine powders; in the other case pure water was frozen in a transparent insulated cell. Photographic observations were made; relations of ice surface to water volume were measured.
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    Pages: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-20
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6198
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors for U.S.customary and SI units Introduction Materials, instruments, measurements Experiments with water freezing in fine pores Freezing experiments with bulk water Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 33
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    Evaluation of MESL membrane : puncture, stiffness, temperature, solvents (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/22
    In: CRREL Report, 76-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Several membrane materials used or considered for MESL (membrane-enveloped soil layer) utilization of poor soils in road construction have been tested for cold effect on puncture and stiffness. PE (polyethylene) film was also tested for solvent soak effects. A simple blunt needle apparatus was devised for puncture testing. For plastic films (mainly PE), both puncture resistance and stiffness increase at low temperature (0 F, -18 C). For non-woven, spunbonded fabrics these properties are little affected by cold. For both non-wovens and PE film, puncture and bending strengths increase linearly with weight or thickness. The slope is steeper for the non-wovens, which generally are stronger on a per unit weight basis. PE film soaked in a hydrocarbon solvent swelled approximately 17% and lost about 30-40% its puncture strength. These effects are apparently reversible upon drying. Consideration has been given to sealing and patching requirements and to the drying of sealant liquids when adhering film to film. Also considered have been pos­sible slippage related to the reported low angle of friction of plastic films in soil and the possibility of lamination for improved membrane properties.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 60 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-22
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6187
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus Procedure Results Discussion PE solvent soak and swelling PE solvent soak and puncture Film puncture rate effect Bending orientation Comparative tables and graphs Puncture and temperature Bending and temperature Test result vs thickness and weight General considerations Conclusion and recommendations Literature cited Appendix Detailed data tables Denier explanation
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  • 34
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    Sea ice ridging over the Alaskan continental shelf (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/8
    In: CRREL Report, 79-8
    Description / Table of Contents: Sea ice ridging statistics obtained from a series of laser surface roughnessprofiles are examined. Each set of profiles consists of six 200-km-long flight tracks oriented approximately perpendicular to the coastline of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. The landward ends of the profiles were located at Point Lay, Wainwright, Barrow, Lonely, Cross Island and Barter Island. The flights were made in February, April, August, and December 1976, and one additional profile was obtained north of Cross Island during March 1978. It was found that although there is a systematic variation in mean ridge height (h) with season (with the highest values occurring in late winter), there is no systematic spatial variation in h at a given time. The number of ridges/km (micron) is also high during the late winter, with the highest values occurring in the Barter and Cross Island profiles . In most profiles, the ice 20 to 60 km from the coast is more highly deformed (higher micron values) than the ice either nearer the coast or farther seaward. The Wadhams model for the distribution of ridge heights gives better agreement with observed values in the higher ridge categories than does the Hibler model. Estimates of the spatial recurrence frequency of large pressure ridges are made by using the Wadhams model and also by using an extreme value approach. In the latter, the distribution of the lagest ridges per 20 km of laser track was found to be essentially normal
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-8
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9015
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data collection and processing Analysis General Variations in ridging Ridge height distributions Occurrence of high ridges The tail of the distribution Extreme values Applications to offshore design Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Tabulated ice ridge data
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  • 35
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    Computer modeling of atmospheric ice accretion (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/4
    In: CRREL Report, 79-4
    Description / Table of Contents: A computer model is described to compute the amount of ice accretion on an object under a variety of initial conditions. Numerical techniques are best applied to these problems because of time dependent effects governing the amount of ice collected and also the variety of initial conditions that can lead to ice accumulation. The helicopter rotor icing problem adds an additional complexity since the velocity along the rotor blade varies over a wide range strongly affecting the amounts of ice collected at different blade positions. The physics of ice accretion is reviewed and the accounting for time-dependence in the computer model is described. Some model results are presented and indicate the dependence of ice accretion on velocity, droplet sizes, cloud liquid water content, and temperature for a cylindrical object of constant size.
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    Pages: iii, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9019
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENT Abstract Preface Introduction Ice accretion parameters Physics of ice accretion Interaction between water droplets and flow field Time dependence in droplet trajectories Thermodynamic processes at the surface of the object Time dependence in the thermodynamics Time dependence of lesser order Numerical ice accretion model Major subroutines Options for droplet size variations Option for the helicopter rotor case Results Conclusions and future studies Literature cited Appendix A: Computer program
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  • 36
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    Analysis of the midwinter temperature regime and snow occurence in Germany (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/21
    In: CRREL Report, 78-21
    Description / Table of Contents: This study investigates the possibility of providing estimates of the time of occurrence and length of the freezing season for any location in East and West Germany by using the average Januavy air temperature (AJ AT) as an index. The results indicate that reliable values of the mean freezing index can be obtained from the AJAT relationships which are developed for Germany. This association is further verified using data from the northeastern part of the U.S., and the AJ AT is then used to determine the average starting and ending dates (and hence the probable length) of the freezing season for stations in Germany. The AJ AT and the average dates of snowfall occurrence for numerous locations in the U.S. and Germany are also correlated. Interrelationships between these parameters and the average number of days with snow on the ground for stations up to 3000 m in elevation in Germany are examined. A detailed AJ AT map for East and West Germany, in which data from 134 stations, latitude, altitude and regional influences are considered, is developed in order to make the relationships usable. A historical review of the literature on snow studies in Germany and a brief discussion of snow-cover interpretation by satellite photography are included
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 48 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Karte
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-21
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9384
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany
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  • 37
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    Primary production in sea ice of the Weddell region (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/19
    In: CRREL Report, 78-19
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9389
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column
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  • 38
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    A hydraulic model investigation of drifting snow (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/16
    In: CRREL Report, 78-16
    Description / Table of Contents: A model investigation of drifting snow conditions was conducted in a hydraulic flume using a sand-water analog. Model results were evaluated to define modeling parameters that would allow quantitative correlation between measured prototype drift conditions and the model. The modeled structure was the standard plan snow fence designed by the Wyoming Highway Department and installed along Interstate Highway 80 in 1971. The performance of this system was documented by the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station of the U.S. Forest Service. Models of the fence were constructed for three heights and two geometric scales. Geometric scaling was based on terrain roughness and boundary layer thickness considerations, while velocity scaling was based on particle fall velocity and threshold of motion characteristics. Simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer was found to be of primary importance. Velocity scaling analysis suggested the use of a 'significant wind' concept based on a combination of velocity magnitude and frequency. Similarity of precipitation rate was not essential, and could be altered within limits to adjust the time scale. The response of the model to the shape of model elements was significant. Although the model is distorted and inexact similarity is achieved, it appears useful on a practical basis.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-16
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9400
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A
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  • 39
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    On the determination of horizontal forces a floating ice plate exerts on a structure (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/15
    In: CRREL Report, 78-15
    Description / Table of Contents: This report first discusses the general approach for calculating the horizontal forces an ice cover exerts on a structure. Ice force determination consists of two parts: (1) the analysis of the in-plane forces assuming that the ice cover remains intact and (2) the use of a failure criterion, since an ice force cannot be larger than the force capable of breaking up the ice cover. For an estimate of the largest ice force, an elastic plate analysis and a failure criterion are often sufficient. A review of the literature revealed that, in the majority of the analyses, it is assumed that the failure load is directly related to a 'crushing strength' of the ice cover. However, observations in the field and tests in the laboratory show that in some instances the ice cover fails by buckling. This report reviews the ice force analyses based on the buckling failure mechanism and points out their shortcomings. The report then presents a new method of analysis which is based on the buckling mechanism
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-15
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9275
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction and statement of problem Review of relevant analyses and tests Determination of the largest ice force on an isolated structure Preliminary remarks The buckling analysis of a floating wedge Proposed method to determine Literature cited
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  • 40
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    The buckling pressure of an elastic plate floating on water and stressed uniformly along the periphery of an internal hole (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/14
    In: CRREL Report, 78-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The analytical solution and the numerical study of the eigenvalue problem for determining the buckling pressure of an infinite elastic plate floating on water and stressed uniformly along the periphery of an internal hole is presented. The boundary conditions considered are the clamped-, simple-, and free-edge conditions. Small buckling pressure occurs only for the free-edge condition. The shape of the deflection for the free-edge condition suggests that buckling is an important mechanism of failure.
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    Pages: v, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-14
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9401
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling
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  • 41
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    Ice arching and the drift of pack ice through restricted channels (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/18
    In: CRREL Report, 77-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Models originally developed to describe the arching and the movement of granular materials through hoppers or chutes are applied to the arching and drift of pack ice in straits and gulfs having lengths of 50 to 500 km. Verification of the usefulness of the models is attempted by making comparisons with ice deformation patterns as observed via satellite imagery in the Bering Strait region and in Amundsen Gulf. The results are encouraging in that there is good correspondence between observed arching and lead patterns and those predicted by theory. In addition, values determined via the model for the angle of internal friction (≈ 30° to 35°) and the cohesive strength per unit thickness (≈ 2000 N/m) are similar to values obtained by other approaches. It is estimated that if the wind velocity parallel to the Bering Strait exceeds ≈ 6 m/s, there will be ice flow through the strait.
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    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-18
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9517
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References
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  • 42
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    Icebreaker simulation (1977)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/16
    In: CRREL Report, 77-16
    Description / Table of Contents: A brief discussion is given of the ways an icebreaker breaks ice. Since the icebreaking process is so complex, the solution of a mathematical model does not appear to be feasible. As an alternative, it is suggested that physical models be used to design icebreakers. The appropriate scaling laws for physical models are developed and their practical limitation discussed.
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    Pages: ii, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-16
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9515
    Language: English
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  • 43
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    In-plane deformation of non-coaxial plastic soil (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/7
    In: CRREL Report, 78-7
    Description / Table of Contents: The theory of non-coaxial in-plane plastic deformation of soils that obey the Coulomb yield criterion is presented. The constitutive equations are derived by use of the geometry of the Mohr circle and the theory of characteristic lines. It is found that, for solving a boundary value problem, the non-coaxial angle must be given such values that enable us to accommodate the presupposed type of flow in the given domain satisfying the given boundary conditions. The non-coaxial angle is contained in the constitutive equations as a parameter. Therefore, the plastic material obeying the Coulomb yield criterion is a singular material whose constitutive equations are not constant with material but are variable with flow conditions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-7
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9410
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Analysis of stress Geometry of the Mohr circle Stress characteristic directions Analysis of strain rate Constitutive equations Strain-rate characteristic directions Constitutive geometry Strain-rate tensor The dyadic expression Plastic work rate Coordinate transformation Example The stress solution Velocity equations in the a-characteristic curvilinear coordinates The constant speed solution Velocity equations in the constant density region Solution in the first constant-density subregion Solution in the second constant-density subregion Solution in the passive region Conclusion Literature cited
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  • 44
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    Interaction of a surface wave with a dielectric slab discontinuity (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/8
    In: CRREL Report, 78-8
    Description / Table of Contents: The interaction of a 5.1-GHz transverse electric surface wave with a dielectric slab is experimentally investigated. The wave is initially supported by a dielectric substrate resting upon a metallic ground-plane. A slab, made of the same dielectric material as the substrate and variable in height, is then placed upon the waveguide. The results for a small slab sitting on the substrate showed that the discontinuity was a very inefficient launcher of reflected surface waves. Investigations of these reflections with a trough waveguide showed that, for values of slab height comparable to the exponential decay height of the surface wave, the reflections remain very small. However, as the slab height is increased beyond the decay height, the reflected amplitude approaches the theoretical value for a plane wave reflected from the interface between air and the same dielectric. The results are applicable to surface wave methods of microwave deicing of wings and helicopter rotors.
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    Pages: v, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-8
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9408
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Background Objective and procedure Theory of plane surface waves Waveguide design and characteristics Physical apparatus Frequency characteristics Spatial distribution of Ey above the guide Guide wave length Surface wave interaction with a slab discontinuity Experiments with a trough Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 45
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    A comparison between derived internal dielectric properties and radio-echo sounding records of the ice sheet at Cape Folger, Antarctica (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/4
    In: CRREL Report, 78-4
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of radio-echo sounding records to indicate the presence of internal layers within large ice sheets is of interest to glaciologists because it offers a means of tracking the internal properties of the ice sheets over large distances. The interpretation of the reflections obtained in this manner is more valuable, however, if a physical property change relating to the glaciological regime can be related to the dielectric property change producing the radio-echo reflections. In this report, we use the measured physical properties of core to bedrock taken at Cape Folger, East Antarctica (66 deg 22 min s, 111 deg (E), 324-m depth), to compute a profile of dielectric properties and from this, a depth-reflection coefficient profile for comparison with observed radio-echo reflections. The measurements available on physical properties are: density variations, bubble size and shape changes, and crystal fabric variations. The depths of the strong reflections shown on the available radio-echo records are in reasonable agreement with the depths corresponding to the highest reflection coefficients computed from the combined physical property measurements. In calculations to differentiate the separate effects of different physical properties, it appears that density variations account for the primary contributions to the calculated dielectric property changes corresponding to the highest reflection coefficients. However, bubble changes alone can also account for reasonable, though lower, reflection coefficients at the appropriate depths. Crystal fabric variations correspond poorly with the reflection locations. Density variations are normally associated with depositional events in the history of the ice sheet.
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    Pages: vi, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9416
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Derivation of the power reflection coefficient-depth variation Possible sources of dielectric constant variation with depth in ice sheets Ice density variations Effect of macroscopic impurity layers Effect of microscopic impurtty layers Changes in inclusion geometry Effect of crystal orientation changes Physical properties of the Cape Folger core Density-depth profile Air bubble-geometry depth profile Crystal orientation-depth profile Radio-echo sounding data Results and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 46
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    Islands of grounded sea ice (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/4
    In: CRREL Report, 76-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Large areas of grounded sea ice have been reported by early arctic explorers and more recently by the U.S. Coast Guard. The ESSA, ERTS, NOAA and DMSP satellites now provide multispectral imagery with sufficiently high resolution to allow detailed sequential observations to be made of the movement and spatial extent of arctic sea ice. This report discusses the location, formation and decay of five large (greater than 30 sq km) islands of grounded sea ice in the southern Chukchi Sea as observed for an extended period of time using satellite imagery. Measurements of the bathymetry around one grounded sea ice feature are presented along with observations made and photos taken from the ice surface. The potential use of these sea ice islands as research stations is also discussed.
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    Pages: v, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-4
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA025257
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Introduction The discovery Age of the island Island visit Other islands of grounded ice Discussion Literature cited
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  • 47
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    Protected membrane roofs in cold regions (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/2
    In: CRREL Report, 76-2
    Description / Table of Contents: The repair and maintenance costs of low slope roofs are high and their life expectancy is less than desired. The increasing use of insulation is accompanied by a greater incidence of problems. The experience in cold regions amplifies these experiences. Protected membrane roofs have the prerequisites for better performance and the experience to date is encouraging. The results of performance measurements of three roofs built by the Corps of Engineers verify that the membrane remains at nearly constant temperature, independent of the weather, and that the insulation retains its integrity despite periodic wetting. Moisture absorption is slow and appears to stabilize in time due to the self-drying nature of the roof. Heat losses are increased due to rain, and extra insulation should be added to compensate for these losses. The resistance of protected membrane roofs to fire, traffic, impact, and other adverse forces is superior. So far, the initial cost of protected membrane roofs is at a premium, primarily due to the cost of concrete pavers. The initial cost premium can be justified, however, by the reduced repair and maintenance costs as indicated to date, and by the longer life expectancy of the protected membrane. The high probability of superior performance and cost effectiveness is a compelling reason to incorporate protected membrane roofs increasingly in Government construction.
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    Pages: v, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-2
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6409
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Low slope roof problems and repair costs Protected membrane roofs and materials Installations of protected membrane roofs Performance evaluation Test program Effectiveness Thermal efficiency Heat balance Internal cooling due to rain Moisture absorption and thermal conductivity of insulations Durability and life expectancy Fire resistance Patent considerations Costs of roofs Design considerations Proposed specifications Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 48
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    Cantilever beam tests on reinforced ice (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/7
    In: CRREL Report, 76-7
    Description / Table of Contents: This report covers a series of cantilever beam tests designed to determined the efficacy of adding reinforcement to an ice cover. Tests were run using 1-in.-diam tree branches, 3/16-in.-diam wire rope and 9/16-in. half-round wood dowels as reinforcement for both seawater and freshwater ice. The results show a definite advantage derived from using reinforcement, even when poorly placed. The results also show that reinforced ice carries a load even after it cracks. Thus, after the initial cracks there is time to remove people and equipment before final breakthrough. One must bear in mind, however, that reinforcement has disadvantages. The darker reinforcement absorbs solar radiation and thereby causes earlier weakening of the ice cover. Also, in many cases the time and effort required to place reinforcement may exceed those required to achieve equal strength by additional thickening of the ice sheet. This study has shown that understanding of the failure mechanism of ice under repetitive loading is poor and that future studies should be performed on this problem. Also, this study covered only cantilever beams. The actual field problem is strengthening a three-dimensional sheet. Hence, distribution and orientation of the reinforcement should be addressed in future studies.
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    Pages: v, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-7
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6219
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to SI metric units Introduction Typical methods of constructing ice bridges Current knowledge Test program Objectives Equipment Procedure Data General Specific ice sheets Test results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 49
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    Snow, ice, and permafrost research survey and statement of research needs : [Draft copy] (1952)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
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    Call number: ZSP-201-10
    In: SIPRE report, 10
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 97 Seiten
    Series Statement: SIPRE report 10
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Foreword Synopsis Introduction Authority Purpose and scope SIPRE organization and activities Cryological problems and military end points Present state of knowledge General Introduction Terminology and classification Snow and ice Introduction Physical properties and geometry Density and water equivalent Water holding or storage capacity of snow Water transmission through snow Bound water Crystallography and metamorphism Porosity and permeability Mechanical properties Elasto-plastic properties Friction Strength Hardness Electromagnetic properties Dielectric constants Conductivity Magnetic properties Piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects Triboelectricity Freezing potential Thermodynamic properties Thermal properties Radiation Phase relations Engineering problems Snow and ice removal Snow compaction Snow draft control Trafficability Temporary structures Snow melt and runoff Maps Frozen ground and permafrost Introduction Frost action Theory of frost action Cyclic freezing and thawing Manifestations of frost actions Frost heave on freezing Reduction in load-carrying capacity on thawing Soil movements on slopes Ground properties affecting or affected by frost action Composition, grain size, and grain-size distribution Soil-moisture-movement properties Thermal properties Structure of unfrozen ground Structure of frozen ground Strength of frozen ground Freezing point Ground conditions affecting or affected by frost action Density Degree of saturation Interrelation of climate, position, vegetation, and soil Frost phenomena Climate Position Vegetation Engineering problems Excavation and replacement Subsurface drainage Base courses Insulation courses Surface icing and its control Trafficability Building foundations Maps Current related research Introduction Military cryological research in United States and Canada Non-military cryological research in the Western World Research needed Introduction Subjects for fundamental research Subjects for applied research
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  • 50
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    De-icing using lasers (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/10
    In: CRREL Report, 76-10
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-10
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6144
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental work SCR samples CAG samples CMS samples UAG samples SI samples Optical system Equipment Procedure Photographic work Large cracks and fissures Small damage to the surface Small damage to the buIk Results Damage as a function of the position x of the focal point; n(x) Damage as a function of the number of irradiations #; n(#) Damage as a function of crystallographic orientation ĉ; n (ĉ); p (ĉ) Damage as a function of surface structure Damage as a function of age A; n (A) Damage as a function of wavelength λ; p(λ) Systematic study of damage as a function of W, t, m and s; n(W, t, m, s) Analysis Fracture in ice Mechanisms for optically generated damage in transparent dielectrics Discussion of the results Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 51
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    Thermal pollution studies of French creek, Eielson AFB, Alaska (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/14
    In: CRREL Report, 76-14
    Description / Table of Contents: At the height of warm weather in Alaska in 1975, temperature measurements were made to determine the extent of the thermal impact on French Creek due to a condenser cooling water impact from the Eielson AFB Power plant. Water temperature measurements during a two-day period failed to show any significant thermal impact on the water in French Creek. It was concluded that no thermal pollution exists due to this warm water input at the volumes and conditions that presently exist.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-14
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6222
    Language: English
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  • 52
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    Mechanics of cutting and boring; Part II: Kinematics of axial rotation machines (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/16
    In: CRREL Report, 76-16
    In: Mechanics of cutting and boring, (DE-B103)20210225152525
    Description / Table of Contents: This report, which is one of a series on the mechanics of cutting and boring in rock, deals with the kinematics of machines such as rotary drills, augers, tunnel boring machines, corers, and raise borers, in which the rotary cutting unit revolves about an axis that is parallel to the machine's direction of advance. The discussion and analysis cover the geometry and motion of various components of the cutting systems, including such topics as tool trajectories, tool speeds, motions of the more complicated mechanisms, chipping depth, penetration rates, production and clearance of cuttings, tool angles, and spatial distribution of cutters. Worked examples are given to illustrate the application of various equations to practical problems.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ix, 45 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-16
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/5413
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Foreword Terminology Trajectories of fixed tools Trajectories of roller cutters and indenters Speed of fixed cutting tools Speed of rolling disc cutters Speed and geometry of "wide" roller cutters Skidding rollers "Spiked" rollers Epicyclic or planetary mechanisms Chipping depth and penetration rate Chip production and cutting removal rate Balancing cutting and clearing rates in flight augers Tool relief angles - kinematic considerations Tool rake angles Distribution and spacing of cutting tools Radial tool spacing Angular tool spacing Spacing in the axial direction Literature cited
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  • 53
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    Monograph available for loan
    The Ziegler Polar Expedition 1903 - 1905 : scientific results (1907)
    Washington, DC : Ziegler
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI E2-11-0018 ; AWI PY-1955-13
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VII, 630 S. : Ill., Kt. , 2 Kt.
    URL: Online Edition
    Language: English
    Note: Kt. u.d.T.: Part of Franz Josef Archipelago surveyed by the Ziegler Polar Expedition 1903-4-5 〈1 : 600.000〉 ; Map of Franz Josef Archipelago compiled from surveys of the Ziegler Polar Expeditions 1901--02, 1903-5, and from information published by Payer (1872-74), Leigh Smith (1880-81), Jackson (1894-97), Nansen (1895-96), Wellman (1898-99), the Duke of the Abruzzi (1899-1900) 〈1 : 750.000〉 , Contents: Introduction by Anthony Fiala. - Section A - Magnetic Observations and Reductions. - Section B - Notes and Sketches of the Auroræ Borealis. - Section C - Meteorological Observations and Compilations. - Section D - Tidal Observations and Reductions. - Section E - Astronomic Observations and Reductions. - Section F - Map construction and survey work
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  • 54
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    Monograph non-lending collection
    Observations of the international polar expeditions, 1882-83 : Fort Rae (1886)
    London : Trübner
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI PY-1907-13
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: XIV, 326 S., 32 Bl. , graph. Darst., Kt. , 4°
    Language: English
    Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Introduction. - METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. - Atmospheric pressure. - Air temperature. - Vapour tension and relative humidity. - Wind. - Amount, form, and direction of clouds, also hydrometeors. - Aurora. - Solar radiation. - Terrestrial radiation. - Exposed thermometer on ground. - Earth termperatures. - MAGNETICAL OBSERVATIONS. - Remarks. - Declination. - Horizontal intensity. - Vertical intensity. - Term day observations. - September 15th. - October 1st. - October 15th. - November 1st. - November 15th. - December 1st. - December 15th. - January 2nd. - January 15th. - February 1st. - February 15th. - March 1st. - March 15th. - April 1st. - April 15th. - May 1st. - May 15th. - June 1st. - June 15th. - August 1st. - August 15th. - Term hour observations. - Selected undisturbed days. - Declination. - Horizontal intensity. - Vertical intensity. - Hourly means of selected undisturbed days. - Selected disturbed days. - Declination. - Horizontal intensity. - Vertical intensity. - Journal of Auroral Observations.
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  • 55
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    Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, in response to the resolution of the House of Representatives of December 11, 1884 (1885)
    Washington : Goverment Printing Office
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI PY-1913-13
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: 695 S. , 4°
    URL: http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00078092/image_1
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Pt.I. Orders and instructions.- Pt.II. Narrative, by Lieut. P.H. Ray. - Pt. III. Ethnographic sketch of the natives of Point Barrow, by Lieut. P.H. Ray. - 1. Ethnographic sketch of the natives. - 2. Approximate census of Eskimos at the Cape Smythe village. - 3. Vocabulary collected among the Eskimos of Point Barrow and Cape Smythe. - 4. Catalogue of ethnological specimens collected by the Point Barrow expedition, prepared by John Murdoch. - Pt. IV. Natural history, by John Murdoch. - 1. Mammals. - 2. Birds. - 3. Fishes. - 4. Insects [by C.V. Riley] - 5. Marine invertebrates (exclusive of mollusks). - 6. Report on the mollusks, by W. H. Dall. - 7. Collecting localities and dredging stations. - 8. Plants, by Prof. Asa Gray. - Appendix. - A. Notes on surface life under the sea-ice, from February 27 to June 8, 1883. - B. Notes on surface life observed during the voyage from San Francisco to Point Barrow, and during the season of open water at Point Barrow. - Pt. V. Meteorology (including Aurora). - Pt. VI. Terrestrial magnetism [by C.A. Schott]. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Absolute measures. - 3. Differential measures. - 4. Semi-monthly term-day and term-hour observations. - Appendix No. 1. Record and reduction of astronomical observations made at the United States Polar Station, Uglaamie, Point Barrow, Alaska, in 1881-'82-'83, in connection with magnetic work. - Appendix No. 2. Observations made at Washington, D. C., in 1881 and 1884, for determining the constants of Theodolite Magnetometer No, 11 and of Kew Dip Circle No. 23, together with the computation and a recapitulation of results. - Appendix No. 3. Observations made at Uglaamie, Alaska, in 1881-'82-'83, for determining the absolute magnetic declination, together with the computation and a recapitulation of results. - Appendix No. 4. Observations made at Uglaamie, Alaska, in 1881-'82-'83, for determining the absolute magnetic horizontal intensity, together with the computation and a recapitulation of results. - Appendix No. 5. Observations made at Uglaamie, Alaska, in 1881, 1882, and 1883 for determing the magnetic dip and the magnetic intensity by means of the dipping needle, together with the computation and a recapitulation of results. - Appendix No. 6. Memorandum respecting magnetically disturbed and undisturbed days at Uglaamie, Alaska, 1882-'83. - Pt. VII. Tides. - Pt. VIII. Miscellaneous observations. - 1. A report on the ground current observations made at Uglaamie, Alaska. - 2. Thickness of ice. - Index.
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  • 56
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    Spitsbergen waters : oceanographic observations during the cruise of the "Veslemöy" to Spitsbergen in 1912 (1915)
    Christiania : Dybwad [in Komm.]
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI PY-1949-13
    In: Skrifter / udg. af Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania, Mathematisk-Naturvidenskabelig Klasse, 1915, No. 2
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: 132 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: Skrifter / Videnskabsselskapet i Kristiania, Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse 1915,2
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Introduction. - Bank-water. - The Spitsbergen Atlantic Current. - The water of the Spitsbergen Fjords, and the coast water. - The deep-water of the North Polar Basin. - The deep-water of the Norwegian Sea. - Current measurements. - Current measurements at Stat. 41, on August 18th and 19th, 1912. - Computation of the velocities of the currents in the region between Stats. 41 and 40, by means of dynamic sections. - Current measurements on August 4th and 5th. - Computation of the velocities of the currents at Stats. 18 to 22. - Dynamic current charts. - Vertical oscillations of the water strata. - The tidal wave in the North Polar Basin. - Ice-pressures and the tidal wave. - The extension and shape of the North Polar Basin. - Investigations on the amount of Oxygen in the Spitsbergen waters. - Some observations of the Hydrogen Ion Concentration in the Northern Sea-Water. - Table 1. Temperature, salinity, and density of the sea-water. - Table 2. Current-Measurements. - Table 3. Measurements of the Oxygen in the sea-water. - Table 4. Measurements of the Hydrogen Ion Concentration of the sea-water. - Literature.
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  • 57
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    Meteorology : Roald Amundsen's antarctic expedition ; scientific results (1915)
    Kristiania : Dybwad
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    Call number: AWI PY-2885-13
    In: Skrifter / udg. af Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania, Mathematisk-Naturvidenskabelig Klasse ; 1915,5, 1915,5
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: 78 S. , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Skrifter / Videnskapsselskabet i Christiania : 1, Matematisk-Naturvidenskabelig Klasse 1915,5
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: PART 1. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT FRAMHEIM. - Instruments and Observations. - 1. Barometers. - 2. Thermometers. - 3. Hygrometers. - 4. Wind. - Observations without instruments. - Cloudiness. - Form of the clouds. - Precipitation. - Aurora Polaris. - Tables of Observation. - Summary. - Wind-roses. - Climate of Framheim. - Atmospheric pressure. - Baric wind-roses. - Temperature of the air. - Thermal Wind-roses. - Interdiurnal variability of the temperature. - The tension of aqueous vapour. - Atmic wind-roses. - Relative humidity. - Wind-roses for relative humidity. - Wind-frequency. - Wind-velocity. - Dynamic wind-roses. - Strong winds. - Cloudiness. - Nephic wind-roses. - Clear and cloudy days. - Form of clouds. - Precipitation. - Fog wind-roses. - Snow wind-roses. - Aurora australis. - Wind and change of pressure. - Climate of Framheim, characteristics. - PART 2 OBSERVATIONS ON THE SLEDGE-JOURNEY. - Materials. - 1. The route, courses and distances, latitudes and longitudes. - 1. Courses. - 2. Distances. - Tables of variation of compass, courses and distances. - Route towards the pole. - Position of Polheim. - Route from the Pole. - 2. Meteorological observations. - 1. Temperature of the air. - 2. Pressure of the air. - Aneroid. - Hypsometers. - Corrections of the aneroid. - 3. Wind. - 4. Cloudiness, form of clouds, precipitation, Halos. - 3. The height of the stations. - Isobars. - Barometrical levelling. - Accuracy. - Mean error of heights. - Vertical section of the road. - 4. Tables of observations. - 5. The temperature of the air. - 1. The vertical distribution. - 2. The horizontal distribution. - 3. The interdiurnal variability. - 4. Maxima and Minima observed. - 6. The pressure of the air. - Pressure at sea-level. - 7. The winds. - Frequency. - Dynamic wind-roses. - Thermal wind-roses. - Nephic wind-roses. - Precipitation-wind-roses. - Frequency of strong winds. - Precipitation with strong winds. - 8. Cloudiness. - Frequency. - Form of clouds. - 9. Halos. - 10. Pressure and air-currents. - Appendix I. - Appendix II.
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  • 58
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    Monograph non-lending collection
    Terrestrial magnetism : British (Terra Nova) Antarctic expedition, 1910 - 1913 (1921)
    London : Harrison
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI PY-18-91327
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: XII, 548 S. , 60 Pl. , 4°(8°)
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: 1. Base station at Cape Evans. Results of absolute observations. - 2. Measurement of curves. Time used. Standardisation of curves. Scale values and base values. - 3. Local disturbance at base station. - 4. Results of curve measurements: mean monthly values. Non-cyclic changes. Diurnal inequalities. - 5. Diurnal inequalities. Fourier coefficients. 6. Daily maxima and minima. Absolute ranges. - 7. Magnetic "character". Its annual and diurnal variation. The "27-day period" 8. Term hours. Magnetic "activity". 9. Discussion of selected disturbed term hours. - 10. Disturbances in general. "Sudden commencements". - 11. Short period disturbances, including those of the "special type". - 12. Disturbances of longer period, occuring during 1911. - 13. Disturbances of longer period, occuring during 1912. - 14. Comparison of magnetic disturbance and aurora. - 15. Comparisons of instruments, and instrumental "constants". Field observations, principally at Cape Adare. - 16. Observations at sea, etc., as reduced under the supervision of Commander Harry Pennell, R. N. - Hourly values of E'. - Hourly values of S'. - Hourly values of V. - Term hour data. - Plates.
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  • 59
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    Monograph available for loan
    National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904; Magnetic observations (1909)
    London : Royal Society
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI PY-18-91324
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VII, 274 S., XLIII Bl. , graph. Darst. , 4°
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Preface, by Sir A. Geikie. - Introductory Note, by L. C. Bernacchi. - Historical Note, by Dr. C. Chree. - Explanation of tables of hourly values. - Tables of hourly values. - Table of days made use of for diurnal inequalities. - DISCUSSION OF THE OBSERVATIONS, BY DR. C. CHREE. - 1. Instruments and records. - Instruments. - Scale values of curves. - Temperature coefficient of vertical-force magnet. - 2. Base-line values, annual inequality, secular change. - Declination and horizontal-force base-line values. - Declination and horizontal-force mean monthly values. - Declination and horizontal-force secular change. - Declination and horizontal-force annual inequality. - Vertical-force base-line values and temperature corrections. - 3. Diurnal inequalities and their discussion. - Diurnal inequalities of declination, horizontal force and vertical force. - Explanation of diurnal-inequality tables and curves. - Diurnal-inequality tables XII-XXII. - Non-cyclic changes. - Discussion of declination, horizontal force, and vertical-force inequalities. - Diurnal inequality of inclination. - Dirunal inequality of South and West Components. - Figures 1-13, illustrating Diurnal inequalities. - 4. Diurnal inequalities, Fourier coefficients. - Fourier α and β coefficients. - Fourier γ and α coefficients. - 5. Annual variation, Fourier coefficients. - 6. Absolute daily ranges, Daily maxima and minima. - Absolute daily ranges of declination, Horizontal force and vertical force. - Incidence of daily maxima and minima. - 7. Term-hour and special records. - Term-hour records from Mauritius. - Term-hour records from Christchurch. - Term-hour records from Antarctic Winter Quarters. - Antarctic Record during solar eclipse. - Pulsations. - Antarctic record on exceptionally quiet day. - 8. Records of disturbances from co-operating stations and winter quarters. - Comparative records from Falmouth, Colaba, Mauritius, and Christchurch. - Antarctic Records of disturbances. - Various representative types of Antarctic disturbances. - 9. Mathematical analysis of disturbances, and their discussion. - General discussion of theories. - Case of sphere of magnetic material in a uniform field. - Definition and nature of disturbances. - Analysis of selected disturbances recorded at the co-operating stations and at winter quarters. - 10. Special type of disturbance. - 11. Comparison of Antarctic Magnetic disturbances and aurora. - Appendix A.: Christchurch term-day observations. - Appendix B.: An examination of Antarctic disturbances from October, 1902, to March, 1903, which are simultaneous with Arctic disturbances discussed by Prof. Kr. Birkeland.
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  • 60
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    Series available for loan
    First Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG) : activities from 1975 to 1979 ; planned activities 1979/1980 (1979)
    Bonn : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-1
    In: Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG), 1
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 21 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG) 1
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research of the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Station. - Field Activities 1974-1979. - Planned Activities 1979/80. - References.
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  • 61
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    Series available for loan
    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1980-October 1981 ; II. Planned activities October 1981-October 1982 (1981)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-3
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 3
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 3
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 80-October 81. - II. Planned Activities, October 81-October 82. - References.
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  • 62
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    Series available for loan
    Subsea permafrost in Harrison Bay, Alaska : an interpretation from seismic data (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/24
    In: CRREL Report, 82-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Velocity data derived from petroleum industry seismic records from Harrison Bay show that high-velocity material ( or = 2 km/s) interpreted to be ice-bonded permafrost is common. In the eastern part of the bay, the depth to high velocity material increases and velocity decreases in an orderly manner with increasing distance from shore until the layer is no longer apparent. The western part of the bay is less orderly, possibly reflecting a different geological and thermal history. This western part may be an inundated section of the low coastal plain characterized by the region north of Teshekpuk Lake, and could have contained deep thaw lakes, creating low velocity zones. Along some seismic lines, the high-velocity material extends approximately 25 km offshore. Two anomalies have been found which could be associated with rapidly degrading permafrost. One is strong attenuation, which was interpreted as an indication of gas in the shallow deposits. The other is the presence of considerable seismic noise, including identifiable small seismic events. The origin of this noise has not been positively established, and it is proposed that it may indicate that some movement is occurring in the sediments due to thaw.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 65 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-24
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA121020
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9361
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Reading records Refractions Reflections Rayleigh waves Spatial resolution Anomalies Results and discussion Seismic velocity distribution Attenuation Low-level natural seismicity Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Error estimates Appendix B: Velocity profiles Appendix C: Seismic cross sections
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  • 63
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    Series available for loan
    Least life-cycle costs for insulation in Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/27
    In: CRREL Report, 82-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Recommendations for economical thicknesses for building insulation result from a study of fuel and construction costs of 12 military installations in Alaska. A comparison between the insulation thickness that a building owner might choose today and what he might choose in 20 years indicates a trend for much thicker insulation in the future. An analysis of how much more expensive a building built today with the thickness that would be appropriate 20 years hence indicates only a small penalty in life-cycle costs for the additional insulation. Therefore, a minimum of R-32 walls and R-62 attics is recommended for most of Alaska.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-27
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122806
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9367
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Summary Introduction Determining economic thicknesses for insulation Background Analysis method for new construction Analysis method for reinsulating existing construction Sensitivity and longevity of the results Sensitivity Longevity Recommendations Saving money vs. saving energy Energy economics conservation Building energy performance standards Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Heating system costs Appendix B: Present worth factors Appendix C: Base case and incremental thermal properties Appendix D: LCC comparison graphs for wall and roof systems Appendix E: Cost penalties for energy conservatism Appendix F: Graphic aid for figuring energy savings thermal improvements
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  • 64
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    Series available for loan
    Growth of faceted crystals in a snow cover (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/29
    In: CRREL Report, 82-29
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice grains in a snow cover with a low temperature gradient assume a well-rounded equilibrium form. However, at temperature gradients of 0.1 to 0.2 C/cm (depending somewhat on temperature and snow density), the rounded grains recrystallize into a faceted kinetic growth form. The large temperature gradient must play a decisive role in moving the vapor fast enough to sustain the rapid growth rate associated with the kinetic growth form. Once the large temperature gradient is removed, the grains recrystallize back to the equilibrium form. the recrystallization occurs in either direction without a change in bulk density. The growth of faceted crystals begins at the warmer base of the snow cover where the excess vapor pressure is largest. A transition between the overlying rounded grains moves upward in time. Faceted crystals also grow just below crusts of reduced permeability, where the increased vapor accumulation can sustain the excess vapor pressure neded for kinetic growth. The heat and vapor flows are described using a model based on thermodynamic equilibrium. The temperature distribution is shown to be quasi-linear at steady state in homogeneous snow. The recrystallization of the snow is modeled using the rounded grains as sources and the faceted grains as sinks. In the future this model should be extended to account for different temperatures among the sources and sinks.
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    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-29
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA122792
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9373
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Vapor flow Temperature profile Crystal growth rates Equilibirum versus kinetic growth forms of snow crystals Discussion Summary Literature cited
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  • 65
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    Series available for loan
    Radar detection of ice wedges in Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/43
    In: CRREL Report, 82-43
    Description / Table of Contents: The radar signatures of ice wedges and wedge-like structures have been investigated for a variety of soil conditions. The radar used for this study emitted short sinusoidal pulses of about 10-ns duration with an approximate center frequency of 150 MHz. Most of the ice wedges existed at depths of about 1 m in a variety of silty and sandy soils with both frozen and thawed active layers. The position of the wedges was usually identified from corresponding surface features. An artificial ice wedge in coarse-grained alluvium was also profiled as well as wedge-like structures of fine silt in a coarse-grained glacial outwash. All wedges and wedge-like structures produced a hyperbolic reflection profile except when an active layer of thawed, saturated silt was present which eliminated returns from the wedges. The peaks of the hyper-bolas were sometimes masked by reflections from the permafrost table or other material interfaces, and multiple hyperbolas occurred at some sites. The dielectric constant of the host medium was often calculated from the linear portions of the hyperbolas and the results were verified by laboratory time domain reflectometry measurements per-formed on field samples. In some cases, hyperbolic profiles originated at several meters depth suggesting that deep ice wedges could be detected in areas of cold permafrost.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-43
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124571.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9324
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion
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  • 66
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    Series available for loan
    The brine zone in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/39
    In: CRREL Report, 82-39
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations of a 4.4-m-high brine step in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, show that it has migrated about 1.2 km in 4 years. The present brine wave is overriding an older brine-soaked layer. This migration is proof of the dynamic nature of the step, which is the leading edge of a brine wave that originated at the shelf edge after a major break-out of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The inland boundary of brine penetration is characterized by a series of descending steps that are believed to represent terminal positions of separate intrusions of brine of similar origin. The inland boundary of brine percolation is probably controlled largely by the depth at which brine encounters the firn/ ice transition (43 m). However, this boundary is not fixed by permeability considerations alone, since measurable movement of brine is still occurring at the inland boundary. Freeze-fractionation of the seawater as it migrates throught the ice shelf preferentially precipitates virtually all sodium sulfate, and concomitant removal of water by freezing in the pore spaces of the infiltrated firm produces residual brines approximately six times more concentrated than the original seawater.
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    Pages: v, 35 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-39
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124516
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9319
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Radio echo profiling Core drilling Results and discussion Brine infiltration survey Brine layer steps Brine infiltration characteristics Brine infiltration mechanisms at inland boundary Confirmation of brine depths by drilling Density and temperature profiles Ice shelf freeboard Brine upwelling Brine chemistry Conclusions Literature cited
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    Window performance in extreme cold (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/38
    In: CRREL Report, 82-38
    Description / Table of Contents: Extreme cold causes heavy buildup of frost, ice and condensation on many windows. It also increases the incentive for improving the airtightness of windows against heat loss. Our study shows that tightening specifications for Alaskan windows to permit only 30% of the air leakage allowed by current American airtightness standards is economically attractive. We also recommend triple glazing in much of Alaska to avoid window icing in homes and barracks. We base our conclusions on a two-year field study of Alaskan military bases that included recording humidity and temperature data, observing moisture accumulation on windows and measuring airtightness with a fan pressurization device.
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    Pages: v, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-38
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124528
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9333
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Previous work in cold weather window performance Investigation Data acquisition and analysis Modeling the window thermal regime Moisture and ice observations Airtightness testing and analysis Annual heat loss from air leakage Results and conclusions Moisture on windows Airtightness Airtightness economics Recommendations for windows in extreme cold Airtightness Multiple glazing Literature cited Appendix A: Moisture levels and airtightness Appendix B: Dewpoint data Appendix C: Sample observations of icing
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    Level ice breaking by a simple wedge (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/22
    In: CRREL Report, 85-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Tests in level ice on an idealized icebreaker bow in the shape of a simple wedge were conducted in the test basin. The horizontal and vertical forces on the wedge were measured, and floe size distribution in the wake of the wedge was observed. From the force measurements, the ice wedge/hull friction factor was calculated and found to be in general agreement with the friction factor measured in separate friction tests. The ice floe length and ice floe area measured in the current study were found to follow log-normal probability distributions defined by the length average L and area average A and corresponding standard deviations SL and SA. The results of these tests and other tests conducted at another facility showed that the ratios A/h2 and L/h (A =average floe area, L averagefloe length, h = ice thickness) were, for the same type of model ice, directly proportional to the parameter y/-yh. (a = ice bending strength, tj7= specific weight of water) and a/y, respectively, and independent of the velocity and ice strain modulus or ice characteristic* length. However, the coefficients of proportionality appear to depend upon the type of model ice used in the tests. The ratios Si/A were independent of o/yh but varied with the bow shape and the type of ice. The available field data are not sufficient for meaningful comparison with the laboratory results.
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    Pages: iv, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-22
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a166629.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9443
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental set-up and conditions Results of wedge resistance measurements Results of floe size measurements Statistical analysis of data Comparison between model and full-scale data Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Wedge tests-floe size measurements Appendix B: Wedge tests-histograms of floe length and floe area Appendix C: Cumulative frequency distributions for floe length and floe area
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    Ice-coring augers for shallow depth sampling (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/21
    In: CRREL Report, 85-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The development of lightweight coring augers for ice is reviewed. Emphasis is on equipment designed by the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory and its predecessor organizations for sampling to depths less than 20 m or so. Design and operation of the ACFEL/SIPRE/CRREL 3-in. -ID corer is discussed, and modifications of the basic design for powered operation and for drilling in frozen soil are outlined. Recent replacements for the traditional coring auger are described, and details are given for the construction and operation of the new 4 1/4-in-ID coring equipment. A powered 12-in.-ID drill for shallow-depth coring is also described.
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    Pages: iii, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA166630
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The 3-inch ice corer The Rand auger Parallel development of comparable drills The Big John 12-inch corer Power drives A simple Russian ice-corer Conclusions Literature cited
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    Evaluation of selected frost-susceptibility test methods (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/14
    In: CRREL Report, 86-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Three methods for determining the frost susceptibility of soils are evaluated in this report. These methods are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers frost design soil classification system, a moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity test, and a laboratory freeze-thaw test. The Corps method, which is based on particle size, soil classification, and a laboratory freezing test, was found to be useful for identifying frost-susceptibility. The moisture-hydraulic-conductivity test was found to be unacceptable because it required too much time and its results correlated poorly with field observations. The freeze-thaw test was determined to be the most accurate of the methods studied, including the freeze test that is a part of the Corps method. The freeze-thaw test is thoroughly described. It includes indexes of both frost-heave susceptibility (heave rate) and thaw-weakening susceptibility (CBR after thawing). It also accounts for the effects of freeze-thaw cycling and is completely automated to improve the repeatability of the test results. It is suggested that the freeze-thaw test considered as a replacement for the Corps freezing test.
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    Pages: v, 56 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-14
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9462
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Description of the selected sites Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity tests Freezing test Validation Description of test sites and materials Sample preparation Results and analysis of laboratory tests Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity test Freezing test Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Summary of frost-susceptibility tests on natural soil
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 3: Laboratory tests on soils from Albany County Airport (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/2
    In: CRREL Report, 87-2
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the third in a series of four reports on the laboratory and field testing of a number of road and airfield subgrades, covering the laboratory repeated-load triaxial testing of five soils in the frozen and thawed states and analysis of the resulting resilient modulus measurements. The laboratory testing procedures allow simulation of the gradual increase in stiffnessfound in frost-susceptible soils after thawing. The resilient modulus is expressed in a nonlinear model in terms of the applied stresses, the soil moisture tension level (for unfrozen soil), the unfrozen water content (for frozen soil) and the dry density. The resilient modulus is about 10 GPa for the frozen material at temperatures in the range of -5° to -8° C. The decrease in modulus with increasing temperature was well-modeled in terms of the unfrozen water content. Upon thaw, the modulus dropped to about 100 MPa and generally increased with increasing confining stress and decreased with increasing principal stress ratio. The modulus also increased with the soil moisture tension level. The resilient Poisson's ratio did not appear to be a systematic function of any of the test variables.
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    Pages: iii, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a179253.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9037
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections and materials Specimen preparation Test soils Asphalt concrete Laboratory testing Soil testing Waveforms of applied stress Asphalt concrete Data reduction and analysis Soil Asphalt concrete Results and discussion General Resilient modulus Summary Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil moisture tension versus water content for several test soils Appendix B: Tabulated results for all tests on frozen and thawed soils
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : phase 1: ice structure analysis (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/3
    In: CRREL Report, 87-3
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the first phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is also considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program
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    Pages: iii, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a181205.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9044
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Tested multi-year floe ice samples Ice description Uniaxial constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-load compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial constant-strain-rate compression test Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data Appendix B: Multi-year floe sample data
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  • 73
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    Tensile strength of frozen silt (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/15
    In: CRREL Report, 87-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Constant strain-rate tension tests were conducted on remolded saturated frozen Fairbanks silt at various temperatures, strain rates, and densities. It was found that the critical strain rate of the ductile-brittle transition is not temperature-dependent at temperatures down to -5°C, but varies with density. The peak tensile strength decreases considerable with decreasing strain rate for ductile failure, but it decreases slightly with increasing strain rate for brittle fracture. The failure strain remains almost constant at temperatures lower than about -2°C, but it varies with density and strain rate at -5°C. The initial tangent modulus is independent of strain rate and increases with decreasing temperature and density.
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    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a185483.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9033
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Testing Material Specimen preparation Testing procedure and apparatus Results Discussion Peak tensile strength, σm Failure tensile strain, ϵf Initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Discussion of test techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Physical properties of Fairbanks silt specimens Appendix B: Unfrozen water content data of Fairbanks silt with three typical water contents
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    Evaluation of the magnetic induction conductivity method for detecting frazil ice deposits (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/17
    In: CRREL Report, 87-17
    Description / Table of Contents: The ability to map frazil ice deposits and water channels beneath an ice-covered river in central Alaska using the magnetic induction conductivity (MI) technique has been assessed. The study was performed during the first week of March of 1986 on the Tanana River near Fairbanks and employed a commercially available instrument operating at a fixed frequency with a fixed antenna (coil) spacing and orientation. Comparisons of the MI data with theoretical models based upon physical data measured along three cross sections of the river demonstrate the sensitivity of the MI technique to frazil ice deposits. The conductivity generally derived for the frazil ice deposits encountered is very low (approx. .00063 s/m) when compared with the measured value for water (approx. 0.011 S/m), and is similar to the calculated values for gravel and sandy gravel bed sediments. In all three cross sections, maxima in the apparent conductivity profiles correlated with frazil ice deposits. Difficulties, possibly due to adverse effects of cold weather upon instrument calibration, affected the quantitative performance of the instrument on one cross section, although the interpretation of the data (locations of open channels vs frazil deposits) was qualitatively unaffected.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a186940.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9023
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Magnetic induction conductivity method Site description and survey methods Cross section field data and modeling results X6 X3A X4 Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Discussion of errors Appendix B: Modeling data
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    Approximate solutions of heat conduction in a medium with variable properties (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/19
    In: CRREL Report, 87-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The approximate heat balance integral method (HBIM) is extended to the case of a medium with variable properties such as snow. The case of linear variation of thermal conductivity was investigated. An alternative heat balance integral method (AHBIM) was developed. Both constant surface temperature and surface heat flux were considered. A comparison was made of the temperature distribution from the HBIM, AHBIM and an analytical method for the case of constant surface temperature. In general, results agree quite well with the analytical method for small values of dimensionless time τ, but the difference becomes more pronounced as τ increases. It was found that the AHBIM with a quadratic temperature profile gave a somewhat better result, especially when the value of the dimensionless distance η is small. For a specific property function of E(η) = eη, closed form solutions were obtained. The results, when compared with those from HBIM, AHBIM and the analytical method were found to agree exceptionally well with the analytical method, especially for large values of τ.
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    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a186933.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9021
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical analysis Constant surface temperature Constant surface heat flux Comparison with exact solution Alternative method Conclusions and comments Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of equation 25 Appendix B: Derivations of equations 37 and 40 Appendix C: Derivation of equations 37a and 40
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    Microwave and structural properties of saline ice (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/20
    In: CRREL Report, 87-20
    Description / Table of Contents: The structure and salinity characteristics of saline ice slabs removed from ice sheets grown in an outdoor pool have been studied and related to the complex relative dielectric permittivity measured with free-space transmission techniques at 4.80 and 9.50 GHz. The saline ice closely simulated arctic sea ice in its structural and salinity characteristics, which were regularly monitored in a number of ice sheets grown during the winters of 1983-84 and 1984-85. In-situ transmission measurements at similar frequencies were also made on the ice sheets themselves using antennas located above and beneath the ice. The slab measurements were made during warming from -29° to -2°C on slabs grown during the winter of 1983-84 (4.75 GHz) and during a warming and cooling cycle over a slightly larger temperature range on slabs grown during the winter of 1984-85 (4.80 and 9.50 GHz).
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    Pages: v, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-20
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a189307.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9022
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I - Structural properties Introduction Experimental setup Analytical techniques Results and discussion 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments Conclusions and recommendations Part Il - Microwave properties Introduction Measurement techniques Results 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments 1984-85 in-situ experiments Discussion Comparison of data Analytical modeling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Dielectric mixing model of sea ice
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    Spectral measurements in a disturbed boundary layer over snow (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/21
    In: CRREL Report, 87-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The author measured time series of longitudinal (u) and vertical (w) velocity and temperature (t) and humidity (q) fluctuations with fast-responding sensors in the near-neutrally stable surface layer over a snow-covered field. These series yielded individual spectra and u-w, w-t, w-q and t-q cospectra, phase spectra and coherence spectra for nondimensional frequencies (fz/U) from roughly 0.001 to 10. With the exception of the u-w cospectra, all the spectra and cospectra displayed the expected dependence on frequency in an inertial or inertial-convective subrange. All, however, contained significantly more energy at low frequency than the Kansas neutral-stability spectra and cospectra. This excess low-frequency energy and the erratic behavior of the u-w cospectra imply that forested hills bordering the site on two sides were producing disturbances in the flow field at scales roughly equal to the height of the hills, 100 m. The phase and coherence spectra suggest that internal gravity waves were also frequently present, since the atmospheric boundary layer generally had slightly stable stratification. Consequently, at this complex site, turbulence alone determines the spectra and cospectra at high frequency; at low frequency the spectra and cospectra reflect a combination of topographically generated turbulence and internal waves. From the measured temperature and humidity spectra and the t-q cospectra, the author computed refractive index spectra for light of 0.55-micrometer and millimeter wavelengths. The refractive index spectra had shapes like the other scalar spectra: excess energy at low frequency and an inertial-convective subrange at high frequency.
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    Pages: v, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a190217.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9027
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Measurements Spectra u and w velocity spectra Temperature and humidity spectra Inertial-dissipation estimates Cospectra u-w cospectra w-t and w-q cospectra t-q cospectra Refractive index spectra Conclusions Literature cited
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    Thermal instability and heat transfer characteristics in water/ice systems (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/22
    In: CRREL Report, 87-22
    Description / Table of Contents: This review discusses problems associated with the anomalous temperature-density relations of water. It covers a) onset of convection, b) temperature structure and natural convective heat transfer, and c) laminar forced convective heat transfer in the water/ice system. The onset of convection in a water/ice system was found to dependent on thermal boundary conditions, not a constant value as in the classical fluids that have a monotonic temperature-density relationship. The water/ice system also exhibits a unique temperature distribution in the melt layer immediately after the critical Rayleigh number is exceeded and soon after it establishes a more or less constant temperature region progressively deepening as the melt layer grows. The constant temperature is approximately 3.2°C for water layers formed from above but varies for melt layers from below. The heat flux across the water/ice interface was found to be a weak power function and to increase linearly with temperature for melted layers from above and below, respectively.
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    Pages: vi, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-22
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a189627.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9028
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Analytical studies on the onset of convection in a horizontal water layer Experimental studies on the onset of convection in a circular horizontal melt layer Temperature structure and heat transfer In a horizontal layer In a circular horizontal melt layer pHeat transfer studies in nonplanar geometries Forced convective heat transfer over a melting surface Discussion and conclusions Onset of convection Temperature structure and natural convective heat transfer Laminar forced convective heat transfer Literature cited
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    Options for management of dynamic ice breakup on the Connecticut River near Windsor, Vermont (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/1
    In: CRREL Report, 88-1
    Description / Table of Contents: The Cornish-Windsor bridge is the longest covered bridge in the United States and has significant historical value. At a large peak flow, dynamic ice breakup of the Connecticut River can threaten the bridge and cause flood damage in the town of Windsor, Vermont. Throughout the 1985-86 winter we regularly monitored ice conditions, including a midwinter dynamic ice breakup on 27 January. We conducted controlled release tests over the operating range of the turbines at Wilder Dam upstream during both open water and ice cover conditions. These data and observations were analyzed in light of more than 60 years of temperature and discharge records. Our analysis indicates that river regulation presents alternatives for ice management that would minimize the probability of bridge damage and flooding during breakup. The flow can be regulated early in the winter to promote the growth of a stable ice cover, minimizing the total ice production in the reach. In the weeks prior to breakup, sustained releases and above-freezing air temperatures cause melting, weakening and gradual breakup of the ice, greatly reducing the flooding potential. Also, it is possible to produce a controlled ice breakup prior to an imminent natural event at lower stage and discharge. All of these ice control alternatives have associated power production costs.
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    Pages: iii, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-1
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a195329.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9026
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Analysis of historical data Field observations Controlled release tests January 1986 ice breakup Connecticut River ice control Minimizing ice production Hydrothermal melting Controlled ice breakup Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed ice breakup chronology
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  • 80
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    Freezing of soil with an unfrozen water content and variable thermal properties (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/2
    In: CRREL Report, 88-2
    Description / Table of Contents: While many materials undergo phase change at a fixed temperature, soil systems exhibit a definite zone of phase change. The variation of unfrozen water with temperature causes a soil system to freeze of thaw over a finite temperature range. Exact and approximate solutions are given for conduction phase change of plane layers of soil with unfrozen water contents that vary linearly and quadratically with temperature. The temperature and phase change depths were found to vary significantly from those predicted for the constant-temperature or Neumann problem. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of the soil within the mushy zone varied as a function of unfrozen water content. It was found that the effect of specific heat is negligible, while the effect of variable thermal conductivity can be accounted for by a proper choice of thermal properties used in the constant-thermal-property solution.
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    Pages: v, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA195343
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9076
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Preface Introduction Basic equations Two-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Three-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of the mushy zone equation Appendix B: Solution of the two-zone problem with a linear t and variable thermal properties
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : phase II: ice structure analysis (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/5
    In: CRREL Report, 88-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the second phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program. The effect of sample orientation on the results is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-5
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a194980.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9077
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Unconfined constant-strain-rate compression tests Confined constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Discussion Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data
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  • 82
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    Atmospheric icing and broadcast antenna reflections (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/11
    In: CRREL Report, 88-11
    Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the effects of atmospheric icing on broadcast transmission reflections on two mountains- Mount Mansfield in northern Vermont and Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Experience and theory suggest that antenna ice accretions produce large signal reflections. Correlations between reflection coefficients and ice accretions on Rosemount ice detectors adjacent to antennas were low and occasionally negative. The unexpected correlations may be due to factors not measured, such as antenna tuning, ice type and ice location on the antenna system. Other confounding factors may include ice detector performance and methods used to compute antenna ice accretions from the ice detectors.
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    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a200378.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9069
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources Study location and icing conditions Icing data Antenna reflection data Data preparation Analyses Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 83
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    On the pressure drop through a uniform snow layer (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/14
    In: CRREL Report, 88-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study covering a mass flow rate ranging from 1.62 to 67.45 g/cm2-s and snow density varying from 0.377 to 0.472 g/cm3 has been conducted. Pressure drops ranging from 0.012 to 2.868 gf/cm2 were recorded. A plot of the friction factor fp vs Rep (defined as the classical Reynolds number Re for fluid flow through conduits) showed a good representation of all the experimental data. The least-squares analysis resulted in an expression of f sub p = 118/Rep to the 1.095 power for snow, in comparison with the expression f sub p = 64/Rep developed for fluid flow through porous media of randomly packed metallic and nonmetallic materials of spherical and nonspherical shapes.
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    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a201045.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9070
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Experimental results Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 84
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    Profile properties of undeformed first-year sea ice (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/13
    In: CRREL Report, 88-13
    Description / Table of Contents: In many sea ice engineering problems the ice sheet has been assumed to be a homogeneous plate whose mechanical properties are estimated from the bulk salinity and average temperature of the ice sheet. Typically no regard has been given to the vertical variation of ice properties in the ice sheet or to the time of ice formation. This paper first reviews some of the mechanical properties of sea ice, including the ice tensile, flexural and shear strengths, as well as the ice modulus. Equations for these properties are given as functions of the ice brine volume, which can be determined from the ice salinity and temperature. Next a numerical, finite difference model is developed to predict the salinity and temperature profiles of a growing ice sheet. In this model ice temperatures are calculated by performing an energy balance of the heat fluxes at the ice surface. The conductive heat flux is used to calculate the rate of ice growth and ice thickness by applying the Stefan ice growth equation. Ice salinities are determined by considering the amount of initial salt entrapment at the ice/water interface and the subsequent brine drainage due to brine expulsion and gravity drainage. Ice salinity and temperature profiles are generated using climatological data for the Central Arctic basin. The predicted salinity and temperature profiles are combined with the mechanical property data to provide mechanical property profiles for first-year sea ice of different thicknesses, grown at different times of the winter. The predicted profiles give composite plate properties that are significantly different from bulk properties obtained by assuming homogeneous plates. In addition the failure strength profiles give maximum strength in the interior of the sheet as contrasted with the usual assumption of maximum strength at the cold, upper ice surface. Surprisingly the mechanical property profiles are only a function of the ice thickness, independent of the time of ice formation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 63 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-13
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA213087
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9071
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Structure Composition Mechanical properties Strength Elastic constants The temperature-salinity model Temperature profiles Salinity profiles Composite plate properties Results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Details of the equations for ice surface temperature and conductive heat flux Appendix B: Calculated profile and bulk properties of an ice sheet of varying thickness Appendix C: Calculated profile and bulk properties of 30- and 91-cm-thick ice sheets
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  • 85
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    Comparison of soil freezing curve and soil water curve data for Windsor sandy loam (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/16
    In: CRREL Report, 88-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Unfrozen water content as a function of temperature was measured in the laboratory using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for a Windsor sandy loam soil. The data were related to previously measured soil moisture retention data through the modified Clapeyron equation with suitable adjustment for surface tension. The results show the usefulness of extending the soil freezing curve to temperatures only slightly below freezing and the soil water curve to very great suction.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a202365.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9072
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Soil variable ø SWC and SFC similarity Mathematical representation of SWC and SFC data NMR measurement of unfrozen water content Characterization of SWC Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil freezing curve data Appendix B: Error analysis Appendix C: Soil water curve data
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  • 86
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    Ship model testing in level ice : an overview (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/15
    In: CRREL Report, 88-15
    Description / Table of Contents: The main points covered are: (1)modeling criteria for ships in ice, which must take into account the presence of a solid boundary at the water surface; (2) types of model ice used in various tanks-saline ice, urea-doped ice, EG/AD/S ice and synthetic ice; (3) techniques for growing model ice sheets, and achieving and monitoring the required ice properties; (4) limitations of both model ice and property measurement techniques; (5) model testing procedures for EHP and SHP tests and their limitations; (6) comparison between model test results and available full-scale trials data; (7) existing empirical and analytical or semi-analytical algorithms for predicting ship performance in level ice; (8) current research at CRREL and other research facilities to improve modeling techniques and data interpretation; and (9) novel bow designs for ice-transiting vessels.
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    Pages: v, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA201012
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9073
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction General considerations Ice properties Modulus, E Characteristic length, Ic Flexural strength, σf Com pressive strength, σc Shear strength, σs Poisson's ratio, ϑ Fracture toughness, Kic Density, ρi Ice-hull friction factor, fi Model ice Synthetic ice Columnar saline ice Columnar carbamide ice Fine-grained ice EG/AD/S model ice Model test procedures Ice growth and monitoring EHP tests SHP test Test data analysis--comparison with full scale Analysis of test results Comparison with full-scale data Analytical and empirical predictors Empirical predictors Analytical and semi-analytical schemes Current research efforts in ice modeling International cooperative research Ice testing CRREL research on ship-ice interaction Novel icebreaking bow designs Conclusions and final remarks Literature cited
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  • 87
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    Comparison of thawing soil strength measurements for predicting vehicle performance (1992)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-92/17
    In: CRREL Report, 92-17
    Description / Table of Contents: The CRREL Instrumented Vehicle (CIV), shear annulus, direct shear, andtriaxial compression devices were used to characterize the strength ofthawed and thawing soil. These strength values can be used in simpletraction models to predict the tractive performance of vehicles. Strength was evaluated in terms of the parameters c' and Φ' based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. It is proposed here that an instrumented vehicle is best suited for terrain characterization for mobility studies because the conditions created by a tire slipping on a soil surface are exactly duplicated. The c' and Φ' values from the shear annulus were found to overpredict traction because of the low normal stress applied by the annulus and the curved nature of the failure envelope. Of all the tests, the direct shear test yielded the highest Φ' value, most likely because the test was run at a slow deformation rate under drained conditions. The triaxial test results were the most similar to those from the vehicle. All test methods show Φ' increasingwith soil moisture up to the liquid limit of the soil and then decreasing. As measured with the vehicle, was also found to be strongly influenced by the thaw depth.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 92-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a258263.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9145
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Objective Background Strength measurement techniques Triaxial compression Direct shear Shear annulus device CRREL Instrumented Vehicle Discussion Comparison of methods Influence of soil conditions Traction prediction Conclusions References Abstract
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  • 88
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    Flow regulation for controlled river-ice formation (1993)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-93/3
    In: CRREL Report, 93-3
    Description / Table of Contents: Results are presented of a study to determine appropriate methods of flow modification for mitigating ice jam formation in navigable rivers. Based on a review of alternative methods for flow modification, it is concluded that for many rivers, especially large ones, the most appropriate method involves controlled ice-cover formation through the regulation of river flow. Flow discharge and stages would be regulated by controlling the flow releases from reservoirs and flow stages at river dams, such that optimal flow conditions prevail for rapid formation, and subsequent maintenance, of an accumulation ice cover over river reaches in which potentially large amounts of frazil ice may grow. Accumulation covers would be formed of frazil ice pans and floes and, if appropriate, broken ice conveyed from upstream. Existing dams, augmented where needed by navigable ice booms, could serve as retention structures for the development of accumulation covers. A preliminary indication of the feasibility of this method for controlling ice-cover formation on stage-regulated pools of the Ohio River is assessed through the use of a numerical model that simulates ice-cover formation from frazil ice. It is found that this approach holds promise for mitigating jam occurrence, although its implementation necessarily entails management of flow through major portions of the Ohio River. The results of the study are, to a limited extent, generalized to other rivers.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 58 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 93-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA266409
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9155
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of the study Control of river ice formation Control methods Controlled ice-cover formation for the upper Ohio River Numerical simulation of ice-cover formation Flow profile Water temperature variation Frazil ice growth Ice-cover progression Thermal growth of ice cover Numerical results Illustration of simulated ice-:over formation Ice-cover formation in the Hannibal and Montgomery pools Generalized results Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Expression for coefficients Appendix B: Listing of computer program
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  • 89
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    The effects of conductivity on high-resolution impulse radar sounding, Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/42
    In: CRREL Report, 82-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A high-resolution impulse radar profiling system was evaluated for 1) detecting the existence of sea ice which coring has revealed to exist on the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9, 2) detecting the preferred horizontal c-axis azi-muthal direction of the sea ice crystals, using the voltage amplitude of the radar reflection from the sea ice bottom, and 3) determining the direction of the currents under an Antarctic ice shelf. A field program was conducted consisting of a surface radar survey on the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9 and surface and airborne radar profiling on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The CRREL impulse radar system, operating at a center frequency of either 80 MHz or 20 MHz, was unable to detect the shelf bottom at Site J-9, which drilling revealed to be 416 m below the snow surface. The radar system was used to profile the McMurdo Ice Shelf both from the snow surface and from the air; a shelf thickness of about 275 m was easily detected. Theoretical considerations indicate that the bulk conductivity of the ice shelf at Site J1-9 was higher than originally anticipated, and this limited the radar sounding depth to about 405 m when operating at a frequency of 20 MHz.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-42
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a124456.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9323
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited
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  • 90
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    Evaluation of procedures for determining selected aquifer parameters (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/41
    In: CRREL Report, 82-41
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the important factors influencing the choice of appropriate aquifer test procedures are presented. The concepts of bias, accuracy and spatial variabil­ity are explained. The definitions of a number of aquifer parameters are devel­oped from basic principles demonstrating the underlying assumptions and limita­tions. The parameters considered are: piezometric head, hydraulic conductiv­ity/intrinsic permeability, flow direction, specific discharge magnitude, transmissivity, volumetric flow rate, total porosity, effective porosity, aver­age linear velocity, storage coefficient, specific yield, dispersion coefficient-aquifer dispersivity. For each parameter several techniques are described, evaluated and ranked in terms of perceived potential accuracy, simplicity and value to contaminant transport studies. It must be stressed, however, that the evaluations are based principally upon theoretical grounds, and not upon actual conduct of the described procedures.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-41
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7365/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9322
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 91
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    Breaking ice with explosives (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/40
    In: CRREL Report, 82-40
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of explosives to break floating ice sheets is described, and test data are used to develop design curves that predict explosives effects as ice thickness, charge size, and charge depth vary. Application of the curves to practical problems is illustrated by numerical examples. The general features of underwater explosions are reviewed and related to ice blasting. Quasi-static plate theory is considered, and is judged to be inapplicable to explosive cratering of ice plates. The specific energy for optimized ice blasting is found to compare quite favorably with the specific energy of icebreaking ships. All available field data for ice blasting are tabulated in appendices, together with details of the re­gression analyses from which the design curves are generated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-40
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6971/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9320
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted
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  • 92
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    Landsat-assisted environmental mapping in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/37
    In: CRREL Report, 82-37
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents a Landsat-derived land cover map of the northwest portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The report is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to the land cover map with detailed descriptions of the mapping methods and legend. The second part is a description of the study area. The classification system used for the maps is an improvement over existing methods of describing tundra vegetation. It is a comprehensive method of nomenclature that consistently applies the same criteria for all vegetation units. It is applicable for large- and small-scale mapping and is suitable for describing vegetation complexes, which are common in the patterned-ground terrain of the Alaskan Arctic. The system is applicable to Landsat-derived land cover classifications. The description of the study area focuses on five primary terrain types: flat thaw-lake plains, hilly coastal plains, foothills, mountainous terrain, and river flood plains. Topography, landforms, soils and vegetation are described for each terrain type. The report also contains area summaries for the Landsat-derived map categories. The area summaries are generated for the five terrain types and for the 89 townships within the study areas. Two land cover maps at 1:250,000 are included.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen, 2 Karten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-37
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7051
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9332
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area
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  • 93
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    Long-term modifications of perennially frozen sediment and terrain at East Oumalik, northern Alaska (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/36
    In: CRREL Report, 82-36
    Description / Table of Contents: Camp construction and drilling activities in 1950 at the East Oumalik drill site in northern Alaska caused extensive degradation of ice-rich, perennially frozen silt and irreversible modification of the upland terrain. In a study of the long-term degradational effects at this site, the near-surface geology was defined by drilling and coring 76 holes (maximum depth of 34 m) in disturbed and undisturbed areas and by laboratory analyses of these cores. Terrain disturbances, including bulldozed roads and excavations, camp structures and off-road vehicle trails, were found to have severely disrupted the site's thermal regime. This led to a thickening of the active layer, melting of the ground ice, thaw subsidence and thaw consolidation of the sediments. Slumps, sediment gravity flows and collapse of materials on slopes bounding thaw depressions expanded the degradation laterally, with thermal and hydraulic erosion removing materials as the depressions widened and deepened with time. Degradational processes became less active after thawed sediments thickened sufficiently to slow the increase in the depth of thaw and permit slope stabilization. The site's terrain is now irregular and hummocky with numerous depressions. Seasonal thaw depths are deeper in disturbed areas than in undisturbed areas and reflect the new moisture conditions and morphology. The severity of disturbance is much greater at East Oumalik than at another old drill site, Fish Creek. The difference results primarily from differences in the physical properties of the sediments, including the quantity and distribution of ground ice.
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    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-36
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123731
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9330
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methodology Geologic setting Camp construction and occupation Types of disturbance Degradational processes and the effective area of impact Areal effects of disturbance Topography Groundwater, surface water and drainage Sediment properties and near-surface stratigraphy Surficial processes Depth of thaw Comparison to Fish Creek Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 94
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    Statistical aspects of ice gouging on the Alaskan Shelf of the Beaufort Sea (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/21
    In: CRREL Report, 83-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The probability density function of the gouge depths into the sediment is represented by a simple negative exponential over four decades of gouge frequency. The exceedance probability function is, therefore, e to the -lambda d, where d is the gouge depth in meters and lambda is a constant. The value of lambda shows a general decrease with increasing water depth, from 9/m in shallow water to less than 3/m in water 30 to 35 m deep. The deepest gouge observed was 3.6 m, from a sample of 20,354 gouges that have depths greater than or equal to 0.2 m. The dominant gouge orientations are usually unimodal and reasonably clustered, with the most frequent alignments roughly parallel to the general trend to the coastline. The value of N(bar) sub 1, the mean number of gouges (deeper than 0.2 m) per kilometer measured normal to the trend of the gouges, varies from 0.2 for protected lagoons to 80 in water between 20 and 38 m deep in unprotected offshore regions. The distribution of the spacings between gouges as measured along a sampling track is a negative exponential. The form of the frequency distribution of N sub 1 varies with water depth and is exponential for lagoons and shallow offshore areas, previously skewed for 10 to 20 m depths off the barrier islands, and near-normal for deeper water. As a Poisson distribution gives a reasonable fit to the N sub 1 distributions for all water depths, it is suggested that gouging can be taken as approximating a Poisson process in both space and time. The distributions of the largest values per kilometer of gouge depths, gouge widths, and the heights of the lateral embankment of sediments plowed from the gouges are also investigated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 40 Seiten , Illustrationen, 1 Karte
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134428
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9302
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea
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  • 95
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    Ice forces on model bridge piers (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/19
    In: CRREL Report, 83-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Small-scale laboratory experiments were conducted on model bridge piers in the CRREL test basin. The experiments were performed by pushing model ice sheets against structures and monitoring the ice forces during the ice/structure interaction. The parameters, varied during the test program, were the geometry of the bridge piers and the velocity, thickness, and flexural strength of the ice. The results are presented in the form of ice forces on sloping and vertical structures with different geometries. During ice action on sloping structures, a phenomenon of transition of failure mode from bending to crushing was observed as the ice velocity was steadily increased.
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    Pages: 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA133082
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9300
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Results Ice forces on inclined structures Transition of ice action due to velocity increase Aspect ratio Bridge pier nose geometry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 96
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    Detection of cavities under concrete pavement (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/18
    In: CRREL Report, 83-18
    Description / Table of Contents: An evaluation of an impulse radar system for detecting cavities under concrete pavement is discussed, and field results are presented. It was found that a dual antenna mode of surveying was ideal for void detection. In this mode one antenna operated in a transceive mode and a second, offset from the first, operated in a receive-only mode. This arrangement allowed a refraction-type profile survey to be performed, which enabled subpavement voids to be easily detected. Field trails were held at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, where 28 cavities were detected and mapped. Drilling of holes verified that a cavity existed and allowed cavity depth to be measured. The cavities varied from 1.5 in. to 23 in, depth and were up to 20 ft. long.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-18
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/7120/rec/1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9301
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA131851
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 97
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    Computer models for two-dimensional transient heat conduction (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/12
    In: CRREL Report, 83-12
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper documents the development and verification of two finite difference models that solve the general two-dimensional form of the heat conduction equation, using the alternative-direction implicit method. Both can handle convective, constant flux, specified temperature and semi-infinite boundaries. The conducting medium may be composed of many materials. The first program, ADI, solves for the case where no change of state occurs. ADIPC solves for case where a freeze/thaw change of phase may occur, using the apparent heat capacity method. Both models are verified by comparison to analytical results.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 74 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-12
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA134893
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9334
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output
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  • 98
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    Transport of water in frozen soil : I. Experimental determination of soil-water diffusivity under isothermal conditions (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/22
    In: CRREL Report, 83-22
    Description / Table of Contents: A new experimental method for measuring the soil-water diffusivity of frozen soil under isothermal conditions is introduced. The theoretical justification of the method is presented and the feasibility of the method is demonstrated by experiments conducted using marine-deposited clay. The measured values of the soil-water diffusivity are found comparable to reported experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-22
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA135419
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9297
    Language: English
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  • 99
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    Radar profiling of buried reflectors and the groundwater table (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/11
    In: CRREL Report, 83-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of ground radar performance over thawed and seasonally frozen silts, and sands and gravels containing artificial and natural reflectors were carried out in Alaska. The radar emitted 5-10 ns pulses, the center frequency of which was approximately 150 MHz. The artificial reflectors were metal sheets and discs and the natural reflectors were the groundwater table and interfaces between frozen and thawed material. The water table was profiled at three sites where the subsurface material was coarse-grained alluvium. Dielectric constants of 16 to 18 were measured for the thawed silts, 6 to 7 for the frozen silts and 3 to 9 for the sands and gravels. Signal penetration in the thawed high moisture content silts may be achieved only by use of a lower frequency radar, whereas in the sands and gravels greater depths may be detected with more sophisticated signal processing.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA130225
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9337
    Language: English
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  • 100
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    Stress measurements in ice (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/23
    In: CRREL Report, 83-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The problems associated with measuring stresses in ice are reviewed. Theory and laboratory test results are then presented for a stiff cylindrical sensor made of steel that is designed to measure ice stresses in a biaxial stress field. Loading tests on freshwater and saline ice blocks containing the biaxial ice stress sensor indicate that the sensor has a resolution of 20 kPa and an accuracy of better than 15% under a variety of uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. Principal stress directions can also be determined within 5 degrees. The biaxial ice stress sensor is not significantly affected by variations in the ice elastic modulus, ice creep or differential thermal expansion between the ice and gauge. The sensor also has a low temperature sensitivity (5 kPa/deg C).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-23
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA133906
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9296
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Stress measurements Design considerations Stress sensors Biaxial ice stress sensor Biaxial stress sensor theory Gauge deformation Stresses associated with cylindrical sensors Determination of ice stresses Gauge calibration Evaluation of the biaxial ice stress sensor Temperature sensitivity Biaxial loading test equipment Biaxial loading test results Differential thermal expansion Long-term drift Discussion of test results Conclusions Literature cited
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