ALBERT

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des zentralen Teiles des Sierra de Santa Victoria im argentinisch-bolivianischen Grenzgebiet. , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des Hornillos Komplexes : Sierra de Santa Victoria, Prov. de Salta / Argentinien. , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des Maiguasi-Gebietes. , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des Rejará-Stock : Sierra de Santa Victoria (Prov. Arce, Dpto. Tarija, Bolivien). , Zugleich: Clausthal, Technische Universität, Dissertation, 1992 , lnhaltverzeichnis: Einleitung. - 1.1 Überblick über die Alkaligesteinsvorkommen der Ostkordillere. - 1.2 Der kretazische Magmatismus in NW-Argentinien und S-Bolivien. - 1.3 Zielsetzung der Arbeit. - 1.4 Arbeitsmethodik. - 1.4.1 Kartierung und Probennahme. - 1.4.2 Mikroskopie. - 1.4.3 Röntgendiffraktometrie (RDA). - 1.4.4 Kathodolumineszenz (KL). - 1.4.5 Analytische Geochemie. - 1.4.5.1 Aufbereitung. - 1.4.5.2 Atomemissionsspektrometrie mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ICP). - 1.4.5.3 Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA). - 1.4.5.4 FeO-Bestimmung. - 1.4.5.5 H2O-Bestimmung. - 1.4.5.6 Gesamt-C-Bestimmung als CO2. - 1.4.5.7 lnstrumentelle Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse (INAA). - 1.4.5.8 C- und O-lsotopenmessungen. - 1.4.5.9 Standardabweichungen der Methoden. - 2 Geographische Aspekte des Arbeitsgebietes. - 2.1 Lage des Arbeitsgebietes. - 2.2 Morphotektonische Gliederung der Anden in NW-Argentinien und S-Bolivien. - 3 Zur Geologie der Sierra de Santa Victoria. - 3.1 Sedimentare Abfolge. - 3.1.1 Wendium - Unteres Kambrium. - 3.1.2 Oberes Kambrium. - 3.1.3 Ordovizium. - 3.1.4 Silur. - 3.1.5 Devon. - 3.1.6 Karbon. - 3.1.7 Kreide - Alttertiär. - 3.1.8 Alt-Ouartär. - 3.1.9 Jung-Quartär. - 3.2 Magmatische Abfolge: Geologie und Petrographie des Hornillos-Komplexes. - 3.2.1 Frühere Arbeiten. - 3.2.2 Allgemeine geologische Aspekte des Komplexes. - 3.3 lntrusivgesteine. - 3.3.1 Nordmarkite. - 3.3.2 Syenite. - 3.3.3 Grobkörige Syenite. - 3.3.4 Monzonite. - 3.3.5 Pulaskite. - 3.3.6 Syenitporphyre. - 3.3.7 Vulkanische Schlotbreccien. - 3.4 Vulkaniklastische Ablolge in mesozoischen Sandsteinen. - 3.5 Ganggefolgschaft des Hornillos-Komplexes. - 3.5.1 Leukokrate Gänge. - 3.5.2 Mesokrate Gänge. - 3.5.3 Melanokrate Gänge. - 3.6 Zusammenfassung der petrographischen Untersuchungs-Ergebnisse. - 3. 7 Metallogenetische Aspekte. - 3.7.1 Blei-Uran-Thorium-Vererzungen. - 3.7.2 Eisenoxid-Gänge. - 3.7.3 Sulfid-Schwerspat-Gänge. - 3.7.4 Seifengold. - 4 Geochemie des Hornillos-Komplexe. - 4.1 Hauptelemente. - 4.2 Spurenelementverteilung. - 4.2.1 Salische Gesteine. - 4.2.2 Mafische Gesteine. - 4.3 Verteilung der Seltenen Erden (SEE). - 4.4 Geotektonische Position aufgrund von Diskriminierungs-Diagrammen. - 5 Gang-Schwarm von Maiguasi. - 5.1 Allgemeines über Lamprophyre. - 5.2 Die Lamprophyre aus dem Gebiet von Maiguasi. - 5.2.1 Petrographie der Lamprophyre. - 5.2.2 Geochemie der Lamprophyre. - 5.3 Die Tinguaite aus dem Gebiet von Maiguasi (Tinguaftas de lruya). - 5.4 Geochemischer und petrogenetischer Zusammenhang zwischen Lamprophyren und Tinguaiten. - 6 Fenitisierungserscheinungen im Rejará-Granodiorit (S-Bolivien). - 6.1 Einleitung. - 6.2 Granodiorit. - 6.3 Episyenite. - 6.4 Geochemie des Granodiorites und Episyenites. - 6.5 Dolerit-Gänge. - 6.6 Fenitisierung. - 6.7 Ultramafische Lamprophyre (Aillikite). - 6.8 Diskussion. - 7 Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffisotopie. - 7.1 Datenermittlung. - 7.2 Sauerstoffisotopie. - 7.3 Kohlenstoffisotopie. - 7.4 Verhältnis zwischen Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoff-lsotopen. - 7.5 Diskussion und Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen. - 8 Schlußfolgerungen und Ausblick. - 8.1 Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerung. - 8.2 Diskussion. - 8.3 Modell zum Alkalimagmatismus in der Ostkordillere. - 8.4 Ausblick. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Anhangverzeichnis (Tabellen und Karten). -

Note: Inhalt: Familie Achnanthaceae Kützing. - 1. Achnanthes Bory [Lange-Bertalot]. - 1. Untergattung Achnanthes Bory. - 2. Untergattung Achnanthidium (Kützing) Hustedt. - 2. Cocconeis Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - Nachträge zu Bacillariophyceae Teil 2/1. - Nachtrag I, Navicula [Lange-Bertalot]. - Nachtrag II, Gomphonema [Lange-Bertalot]. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Tafeln 1-88. - Namenverzeichnis.

Note: Inhalt: I. Allgemeiner Teil. - 1. Terminologie. - II. Spezieller Teil. - A. Ordnung Centrales. - 1. Melosira Agardh [Krammer]. - 2. Orthoseira Thwaites [Krammer]. - 3. Ellerbeckia Crawford [Krammer]. - 4. Aulacoseira Thwaites [Krammer]. - 5. Cyclotella (Kützing) Brébisson [Håkansson]. - 6. Cyclostephanos Round [Håkansson]. - 7. Stephanodiscus Ehrenberg [Håkansson]. - 8. Thalassiosira Cleve [Håkansson]. - 9. Stephanocostis Genkai & Kuzmin [Håkansson]. - 10. Skeletonema Greville [Krammer]. - 11. Acanthoceras Honigmann [Krammer]. - 12. Chaetoceros Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - 13. Rhizosolenia Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - 14. Pleurosira (Meneghini) Trevisan [Krammer]. - 15. Actinocyclus Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - B. Ordnung Pennales. - Familie Fragilariaceae Hustedt. - 1. Tetracyclus Ralfs [Krammer]. - 2. Diatoma Bory [Krammer]. - 3. Meridion Agardh [Krammer]. - 4. Asterionella Hassall [Krammer]. - 5. Tabellaria Ehrenberg [Lange-Bertalot]. - 6. Synedra Ehrenberg [Lange-Bertalot]. - 7. Fragilaria Lyngbye [Lange-Bertalot]. - 1. Untergattung Fragilarias ensu Lange-Bertalot. - 2. Untergattung Alterasynedra Lange-Bertalot. - 3. Untergattung Ctenophora (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot. - 4. Untergattung Tabularia (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot. - 5. Untergattung Staurosira (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot. - 8. Opephora Petit [Lange-Bertalot]. - 9. Hannaea Patrick [Lange-Bertalot]. - 10. Centronella Voigt [Lange-Bertalot]. - Familie Eunotiaceae Kützing [Lange-Bertalot unter Mitarb. v. Nörpel]. - 1. Eunotia Ehrenberg. - 2. Actinella Lewis. - 3. Peronia Brébisson & Arnott. - Tafeln 1-166. - Namenverzeichnis.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung. - 1.1 Definition von Paläo- und Archäomagnetismus. - 1.2 Einordnung der Methoden innerhalb der Geophysik. - 1.3 Aussagemöglichkeiten über den früheren Zustand der Erde. - 1.4 Wechselbeziehungen mit Nachbardisziplinen. - 1.5 Maßsysteme, Einheiten. - 2 Methodische Grundlagen. - 2.1 Eigenschaften und Ursprung des Erdmagnetfeldes. - 2.1.1 Definition der Kenngrößen des Erdmagnetfeldes X, Y, H, Z, F, D, I und ihre Verknüpfungen. - 2.1.2 Ideales und reales Erdmagnetfeld. - 2.1.3 Nichtdipolanteile in Raum und Zeit (Säkularvariation). - 2.1.4 Kugelfunktionsentwicklung und zeitliche Änderungen der Feldgrößen. - 2.1.5 Theorien zum Ursprung des erdmagnetischen Feldes. - 2.2 Gesteinsmagnetische Grundlagen. - 2.2.1 Diamagnetismus, Paramagnetismus, Ferromagnetismus, Antiferromagnetismus und Ferrimagnetismus. - 2.2.1.1 Definition der Magnetisierung und des Diamagnetismus. - 2.2.1.2 Paramagnetismus. - 2.2.1.3 Ferromagnetismus. - 2.2.1.4 Antiferromagnetismus. - 2.2 A.5 Ferrimagnetismus. - 2.2.2 Definition magnetischer Kenngrößen (k, Hc, Js, ..) der Ferro(i)magnetika. - 2.2.3 Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität. - 2.2.4 Selbstentmagnetisierung und magnetische Brechung. - 2.2.5 Kristallanisotropie und Magnetostriktion. - 2.2.6 SD-PSD-MD-Teilchen und ihre typischen Eigenschaften und Unterscheidungsmerkmale. - 2.3 Magnetische und strukturelle Eigenschaften natürlicher Ferrite. - 2.3.1 Magnetit. - 2.3.2 Ternäres System (FeO-TiO2-Fe2O3) und die Mischreihe der Titanomagnetite. - 2.3.3 Hämatit und Maghemit. - 2.3.4 Mischreihe der Hämo-Ilmenite. - 2.3.5 Nichtstöchiometrische Minerale im ternären System der Ti-Oxide, Titanomaghemite. - 2.3.6 Pyrrhotit und Greigit. - 2.3.7 Goethit. - 2.3.8 Methoden zur Identifikation von ferro(i)magnetischen Mineralphasen. - 2.4 Die Typen der remanenten Magnetisierung und ihre spezifischen Eigenschaften. - 2.4.1 Natürliche remanente Magnetisierung NRM. - 2.4.2 Thermoremanente Magnetisierung TRM. - 2.4.3 Partielle thermoremanente Magnetisierung PTRM. - 2.4.4 Chemische Remanenz CRM. - 2.4.5 Sedimentationsremanenz DRM. - 2.4.6 Postsedimentationsremanenz PDDRM. - 2.4.7 Piezoremanenz PRM. - 2.4.8 Viskose Remanenz VRM. - 2.4.9 Isothermale Remanenz IRM. - 2.4.10 Charakteristische Remanenz ChRM. - 2.4.11 Anhysteretische Remanenz ARM. - 2.4.12 Selbstumkehr einer remanenten Magnetisierung. - 2.4.13 Andere Remanenztypen. - 2.5 Typische magnetische Eigenschaften verschiedener Gesteine und archäologischer Materialien. - 2.5.1 Basalte und andere Ergußgesteine. - 2.5.2 Intrusivgesteine. - 2.5.3 Ganggesteine. - 2.5.4 Sandsteine. - 2.5.5 Tonsteine. - 2.5.6 Karbonatgesteine. - 2.5.7 Metamorphe Gesteine. - 2.5.8 Einfluß der Verwitterung. - 2.5.9 Sonstige Gesteine. - 2.5.10 Archäologisches Material. - 2.6 Verfahren zur Analyse einer remanenten Magnetisierung. - 2.6.1 Wechselfeldentmagnetisierung. - 2.6.2 Thermische Entmagnetisierung. - 2.6.3 Chemische Entmagnetisierung. - 2.6.4 Stoßwellenentmagnetisierung. - 2.6.5 Lowrie-Fuller-Test. - 2.6.6 Orthogonale Projektionen (Zijderveld-Diagramme) und Darstellung der Remanenzrichtungen im Schmidtschen Netz. - 2.6.7 Methode der Differenzvektoren. - 2.6.8 Methode der konvergierenden Großkreise. - 2.6.9 Mehrkomponentenanalyse. - 2.7 Alter einer Remanenz und radiometrische Alter. - 2.7.1 Faltungstest. - 2.7.2 Konglomerattest. - 2.7.3 Kontakttest. - 2.7.4 Thellier-Test. - 2.7.5 Reversal-Test. - 2.7.6 Beziehungen zwischen Remanenzalter und radiometrisch oder biostratigraphisch bestimmten Altern. - 2.8 Statistische Methoden zur Analyse von Remanenzrichtungen. - 2.8.1 Mittlere Richtungen und Fisher-Statistik. - 2.8.2 Fehlerfortpflanzung. - 2.8.3 Signifikanztests. - 2.8.4 Analyse und statistische Behandlung von Inklinationsdaten. - 2.9 Berechnung des virtuellen geomagnetischen Pols VGP und des virtuellen geomagnetischen Dipolmoments Mpal. - 2.9.1 VGP-Berechnung auf der Basis der Dipolhypothese. - 2.9.2 Statistische Behandlung der Pollagen. - 2.9.3 Berechnung des virtuellen Dipolmoments Mpal. - 2.10 Methoden zur Bestimmung der Paläointensität. - 2.10.1 Methode unter Verwendung der TRM (Methode Thellier). - 2.10.2 Methode unter Verwendung der ARM (Methode Shaw). - 2.10.3 Methode unter Verwendung der DRM. - 2.11 Probenentnahme und Meßgeräte im Paläomagnetismus und Archäomagnetismus. - 2.11.1 Kriterien für die Auswahl von Beprobungsorten. - 2.11.2 Statistische Minimalanforderungen. - 2.11.3 Bestimmung der horizontalen Referenzebene und einer Referenzrichtung. - 2.11.4 Entnahme von orientierten Handstücken. - 2.11.5 Entnahme von Kernen mit Diamantbohrern und Kolbenloten. - 2.11.6 Probenentnahme bei archäologischen Fundorten. - 2.11.7 Laborgeräte zur Messung magnetischer Parameter. - 2.11.7.1 Messung der remanenten Magnetisierung. - 2.11.7.2 Messung der Suszeptibilität und ihrer Anisotropie. - 2.11.7.3 Messung der Koerzitivkraft Hc. - 2.11.7.4 Messung der Curie-Temperatur Tc. - 2.11.8 Geräte zur Entmagnetisierung von Proben. - 2.11.8.1 Wechselfeldentmagnetisierung. - 2.11.8.2 Thermische Entmagnetisierung. - 2.11.8.3 Chemische Entmagnetisierung. - 2.11.8.4 Spulensysteme für die Kompensation des erdmagnetischen Feldes. - 2.11.8.5 Magnetische Abschirmung. - 2.12 Mikroskopie und Mößbauer-Spektroskopie. - 2.12.1 Erzmikroskopie: Dünnschliffe, Anschliffe. - 2.12.2 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie REM. - 2.12.3 Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie TEM. - 2.12.4 Mößbauer-Spektroskopie. - 3 Ergebnisse des Paläo- und Archäomagnetismus. - 3.1 Geometrie des Erdmagnetfeldes. - 3.1.1 Hypothese vom axialen geozentrischen Dipol. - 3.1.2 Archäosäkularvariation. - 3.1.3 Quartäre Säkularvariation. - 3.1.4 Paläosäkularvariation. - 3.1.5 Exkursionen des Erdmagnetfeldes. - 3.2 Polwanderungskurven größerer Kontinentalschollen. - 3.2.1 Scheinbare oder echte Polwanderung?. - 3.2.2 Scheinbare Polwanderungskurven der großen Kontinentalschollen. - 3.2.3 Scheinbare Polwanderungskurven von Mikroplatten. - 3.3 Feldumkehr und Polaritätszeitskalen. - 3.3.1 Selbstumkehr der Remanenz oder Feldumkehr?. - 3.3.2 Polaritätszeitskala der letzten 0.7 Ma. - 3.3.3 Polaritätszeitskala der letzten 5 Ma. - 3.3.4 Polaritätszeitskala der letzten 150 Ma. - 3.3.5 Polaritätszeitskalen der früheren geologischen Vergangenheit. - 3.3.6 Feldverhalten während einer Feldumkehr. - 3.3.7 Statistik der Feldumkehrungen. - 3.4 Paläointensität des Erdmagnetfeldes. - 3.4.1 Ergebnisse von archäologischen Proben. - 3.4.2 Paläointensitäten der geologischen Vergangenheit. - 3.4.3 Paläointensität während einer Feldumkehr. - 4 Anwendung des Paläomagnetismus auf geologische, petrologische und archäologische Fragestellungen. - 4.1 Anwendungen in der Geologie und der Tektonik. - 4.1.1 Paläorekonstruktion von Kontinentverteilungen. - 4.1.2 Paläobreitenbestimmungen von Krustenblöcken. - 4.1.3 Nachweis von Rotationsbewegungen. - 4.1.4 Altersbestimmung mit Hilfe der scheinbaren Polwanderungskurven. - 4.1.5 Datierung mit der Magnetostratigraphie. - 4.2 Gesteinsmagnetische Untersuchungen. - 4.2.1 Suszeptibilität und Magnetitgehalt. - 4.2.2 Anisotropie der magnetischen Suszeptibilität. - 4.2.3 Messung magnetischer Eigenschaften bei tiefen Temperaturen. - 4.2.4 Koenigsbergerscher Q-Faktor. - 4.2.5 Js/T-Kurven zur Identifikation von ferro(i)magnetischen Mineralien. - 4.2.6 IRM-Erwerbskurven und Entmagnetisierung der IRMs mit Wechselfeldern und thermisch. - 4.3 Anwendungen in der Archäologie. - 4.3.1 Datierung mit Hilfe von Standardkurven der Inklination und Deklination. - 4.3.2 Rekonstruktion archäologischer Objekte. - 5 Bibliographie. - 5.1 Gesteinsmagnetismus, Mineralogie. - 5.2 Paläomagnetismus und Archäomagnetismus. - 5.3 Zitierte Literatur . - Anhang. - Programme. - Sachverzeichnis.

Note: Inhalt Prolog 1. Der Fluß und das Grab 2. Reisen mit dem KGB 3. Ein Amerikaner in Sibirien 4. Die letzten Schoren 5. Asbestdschungel 6. Industrielles Ödland 7. Verbrechen ... 8. ... und Strafe 9. Das Wunder von Jurga 10. Die Bombenbauer 11. Wo Stalin König war 12. Die Toteninsel 13. Gottes unvollendetes Werk 14. Enttäuschte Hoffnungen 15. Jurten im Wind 16. Auf der Suche nach den Schamanen 17. Kraftprobe in Dodge City 18. Nukleare Geheimnisse 19. Die Rentiernomaden 20. Eine Bahnstrecke ins Nirgendwo 21. Der Zug nach Workuta 22. Die Frau, die Stalin töten wollte 23. Eine Überlebende Epilog: Die russische Seele

Note: Contents: Acknowledgement. - Contributors List. - PART I. INTRODUCTION. - Introduction / D. Prandle. - PART II. BAROCLINIC DYNAMICS. - The influence of coastally trapped waves on the circulation in Jervis Bay, New South Wales / P. D. Craig and P. E. Holloway. - Tidal mixing near the sill of a Scottish sea loch / A. J. Elliott, P. A. Gillibrand and W. R. Turrell. - A topographically induced internal wave and mixing in the Tamar Estuary / D. R. Sturley and K. R. Dyer. - Turbulence and shear induced mixing processes in estuaries / E. J. Derbyshire & J. R. West. - Dynamically-active models in the prediction of estuarine stratification / J. H. Simpson and J. Sharples. - PART III. CIRCULATION. - Circulation Residual flow in Naples Bay and its effect on constituent concentration, constituent flux and residence time / J. Van de Kreeke. - The stratified hydrodynamics of the Palmiet - a prototypical bar-built estuary / J. L. Largier, J. H. Slinger and S. Talijaard. - Salinity structure of a shallow, tributary estuary / W. W. Schroeder, S. P. Dinnel and W. J. Wiseman Jr. - On meteorologically induced subtidal motion in Hangzhou Bay / J. L. Su and W. Chen. - Water level fluctuations in the Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana: tidal forcing versus river forcing / E. M. Swenson and C. E. Sasser. - Modelling of low-frequency salinity variations in the St. Lawrence Estuary / K. T. Tee. - On the estuatine circulation within the Kattegat / N. Winkel-Steinberg, J. O. Backhaus and T. Pohlmann. - PART IV. SEDIMENTATION. - Sedimentation Observations of fine-sediment concentrations and transport in the turbidity maximum region of an estuary / R. J. Uncles, J. A. Stephens and M. L. Barton. - Velocity asymmetries in frictionally-dominated tidal embayments: longitudinal and lateral variability / C. T. Friedrichs, D. R. Lynch and D. G. Aubrey. - Effects of sea-level rise on muddy coastal margins / R. Kirby. - Acoustic measurements of suspended sediment over sandwaves / P. D. Thome, R. L. Soulsby and P. J. Hardcastle. - Some observations on fluid mud response to water waves / F. Jiang and A. J. Mehta. - The reflection of waves off beaches / J. Darbyshire. - PART V. MODELLING (SEDIMENT). - Dispersion in tidally-averaged transport equation / R. T. Cheng and V. Casulli. - Effect of bends on dilution rates / R. Smith. - Modelling the vertical distribution of suspended sediment in combined wave-current flow / A. G. Davies. - Some considerations on mathematical modelling of morphological processes in tidal regions / Z. B. Wang. - A three-dimensional transport model for dissolved and suspended matter in estuaries and coastal seas / G. C. van Dam and R. A. Louwersheimer. - An estuatine and coastal sand transport model / B. A. O'Connor and J. Nicholson. - PART VI. APPLIED STUDIES. - Current and density structure in the Netherlands coastal zone / W. P. M. de Ruijter, A. van der Giessen and F. C. Groenendijk. - On the distribution of suspended matter and the density driven circulation in the Dutch coastal area / M. Visser. - Coastal dynamics along a rugged coastline / B. King and E. Wolanski. - Transport of hypoxic waters: an estuary-subestuary exchange / A. Y. Kuo and K. Park. - Interdisciplinary study on the tidal front in the Bungo Channel, Japan / T. Yanagi, O. Matsuda, S. Tanabe and S. Uye. - Hydrodynamic modelling for a tidal power project / T. L. Shaw.

Note: Fairbanks, Univ., Diss. 1991 , Contents: Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction and Literature Review. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Literature Review. - 1.2.1 Solute Redistribution and Heat Flow During the Solidification of Metals. - 1.2.2 Brine Movement in Ice Grown from a Saline Solution. - 1.2.2.1 Summary of Solute Movement in Ice Grown from a Saline Solution. - 1.2.3 Solute Movement and Heat Flow in Freezing Coarse-Grained Saline Soils. - 1.2.3.1 Experimental Studies. - 1.2.3.2 Theoretical Studies. - 1.2.3.3 Summary of Solute Movement and Heat Flow During Freezing in Coarse-Grained Saline Soils. - 1.3 Summary of Solute Redistribution During a Change in Phase. - 1.4 Dissertation Objective. - 2 Experimental Methods. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Literature Review. - 2.3 Design and Construction of the Freezing Apparatus. - 2.3.1 Environmental Chamber. - 2.3.2 Sand Filled Box Construction. - 2.3.3 Measurement of Temperature Within the Freezing Apparatus. - 2.4 Preparation and Operation of the Freezing Apparatus. - 2.4.1 Preparation of the Freezing Apparatus. - 2.4.1.1 Preparation of the Sand Box. - 2.4.1.2 Preparation of the Sand Columns. - 2.4.2 Operation of the Freezing Apparatus. - 2.4.2.1 Equilibration of the Freezing apparatus. - 2.4.2.2 Start of a Freezing Experiment . - 2.4.2.3 Monitoring the Freezing Experiment. - 2.5 Salt Fingering Experiment. - 2.6 Summar. - 3 Analytical Methods. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Labaratory Analysis. - 3.3 Data Reduction. - 3.3.1 Bulk Salinity. - 3.3.2 Gravimetric Water Content. - 3.3.3 Physical Properties of the Unfrozen Solution. - 3.4 Summary. - 4 Results. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Soil Description and Freezing Test Summary. - 4.2.1 Soil Description. - 4.2.2 Freezing Test Summary. - 4.3 Experimental Results and Discussion. - 4.3.1 Measured Results. - 4.3.2 Calculated Results. - 4.3.3 Salt Fingering Experiment. - 4.4 Summary. - 5 Interpretation. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Interpretation of the Experimental Results. - 5.2.1 Conditions Prior to the Onset of Convection. - 5.2.2 Conditions After the Onset of Convection. - 5.3 Stability of a Freezing Viscous Fluid in a Vertical Tube. - 5.3.1 Effect of Throughfiow on the Fluid Stability. - 5.4 Solute Redistribution During Freezing. - 5.4.1 Development . - 5.4.2 Maximum Amount of Solute Redistribution During Freezing. - 5.5 Pore Fluid Velocity During Convection. - 5.5.1 Bounds on the Pore Fluid Velocities. - 5.5.2 Pore Fluid Velocity Based on Solute Movement. - 5.5.3 Interpretation of Pore Fluid Velocities. - 5.6 Summary. - 6 Conclusions, Potential Applications and Areas of Future Research Needs. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Interpretation Summary. - 6.2.1 Experimental Observations. - 6.2.2 Results. - 6.2.2.1 Results Prior to the Onset of Convection. - 6.2.2.2 Conditions After the Onset of Convection. - 6.2.2.3 Theoretical Results. - 6.2.3 Summary. - 6.3 Potential Applications to Natural Freezing. - 6.3.1 Limitations of the Experimental Apparatus. - 6.3.2 Application of the Experimental Results to Natural Freezing Situations. - 6.3.3 Summary. - 6.4 Recommendation for Areas of Additional Research. - 6.4.1 The lnfluence of the Thawed Region on the Stability of the Pore Fluid. - 6.4.2 Dynamics of Finger Growth in Freezing Sand. - 6.4.3 Permeability of Partially Frozen Sand. - 6.4.4 Summary. - Bibliography. - A Stability Theory. - A.1 Introduction. - A.2 Permeability of Partially Frozen Sand. - A.3 Base State Conditions. - A.4 Linear Stability Analysis. - B Estimation of Parameter Uncertainty. - B.1 Introduction. - B.2 Uncertainty of the Measured Parameters. - B.3 Uncertainty of the Calculated Parameters. - B.4 Summary. - C Measurement of Permeability. - D Sensor Spacing and Probe Spacing. - E Data Acquisition. - F Definition of Terms and List of Notation.

Note: CONTENTS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1. Background. - 1.2. Definition of the coastal zone. - 1.3. Modelling for marine pollution studies. - 2. MODELLING FRAMEWORK. - 2.1. lntroduction. - 2.2. Questions to be answered. - 2.3. Other model dependencies on the nature of the questions. - 2.3.1. Near-field models. - 2.3.2. Far-field models. - 2.4. Conceptual model of contaminant dispersion. - 2.4.1. Description of water column processes. - 2.4.2. Description of the sea bed processes. - 2.4.3. Sources and sinks. - 2.5. Selection of components of the conceptual model. - 3. MODEL CONSTRUCTION. - 3.1. Modelling approach. - 3.1.1. Deterministic modelling approach. - 3.1.2. Stochastic modelling. - 3.2. Hydrodynamic model. - 23.2.1. From simple to complex models . - 3.2.2. Model complexity and predictability. - 3.2.3. Dealing with the problern of open boundaries. - 3.3. Sub-models. - 3.3.1. Sediment transport model. - 3.3.2. Biological transport model. - 3.3.3. Benthic transport model. - 4. MODEL FORMULATION AND PARAMETERIZATION OF PROCESSES. - 4.1. lntroduction. - 4.1.1. Philosophy. - 4.1.2. Levels of parameterization. - 4.2. Parameterization in transport models. - 4.2.1. Hydrodynamical model. - 4.2.2. Pollutant transport model: advection-diffusion equation. - 4.2.3. Sediment transport models. - 4.2.4. Biological transport models. - 4.3. Contaminant transport model: couplings between transport models. - 4.3.1. Biota-water interactions. - 4.3.2. Biota-particle interactions. - 4.3.3. Particle-water interactions. - 4.4. Decay and production. - 4.5. Parameterization in transport models for the sea bed. - 4.6. Characterizing source terms. - 5. CASE STUDIES. - 5 .1. Introduction. - 5.2. Cadmium in an estuary. - 5.2.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.2.2. Model construction. - 5.2.3. Example calculations. - 5.2.4. Additional comments. - 5.3. Monazite sand dregded from an estuary. - 5.3.1. Statement of the management problern. - 5.3.2. Model construction. - 5.3.3. Specific examples. - 5.4. Impact of the disposal of titanium dioxide wastes into coastal waters. - 5.4.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.4.2. Model construction. - 5.4.3. Example calculations. - 5.4.4. Additional comments. - 5.5. Nutrient inputs to Osaka Bay. - 5.5.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.5.2. Model construction. - 5.5.3. Example calculations. - 5.5.4. Additional comments. - 5.6. Sewage discharge near a beach. - 5.6.1. Statement of the management question. - 5.6.2. Model construction. - 5.6.3. Example calculations. - 5.6.4. Additional comments. - 5.7. Model for the Dutch North Sea water quality management plan. - 5. 7 .1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.7.2. Model construction. - 5.7.3. Example calculations. - 5.7.4. Additional comments. - 5.8. Radioactive discharges from a nuclear reprocessing plant. - 5.8.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.8.2. Model construction. - 5.8.3. Additional comments. - 5.9. Overall observations. - 6. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES. - 6.1. Introduction. - 6.2. Verification. - 6.3. Sensitivity analysis. - 6.4. Validation. - 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. - REFERENCES. - ANNEX I. COASTAL REGIMES. - A1.1. Estuaries. - A1.1.1 Stratified estuaries. - A1.1.2. Partially-mixed and well-mixed estuaries. - A1.1.3. Fjords. - A1.1.4. Hybrid estuaries. - A1.1.5. Transverse characteristics of estuaries. - A1.2. Inshore embayments. - A1.3. Open continental shelf. - A1.3.1. Example of a wide shelf. - A1.3.2. Example of a narrow shelf. - A1.4. Marginal seas. - A1.4.1. Example of a marginal sea with a sill: the Baltic Sea. - A1.4.2. Example of a marginal semi-constrained sea: the North Sea. - A1.5. The Arctic shelves. - References to Annex 1. - ANNEX 2. DETAILS ON PARAMETERIZATION OF PROCESSES. - A2.1. Introduction. - A2.2. Hydrodynamic transport models: momentum transfer. - A2.3. Sediment transport models. - A2.3.1. Bed-load transport. - A2.3.2. Suspended sediment transport. - A2.3.3. Grain size distributions. - A2.3.4. Gravitational settling. - A2.3.5. Critical bed shear stress. - A2.4. Biological transport models. - A2.5. Benthic transport models. - A2. 6. Coupling between transport models. - A2.6.1. Biota-water interactions. - A2.6.2. Sediment-water interactions. - A2.7. Diagenesis: water-sediment interactions. - A2.8. Parameterization of the source term. - A2.8.1. Nature of source. - A2.8.2. Bulk sources. - A2.8.3. Disposal procedure. - A2.8.4. Specific chemical compounds. - References to Annex 2. - LIST OF WORKING GROUP MEMBERS, SECRETARIAT AND MEETINGS. - GESAMP REPORTS AND STUDIES.

Note: Contents Foreword xi OPENING ADDRESSES Professor G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, World Meteorological Organization Dr M.K. Tolba, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme Dr F. Mayor, Director General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Professor M.G.K. Menon, President, International Council of Scientific Unions Dr H. de Haen, Assistant Director General, Food and Agriculture Organization SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SESSIONS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE IPCC ASSESSMENT The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) / B. Bolin Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: Summary of the IPCC Working Group I Report / J.T. Houghton Greenhouse Gases and Other Climate Forcing Agents / U. Siegenthaler and E. Sanhueza Climate Change Prediction / J. F. B. Mitchell and Zeng Qingcun Climate Trends and Variability / M. Coughian and B.S. Nyenzi Climate Change Impact Studies: The IPCC Working Group II Report / Yu. Izrael Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources / H.E. Lins, I.A. Shiklomanov and E.Z. Stakhiv Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture, A Critical Assessment / S.K. Sinha Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Human Settlements, the Energy, Transport and Industrial Sectors; Human Health and Air Quality / M. Hashimoto and S. Nishioka The Response Strategies Working Group of the IPCC / F. Bernthal The Greenhouse Marathon: Proposal for a Global Strategy / P. Vellinga and R.J. Swart Adaptation Measures / K.M. Sarma Limitation Strategies / K. Yokobori Report of the IPCC Special Committee on the Participation of Developing Countries / J. Ripert OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME The World Climate Programme: Achievements and Challenges / J.P, Bruce Modern Data and Applications: World Climate Data Programme, World Climate Applications Programme / V.G. Boldirev Overview of the World Climate Research Programme / P. Morel World Climate Impact Studies Programme / J.C.I. Dooge CLIMATE RESEARCH Global Climate, Energy and Water Cycle / G.A. McBean Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change: Water Cycle and Energy Budget / H. Grassl World Ocean Circulation and Climate Change: Research Programmes and a Global Observing System / D.J. Baker Short Term Climate Variability and Predictions / J. Shukia Paleodata, Paleoclimates and the Greenhouse Effect / H. Oeschger Climate Prediction Based on Past and Current Analogues / M.I. Budyko Detection of the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect on Climate / T.M.L. Wigley and S.C.B. Raper CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Water Climate, Water and Development / J. Sircoulon Drought Issues for the 1990s / M.H. Glantz and W. Degefu Agriculture and Food Agriculture and Food Systems / M.S. Swaminathan The Potential Effect of Climate Changes on Agriculture / M. Parry and Zhang Jiachen Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Effects of Global Climatic Change on Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries / T. Kawasaki Sea Level Rise and Coastal Zone Management / E.M. Eid and C.H. Huisbergen Energy Beginning to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions need not be Expensive: Examples from the Energy Sector / E. Mills, D. Wilson and TB. Johansson Land Use and Urban Planning Climate and Land Use in North Africa / M. Kassas Climate and Urban Planning / R. Taesler Human Dimensions Human Well-being, Diseases and Climate / W.H. Weihe and R. Mertens Population and Global Climate Change / D. Norse Public Information and Attitudes / R. Lamb Environment and Development Climate, Environment and Ecology / W.H. Schlesinger Climate, Tropical Ecosystems and the Survivability of Species / P. Olindo Some Possible Impacts of Climate Change on African Ecosystems / C.H.D. Magadza Forests Forests: Their Role in Global Change, with Special Reference to the Brazilian Amazon / E. Salati, R.L. Victoria, L.A. Martinelli and J. E. Richey Integrated Studies Climate Change and Risk Management / K. Turner, T. ORiordan and R. Kemp Climate, Climate Change, and the Economy / N.S. Jodha and W.J. Maunder Assessing the Regional Implications of Climate Variability and Change / W.E. Riebsame and A. Magalhaes SPECIAL PRESENTATION Climate Change and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development / M.F. Strong TASK GROUPS AND CONSULTATION GROUP REPORTS Task Group I Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources Task Group 2 Agriculture and Food Task Group 3 Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Task Group 4 Energy Task Group 5 Land Use and Urban Planning Task Group 6 Human Dimensions of Climate Change Task Group 7 Environment and Development Task Group 8 Forests Task Group 9 WCP Overview Task Group 10 The World Climate Programme: Overview and Future Task Group 11 Scientific Components of International Agreements Task Group 12 Synthesis Consultation Group on the Special Needs of Developing Countries SUMMARIES OF PANEL DISCUSSIONS Global Climate Analogues and Global Climate Models Climate and Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development Industry's Response Co-operation in International Research Programmes CONFERENCE STATEMENT MINISTERIAL SESSIONS OPENING CEREMONY Introduction by Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, WMO H.E. Mr. Arnold Koller, President of the Swiss Confederation His Majesty King Hussein Bin Talal, of the Royal Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Rt. Hon. Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland H.E. Mr. Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France The Rt. Hon. Edward Fenech-Adami, Prime Minister of Malta The Rt. Hon. Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime Minister of Tuvalu Statement by Dr. E. Saouma, Director General, FAO CLOSING CEREMONY Statement by Dr. F. Mayor, Director General, UNESCO MINISTERIAL DECLARATION Appendix 1 SWCC Inter-Agency Committees Appendix 2 Poster Session Papers Appendix 3 Statement by Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 4 Participants at the Scientific/Technical Sessions Appendix 5 Countries and Organizations Represented at the Ministerial Sessions Appendix 6 Participating Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 7 Acronyms Appendix 8 Units

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis : 1. Das Klima - internationaler und interdisziplinärer Forschungsschwerpunkt / (W. BÖHME, G. S. GOLIOYN). - 1.1. Grundlegende Aspekte moderner Klimatologie. - 1.2. Das Weltklimaprogramm. - 1.2.1. Anliegen und Anlage des Weltklimaprogramms. - 1.2.2. Phasen der bisherigen Entwicklung des Programms. - 1.2.3. Ergebnisse, Stand und neue Programme sowie Erfordernisse. - 1.2.4. Zweite Weltklimakonferenz. - 2. Eigenschaften und Komponenten des Klimasystems / (G. FLEMMEKTG, M. B. GALTST, H.-F. GRAF, A. HELBIG, P. HUPFER, K. JA. KONDRAT'EV). - 2.1. Klima und Klimasystem. - 2.1.1. Klimabegriff. - 2.1.1.1. Definitionen. - 2.1.1.2. Maßstabsbezogenheit des Klimas. - 2.1.2. Hauptwege der Erforschung des Klimas. - 2.1.3. Klimafaktoren und -elemente. - 2.1.3.1. Klimafaktoren. - 2.1.3.2. Klimaelemente. - 2.1.4. Das Klimasystem und seine Haupteigenschaften. - 2.2. Solarstrahlung und globaler Energiehaushalt. - 2.2.1. Die Solarkonstante und ihre Variationen. - 2.2.2. Globale Energiebilanzen. - 2.2.3. Grundlegende Energieflüsse im Klimasystem. - 2.3. Die Atmosphäre als Komponente des Klimasystems. - 2.3.1. Wolken. - 2.3.2. Aerosol. - 2.3.3. Strahlungsaktive Gase. - 2.3.3.1. Allgemeine Übersicht. - 2.3.3.2. Kohlenstoffkreislauf. - 2.3.3.3. Ozon. - 2.3.3.4. Vergleich von Klimaeffekten. - 2.4. Klimafaktor Ozean. - 2.4.1. Basisprozesse an der Grenzfläche Ozean/Atmosphäre. - 2.4.1.1. Transformation der Solarstrahlung. - 2.4.1.2. Fühlbarer und latenter Wärmestrom. - 2.4.1.3. Hydrologischer Zyklus. - 2.4.1.4. Austausch von Gasen. - 2.4.1.5. Austausch von Stoff. - 2.4.1.6. Übergang kinetischer Energie. - 2.4.1.7. Gegenseitige Hauptwirkungen von Ozean und Atmosphäre. - 2.4.2. Großräumige Wechselwirkungen Ozean/Atmosphäre. - 2.4.2.1. Der Ozean als Wärmereservoir. - 2.4.2.2. Ozeanischer Energietransport. - 2.4.2.3. Wechselwirkung Ozean/Atmosphäre und innertropische Konvergenzzone (ITCZ). - 2.4.2.4. Ozeanische Absink- und Auftriebszonen. - 2.4.3. Die energetisch aktiven Zonen des Ozeans und das Programm RAZREZY. - 2.5. Festland und Biosphäre als Komponenten des Klimasystems. - 2.5.1. Energetische Wechselwirkungen Erdoberfläche/Atmosphäre. - 2.5.2. Massenaustausch Landoberfläche/Atmosphäre. - 2.5.2.1. Hydrologischer Kreislauf und Bodenfeuchteregime. - 2.5.2.2. Stoffaustausch. - 2.5.3. Einfluß der Pflanzendecke. - 2.5.3.1. Allgemeines. - 2.5.3.2. Vergleich von Kurzgras mit pflanzenlosem Boden. - 2.5.3.3. Besonderheiten niederwüchsiger Vegetationstypen. - 2.5.3.4. Eigenschaften homogener Waldbestände. - 2.5.3.5. Zur Berücksichtigung der Vegetation in Klimamodellen. - 2.5.4. Der Einfluß der Gebirge auf das Klima. - 2.5.4.1. Allgemeine Eigenschaften des Gebirgsklimas. - 2.5.4.2. Der Einfluß der Meereshöhe und des Stockwerkaufbaus der Atmosphäre. - 2.5.5. Gegenwärtige Änderungen der Landnutzung und ihre Bedeutung für das Klima. - 2.6. Die Wirkung von Vulkaneruptionen im Klimasystem. - 2.6.1. Einführung. - 2.6.2. Eigenschaften vulkanischer Eruptionen. - 2.6.3. Aeronomische Auswirkungen von Vulkaneruptionen - Entwicklung und Eigenschaften von Vulkanaerosol. - 2.6.4. Auswirkungen vulkanischen Aerosols auf den Strahlungshaushalt. - 2.6.5. Beobachtete Klimavariationen nach Vulkanausbrüchen. - 2.6.6. Modellierung der Auswirkungen stratosphärischen Aerosols auf das Klimasystem. - 2.7. Kryosphäre als Komponente des Klimasystems. - 2.7.1. Kryosphäre und Klimaentwicklung. - 2.7.2. Landeisformen. - 2.7.2.1. Schneedecke. - 2.7.2.2. Eisschilde. - 2.7.2.3. Unterirdisches Eis/Ewiger Frostboden. - 2.7.2.4. Gebirgsgletscher. - 2.7.3. Meereis. - 2.8. Die allgemeine Zirkulation der Atmosphäre und ihre Energetik. - 2.8.1. Grundzüge und Eigenschaften. - 2.8.2. Die Zirkulation nach den Beobachtungen. - 2.8.3. Drehimpuls-Bilanz. - 2.8.4. Energetik der allgemeinen Zirkulation. - 2.8.5. Schlußfolgerungen. - 2.9. Telekonnektionen und el Nino/Südliche Oszillation (ENSO). - 2.9.1. Hemisphärische und globale „Fernwirkungen". - 2.9.2. Zur Anregung von el Nino/Südliche Oszillation (ENSO). - 3. Klimadaten / (M. OLBERG, R. STELLMACHER, K. J A . KONDRAT'EV). - 3.1. Analyse von Daten. - 3.1.1. Einleitung. - 3.1.2. Homogenitätsprüfung, Trendanalyse. - 3.1.2.1. Daten. - 3.1.2.2. Ausgewählte Methoden der Homogenitätsprüfung. - 3.1.2.3. Einige Möglichkeiten der Trendelimination. - 3.1.2.4. Über die Schätzung fehlender Meßwerte. - 3.1.2.5. Beispiele zur Trendanalyse. - 3.1.3. Spektralanalyse klimatologischer Datenreihen. - 3.1.3.1. Schätzung des konventionellen und des Maximum-Entropie-Spektrums. - 3.1.3.2. Signifikanzgrenzen für das empirische Spektrum. - 3.1.4. Klimadatenanalyse in gleitenden Zeitintervallen. - 3.1.4.1. Numerische Filterung. - 3.1.4.2. Gleitende MESA. - 3.1.5. Hinweise zur mehrkanaligen Spektralanalyse. - 3.2. Klimaüberwachung aus dem Kosmos. - 3.2.1. Haupterfordernisse einer Klimaüberwachung. - 3.2.2. Programm und Genauigkeitsforderungen. - 3.2.3. Aussichten. - 4. Klimatheorie und -modellierung / (G. SCHMITZ). - 4.1. Einleitung. - 4.2. Grundgleichungen. - 4.3. Grundgleichungen für den großräumigen Scale. - 4.4. Global gemittelte Klima-Gleichungen. - 4.5. Klimamodellierung. - 4.6. Hierarchie von Klimamodellen. - 4.6.1. Energiebilanzmodelle. - 4.6.2. Strahlungs-Konvektions-Modelle. - 4.6.3. Statistisch-dynamische Modelle. - 4.6.4. Zirkulationsmodelle der Atmosphäre. - 4.6.5. Globale Zirkulationsmodelle. - 4.6.6. Stochastische Modelle. - 4.7. Energiebilanzmodelle. - 4.7.1. Global gemittelte Modelle. - 4.7.2. Zonal-gemittelte Modelle. - 4.7.3. Stochastische Energiebilanzmodelle. - 4.8. Statistisch-dynamische Modelle. - 4.8.1. Zonal-symmetrische Modelle. - 4.8.2. Modelle stationärer Störungen. - 4.9. Globale Zirkulationsmodelle. - 4.9.1. Kleinräumige Prozesse. - 4.9.2. Ausgewählte Anwendungen und Ergebnisse. - 5. Globale Klimaklassifikation / (M. HENDL). - 5.1. Allgemeine Probleme der Klimaklassifikation. - 5.2. Die Anfänge der klimatischen Gliederung der Erdoberfläche: Die Aufstellung individueller Klimaprovinzen. - 5.3. Die Einführung der objekten Klimaklasssifikation durch Wladimir Köppen: das vegetationsbezogene Köppen-Klimasystem und seine Modifikationen. - 5.4. Vegetationsbezogene Klimasysteme mit abweichendem Klassifikationsprinzip. - 5.4.1. Die effektive Klimaklassifikation von N. N. IVANOV. - 5.4.2. Die Klimaklassifikationen von THORNTHWAITE. - 5.4.3. Neuere Entwicklungstendenzen. - 5.5. Effektive Klimaklassifizierung nach landwirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten. - 5.6. Effektive Klimaklassifizierung nach humanphysiologischen Gesichtspunkten. - 5.7. Effektive Klimaklassifizierung für technische Zwecke: Das HOFFMANN-System 1975. - 5.8. Bemühungen um genetische Klimaklassifikationen. - 6. Klima und Gesellschaft / (K. BERNHARDT, A. HELBIG). - 6.1. Anthropogene Wirkungen im klimatischen System. - 6.1.1. Überblick. - 6.1.2. Anthropogene Modifikation des Lokalklimas im Stadtgebiet und in Industrie-Ballungsräumen. - 6.1.3. Anthropogene Einwirkungen auf das globale Klima. - 6.1.4. Auswirkungen eines massierten Kernwaffeneinsatzes. - 6.2. Klimawirkungen auf gesellschaftliche Systeme. - 6.2.1. Klima und geographisches Milieu. - 6.2.2. Klima und globale Probleme. - 7. Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit / (L. EISSMANN, CHR. HÄNSEL). - 7.1. Entstehung und Wandlung der Erdatmosphäre. - 7.2. Klimazeugen und physikalische Informationsmethoden zum Paläoklima. - 7.3. Ursachen und Prozesse erdgeschichtlicher Klimaänderungen. - 7.4. Merkmale der Klimate der Erdgeschichte. - 7.4.1. Präkambrium. - 7.4.2. Paläozoikum. - 7.4.3. Mesozoikum. - 7.4.4. Känozoikum. - 7.4.4.1. Tertiär. - 7.4.4.2. Quartär. - 8. Rezente Klimaschwankungen / (K. BERNHARDT, G. HELBIG, P. HUPFER, R. K. KLIGE). - 8.1. Holozäne Klimaschwankungen. - 8.1.1. Zum Wesen von Klimaänderungen. - 8.1.2. Datenquellen zur holozänen Klimageschichte. - 8.1.3. Zur Klimaentwicklung im Holozän. - 8.2. Jüngste Klimaschwankungen. - 8.2.1. Zirkulationsschwankungen. - 8.2.2. Änderungen von Luft- und Wassertemperatur. - 8.2.3. Variationen von Komponenten des glob

Note: Contents 1 Scope / G. Matthess 2 Polar Organic Substances and Their Role in the Water-Saturated and -Unsaturated Zones 2.0 Introduction / F.H. Frimmel 2.1 Isolation Procedures and Characterization Methods 2.1.1 Isolation and General Characterization of Organic Acids from Pore Water / F.H. Frimmel 2.1.2 Isolation and Characterization of Soil Humic Matter / W. Finger, B. Post and H. Klamberg 2.1.3 Isolation and Characterization of Organic Substancesin Ground Water and Sediments / F. Selenka and A. Hack 2.1.4 Chromatographie Characterization of the Acid-Soluble Part of Humic Substances / F.H. Frimmel 2.1.5 Spectroscopic Characterization of Humic Substances in the Ultraviolet and Visible Region and by Infrared Spectroscopy / G. Abbt-Braun 2.1.6 Temperature-Programmed/Time-Resolved Pyrolysis Field lonization Mass Spectrometry - a New Method for the Characterization of Humic Substances / H.-R. Schulten 2.1.7 Interpretation of the Pyrolysis Products of Isolated Humic and Fulvic Acids / G. Abbt-Braun 2.1.8 Characterization of Isolated Humic Material by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy /J. Buddrus and P. Burba 2.1.9 Characterization of Humic Substances Extracted by Organic Solvents / B. Post and H. Klamberg 2.2 Interaction of Inorganics with Humic Substances 2.2.1 Investigation of Metal Complexation by Polarography and Fluorescence Spectroscopy / F.H. Frimmel 2.2.2 Determination of Complexation Equilibria by the Ion-Exchange Method / W. Finger and H. Klamberg 2.2.3 Sorption of Metals on Humic Material / R. Becker and H. Klamberg 2.2.4 Interactions of Humic Substances with Iodine / K. G. Heumann and C. Reifenhäuser 2.2.5 Experiments on the Influence of Organic Ligands upon Kinetics of Feldspar Weathering / A. Petersen, G. Matthess and D. Schenk 2.3 Characterization of Some Organic Acids in the Subsurface of the Sandhausen Ecosystem / T. Cordt and H. Kussmaul 2.3.4 Organic Acids 2.3.5 Conclusions 3 Carbonate Systems 3.0 Introduction / E. Usdowski 3.1 Dissolution Kinetics in the Generation of Carbonate Ground Waters 3.1.1 Theoretical and Experimental Results of the Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution and Precipitation / W. Dreybrodt 3.1.2 Field Measurements and Laboratory Experiments on Calcite Dissolution Kinetics of Natural Porous Media / J. Baumann and H.D. Schulz 3.2 Field Studies on Subsurface Water of Selected Sites / B. Merkel and J. Grossmann 3.2.1 Pore Water Sampling in Carbonate Terrains 3.2.2 Variation of Inorganic Carbon in the Unsaturated Zone of a Carbonate Gravel System / L. Eichinger and B. Merkel 3.2.3 Isotope Geochemistry of the Subsurface Carbonate System in Sandhausen and Bocholt / H. Dörr, W. Leuchs, P. Obermann, W. Regenberg and C. Sonntag 3.2.4 Application of Stable Carbon and Sulfur Isotope Models to the Development of Ground Water in a Limestone-Dolomite-Anhydrite-Gypsum Area / K.W. Schaefer and E. Usdowski 3.2.5 A dissolution Front at the Contact of Sandsto Marly Limestone Aquifers / H.R. Langguth and R. Schulz 3.2.6 Carbonate Rock Dissolution Under Intermediate System Conditions / J. Michaelis 3.3 Alteration in Karst Systems 3.3.1 Mineralogy and Hydrogeochemistry of the Gypsum Karst of Foum Tatahouine, South Tunisia / W. Smykatz-Kloss, H. Hötzl and H. Kössl 3.3.2 Dedolomitization and Salt Formationin a Semi-Arid Environment / W. Smykatz-Kloss, and J. Goebelbecker 3.3.3 Transformation Processes in Paleokarst Sediments and Chemistry of Modern Waters in the Aladag Region, Turkey / M. Cevrini and W. Echle 4 Silicate Systems 4.0 Introduction / G. Matthess 4.1 Redox Reactions in the Subsurface 4.1.1 Anoxic Reaction Zones in an Aquifer Influenced by Increasing Nitrate and Sulfate Contents / W. Leuchs and P. Obermann 4.1.2 Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes as Indicators for Nitrification and Denitrification / H.-L. Schmidt, S. Voerkelius and A. Amberger 4.1.3 Redox Conditions and Microbial Sulfur Reactions in the Fuhrberger Field Sandy Aquifer / J. Böttcher, O. Strebet and W. Kölle 4.1.4 Influence of Fine-Grained Cover Beds on the Chemistry of Shallow Ground Water / G. Ebhardt and P. Fritsch 4.1.5 Hydrogeochemical Processes During the Passage of Surface Water and Ground Water Through Genetically Different Organic Sediments / H. Brühl, A. Moschick and H. Verleger 4.1.6 Hydrochemical Phenomena in the Dorsten Leakage System / M. Hoffmann, H.R. Langguth and J. Larue 4.1.7 Hydrogeochemical Processes in the Hamburg Deep Aquifer System / E.P. Loehnert, W. Bauhus and C. Sonntag 4.2 Rock-Water Interaction 4.2.1 Aluminium Speciation in Acid Soil Water and Ground Water / G. Dietze and B. Ulrich 4.2.2 Mineral-Pore Water Interaction in Two Soil Types on Pleistocene Sediments at Hamburg / F. Sztuka and I. Valeton 4.2.3 Subsurface Hydrochemical Reactions in the Sandhausen Forest Ecosystem / H. Jacob, W. Regenberg and C. Sonntag 4.3 Reaction Kinetics 4.3.1 Experimental Methods for Determining Dissolution Rates of Silicates - a Comparison / D. Schenk, G. Matthess, A. Dahmke and A. Petersen 4.3.2 Field Studies on the Kinetics of Silicate Minerals/Water Interaction / G. Matthess, A. Petersen, D. Schenk and A. Dahmke 5 Microbiology 5.0 Introduction / P. Hirsch 5.1 Characterization of the Natural Subsurface Environment 5.1.1 Morphological and Taxonomic Diversity of Ground Water Microorganisms / P. Hirsch, E. Rades-Rohkohl, J. Kölbel-Boelke and A. Nehrkorn 5.1.2 Methods of Studying Ground Water Microbiology: Critical Evaluations and Method suggestions / P. Hirsch, E. Rades-Rohkohl, J. Kölbel-Boelke, A. Nehrkorn, R. Schweisfurth, F. Selenka and A. Hack 5.1.3 Organic Substances in Ground Water and Sediments and Their Relationships to Microorganisms in a Sandy Aquifer / E Selenka and A. Hack 5.2 Microbial Activities 5.2.1 Observations on the Physiology of Microorganisms from Pristine Ground Water Environments / P. Hirsch 5.2.2 Formation and Transformation of Manganese Oxidation States by Bacteria / J. Gottfreund and R. Schweisfurth 5.2.3 Interactions Between Humic Acids and Microorganisms / G.-J. Tuschewitzki, B. Langer and H. Otremba 5.3 Microbiology of Selected Locations 5.3.1 Subsurface Microbial Activities in the Sandhausen Forest Ecosystem / R. Weyandt and R. Schweisfurth 5.3.2 Heterotrophic Bacterial Communities in the Bocholt Aquifer System / J. Kölbel-Boelke and A. Nehrkorn 5.3.3 The Natural Microflora of the Segeberger Forest Aquifer System / P. Hirsch and E. Rades-Rohkohl 5.3.4 Microbiological Observations of the Unsaturated Zone of a Quaternary Gravel Profile / I. Alexander, G. Freitag, J. Grossmann, Β. Merkel, P. Udluft and I. Ullsperger 6 Hydrogeochemical and Geochemical-Hydraulic Models and Model Concepts 6.0 Introduction / H.-D. Schulz 6.1 Hydrogeochemical Models and Concepts 6.1.1 Development of Secondary Permeability of a Fracture Aquifer in Carbonate Rocks: a Model / W. Dreybrodt 6.1.2 Some Aspects of Modelling the Carbon System in the Unsaturated Zone / B. Merkel, L. Eichinger and P. Udluft 6.1.3 Methodical Concepts in Silicate-Water Interaction - a Comparison of Results / A. Dahmke, G. Matthess, A. Petersen and D. Schenk 6.2 Combination of Transport and Geochemical Reactions 6.2.1 Water Movement and Geochemical Reactions in the Unsaturated Zone of Sands with Low Calcite Contents / H.-D. Schulz 6.2.2 Physical and Biochemical Processes Affecting Mass Transport in the Bocholt Aquifer System / C. Bugner and R. Mull 6.2.3 Tritium and 3He Measurements as Calibration Data for Ground Water Transport Models / H. Dörr, P. Schlosser, M. Stute and C. Sonntag 6.2.4 39Ar-, 85Kr-, 3He- and 3H Isotope Dating of Ground Water in the Bocholt and Segeberger Forst Aquifer Systems / M. Forster, H. Loosli and S. Weise 6.2.5 Modelling of Mass Balance and of Microbial Transformations in the Fuhrberger Feld Sandy Aquifer / O. Strebet, J. Böttcher and W.H.M. Duynisveld 6.3 Description of Geochemical Environments with Thermodynamic Equilibrium Models / M. Rolling and H.-D. Schulz 6

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Time Scales and Ages. - 2.1 Absolute Time Scales. - 2.2 Relative Time Scales. - 2.3 Physical and Chemical Time Scales. - 3 Selection, Collection, Packing, Storage, Transport,and Description of the Samples. - 3.1 Selection and Collection of the Samples. - 3.2 Packing, Storage, and Transport of the Samples. - 3.3 Sample Description. - 4 Treatment and Interpretation of the Raw Data. - 4.1 Suitability of a Sample for Dating and Reliabilityof the Dates. - 4.1.1 Soft-Rock Dating. - 4.1.2 Hard-Rock Dating. - 4.1.3 Isotope Geochemistry. - 4.2 Mathematical Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Age Data. - 4.2.1 Rules for Simple Calculations with the Dating Results; Statistical Tests. - 4.2.2 Comparison of Age Values. - 4.2.3 Numerical and Graphical Evaluation of Age Values. - 4.3 Publication of the Age Values. - 5 Physical Dating Methods. - 5.1 Principles. - 5.2 Sample Treatment and Measurement Techniques. - 5.2.1 Sample Treatment. - 5.2.1.1 Hard-Rock Samples. - 5.2.1.2 Soft-Rock Samples. - 5.2.2 Radioactivity Measurements: Decay Counting Methods. - 5.2.2.1 Gas-Filled Proportional and Geiger-Müller Counters. - 5.2.2.2 Scintillation Counters. - 5.2.2.3 Semiconductor Detectors. - 5.2.3 Measurement of Stable and Long-Lived Isotopes: Atom Counting Methods. - 5.2.3.1 Mass Spectrometry (MS). - 5.2.3.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). - 5.2.3.3 Resonance-Ionization Spectrometry (RIS). - 5.2.4 Other Analytical Techniques. - 5.2.4.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis (ID). - 5.2.4.2 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). - 5.2.4.3 Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA) and Inductive Coupled Plasma Analysis (ICP). - 5.2.4.4 Ion-Microprobe (IMP) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA). - 5.2.4.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) . - 6 Radiometric Dating Methods. - 6.1 Parent/Daughter Isotope Ratios as a Geochronometer. - 6.1.1 Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.1 Conventional Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.2 Argon/Argon (39Ar/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.2 Potassium/Calcium (40K/40Ca) Method. - 6.1.3 Rubidium/Strontium (87Rb/87Sr) Method. - 6.1.4 Lanthanum/Cerium (138La/138Ce) Method. - 6.1.5 Lanthanum/Barium (138La/138Ba) Method. - 6.1.6 Samarium/Neodymium (147Sm/143Nd) Method. - 6.1.7 Lutetium/Hafnium (176Lu/176Hf) Method. - 6.1.8 Rhenium/Osmium (187Re/187Os) Method. - 6.1.9 Uranium/Thorium/Lead Methods (238U/206Pb, 235U/207Pb and 232Th/208Pb Methods). - 6.1.10 Common Lead Method. - 6.1.11 Lead/Lead (207Pb/206Pb) Method. - 6.1.12 Chemical Lead Method. - 6.1.13 Lead/Alpha Method (Larsen Method). - 6.1.14 Krypton/Krypton (Krsf/Krn) Method. - 6.1.15 Xenon Methods. - 6.1.15.1 Uranium/Xenon (U/Xesf) Method. - 6.1.15.2 Xenon/Xenon (Xesf/Xen) Method. - 6.2 Dating with Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 6.2.1 Radiocarbon (14C) Method. - 6.2.2 Tritium (3H) Methods. - 6.2.2.1 Classical Tritium (3H) Method. - 6.2.2.2 Tritium/Helium-3 (3H/3He) and Helium-3 (3He)Methods. - 6.2.3 Beryllium-10 (10Be) Method. - 6.2.4 Sodium-22 (22Na) Method. - 6.2.5 Aluminium-26 (26Al) Method. - 6.2.6 Silicon-32 (32Si) Method. - 6.2.7 Chlorine-36 (36Cl) Method. - 6.2.8 Argon-39 (39Ar) Method. - 6.2.9 Calcium-41 (41Ca) Method. - 6.2.10 Manganese-53 (53Mn) Method. - 6.2.11 Krypton-81 (81Kr) Method. - 6.2.12 Iodine-129 (129I) Method. - 6.2.13 Aluminium-26/Beryllium-10 (26Al/10Be) Method. - 6.2.14 Beryllium-10/Chlorine-36 (10Be/36Cl) Method. - 6.3 Dating Based on Radioactive Disequilibrium of the Uranium, Thorium, and Protactinium Decay Series: The Uranium/Thorium/Protactinium Methods. - 6.3.1 230Th/234U Method. - 6.3.2 231Pa/235U Method. - 6.3.3 231Pa/230Th Method. - 6.3.4 234U/238U Method. - 6.3.5 230Th-excess Method. - 6.3.6 231Pa-excess Method. - 6.3.7 230Th-excess/232Th or 230Th/238U Method. - 6.3.8 231Pa-excess/23Th-excess Method. - 6.3.9 234Th-excess Method. - 6.3.10 228Th-excess/232Th Method. - 6.3.11 Dating Methods Based on Supported 226Ra and Unsupported 226Ra. - 6.3.12 224Ra and 228Ra Methods. - 6.3.13 210Pb Method. - 6.3.14 Uranium/Helium (U/He) Method. - 6.3.15 Radium/Radon Method. - 6.4 Age Determination Using Radiation Damage. - 6.4.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) Method. - 6.4.2 Optical Dating (OSL) Method. - 6.4.3 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR or EPR) Method. - 6.4.4 Exo-Electron Method (TSEE Method). - 6.4.5 Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) Method. - 6.4.6 Differential Thermoanalysis (DTA). - 6.4.7 Fission Track Method (FT Method). - 6.4.8 Alpha-Recoil Track Method. - 6.4.9 Age Determination Using Pleochroic Haloes. - 6.5 Dating Meteorites and Lunar Rocks. - 6.5.1 Introduction. - 6.5.2 Sample Preparation and Measurement. - 6.5.3 Formation Interval. - 6.5.4 Solidification Ages. - 6.5.5 Gas Retention Ages. - 6.5.6 Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages. - 6.5.7 Terrestrial Ages of Meteorites. - 7 Chronostratigraphic Methods Using Global Time Markers. - 7.1 Paleomagnetic Dating Methods. - 7.2 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 18O Values. - 7.3 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 34S and [Delta] 13C Values and 87Sr/86Sr Ratios. - 7.4 Artificial Radionuclides as Time Markers. - 7.5 Geochemical Time Markers. - 7.6 Chemical Pollution as Time Markers. - 8 Chemical Dating Methods. - 8.1 Amino-Acid Racemization Method (AAR). - 8.2 Amino-Acid Degradation Method. - 8.3 Dating of Bones Using the Nitrogen or Collagen Content. - 8.4 Chemical Electron-Spin-Resonance (ESR) Dating. - 8.5 Molecular (Protein and DNA) Clocks. - 8.6 Obsidian Hydration Method. - 8.7 Dating of Man-Made Glass. - 8.8 Calcium Diffusion and Cation-Ratio Methods. - 8.9 Dating of Bones Using the Fluorine or Uranium Content. - 9 Phanerozoic Time-Scale. - 9.1 Objectives and History of Geochronolgy. - 9.2 Geological Time-Scales. - 9.3 The Future. - 10 Literature. - 10.1 Journals that Frequently Publish Geochronological Papers. - 10.2 Geochronology Textbooks. - 10.3 References. - Acknowledgments. - Appendix A: Geochronology Glossary. - Appendix B: Radioactive and Stable Isotopes in Geochronology. - Appendix C: List of Addresses. - Subject Index. - Foldout Table: Dating Methods, Ranges, and Materials.

Note: Table of Contents: Prologue. - List of authors and participants. - I. RADIOCARBON AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGIES. - Tree-ring 14C calibration at 10.000 BP / B. Kromer and B. Becker. - On flow model dating of stable isotope records from Greenland ice cores 7 S. J. Johnsen and W. Dansgaard. - The clay-varve based Swedish time scale and its relation to the Late Weichselian radiocarbon chronology / S. björck, I. Cato, L. Brunnberg, B. Strömberg. - A step towards an absolute time-scale for the Late-Glacial: annually laminated sediments from Soppensee (Switzerland) / A. F. Lotter. - B. Ammann, J. Beer, I. Hajdas, M. Sturm. - The late glacial-holocene transition in central Europe derived from isotope studies of laminated sediments from Lake Gościaź (Poland) / K. Rozanski, T. Goslar, M. Dulinski, T. Kuc, M. F. Pazdur, A. Walanus. - Younger Dryas oscillation - varve dated microstratigraphic, palynological and palaeomagnetic records from Lake Holzmaar, Germany / B. Zolitschka, B. Haverkamp, J. F. W. Negendank. - 230Th/234U and 14C ages obtained by mass spectrometry on corals from Barbados (West Indies), Isabela (Galapagos) and Mururoa (French Polynesia) / E. Bard, R. G. Fairbanks, M. Arnold, B. Hamelin. - II. COSMONUCLIDE PRODUCTION CHANGES DURING THE PAST. - Expected secular variations in the global terrestrial production rate of radiocarbon / D. Lal. - 10Be deposition at Vostok, Antarctica, during the last 50,000 years and its relationship to possible cosmogenic production variations during this period / G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, J. Jouzel, J. R. Petit, N. I. Barkov, E. Bard. - 10Be peaks as time markers in polar ice cores / J. Beer, S. J. Johnsen, G. Bonani, R. C. Finkel, C. C. Langway, H. Oeschger, B. Stauffer, M. Suter, W. Woelfli. - Variation of geomagnetic field intensity from 8-60 Ky BP, Massif Central France / J. Salis and N. Bonhommet. - A geomagnetic calibration of the radiocarbon time-scale / A. Mazaud, C. Laj, E. Bard, M. Arnold, E. Tric. - III. CLIMATIC CHANGES DURING THE LAST DEGLACIATION. - The strength of the nordic heat pump / W. S. Broecker. - δ18O time-slice reconstruction of meltwater anomalies at Termination 1 in the North Atlantic between 50 and 80°N / M. Sarnthein, E. Jansen, M. Arnold, J. C. Duplessy, H. Erlenkeuser, A. Flatoy, T. Veum, E. Vogelsang, M. S. Weinelt. - A new method to reconstruct sea surface salinity: application to the North Atlantic ocean during the Younger Dryas / J.-C. Duplessy, L. Labeyrie, A. Juillet-Leclerc, J. Duprat. - The determination of past ocean-atmosphere radiocarbon differences / J. R. Southon, D. E. Nelson, J. S. Vogel. - The last deglaciation in Antarctica: further evidence of a "Younger Dryas" type climatic event / J. Jouzel, J. R. Petit, N. I. Barkov, J. M. Barnola, J. Chappellaz, P. Ciais, V. M. Kotkyakov, C. Lorius, V. N. Petrov, D. Raynaud, C. Ritz. - Possible ice-core evidence for a fresh melt water cap over the Atlantic ocean in the early Holocene / D. A. Fisher. - Climatic changes in Northwest Africa during the last deglaciation (16-7 ka BP) / F. Gasse, J. Ch. Fontes. - The palynological expression and timing of the Younger Dryas event - Europe versus Eastern North America / D. M. Peteet.

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - SAMUEL EPSTEIN: Scientist, Teacher and Friend. - PART A. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION STUDIES. - Oxygen isotopic thermometer calibrations / Robert N. Clayton and Susan W. Kieffer. - Temperature dependence of isotopic fractionation factors / Robert E. Criss. - Oxygen isotope fractionation studies of solute-water interactions / James R. O'Neil and Alfred H. Truesdell. - Oxygen diffusion in leucite: Structural controls / Karlis Muehlenbachs and Cathy Connolly. - An experimental study of oxygen isotope partitioning between silica glass and CO2 vapor / Edward Stolper and Samuel Epstein. - D/H analysis of minerals by ion probe / E. Deloule, C. France-Lanord and F. Albarède. - PART B. THE HYDROSPHERE AND ANCIENT OCEANS. - Oxygen isotope history of seawater revisited: Timescales for boundary event changes in the oxygen isotope composition of sea water / R. T. Gregory. - Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of oceanic plutonic rocks: High-temperature deformation and metamorphism of oceanic layer 3 / Debra S. Stakes. - The hydrogen and oxygen isotope history of the Silurian-Permian hydrosphere as determined by direct measurement of fossil water / L. Paul Knauth and Sarah K. Roberts. - Oxygen isotopes in phosphates of fossil fish-Devonian to Recent / Yehoshua Kolodny and Boaz Luz. - Dolomitization of the Hope Gate Formation (north Jamaica) by seawater: Reassessment of mixing-zone dolomite / Lynton S. Land. - Fossil meteoric ground waters in the Delaware Basin of southeastern New Mexico / Steven J. Lambert. - PART C. CLIMATOLOGY AND GLACIOLOGY. - The heavy isotope enrichment of water in coupled evaporative systems / Joel R. Gat and Carl Bowser. - The elusive climate signal in the isotopic composition of precipitation / James R. Lawrence and James W. C. White. - Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in shallow ground waters from India and a study of the role of evapotranspiration in the Indian monsoon / R. V. Krishnamurthy and S. K. Bhattacharya. - Stable isotopic composition of waters in a small Piedmont watershed / David B. Wenner, Peter D. Ketcham and John F. Dowd. - Isotopic changes during the formation of depth hoar in experimental snowpacks / Richard A. Sommerfeld, Clark Judy and Irving Friedman. - Isotopic changes during snow metamorphism / Irving Friedman, Carl Benson and Jim Gleason. - The glacial/interglacial temperature range of the surface water of the oceans at low latitudes / Cesare Emiliani and David B. Ericson. - Is the Postglacial artificial? / Cesare Emiliani, David A. Price and Joanne Seipp. - PART D. Paleoenvironment and Archaeology. - Osteocalcin as the recommended biopolymer for 14C age dating of bone and δ13C and δ15N paleodietary reconstruction / Henry O. Ajie and Isaac R. Kaplan. - The relationship between stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of water in astomatal plants / Lee W. Cooper, Michael J. Deniro and Jon E. Keeley. - 13C/2C ratios of the Fe(IIl) carbonate component in natural geothites / Crayton J. Yapp and Harald Poths. - Oxygen isotope studies of zeolites: Stilbite, analcime, heulandite, and clinoptilolite I. Analytical technique / Xiahong Feng and Samuel M. Savin. - Eolian inputs of lead to the South Pacific via rain and dry deposition from industrial and natural sources / Dorothy M. Settle and Clair C. Patterson. - Stable isotopes and the Roman marble trade-evidence from Scythopolis and Caesarea, Israel / Ze'ev Pearl and Mordeckai Mararitz. - Part E. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHC GEOCHEMISTRY. - Comparisons of 18O/16O and 87Sr/86Sr in volcanic rocks from the Pontine Islands, M. Ernici, and Campania with other areas in Italy / B. Turi, H. P. Taylor, Jr. and G. Ferrara. - Hydrogen, sulphur and neodymium isotope variations in the mantle beneath the EPR at 12°50' N / Marc Chaussidon, Simon M. F. Sheppard and Annie Michard. - Degassing of Obsidian Dome rhyolite, lnyo volcanic chain, California / Bruce E. Taylor. - Application of stable isotopes in identifying a major Hercynian synplutonic rift zone and its associated meteoric-hydrothermal activity, southern Schwarzwald, Germany / Hugh P. Taylor, Jr., Mordeckai Magaritz and Stephen M. Wickham. - An oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of high-grade metamorphism and anatexis in the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range core complex, Nevada / Stephen M. Wickham, Hugh P. Taylor, Jr., Arthur W. Snoke and James R. O'Neil. - Daughter-parent isotope systematics in U-Th-bearing igneous accessory mineral assemblages as potential indices of metamorphic history: A discussion of the concept / Leon T. Silver. - Retrograde exchange of hydrogen isotopes between hydrous minerals and water at low temperatures / T. Kurtis Kyser and Robert K. Errich. - PART F. ORE DEPOSITS AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION. - Stable isotope studies of quartz-vein type tungsten deposits in Dajishan Mine, Jiangxi Province, Southeast China / Yuch-Ning Shieh and Guo-Xin Zhang. - Oxygen isotope study of the fossil hydrothermal system in the Comstock Lode mining district, Nevada / Robert E. Criss and Duane E. Champion. - Oxygen isotope studies of Jurassic fossil hydrothermal systems, Mojave Desert, southeastern California / G. Cleve Solomon and Hugh P. Taylor, Jr. - Variations in δ18O values, water/rock ratios, and water flux in the Rico paleothermal anomaly, Colorado / Peter B. Larson and Brian S. Zimmerman. - PART G. EXTRATERRESTRIAL GEOCHEMISTRY. - Initial Pb isotopic compositions of lunar granites as determined by ion microprobe / W. Compston, I. S. Williams and C. Meyer. - Silicon, carbon and nitrogen isotopic studies of silicon carbide in carbonaceous and enstatite chondrites / J. Stone, I. D. Hutcheon, S. Epstein and G. J. Wasserburg. - Subject Index.

Note: Contents: General remarks on some geomedical problems in Arctic and Subarctic regions / J. Låg. - Geochemical mapping in northernmost Fennoscandia / B. Bølviken, R. T. Ottesen and R. Nilsen. - Atmospheric fallout of heavy metals in northern Norway / E. Steinnes. The chemistry of drinking waters in northern regions of Norway and some health aspects / T. P. Flaten. Human metal exposure, tissue accumulation and health effects among non-ferrous smelter workers in northern Sweden / G. Nordberg, L Gerhardsson and B. Lagerkvist. - Contamination of natural surrounding by heavy metals and ecological effects / T. D. Makarova and T. I. Moiseenko. - The regularities of the heavy metals accumulation in organism systems of fresh water fishes and pathological processes / T. I. Moiseenko and L. P. Kudratsjeva. - Features of harmful effects caused by air pollution on human and animal in cold / V. P. Chatchin. - The influence of selenium deficiency in environment on human health in Northeast China / Tan Jianan. - Methylmercury in northern Canada / C. Dumont and T. Kosatsky. - FAO European cooperative network on the trace elements. Activities concerning geomedical problems / H. Bergseth. - Trace element status in relation to aspects of animal health in northern regions of Norway / A. Frøslie. - Thyroid cancer: High risk areas in northern Norway / E. Glattre, S. Ø. Thoresen and J. W. Jebsen. - Selenium and human health in northern Norway / J. Ringstad. - Cadmium and lead concentrations in Norwegian reference population groups / J. Clench-Aas. - Some essential and toxic elements in Swedish diets / L. Jorhem. - Cancer in Pasvik. Pollution from Nikell. A connection? / H. G. Sunde and T. Haldorsen. - Serum selenium in patients with ankylosing spondylitis / J. Aaseth, Y. Thomassen and O. Vinje. - Lead in bone in smelter workers / L. Gerhardsson, D. Chettle, V. Englyst, G. F. Nordberg, M. Scott and A. Todd. - Correlation of cancer incidence with geochemistry in subarctic Finland / R. Riispanen. - The disturbance of renal calcium metabolism induced by metallothionein / T. Jin, P. Leffler and G. Nordberg. - Cadmium in Svalbard reindeer / G. Norheim and K. Nilssen. - Svalbard: Trace elements in liver from eider / G. Norheim and B. Borch-Johnsen. - Trace elements in reindeer and sheep from Sør-Varanger, Finnmark. A preliminary study / A. Frøslie. - List of participants.

Note: Volume II: Glaciology & Periglacial Processes. - Soviet-French cooperation on the isotopic research of cores from Dome B - Vostok - Komsomolskaya - Mirny ice taverse, East Antarctica / C. Lorius ; Ye. S. Korotkevich ; N. I. Barkov ; V. N. Petrov. - On the genesis of the Shackleton Ice Shelf according to oxygen-isotope data / L. Savatyugin; R. Vaikmäe. - G.D.R isotope research in Queen Maud Land (Abstract) / R. Haberlandt. - Isotope data from ice-cored moraines suggest a higher ice sheet surface in Central Queen Maud Land (Antarctica) during cold stages / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - An oxygen-18 thermometer from snow of Northern Queen Maud Land / Antarctica / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - Initial processes of pedogenesis in the Schirmacher Oasis (Abstract) / W. Krüger ; J. Balke. - Periglacial of Antarctic continent as a source of paleoglacial information / V. I. Bardin. - Sea Ice Analysis. - The major features of ice conditions in the Bellingshausen Sea / V. V. Yevsyeyev. - The duration of the cycle of the Atlantic ice massif existence and typification of the processes causing its isolation / A. M. Kozlovsky. - Hydrology. - The hydrography of the Schirmacher Oasis (Abstract) / W. Richter. - Meteorological and hydrological conditions of meltwater genesis and distribution in Antarctica / A. Loopmann. - Hydrochemical and isotope hydrological investigations in the Bunger Oasis / E. Kaup ; V. Klokov ; R. Vaikmäe ; D. Haendel ; R. Zierath. - Extremely C-13 enriched biomass in a freshwater environment: examples from Antarctic lakes / U. Wand ; K. Mühle. - Biology & Human Biology. - Das Meereis als Lebensraum / G.Hernpel Das biologische Programm "Bellingshausen" - Bericht über die vergangenen 10 Jahre und die Konzeption künftiger Forschungsarbeit / H.Oehme. - Ecological studies in the southern gigant petrel Macronectes giganteus on southwestern parts of King George Island / H.-U. Peter ; M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer. - Development, torpor and energy balance of black-bellied storm-petrel chicks (Fregatta tropica) (Abstract) / T. Nadler ; H. Mix. - Morphometrical and ecological differences between south polar and brown skuas of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands / H.-U. Peter ; M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer. - Behavioural biology of the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) / A. Gebauer ; M. Kaiser ; H.-U. Peter. - Thermoregulation in the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) / M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer ; H.-U. Peter. - Parasitiological studies in the Antarctic by scientists from the G.D.R / K. Feiler. - New Amphipods from the sublittoral of King George Island - Faunistic contribution to ecological investigations / M. Rauschert. - The freshwater algae of the Schirmacher Oasis - Queen Maud Land / H. Pankow ; D. Haendel ; H. Richter. - The lichens of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter. - The bryoflora of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) in relations to hydrosphere and cryosphere / W. Richter. - The animals of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter ; D. Haendel ; P. Junghans. - Indoor climate and long-time-stays in Arctic and Antarctic regions (Abstract) / W. Bischof ; G. Schrader ; L. Banhidi. - Do psychical factors have an influence on the immunofunction of polar researchers and how could objective evidence be obtained? / F. Wietschel ; G. Schrader.

Note: Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1993 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung. - 2 Das Zwei-Schichten-Modell. - 2.1 Die Basisgleichungen. - 2.2 Das numerische Lösungsverfahren. - 2.3 Die Wahl der Entwicklungsfunktionen. - 2.4 Die Wahl der Modellauflösung. - 2.4.1 Die horizontale Auflösung. - 2.4.2 Die vertikale Auflösung. - 2.4.3 Das Zeitschrittschema. - 2.5 Die Modellgleichungen. - 2.5.1 Die kontinuierliche Form. - 2.5.2 Die diskrete Form. - 2.5.3 Die Diffusion und die Reibung. - 3. Das Zirkulationsmodell ECHAM. - 3.1 Eine kurze Modellbeschreibung. - 3.2 Das Übertragen von ECHAM-Daten auf das Zwei-Schichten-Modell. - 4. Der diabatische Antrieb. - 4.1 Der diabatische Antrieb von ECHAM-2. - 4.2 Der diabatische Antrieb des Zwei-Schichten-Modells. - 5. Der nichtlineare Antrieb. - 5.1 Das theoretische Prinzip. - 5.2 Der nichtlineare Antrieb im ECHAM-2 Kontrollauf. - 5.3 Der transiente Antrieb des Zwei-Schichten-Modells. - 6 Ein Experiment mit dem Zwei-Schichten-Modell. - 6.1 Die Stabilisierung des mittleren Zustandes. - 6.2 Die Ergebnisse des Zwei-Schichten-Modells. - 7. Das Ergebnis und ein Ausblick. - 7.1 Der technische Teil. - 7.2 Der wissenschaftliche Teil. - Anhang. - A: Die Berechnung von Kugelflächenfunktionen. - B: Das Gitter für die Transformationsmethode. - C: Die numerische Behandlung der Modellgleichungen. - Danksagung. - Symbolverzeichnis. - Literaturverzeichnis.

Note: Table of Contents: 1. The TRANSDRIFT l Expedition: A Multidisciplinary Russian-Gerrnan Approach to Study the Complex System of the Laptev Sea. - 1.1 Course of the Expedition. - 1.2 Navigation. - 1.3 Ice Conditions in the Laptev Sea. - 2. Meteorological Studies. - 2.1 Processes of Air-Sea Interaction in the Laptev Sea. - 3. Oceanographic studies. - 3.1 Therrnohaline and Dynarnic Water Structure in the Laptev Sea. - 4. Hydrochernical Studies. - 4.1 Hydrochernical Structure of the Laptev Sea. - 4.2 Studies of Water Pollution. - 4.3 Radiochemical Observations. - 5. Biological Studies. - 5.1 Hydrobiological Investigations in the Laptev Sea. - 5.2 Ecological Studies in the Laptev Sea. - 6. Geological Investigations. - 6.1 Geosystem Laptev Sea. - 6.2 Dynamic Geological Shelf Processes - Implications From Side-Scan-Sonar Observations. - 6.3 Sediment Distribution in the Laptev Sea. - 6.4 Physical Properties of Near-Surface Sediments in the Laptev Sea. - 6.5 Ecological-Geochemical Studies. - 6.6 Geochemistry. - 6.7 Pore Water Geochemistry. - 6.8 All Year Round Sea-Floor Temperature and Conductivity Measurements. - 7. Conclusions. - 8. Acknowledgements. - 9. References. - 10. Appendix. - List of Participants of the TRANSDRIFT l Expedition. - Station List of the TRANSDRIFT l Expedition. - Description of Sediment Cores Taken During the TRANSDRIFT l Expedition. - Geological Sampling and Sedimentological Analyses Carried out During the TRANSDRIFT l Expedition. - Shipboard Geological Sampling Programme. - Results of Smear Slide Analyses Carried out on Board RV Ivan Kireye.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Section 1: Overview Features of Polar Regions Relevant to Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry / L. A Barrie Climatology of Arctic and Antarctic Tropospheric Ozone / S. J. Oltmans Polar Sunrise Studies / J. Bottenheim Section II: Tropospheric Oxidants Modelling Meteorology and Transport of Air Masses in Arctic Regions / T. Iversen Impact of Global NOx Sources on the Northern Latitudes / H. Levy II, W. J. Moxim and P S. Kasibhatla Ozone Depletion During Polar Sunrise / J. C. McConnell, G. S. Henderson Section Ill: Field Studies Relationship Between Anthropogenic Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone Trends in the Arctic Troposphere / D. Jaffe Halocarbons in the Arctic and Antarctic Atmosphere / W. T. Sturges Measurements of Hydrocarbons in Polar Maritime Air Masses / S. A Penkett Carbon Monoxide and Light Alkanes as Tropospheric Tracers of Anthropogenic Ozone / D. D. Parrish Atmospheric Distribution of NO, 03, CO, and CH4 above the North Atlantic Based on the STRATOZ Ill Flight / D. H. Ehhalt, F. Rohrer and A Wahner Spectroscopic Measurement of Bromine, Oxide, Ozone, and Nitrous Acid in Alert / M. Hausmann, T. Rudolf, and U. Platt Ice Core Analysis in Arctic and Antarctic Regions / M. Legrand Record of Atmospheric Oxidant from Polar Ice Cores Over the past 100,000 Years: Dream or Real Possibility? / A Neftel and K. Fuhrer Section V: Marine Sources and Sinks Sources of Organobromines to the Arctic Atmosphere / R. Moore, R. Tokarczyk and C. Geen Hydrocarbons Emission from the Ocean / B. Bonsang Cycle of Tropospheric Phosgene / T.P. Kindler, W. L. Chameides, P. H. Wine, D. Cunnold, F. Alyea Session VI: Laboratory Studies of Heterogeneous Reactions Chemical Interactions of Tropospheric Halogens on Snow/Ice / M. J. Molina Reactions of Halogens Species on Ice Surfaces / D. R. Hanson and A. R. Ravishankara Heterogeneous Reactions of Chlorine Compounds / C. Zetzsch and W. Behnke Liquid Phase Photochemistry in Relation to Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogens / J. A Lavigne and C. H. Langford Session Vll: Homogeneous Gas-phase Reactions Ozone HOx Photochemistry in the Troposphere - Latitudinal Dependence of Reaction Rates / R. A Cox ClO + ClO → Products: A Case Study in Halogen Monoxide Disproportionation and Recombination Reactions / S. P. Sander, S. L. Nickolaisen and R. R. Friedl Thermal Stability of Peroxynitrates / K. H. Becker, F. Kirchner and F. Zabel Temperature Dependence (256-296 K) of the Absorption Cross Sections of Bromoform in the Wavelength Range 285-360 nm / G. K. Moortgat, R. Meller and W. Schneider Oxidation of Organic Sulfur Compounds / I. Barnes, K. H. Becker and R. D. Overath Halogen and Sulfur Reactions Relevant to Polar Chemistry / P. H. Wine, J.M. Nicovish, R.E. Stickel and Z. Zhao, C.J. Shackelford, K.D. Kreutter, E.P. Daykin, and S. Wang Reactions of BrO Radicals Relevant to Polar Chemistry / G. Le Bras Comparative Assessment of the Role of lodine Photochemistry in Tropospheric Ozone Depletion / M. E. Jenkin

Note: Contents: Preface. - PART 1. TASKS AND METHODS OF CONUGATED QUANTITATIVE PALEOGEOCRYOLOGICAL ANALYSIS. - 1. Lithological, geochemical and ecological indicators of paleocryogenic dynamics. - 1.1. Cryolithological indicators. - 1.2. Cryohydrochemical indicators. - 1.3. Palynological and botanical indicators. - 1.4 Macrofauna indicators (Mammoth fauna). - 2. The main daitng methods of syncryogenic permafrost thickness and ground ice. - 3. Oxygen isotope composition of ground ice as paleogeocryological indicator. - 3.1. Oxygen isotope content in repeated ice wedges of synocryogenic thicknesses. - 3.2. Oxygen isotope content in texture forming ice. - 3.3. Oxygen isotope content in ice sheet-like deposits. - 3.4. Conservation of original oxygen isotope records. - 3.5. Paleotemperature interpretation features of oxygen isotope records. - 3.6. Global and interregional correlations of oxygen isotope diagrams from different natural objects. - PART 2. DEVELOPMENT OF LATE PLEISTOCENE SYNCRYOGENIC PERMAFROST THICKNESSES. - 4. Reference sequences of Late Pleistocene syncryogenic thicknesses. - 4.1. North of Western Siberia sequences. - 4.2. Northern Yakutia sequences. - 4.3. Chuckotka sequences. - 4.4. Central Yakutia sequences. - 5. Landscape, climate, conditions which had been defined Late Pleistocene syncryolithogenesis. - 5.1. Arctic coast line evolution as important factor Late Pleistocene paleocryodynamics. - 5.2. Biocenose development and summer temperatures fluctuations during Late Pleistocene cryochron. - 5.3. Evolution of regional and global winter climate characteristics. - 5.4. Main features of cryolithozone dynamics during Late Pleistocene. - PART 3. DEVELOPMENT FEATURES OF HOLOCENE SYNCRYOGENIC PERMAFROST THICKNESSES. - 6. Criteria for definition of lower boundary of Holocene. - 7. Reference sequences of Holocene syncryogenic permafrost thicknesses. - 7.1. North of Western Siberia sequences. - 7.2. Northern Yakutia sequences. - 7.3. Central Yakutia sequences. - 7.4. Trans-Baikal sequences. - 7.5. Chuckotka sequences. - 7.6. Interregional correlation of references sequences of Holocene syncryolithogen thicknesses and problem of Holocene "optimum". - 8. Landscape, climate conditions which had been defined Holocene syncryolithogenesis. - 8.1. Biocenose development and summer temperatures during "optimum" of Holocene. - 8.2. Evolution of winter climatic characteristics. - 8.3. Main features of cryolithozone dynamics during Holocene. - 9. Some features of Global Isotope Exchange dynamics and air transportation in East sector of Northern hemisphere during Late Quaternary. - Conclusion. - Literature. - Summary. , In kyrill. Schr. , In russ. Spr. mit engl. Zsfassung

Note: Inhalt Summary Brachysira, allgemeine Charakterisierung der Gattung Brachysira, die Taxa im einzelnen Addenda zu Nupela, Navicula, Naviculadicta, Sellaphora Nupela Navicula sensu lato Naviculadicta nov. gen. Sellaphora Nachtrag zu Achnanthes und Thalassiosira Dank Literaturverzeichnis Bildtafeln Register

Note: Contents: Preface. - Introduction. - The geological exploration of Svalbard. - Svalbard, part of the Northern Polar Region. - What took place in Svalbard - when?. - Precambrian to Lower Silurian - from algae to trilobites. - Silurian and Devonian - folding and primitive fish. - Carboniferous and Permian - swamps and shallow seas. - Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous - squids and reptiles. - Tertiary - another folding episode, coal and sandstone. - Quaternary - ice ages and volcanoes. - Southern Spitsbergen. - Outer Isfjorden. - Longyearbyen - Sassenfjorden. - Bellsund. - Sveagruva - Reindalen. - Northwestern Spitsbergen. - Billefjorden to Ekmanfjorden. - The entrance to Isfjorden - Prins Karls Foreland - Engelskbukta. - The Kongsfjorden area. - Smeerenburgfjorden - Magdalenefjorden - Liefdefjorden. - Woodfjorden - Bockfjorden. - Northeastern Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet. - Ny Friesland and Olav V Land. - Nordaustlandet and the neighbouring islands. - The islands in the East. - Barentsøya, Edgeøya, Hopen. - Kong Karls Land. - Bjørnøya (Bear Island). - Economic geology. - Heat from frozen rock. - Gold, iron and marble. - Is there oil on Svalbard?. - Tasks and challenges ahead. - Take care of Svalbard!. - Bibliography. - Geological maps published by the Norwegian Polar Institute. - Index.

Note: INHALT: 1 EINFÜHRUNG. - 1.1 Begriffe, Definitionen, Motivation. - 1.1.1 Was ist Meteorologie?. - 1.1.2 Was ist Wetter?. - 1.1.3 Was ist Klima?. - 1.1.4 Warum beschäftigen wir uns mit der Meteorologie?. - 1.2 Prinzipielle Methoden und Besonderheiten der Meteorologie. - 2 DAS SYSTEM ERDATMOSPHÄRE. - 2.1 Zusammensetzung der Atmosphäre. - 2.1.1 Die Gaszusammensetzung. - 2.1.2 Das atmosphärische Aerosol. - 2.2 Erdgeschichtliche Entwicklung der Atmosphäre. - 2.3 Bemerkungen zur Schichteneinteilung der Atmosphäre. - 2.4 Atmosphärisches "Scale"-Verhalten und Folgerungen. - 2.5 Räumliche Vernetzungen. - 3 SONNE UND ERDATMOSPHÄRE (STRAHLUNG). - 3.1 Energiequellen. - 3.2 Grundlegende physikalische Strahlungsgesetze. - 3.2.1 Das Plancksche Strahlungsgesetz. - 3.2.2 Das Stefan-Boltzmann-Gesetz. - 3.2.3 Das Wiensche Verschiebungsgesetz. - 3.2.4 Das Kirchhoffsche Strahlungsgesetz. - 3.3 Sonne, Sonnenwind, Magnetfeld, Obergrenze der Atmosphäre. - 3.4 Strahlung der Sonne, Solarkonstante. - 3.5 Wechselwirkungen zwischen Sonnenstrahlung und Atmosphäre. - 3.5.1 Absorption. - 3.5.1.1 Photo-Ionisierung, Ionosphäre. - 3.5.1.2 Photo-Dissoziation, Photochemie, Ozonschicht. - 3.5.1.2.1 Das stratosphärische Ozon. - 3.5.1.2.2 Anthropogene Eingriffe - Das "Ozonloch". - 3.5.1.2.3 Das troposphärische Ozon. - 3.5.1.2.4 Bedeutung des stratosphärischen Ozons. - 3.5.1.3 Die hauptsächlichen atmosphärischen Absorber. - 3.5.1.4 Das Lambert-Bouguer-Gesetz. - 3.5.2 Die Streuung. - 3.5.2.1 Streuung an Luftmolekülen (Rayleigh-Streuung). - 3.5.2.2 Aerosolstreuung (Dunststreuung, Mie-Streuung). - 3.5.3 Die Extinktion. - 3.5.4 Die atmosphärische Trübung. - 3.5.5 Bemerkungen zur Sichtweite. - 3.5.6 Die Reflexion. - 3.6 Die Terrestrische Strahlung. - 3.7 Der Strahlungshaushalt der Erde. - 3.7.1 Die Strahlungsbilanz der Erdoberfläche. - 3.7.1.1 Astronomische und geographische Einflüsse auf die Verteilung der Sonnenstrahlung auf der Erde. - 3.7.1.2 Die diffuse Himmelsstrahlung. - 3.7.1.3 Die atmosphärische Gegenstrahlung. - 3.7.2 Die Komponenten der Strahlungsbilanz am Beispiel der Messungen in Hamburg. - 3.7.3 Die Strahlungsbilanz der Atmosphäre. - 3.7.4 Die globale Verteilung der Strahlungsbilanz. - 3.8 Anmerkungen zum Glashauseffekt. - 4 DIE WÄRMEBILANZ DER ERDOBERFLÄCHE. - 4.1 Wärmeaustausch mit tieferen Schichten. - 4.2 Wärmeaustausch mit der Atmosphäre. - 4.2.1 Wärmeleitung. - 4.2.2 Verdunstung. - 4.2.2.1 Mikrophysikalische Beschreibung der Verdunstung. - 4.2.2.2 Makrophysikalische Beschreibung der Verdunstung. - 5 STATIK UND THERMODYNAMIK DER ATMOSPHÄRE. - 5.1 Allgemeine physikalische Grundlagen. - 5.2 Die hydrostatische Grundgleichung. - 5.3 Schwerebeschleunigung und Geopotential. - 5.4 Die Barometrische Höhenformel. - 5.5 Die Temperaturänderung adiabatisch vertikal bewegter Luft. - 5.6 Die vertikale Stabilität der Luftschichtung. - 5.6.1 Die Auftriebskraft. - 5.6.2 Hydrostatische Stabilität / Instabilität. - 5.7 Potentielle Temperatur und vertikale Stabilität. - 5.8 Stabilitätsänderungen bei erzwungenen Vertikalbewegungen. - 5.9 Thermodynamik feuchter Luft. - 5.9.1 Zustandsgrößen des Wasserdampfes und der feuchten Luft. - 5.9.2 Adiabatische Zustandsänderungen feuchter Luft. - 5.9.3 Berechnung der Auslösung von Konvektionsbewölkung. - 5.9.4 Die Stabilität (Instabilität) feuchter Luft. - 5.9.5 Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Feuchtigkeitsmaße und der die Feuchtigkeit berücksichtigenden Temperaturbegriffe. - 5.9.6 Periodische Änderungen von Dampfdruck und relativer Feuchte in Bodennähe. - 5.10 Das Thermodynamische Diagrammpapier nach Stüve. - 5.11 Temperatur und Wärmeempfinden. - 5.12 Kondensation und Niederschlagsprozesse. - 5.12.1 Tropfenbildung. - 5.12.2 Tropfenwachstum und Niederschlag. - 5.12.3 Wolken- bzw. Niederschlagsteilchen und Luftbeimengungen. - 5.13 Die internationale (phänomenologische) Wolkenklassifikation. - 6 DYNAMIK DER ATMOSPHÄRE. - 6.1 Der Wind. - 6.2 Die Druckkraft. - 6.3 Horizontale Luftdruckverteilung und Topographie von Druckflächen (Isobarflächen). - 6.4 Thermisch angeregte Zirkulationen. - 6.4.1 Zirkulationen aufgrund unterschiedlicher Erwärmung. - 6.4.1.1 Die Seewindzirkulation. - 6.4.1.2 Die Landwindzirkulation. - 6.4.2 Baroklinität und Zirkulation. - 6.4.3 Zirkulationen an geneigten Flächen. - 6.4.3.1 Anabatische Winde. - 6.4.3.2 Katabatische Strömungen. - 6.5 Topographisch bedingte, mechanisch verursachte Zirkulationen. - 6.5.1 Wirkungen von Hindernissen. - 6.5.1.1 Wellen und Wirbel horizontaler Achse. - 6.5.1.2 "Föhn"-Wirkungen von Hindernissen. - 6.5.1.3 Wirbel mit vertikaler Achse. - 6.5.2 Auswirkungen von Großstädten. - 6.6 Konvektive Erscheinungen. - 6.6.1 Niedrige Konvektion ("shallow convection"). - 6.6.1.1 Zellularkonvektion. - 6.6.1.2 Wolkenstraßen. - 6.6.1.3 Konvektionsbänder. - 6.6.2 "Durchgreifende" Konvektion ("deep convection"), Gewitter. - 6.6.3 Squall-lines (Instabilitätslinien). - 6.7 Schwerewellen. - 6.8 Bewegungsgesetze. - 6.8.1 Bewegungen auf der rotierenden Erde. - 6.8.2 Der geostrophische Wind. - 6.8.3 Der Gradientwind. - 6.8.4 Einfluß der Bodenreibung, antitriptischer Wind. - 6.8.5 Wind im Nicht-Gleichgewicht, dynamische Druckänderungen. - 6.9 Zusammenhang zwischen Temperatur-, Druck- und Windfeld. - 6.9.1 Änderung des Windes mit der Höhe. - 6.9.2 Veränderung der Drucksysteme mit der Höhe. - 6.10 Großräumige Zirkulation-Strahlströme, Wellen und Wirbel. - 6.10.1 Die allgemeine atmosphärische Zirkulation. - 6.10.2 Dynamik der extratropischen Wirbel. - 6.10.3 Wirbelstruktur, Fronten und Wetter. - 6.10.4 Darstellung in der Wetterkarte. - 6.10.5 Besondere Erscheinungen in den Tropen. - 6.10.6 Besondere Erscheinungen in der Stratosphäre. - 7 DIE PLANETARISCHE GRENZSCHICHT. - 7.1 Definitionen und allgemeine Beschreibung. - 7.2 Die atmosphärische Turbulenz. - 7.3 Turbulenz und vertikales Windprofil. - 7.3.1 Einfluß von Bodenbeschaffenheit und Stabilität. - 7.3.2 Windstruktur in der Prandtl-Schicht. - 7.3.3 Windstruktur in der Ekman-Schicht. - 7.3.4 Der Einfluß in homogenen Terrains auf die Grenzschicht. - 7.4 Grenzschichtstruktur und Ausbreitungsvorgänge. - 7.4.1 Auswirkungen der Schichtungsstabilität. - 7.4.2 Auswirkungen interner Grenzschichten. - 7.4.3 Wirkungen thermischer Zirkulationen über irregulärem Terrain. - 7.4.4 Auswirkungen besonderer Geländeformen. - 8 ANMERKUNGEN ZU SPEZIELLEN PROBLEMEN. - 8.1 Anmerkungen zu den Luftbahnen (Trajektorien). - 8.2 Anmerkungen zur Ermittlung von Emittenten-Rezeptor-Beziehung. - 8.3 Anmerkungen zur Simulation regionaler Schadstofftransporte in der Atmosphäre - das TADAP-Modell. - 8.4 Anmerkungen zum "Nuklearen Winter". - 9 ANHANG. - 9.1 Einige durchschnittliche klimatologische Mittel- und Extremwerte meteorologischer Beobachtungen von Berlin. - 9.2 Literaturempfehlungen zur Begleitung und Vertiefung. - 9.3 Glossar. - 10 LITERATURNACHWEIS. - 11 FILMLISTE. - 12 SACHINDEX.

Note: Contents: Symbols. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 PERIGLACIAL CONDITIONS. - 1.1 The significance of freezing in soils and rocks. - 1.2 Freezing and thawing in porous materials. - 1.3 Climate and ground freezing. - 1.3.1 Permafrost. - 1.3.2 Ephemeral freezing. - 1.4 Characteristics of permafrost. - 1.5 Manifestations of freezing and thawing of the ground. - 2 MORPHOLOGY OF PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND. - 2.1 Frozen ground as a geological material. - 2.2 Ice in the ground. - 2.2.1 Excess ice. - 2.2.2 Frost-heave ice: segregation ice. - 2.2.3 Intrusive ice; ice wedge ice, and other forms. - 2.2.4 Ice of external origin: buried glacier, snow, lake and river ice; icings. - 2.2.5 Age of ice in permafrost. - 2.2.6 Distribution of ground ice. - 2.2.7 Submarine frozen ground. - 2.2.8 Micromorphology of freezing soils. - 2.2.9 Pedology and soil freezing. - 2.3 Gas hydrates (clathrates). - 2.4 World distribution of permafrost. - 2.4.1 Land permafrost. - 2.4.2 Submarine distribution. - 2.5 Seasonal freezing. - 3 CLIMATE AND FROZEN GROUND. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Seasonal frost and permafrost. - 3.3 Climate and permafrost distribution. - 3.4 The importance of microclimates. - 3.5 The surface energy balance. - 3.5.1 The nature of surface interactions. - 3.5.2 A buffer layer model. - 3.5.3 Effects of surface changes. - 3.6 Possible effects of climatic change. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 THE GROUND THERMAL REGIME. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Heat flow in the ground. - 4.2.1 The heat conduction equation. - 4.3 Thermal properties. - 4.3.1 Thermal conductivity. - 4.3.2 Heat capacity. - 4.3.3 Thermal diffusivity. - 4.4 Ground thermal conditions. - 4.4.1 Geothermal heat flow and permafrost thickness. - 4.4.2 Effects of climatic change. - 4.4.3 Seasonal temperature variations. - 4.5 Lateral variations in ground temperatures. - 4.5.1 Influence of water bodies. - 4.6 Summary. - 5 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 1: SLOPES AND SUBSIDENCES. - 5.1 Freezing and thawing and displacements of the ground. - 5.2 Instability of soil on slopes: overview. - 5.3 The mystery of solifluction. - 5.3.1 Origin of small movements. - 5.3.2 Creep in the frozen state. - 5.4 Rock glaciers. - 5.5 Effects of thawing: landslides and slumps. - 5.5.1 Loss of cohesive strength. - 5.5.2 Soil consolation and strength during thaw. - 5.5.3 Thermokarst. - 5.6 The extent and variety of movements on slopes. - 6 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 2: STRUCTURES AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF LEVEL GROUND. - 6.1 Surface characteristics. - 6.2 Features characterised by accumulation of ice. - 6.2.1 Pingos. - 6.2.2 Palsa. - 6.2.3 Hydrolaccoliths. - 6.3 Differential freeze-thaw effects. - 6.3.1 Uplift of stones. - 6.3.2 Soil hummocks. - 6.3.3 Earth circles. - 6.3.4 Stone polygons and rings. - 6.4 Thermal contraction and cracking. - 6.4.1 Soil and ice wedges. - 7 THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SOILS. - 7.1 Soil: A porous system. - 7.1.1 'Freezing points' and latent heat. - 7.1.2 Proportions of ice and water. - 7.1.3 Water contents and thermal properties. - 7.2 Energy status, or potential, of soil water. - 7.2.1 Freezing point depression, potential, and free energy. - 7.2.2 Potential of water in freezing soils. - 7.3 Pressure and temperature relations. - 7.4 Origin of frost heave and frost heave pressures. - 7.5 Permeability of frozen soils. - 7.6 Frost heave as a thermodynamic-rheologic process. - 8 HYDROLOGY OF FROZEN GROUND. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Surface hydrology. - 8.2.1 Bank stability in permafrost regions. - 8.3 Groundwater. - 8.3.1 Icings and frost blisters. - 8.3.2 Water supply. - 8.4 Hydrodynamics of frozen ground. - 8.4.1 Unfrozen water content. - 8.4.2 Gradients of water potential due to freezing temperatures. - 8.4.3 Moisture transfer mechanisms. - 8.4.4 Moisture transport in saturated soils. - 8.4.5 Moisture transport in unsaturated soils. - 8.5 Ice segregation and frost heaving. - 8.5.1 Coupled heat and moisture flow at freezing temperatures. - 8.5.2 The hydrodynamic model. - 8.5.3 The rigid ice model. - 8.5.4 Extreme forms of ice segregation. - 8.6 Seasonal hydrodynamics in permafrost. - 8.6.1 Water migration beyond the fringe. - 8.6.2 Development of aggradational ice. - 9 THE MECHANICS OF FROZEN GROUND. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 The frozen soil system. - 9.2.1 Properties of the ice. - 9.2.2 The strength of soils. - 9.3 Deformation of frozen ground. - 9.3.1 Characteristics of creep. - 9.3.2 The origins of creep. - 9.4 Strength characteristics of frozen soils. - 9.4.1 Rates of strain and processes of deformation. - 9.5 Temperature dependence of creep rate and strength. - 9.6 Effect of soil composition. - 9.6.1 Size of soil particles. - 9.6.2 Ice content. - 9.6.3 Pore water salinity. - 9.7 Effect of normal and confining stresses on strength and deformation. - 9.7.1 Internal, thermodynamically controlled stresses. - 9.8 Field situations. - 9.8.1 Role of temperature and pressure variations. - 10 GEOCRYOLOGY PAST AND FUTURE. - 10.1 Geocryology and geotechnique. - 10.2 Energy exchange and climate instability. - 10.3 Thermodynamic and mechanical properties of frozen ground. - 10.4 Submarine and other extreme conditions for permafrost. - References. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Why Learn UNIX?. - How to Use This Book. - A Word About UNIX Versions. - Conventions Used in This Handbook. - Chapter 1 Introduction to the UNIX Operating System. - Logging In to UNIX. - UNIX Commands. - The UNIX File System. - Files and Filenames. - The File System's Structure. - Simple Commands for Working with Files. - Simple Commands for Working with Directories. - Wildcards. - File Access Permission. - Standard Input and Output. - Pipes. - Controlling Execution. - Stopping Programs. - Foreground and Background. - Running a Job at a Later Time. - Shell Programs. - Command Line Arguments. - Shell Variables. - Loops. - Conditionals. - Shell Customization. - Environment Variables. - Shell Variables. - Aliases. - Other Basic Tools. - Standard UNIX Documentation. - Online Help. - Chapter 2 Creating a FORTRAN Program with vi. - Invoking vi. - Retrieving Backup Versions. - Modes. - Text Mode. - Command Mode. - Moving Within a File. - Adding and Deleting Text. - Search Operations. - Moving Blocks of Text-Named Buffers. - Saving and Exiting. - Editing and Inserting Other Files. - Executing UNIX Commands from vi. - Other Features. - Options. - Pattern Matching. - Chapter 3 Compiling and Linking FORTRAN Programs. - FORTRAN Compilation. - Libraries. - Output Files. - make and the Compiler. - Compilation Options. - The Preprocessor. - Preprocessor Statements. - File Inclusion. - Conditional Compilation. - Comments. - Summary of Preprocessor Statements. - Assembling a FORTRAN Program. - Invoking the Assembler. - Linking FORTRAN Programs. - Invoking Id. - Linker Options. - Error Messages. - Creating Libraries. - Chapter 4 FORTRAN Working Environment. - FORTRAN I/O. - Default Filenames. - FORTRAN I/O Initialization. - Simple Character I/O. - File System Information. - Tape I/O. - UNIX System Calls and Functions. - Command Line Arguments. - Accessing the Environment. - Timing. - Mathematical Routines. - Executing UNIX Commands. - System Error Handling. - Installing Local Programs. - Chapter 5 Debugging FORTRAN Programs. - Source-level Debugging with dbx. - Compilation for dbx. - Starting dbx. - Basic dbx Commands. - Current File and Current Function. - Definitions and Conventions. - Advanced Features. - Debugging at the Assembly Level with adb. - Invoking adb. - adb Commands. - Executing a Program Under adb. - Working with Subroutines and Functions. - Working with Common Blocks. - Modifying Values. - Some Hints. - Chapter 6 Automatic Compilation with make. - Creating a makefile. - Dependencies. - Abbreviations and Macros. - Search Directories. - Default Compilation Rules. - Invoking make. - Convenient Flags. - make and RCS. - A Note on Source Files. - Error Messages. - Some Final Notes. - Chapter 7 Source Management with RCS. - Revision Trees. - Basic Operations. - RCS Directories and Files. - The Revision Log. - Identification Strings. - Strict Access. - More About Checking In. - New and Old Generations. - Other Features. - States. - Names. - Changing a File's Description. - Access Lists. - Chapter 8 Program Timing and Profiling. - Simple Timings. - Introduction to Profiling. - Preparing a Program for Profiling. - Name Handling. - Generating a Profile with gprof. - Interpreting a Profile from gprof. - The Flat Profile. - The Call Graph Profile. - Profiling with prof. - Appendix A Extensions and Oddities: UNIX Compatibility Issues. - UNIX FORTRAN Compilers. - UNIX Extensions. - Data Types. - Constants. - Tab Formatting. - File Inclusion. - I/O Extensions. - Intrinsic Functions. - Extensions to Avoid. - Quirks. - Save Status and Zero Initialization. - Common Block Padding. - Argument Matching. - Capitalization. - Listings. - Miscellaneous. - Appendix B Programs Mixing FORTRAN and C. - Calling C Procedures from FORTRAN. - Naming. - Arguments to Procedures. - Appendix C Data Representations. - Data Representations. - Storage Layout. - Integer Representation. - Logicals. - Floating-Point Numbers. - Single Precision (REAL, REAL*4). - Double Precision. - COMPLEX. - Error Conditions. - Appendix D UNIX Error Numbers and Signals. - General UNIX Error Numbers. - FORTRAN-Specific Error Numbers. - Signals. - Index.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: List of figures. - List of plates. - List of tables. - Acknowledgements. - Preface. - Itinerary for Canadian portion of tour. - GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. - Physiography and geology. - Quaternary geology. - Northern Yukon Territory and Mackenzie Delta. - Cordilleran Ice Sheet. - Montane glaciers of the southern Ogilvie Ranges. - Correlation and chronology. - Laurentide Glaciation. - Climate. - The Mackenzie Basin. - Northern Yukon. - Soils. - Distribution in the permafrost regions of Canada. - Distribution in Northwestern Canada. - Spil properties. - Patterned Ground Morphology. - Soil Texture and Rate of Decomposition. - Moisture and Ice Ccontent. - Soil Temperatures. - Micromorphology. - Cryoturbation. - Permafrost. - Distribution. - Thickness. - Active layer. - Ground ice. - Permafrost and climate change. - Vegetation. - Agriculture. - Overview. - Yukon. - Northwest Territories. - Forest resources. - Mining and exploration. - Overview. - Yukon. - Northwest Territories. - DESCRIPTION OF SOIL STOPS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. - Site 1, KM 4: Permafrost soil developed on organic terrain. - Organic soils in the Mackenzie Valley. - Mesic organic cryosol (Polygonal peat plateau). - Micromorphology. - Soil Temperature and Moisture. - Snow Depth, Active Layer Depth and Subsidence. - Site 2, KM 36: Permafrost soil developed on earth hummocks. - Orthic turbic cryosol, Peaty phase. - Micromorphology. - Soil Temperature and Moisture. - Snow Depth, Active Layer Thickness and Subsidence. - Site 3: Soil and permafrost development on recent alluvium. - Ecology of the Mackenzie Delta. - Mackenzie Delta ecosystems, Bonbardier Channel. - Site 4: Mackenzie River. - Site 5, KM 30: Richardson Mountains and glacial limit. - Site 6, KM 14: AUFEIS, or icing on James Creek. - Site 7, KM 5: Solifluction Site. - Site 8, KM 0: Continental divide, NWT/Yukon border. - Site 9, KM 425: Pediments and foothills, Richardson Transect. - Micromorphology. - Site 10, KM 403: Arctic circle. - Site 11, KM 400.5: Nonsorted circles (mudboils). - Origin of mudboils. - Orthic turbic cryosol associated with strongly cryoturbated materials. - Micromorphology. - Site 12, KM 366: Eagle plain monitoring site, Dempster Highway. - Soil Temperature and Moisture. - Micromorphology. - Site 13, KM 322: Forest fire site. - Site 14, KM 259: Peel River and Ogilvie Mountains Overview. - Site 15, KM 174: Sulphur Springs. - Site 16, KM 160-180: Tors on limestone ridges. - Site 17, KM 155: Calcareous soil on mid-pleistocene drift. - Brunisolic turbic cryosol. - Micromorphology. - Site 18, KM 115.5: Open-system Pingo. - Site 19, KM 96.5: Ice-wedge Polygons. - Site 20, KM 80: Frost mounds. - Site 21, KM 80: McConnell glacial limit. - Site 22, KM 77: Nonsorted circle site. - Micromorphology. - Site 23, KM 74: Tombstone Mountain Lookout. - Site 24: Midnight Dome Lookout. - Site 25: Agriculture on permafrost-affected soil. - Site 25a: The cleared soil. - Micromorphology. - Site 25b: The forested soil. - Micromorphology. - The impact of disturbance on soil physical properties. - Site 26: Placer gold mining in the Klondike District. - Site 27: Paleosols as indicators of past climate. - Wounded moose paleosol developed on Pre-Reid gravel. - Micromorphology. - Site 28: The effect of aspect on soil development. - Site 28a: Orthic dystric Brunisol (Southeast Aspect). - Micromorphology. - Site 28b: Regosolic Turbic cryosol (Northwest Aspect). - Site 29, KM 4: Sunnydale View. - Site 30, KM 53: Unglaciated Terrain - Tors and cryoplanation terraces. - Site 31, KM 102: Solifluction lobes and soil stripes. - Site 32, KM 107: Soils associated with sorted nets. - Orthic turbic cryosol. - References. - Appendices. - Appendix 1: The Canadian sysetm of soil classification. - Appendix 2: Methods. - Appendix 3: Glossary of micromorphological terms. - Appendix 4: Scientific and common names of plant species.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - I. Kapitel: Grundbegriffe und Größenordnungen. - 1. Atmosphäre. - 2. Klimasystem. - 3. Zeitliche Größenordnungen. - 4. Scale-Begriff. - 5. Klimadefinitionen. - II. Kapitel: Klimaelemente und Beobachtungssystem. - 1. Temperatur. - 2. Feuchte. - 3. Niederschlag. - 4. Druck. - 5. Wind. - 6. Bewölkung. - 7. Globales Beobachtungssystem. - III. Kapitel: Physikalische Grundlagen. - 1. Astronomische Grundlagen. - 2. Strahlungs- und Wärmehaushalt. - 3. Tief- und Hochdruckgebiet. - 4. Luftbewegung. - 5. Wolken- und Niederschlagsbildung. - IV. Kapitel: Atmosphärische Zirkulation1. Begriff der Zirkulation. - 2. Planetarische Zirkulation. - 3. Regionale Zirkulation. - V. Kapitel: Feldverteilungen der Klimaelemente. - 1. Druck und Wind . - 2. Temperatur. - 3. Niederschlag. - VI. Kapitel: Klimasynopsis. - 1. Allgemeine Aspekte. - 2. Spezielle Klimabegriffe. - 3. Klimadiagramme. - 4. Klimaklassifikationen. - 5. Klimamodelle. - VII. Kapitel: Natürliche Klimaänderungen. - 1. Grundprobleme. - 2. Informationsquellen. - 3. Klimageschichte. - VIII. Kapitel: Anthropogene Klimabeeinflussung. - 1. Stadtklima. - 2. Verstärkung des "Treibhauseffekts". - 3. Stratosphärischer Ozonabbau. - 4. Konsequenzen. - Literaturangaben. - Register.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Die Einstrahlung von Sonnenergie. - 2 Der Wasserdampf in der Atmosphäre. - Luftfeuchte. - Kondensation. - 3 Vertikalbewegung der Luft und Temperaturänderung. - 4 Der Alpenföhn. - 5 Wolkenbildung. - Schichtwolken. - Nebel, Smog und Glatteis. - 6 Die vertikale Temperaturschichtung. - 7 Gewitter. - 8 Niederschlag. - 9 Die Wettersphäre als Teil der Atmosphäre. - 10 Lufdruck und Wind. - 11 Thermisch bedingte Winde. - Land-Seewind-Mechanismus. - Berg-Talwind-Mechanismus. - Das Flurwind-Phänomen (Stadteinfluß). - 12 Isobaren - der Luftdruck in der Wetterkarte. - 13 Corioliskraft und Windrichtung. - 14 Die planetarischen Windsysteme. - Tropische Zirkulation. - Außertropische Zirkulation. - 15 Hoch- und Tiefdruckgebiete. - Entstehung. - Abschwächung. - 16 Wettereinfluß von Hoch- und Tiefdruckgebieten. - Was die Isobaren verraten. - Vertikal- und Horizontalzirkulation im Bereich von Hoch und Tief. - 17 Warm- und Kaltfronten. - 18 Der Werdegang eines Tiefdruckgebietes - die Zyklonenfamilie. - 19 Wettervorgänge beim Durchzug eines Tiefdruckgebietes. - 20 Typische Großwetterlagen über Europa. - 21 Wenn die Kälte von oben einbricht. - 22 Wiederkehrende Witterungen. - 23 Wetter, Witterung und Klima. - Klimaklassifikation. - 24 Die Klimazonen der Erde. - Kombination der globalen Windgürtel. - Charakteristika und regionale Eigenheiten von Klimazonen und Klimatypen. - 25 Chaos in Wetter und Klima - das Problem der Vorhersage. - Glossar. - Sachverzeichnis.

Note: Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss. , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abbildungsverzeichnis. - Tabellenverzeichnis. - Vorwort. - 1. Einleitung. - 1.1 Problemstellung und Ziel. - 1.2 Bevölkerungsentwicklung im Großraum Monterrey. - 1.3 Geographische und morphologische Übersicht. - 1.4 Lage des Arbeitsgebietes. - 2. Geologisch-tektonischer Überblick. - 2.1 Bisherige geologische Erkundung. - 2.2 Tektonik und Paläogeographie. - 3. Stratigraphie. - 3.1 Ober-Jura. - 3.1.1 Minas Viejas-Formation (Oxford/Kimmeridge). - 3.1.2 Zuloaga-Formation (Kimmeridge). - 3.1.3 La Casita-Formation (Kimmeridge/Unter-Berrias). - 3.2 Kreide. - 3.2.1 Taraises-Formation (Berrias/Unter-Hauterive). - 3.2.2 Cupido-Formation (Mittel-Hauterive/Mittel-Apt). - 3.2.3 La Peña-Formation (Ober-Apt). - 3.2.4 Aurora-Formation (Unter-Alb). - 3.2.5 Cuesta del Cura-Formation (Ober-Alb/Unter-Turon). - 3.2.6 Agua Nueva-Formation (Unter-Turon/Mittel-Turon). - 3.2.7 San Felipe-Formation (Coniac/Santon). - 3.2.8 Mendez-Formation (Campan/Maastricht). - 4. Homogenbereiche in Fest- und Lockergesteinen. - 4.1 Homogenbereiche in FestgesteinenfSchichtenfolge des Mesozoikums. - 4.1.1 Karbonatische Gesteine. - 4.1.2 Karbonatische Gesteine mit tonig-mergeligen Zwischenlagerungen. - 4.1.3. Tonig-mergelige Gesteine. - 4.2 Homogenbereiche in Lockergesteinen/Quartär. - 4.2.1 Genetische Gliederung der Lockergesteine. - 4.2.1.1 Kolluvium. - 4.2.1.2 Derrubium. - 4.2.1.3 Proluvium (Kegelschutt). - 4.2.1.4 Alluvium. - 4.2.2 Gliederung nach dem Kornaufbau. - 4.2.2.1 Brekzien. - 4.2.2.2 Blockströme. - 4.2.2.3 Blockschutt (〉 2m ⌀), miteinander in Kontakt. - 4.2.2.4 Blockschutt mit Blöcken 〉 2 m ⌀ in Grundmasse von eckigen Komponenten in Stein- bis Sandkorngröße "schwimmend". - 4.2.2.5 Blockschutt mit weitgestufter Korngrößenverteilung (Sandkorn- bis Blockgröße 〈 2 m ⌀). - 4.2.2.6 Steine, Kies und Sand (Hangschutt). - 4.2.2.7 Pelitische Sedimentation vor undräniertem Straßendamm (Schluff, Feuchtgebiet). - 5. Geologisch-klimatologische Grundlagen zur Bewertung der Hangstabilität. - 5.1 Ingenieurgeologische Kartierungen. - 5.2 Tektonische Elemente des Arbeitsgebietes. - 5.3 Geomorphologie. - 5.4 Klima. - 5.5 Hydrologie des Großraumes Monterrey. - 5.6 Hurrikans. - 5.6.1 Entstehung von Hurrikans. - 5.6.2 Hurrikan "GILBERTO". - 6. Böschungsstabilität. - 6.1 Grundsatzüberlegung. - 6.1.1 Autochthon. - 6.1.2 Parautochthon (Hakenschlagen). - 6.1.3 Allochthon. - 6.2 Massenbewegungen. - 6.2.1 Alte Kriechmasse im Zentralteil des Kartiergebietes. - 6.2.2 Entwässerungsnetz im Arbeitsgebiet und innerhalb der alten Kriechmasse. - 6.2.3 Allgemeine Ursachen der Hangbewegung im Kartiergebiet. - 6.3 Anthropogene Beeinträchtigungen der Böschungsstabilität und unzweckmäßige Baumaßnahmen. - 6.3.1 Bisherige Gründungsmethoden. - 6.3.2 Rodungen und Blockstürze. - 6.3.3 Regenwasser-Ableitungen. - 6.3.4 Bautechnische Mängel. - 6.3.5 Massenbewegungen im Fels durch starke Niederschläge. - 6.3.5.1 Klassifizierung von Hanggleitungen. - 6.3.5.2 Massenbewegungen in Tonsteinen der Méndez-Formation. - 6.3.5.3 Massenbewegungen in den Karbonatgesteinen mit tonig-mergeliger Zwischenlagerung. - 6.4 Standsicherheitsberechnungen. - 6.4.1 Zweck und Ziel der Berechnungen. - 6.4.2 Mechanik und Geometrie von Kriechbewegungen und Rutschmassen. - 6.4.3 Berechnungsverfahren. - 6.4.4 Tiefe der Gleitfläche. - 6.4.5 Standsicherheitsberechnungen für die große Kriechmasse (im mittleren Bereich des Kartiergebietes). - 6.4.5.1 Berechnungsansatz nach JANBU und Wahl der Kennwerte. - 6.4.5.2 Ergebnisse. - 7. Geologische Risiken und Empfehlungen für das Gebiet Chipinque. - 7.1 Zone 1: Flache Hänge, 〈 5° Neigung (Proluviurn). - 7.1.1 Risiken. - 7.1.2 Empfehlungen. - 7.2 Zone 2: Hänge, 5-15° Neigung, Schutt unverfestigt. - 7.2.1 Risiken. - 7.2.2 Empfehlungen. - 7.3 Zone 3: Hänge 〉 15° Neigung; Schutt aus allochthonen Fels- und Lockergesteinsmassen; lokale Rutsch- oder Kriechzonen. - 7.3.1 Risiken. - 7.3.2 Empfehlungen. - 7.4 Zone 4: Hänge meist 〉 15° Neigung in Tongesteinen der Méndez-Formation. - 7.4.1 Risiken. - 7.4.2 Empfehlungen. - 7.5 Zone 5: Autochthone Gipfelregion. - 7.5.1 Risiken. - 7.5.2 Empfehlungen. - 7.6 Zone 6: Erosionsrinnen. - 7.6.1 Risiken. - 7.6.2 Empfehlungen. - 7.7 Allgemeine Empfehlungen für eine Besiedlung der Steilhänge im Raum Monterrey. - 8. Zusammenfassung/Resumen. - 9. Literaturverzeichnis. - Anlagen. - Anlage 1: Geologische Karte 1:10.000 San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León (Chipinque). - Anlage 1a: A-B Geologischer Profilschnitt. - Anlage 1b: C-D Geologischer Profilschnitt. - Anlage 1b': C-D Geologischer Profilschnitt. - Anlage 2: Karte der Massenbewegungen 1:10.000. - Anlage 3: Geologische Risikokarte 1:10.000. - Anlage 4: Geologische Karte 1:40.000 (Monterrey). - Anlage 4a: A-B Geologischer Profilschnitt. - Anlage 5: Tektonische Übersicht (Monterrey). - Anlage 6: Geologische Karte 1:20.000 (San Pedro Garza García). - Anlage 7: Aufschlusskarte 1:10.000.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - Einleitung. - Transliteration. - DDR-Wissenschaftler in der Antarktis. - 1. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 5. SAE (1959-61). - 2. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 6. SAE (1960-62). - 3. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 7. SAE (1961-63). - 4. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 8. SAE (1962-64). - 5. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 10. SAE (1964-66). - 6. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 13. SAE (1967-69). - 7. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 14. SAE (1968-70). - 8. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 17. SAE (1971-73). - 9. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 19. SAE (1973-75). - 10. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 20. SAE (1974-76). - 11. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 21. SAE (1975-77). - 12. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 22. SAE (1976-78). - 13. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 23. SAE (1977-79). - 14. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 24. SAE (1978-80). - 15. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 25. SAE (1979-81). - 16. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 26. SAE (1980-82). - 17. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 27. SAE (1981-83). - 18. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 28. SAE (1982-84). - 19. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 29. SAE (1983-85). - 20. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 30. SAE (1984-86). - 21. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 31. SAE (1985-87). - 22. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 32. SAE (1986-88). - DDR-Gastforscher bei der 33. SAE (1987-1989). - 1. Antarktis-Expedition der DDR 1987-1989. - 2. Antarktis-Expedition der DDR 1988-1990. - DDR-Gastforscher bei der 34. SAE (1988-1990). - Zeitplan. - Postwertzeichen, Poststempel und philatelistische Drucksachen. - Briefmarken zum Thema DDR-Antarktisforschung. - Ganzsachen zum Thema DDR-Antarktisforschung. - Sonderstempel zum Thema DDR-Antarktisforschung. - Sonderbriefumschläge zum Thema DDR-Antarktisforschung. - Postgebühren. - Nichtpostalische Zusatzstempel. - Verzeichnis der Antarktisstationen. - Abkürzungsverzeichnis. - Literatur- und Quellennachweis.

Note: Contents: Primulaceae. - 1. Primula L. - 2. Androsace L. - 3. Glaux L. - 4. Lysimachia L. - Plumbaginaceae. - 1. Goniolimon Boiss. - 2. Limonium Mill. - Oleaceae. - 1. Fraxinus L. - Loganiaceae. - Buddleja L. - Gentianaceae. - 1. Centaurium Hill. - 2. Gentiana L. - 3. Nymphoides Seguier. - Apocynaceae. - 1. Apocynum L. - 2. Poacynum Baill. - Asclepiadaceae. - 1. Periploca L. - 2. Cynanchum L. - Convolvulaceae. - 1. Convovulus L. - 2. Calystegia R. Br. - 3. Cuscuta L. - Hydrophyllaceae. - 1. Phacelia Juss. - Boraginaceae. - 1. Rindera Pall. - 2. Heliotropium L. - 3. Messerschmidia L. ex Hebenstr. - 4. Symphytum L. - 5. Rochelia Reichb. - 6. Asperugo L. - 7. Gastrocotyle Bge. - 8. Nonea Medic. - 9. Lycopsis L. - 10. Heterocarpum DC. - 11. Cynoglossum L. - 12. Lappula V. Wolf. - 13. Stenosolenium Turcz. - 14. Trigonotis Stev. - 15. Lepechiniella M. Pop. - 16. Arnebia Forsk. - 17. Onosma L. - 18. Lithospermum L. - 19. Echium L. - Verbenaceae. - 1. Caryopteris Bge. - Labiatae. - 1. Amethystea L. - 2. Scutellaria L. - 3. Marrubium L. - 4. Lagopsis Bge. ex Benth. - 5. Schizonepeta (Benth.) Briq. - 6. Lallemantia Fisch. et Mey. - 7. Dracocephalum L. - 8. Nepeta L. - 9. Eremostachys Bge. - 10. Phlomis L. - 11. Leonurus L. - 12. Panzeria Moench. - 13. Lagochilus Bge. - 14. Stachys L. - 15. Charmaesphacos Schrenk. - 16. Salvia L. - 17. Clinopodium L. - 18. Ziziphora L. - 19. Hyssopus L. - 20. Thymus L. - 21. Mentha L. - 22. Lycopus L. - 23. Elsholtzia Willd. - 24. Plectranthus L'Her. - Solanaceae. - 1. Lycium L. - 2. Solanum L. - 3. Hyoscyamus L. - 4. Datura L. - Scrophulariaceae. - 1. Veronicastrum Heist. ex Farbic. - 2. Veronica L. - 3. Linaria Mill. - 4. Limosella L. - 5. Leptorhabdos Schrenk. - 6. Scrophularia L. - 7. Rehmannia Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey. - 8. Dodartia L. - 9. Omphalothrix Maxim. - 10. Euphrasia L. - 11. Odontites Ludw. - 12. Pedicularis L. - 13. Cymbaria L. - 14. Siphonostegia Benth. - Bignoniaceae. - 1. Incarvillea Juss. - Orobanchiaceae. - 1. Orobanche L. - 2. Cistanche Hoffmg. et Link. - Lentibulariaceae. - 1. Utricularia L. - Plantaginaceae. - 1. Plantago L. - Rubiaceae. - 1. Microphysa Schrenk. - 2. Galium L. - 3. Rubia L. - 4. Leptodermis Wall. - Caprifoliaceae. - 1. Lonicera L. - 2. Viburnum L. - 3. Sambucus L. - Valerianaeceae. - 1. Patrinia Juss. - Dipsaceae. - 1. Scabiosa L. - Campanulaceae. - 1. Adenophora Fisch. - 2. Lobelia L. - Compositae. - I. Eupatorieae. - 1. Eupatorium L. - II. Asterae Cass. - 2. Heteropappus Less. - 3. Aster L. - 4. Asterothamnus Novopokr. - 5. Galatella Cass. - 6. Linosyris Cass. - 7. Arctogeron DC. - 8. Tripolium Nees. - 9. Brachyactis Ledeb. - 10. Erigeron L. - 11. Conyza L. - III. Heliantheae. - 12. Xanthium L. - 13. Siegesbeckia L. - 14. Bidens L. - IV. Anthemideae. - 15. Achillea l. - 16. Tripleuospermum Sch. Bip. - 17. Tanacetum L. - 18. Hippolytia Poljak. - 19. Cancrinia Kar. et Kir. - 20. Brachanthemum DC. - 21. Dendranthema (DC,) Des. Moul. - 22. Stilpnolepis Krasch. - 23. Ajania Poljak. - 24. Filifolium Kitam. - 25. Kaschgaria Poljak. - 26. Elachanthemum Ling et Y. R. Ling. - 27. Neopallasia Poljak. - 28. Artemisia L. - V. Senecioneae. - 29. Senecio L. - 30. Ligularia Cass. - VI. Inuleae. - 31. Karelinia Less. - 32. Filago L. - 33. Leontopodium R. Brown. - 34. Gnaphalium L. - 35. Helichrysum Mill. - 36. Inula L. - 37. Pulicaria Gaertn. - VII. Echinopsideae. - 38. Echinops L. - VIII. Cynareae. - 39. Carlina L. - 40. Tugarinovia Iljin. - 41. Arctium L. - 42. Acroptilon Cass. - 43. Cousinia Cass. - 44. Olgaea Iljin. - 45. Ancathia DC. - 46. Carduus L. - 47. Cirsium Mill. emend. Scop. - 48. Silybum Adans. - 49. Oligochaeta C. Koch. - 50. Saussurea DC. - 51. Pilostemon Iljin. - 52. Jurinea Cass. - 53. Onopordum L. - 54. Russowia C. Winkl. - 55. Plagiobasis Schrenk. - 56. Serratula L. - 57. Schischkinia Iljin. - 58. Chartolepis Cass. - 59. Stemmacantha Cass. - 60. Amberboa (Pers.) Less. - 61. Hyalea (DC.) Jaub. et Spach. - 62. Centaurea L. - 63. Carthamus L. - IX. Cichorieae. - 64. Cichorium L. - 65. Garhadiolus Jaub. et Spach. - 66. Koelpinia Pall. - 67. Heteracia Fisch. et Mev. - 68. Achyrophorus Adans. - 69. Picris L. - 70. Epilasia (Bge.) Benth. et Hook. - 71. Scorzonera L. - 72. Tragopogon L. - 73. Taraxacum Wigg. - 74. Paramicrophynchus Kirp. - 75. Sonchus L. - 76. Cephalorrhynchus Boiss. - 77. Lactuca L. - 78. Chondrilla L. - 79. Hexinia H. L. Yang, gen. nov. in Addenda. - 80. Hieracium L. - 81. Crepis L. - 82. Ixeris Cass. - 83. Youngia Cass. - Addenda Diagnoses Taxorum Novarum. , Titel und Text in chines. Schr. , Nomenclature also in Latin.

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Dedication. - List of Contributors. - 1. Exine ultrastructure in the spores of enigmatic Devonian plants: its bearing on the interpretation of relationships and on the origin of the sporophyte / A. R. Hemsley. - 2. A review of Mesozoic megaspore ultrastructure / W. L. Kovach. - 3. Tests and applications of a method of quantitative analysis of fossil and extant lycopsid megaspore walls / W. A. Taylor. - 4. Exospore ultrastructure in Carboniferous sphenopsids / B. Lugardon and C. Brousmiche Delcambre. - 5. Comparative ultrastructure of living and fossil matoniaceous spores (Pteridophyta) / J. H. A. Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert and M.H. Kurmann. - 6. Ultrastructure of Teickertospora torquata (Higgs) from the Late Devonian: oldest saccate palynomorph / C. B. Foster and B.E. Balme. - 7. Comparative ultrastructure of fossil gymnosperm pollen and its phylogenetic implications / J. M. Osborn and T. N. Taylor . - 8. Pollen morphological diversity in extant and fossil gymnosperms / M. H. Kurmann and M. S. Zavada. - 9. Ultrastructure of pollen from Cretaceous angiosperm reproductive structures / K. R. Pedersen, E. M. Friis and P. R. Crane. - 10. Ultrastructure and relationships of mid-Cretaceous polyforate and triporate pollen from Northern Gondwana / J. V. Ward and J. A. Doyle. - 11. Pollen ultrastructure of Pandanaceae and the fossil genus Pandaniidites / C. L. Hotton, H. A. Leffingwell and J. J. Skvarla. - 12. Relationship between Propylipollis annularis (Tertiary dispersed pollen) and extant Xylomelum (Proteaceae) / L. A. Milne. - Taxonomic Index.

Note: Kassel, Gesamthochsch., Diss., 1993 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung und Problemstellung. - 2 Ökologie der Algen. - 2.1 Lebensraum. - 2.1.1 Wasser. - 2.1.2 Litoral. - 2.1.3 Luft. - 2.1.4 Boden. - 2.1.5 Technische Systeme. - 2.2 Algen als aktive Veränderer ihres Biotops. - 2.2.1 Eutrophierung. - 2.2.2 Algenausscheidungen. - 3 Selbstregulierende Entsorgungsysteme. - 3.1 Natürliche Selbstreinigungsvorgänge. - 3.1.1 Technische Nutzung von Selbstreinigungsvorgängen. - 3.2 Nutzung von Algen in der Abwasserreinigung. - 3.3 Biologische Wasseranalyse. - 3.3.1 Algen als Indikatoren der organischen Belastung. - 4 Material und Methoden. - 4.1 Auswahl der untersuchten Anlagen. - 4.1.1 Anlagenbeschreibung. - 4.2 Beprobungszeit und Probenahmestellen. - 4.2.1 Beprobungstermine. - 4.2.2 Bezeichnung der Probenahmestellen. - 4.3 Untersuchungsmethoden. - 4.3.1 Algenproben. - 4.3.1.1 Algenkulturen. - 4.3.1.2 Artenbestimmung. - 4.3.2 Bodenproben. - 4.3.3 Abwasserproben. - 5 Die Algenvegetation der untersuchten Anlagen. - 5.1 Wurzelraumanlage in Vlotho (A). - 5.2 Versuchsanlage Witzenhausen (B). - 5.3 Wurzelraumanlage in Bünde (C). - 5.4 Anlage Beberbeck (D). - 5.5 Sonstige Biotope. - 6 Veränderung der Algenzönosen entlang der Entsorgungskette. - 6.1 Artendiversität entlang der Entsorgungskette. - 6.1.1 Anlage Vlotho. - 6.1.2 Anlage Witzenhausen. - 6.1.3 Anlage Bünde. - 6.1.4 Anlage Beberbeck. - 6.2 Änderungen durch die technische Ausführung des Biotops. - 6.2.1 Anlage Vlotho. - 6.2.1.1 Ablaufbereich Vlotho. - 6.2.2 Anlage Bünde. - 6.2.2.1 Zulaufbereich Bünde. - 6.2.2.2 Ablaufbereich Bünde. - 6.2.3 Anlage Beberbeck. - 6.2.3.1 Zulaufbereich Beberbeck. - 6.2.3.2 Ablaufbereich Beberbeck. - 7 Vergleich der Teilbiotope ähnlicher technischer Ausführung. - 7.1 Anlagenbeete. - 7.1.1 Bodenalgenkulturen. - 7.1.1.1 Einfluß der organischen Belastung auf die Bodenalgenflora. - 7.1.1.2 Einfluß der Beprobungstiefe auf die Bodenalgenflora. - 7.1.2 Beetoberflächen. - 7.1.2.1 Einfluß der organischen Belastung auf die Algenflora des Beetezulaufes. - 7.2 Offene Wasserkörper. - 7.2.1 Fließwasserstrecken. - 7.2.2 Stehende Wasserkörper. - 8 Ökologische Ansprüche der gefundenen Algenarten. - 8.1 Auswirkungen der organischen Belastung und der technischen Parameter auf die Algenflora. - 8.2 Einschätzung von Leistungen der Algen in Kläranlagen. - 9 Zusammenfassung. - 10 Literaturverzeichnis. - 11 Anhang. - Anhang 1 - Schematische Fließdiagramme der Anlagen A-D. - Anhang 2 - Darstellung der gefundenen Algenarten. - Anhang 3 - Tabellenverzeichnis. - Anhang 4 - Abbildungsverzeichnis. - Anhang 5 - Photographische Biotop- und Algendarstellung.

Note: SUMARIO: Presentación. - Hidrografía al borde del hielo entre las islas Elefante y las Orcadas del Sur durante el verano austral 1988- 1989 / F. G. Figueiras y F. F. Pérez. - Hidrografía de Admiralty Bay, isla King George, Antártida, al comienzo del verano austral de 1988-1989 / R. Prego, F. F. Pérez y F. G. Figueiras. - Saruracrón de oxigeno disuelto en las aguas Investigadas durante la campaña "Antártida 8611" / A. Alvarez Meneses. - Peces capturados durante la campaña "Antártida 8611" / J. Matallanas. - Edad y crecimiento de Notothenia gibberifrons (Lönnberg, 1905), en Georgia del Sur / M. T. García Santamaría y E. Balguerias. - Algunos datos sobre la distribución, abundancia y biología de Patagonotothen brevicauda guntheri (Norman, 1937) en Shag Rocks / E. Balguerias y M. E. Quintero. - Dos nuevas especies de picnogónidos antárticos / T. Munilla. - Distribución espacial del Krill (Euphasia superba; Dana, 1852), obtenida durante la campaña "Antártida 8611" / l. Sobrino. - Análisis de los porcentajes de hembras fecundadas de Krill (Euphasia superba; Dana, 1852), obtenidos durante la campaña "Antártida 8611" / I. Sobrino. - Primeros datos sobre la flora y vegetación liquénica de isla Livingston (islas Shetland del Sur, Antártida) / L. G. Sancho, L. Kappen y B. Schroeter. - lnvestigaciones ecofisiológicas en líquenes antárticos. Primeros datos sobre la actividad fotosintética de líquenes crustáceos "in situ" / L. Kappen, B Schroeter y L. G. Sancho. - Microclima y fotosíntesis neta de Usnea antarctica a partir de mediciones realizadas "in situ" en isla Livingston (islas Shetland del Sur, Antártida) / B. Schroeter, L. Kapen y L. G. Sancho. - Notas acerca de una colonia de nidificación de Cormoran carunculado del Antártico (Phalacrocorax atriceps) en Bahía Paraíso (península Antartrca) / J. Curt y A . Fernández Riestra. - Observación de cinco cisnes de cuello negro (Cygnus melanocoryphus) en la zona del Tratado Antártico / J. Curt. - Catálogo de ceráceos, pinnípedos y aves observados desde el buque oceanográfico "Las Palmas" durante las navegaciones efectuadas en la zona del Tratado Antártico y en sus destacamentos de las islas Shetland del Sur y estrecho de Bransfiel (25-I-89 a 1-III-89) / J. Curt. - Foraminíferos, biofacies e hidrodinámica sedimentaria en la Antártida / G. Mateu. - Actividad antimicrobiana de un nuevo monoterpeno del Plocamium cartilagineum de la península Antártica / J. Rovirosa, L. Sánchez, Y. Palacios, J. Darías y A. San Martín. - Aspectos taxonómicos de bacterias aisladas en la isla Livingston durante la campaña 1986-1987 / N. Bozal, J. G. Loren y J. Guinea. - Observaciones de NO2 y ozono en el interíor del Vértice Polar Antártico / M. Gil, J. Cacho, L. Acedo y M. J. Sainz de Aja. - Condiciones meteorológicas del agujero del ozono en la Antártida / J. M. Cisneros. - Altos valores de humedad relativa medidos en la estratosfera antártica / J . M. Cisneros. - Aproximación al estudio de fenómenos micrometeorológicos en la isla Decepción / J . Vira, M. Ramos y M. R. Soler. - Las campañas 1987-1988, 1988-1989 al sur del mar de Brandsfield. Resultados científicos / M. Catalán. - Las campañas geodésicas 1987- 1988, 1988-1989 en las Shetland del Sur / J. Ballesteros, M. Berrocoso, M. Catalán, F. Cruz. R. Estrada. J. M. Fernández López, A. Luján, J. Muñoz, J. Sánchez del Toro, J. C. Sastre, R. Soto y J. G. Viramonte. - Las observaciones GPS en la red antártica 1988-1989. El efecto del campo gravitatorio austral en la observación de satélites / M. Catalán y M. Berrocoso. - Origen y estructura de la isla Decepción (islas Shetland del Sur) / J. Martí, A . Baraldo y J. Rey. - Geoquímica de fluidos en la isla Decepción / A. Valentin, M. Martini y J. L. Diez Gil. - Los enclaves de las rocas volcánicas de terraza Kendall y Bahía Murature, isla Decepción, Shetland del Sur. Antártida / C. Risso, A . Aparicio y J. G. Viramonte. - Anomalías térmicas y balance de flujo disipado en la isla Decepción, Shetland del Sur / M. Ramos, R. Ortiz, J. L. Diez Gil y J. G. Viramonte. - Caracterización de algunos parámetros termodinámicos del suelo del volcán Decepción (Antártida) / M. Ramos, M. Domínguez y R. Ortiz. - Temblores volcánicos en Decepción. Origen y evolución / J. Vila, A. M. Correig, R. Ortiz y J. Batlló. - Detección de una capa de baja velocidad asociada a las últimas erupciones en Decepción / J. Vila, A. M. Correig, R. Maciá y R. Ortiz. - Interpretación preliminar de un ensayo de perfil sísmico de refracción en Port Foster (isla Decepción) / R. Ortiz, R. Boloix y E. Carreño. - Actividad sísmica en el entorno de la Base Antártica Española Juan Carlos I (islas Livingston y Decepción) / R. Ortiz, J. Vila y J. C. Sastre. - Estudio del campo magnético en Port Foster (isla Decepción) / A. García, J. G. Viramonte, J. Vila y J. M. lbáñez. - Perfiles magnéticos sobre el sistema de fracturas del sector noroeste de Decepción / J. G. Viramonte, M Ramos, A. García, C. Suazo y J. L. Díez Gil. - Anomalías magnéticas al sur del mar de Bransfield / J. Acosta, M. Catalán, J. L. Diez, J. M Fernández López, A. García, P. Herranz, R. Ortiz y J. C. Sastre. - Tectónica reciente en los depósitos submarinos de la bahía de Depción / J. Rey, J. R. de Andrés, J. M. Fernández López y C. Palomo. - Nuevos datos de sísmica continua por reflexión sobre la evolución geodinámica reciente del margen de las Shetland del Sur y estrecho de Bransfield / J. L. Sanz, J. Acosta y P. Herranz. - Perfiles sísmicos en las Shetland del Sur y estrecho de Bransfiel. Estructura y dinámica reciente / J. Acosta, M. Catalán, P. Herranz y J. L. Sanz. - Análisis estructural del hielo del glaciar Cazadora, cuantificación direccional de la anisotropia y predicción del drenaje subglaciar. Base Antártica Española Juan Carlos l. Isla Livingston (Shetland del Sur) / A. Erase, l. Antigüedad y M. Taylor. - Distribución vertical de isótopos estables (Deuterio y Oxígeno-18) en el hielo del glaciar Cazadora junto a la Base Antártica Española Juan Carlos l. Isla Livingston (Shetland del Sur) / A. Eraso, l. Antigüedad, R. Gonfiantini, L. Araguas, M Gómez Martos y J. A. López Geta. - Distribución vertical de algunos oligoelementos presentes en el glaciar Cazadora junto a la Base Antártica Española Juan Carlos l. Isla Livingston (Shetland del Sur) / A. Eraso, l. Antigüedad. A. llarri, J. A. López Geta y M. Gómez Martos. - Análisis mineralógico y por microsonda de las cenizas volcánicas existentes junto a la Base Antártica Española Juan Carlos l. Isla Livingston (Shetland del Sur) / A. Eraso, l. Antigüedad, P. Herrero, J. Arostegui. L Eguiluz, C. Quesada y A. Sánchez. - Diferentes tipologías de aguas encontradas en la proximidad de la Base Antártica Española Juan Carlos l. Isla Livingston (Shetland del Sur) / l. Antigüedad, A. Eraso y R. Fernández Rubio. - Correlación entre caudales drenados y parámetros hidroquimicos en el río de la Base Antártica Española Juan Carlos l. Isla Livingston (Shetland del Sur) / l. Antigüedad, A. Eraso y R. Fernández Rubio. - Caracteríscicas del hidrograma en función de los datos meteorológicos y elaboración de la curva de gastos del río de la Base Antártica Española Juan Carlos l. Isla Livingston (Shetland del Sur) / l. Antigüedad. A. Eraso, A. Mangín y R. Fernández Rubió. - Anteproyecto de construcción de un azud en la albufera fósil del sexto nivel de playa existente junto a la Base Antá rtica Española Juan Carlos l. Isla livingston (Shetland del Sur) / A. Eraso, A. Sánchez de Toro, R. Fernández Rubio y J. Presa. - Instrumentación Antártica, unidad automática de adquisición de datos para aplicación general. / R. Ortiz y E. Giménez. - Instrumentación Antártica. Red Sísmica Digital / R. Ortiz y J. Vila. - Experiencias térmicas realizadas sobre el comportamiento térmico del acero en condiciones polares (Polo Norte Geográfico) / J. Aguirre, M Ramos, P. D. Sanz y A. Sigot. - Estudio de fa resistencia térmica del traje polar prototipo "CM" e , Sprache der Zusammenfassung: Englisch

Note: Inhalt: Das unüberwindbare Eischaos. - Unterwegs auf dem eigenen Schatten. - Eine Stunde unter Menschen. - Der Blizzard greift an. - Frische Eisbärenspuren im Eis. - Lebensweg eines Abenteurers. - Begegnung im Nirgendwo. - Die Polfalle, Träume und immer wieder das Eislabyrinth. - Knapp am Tod vorbei. - Ein arktisches Rodeo. - Das weiße Tor am Schwarzen Fluß. - Im Zauberkreis des Nordpols.

Note: Inhalt: Vorwort. - Prolog des Autors. - 1 "The longest road". - 2 Hier herrscht die Antarktis. - 3 Unter der Kapuze. - 4 Im Reich der Todesfallen. - 5 Die katabatische Windfolter. - 6 Schaffen wir es?. - 7 Der Wundervogel. - 8 Die Geisterstadt. - 9 Steger, der Teufelskerl. - 10 Sastrugis, so weit das Auge reicht. - 11 Hier kommen alle Winde von Norden. - 12 Weihnachten auf dem weißen Kontinent. - 13 Victor Wostok. - 14 Der Antarktis-Expreß. - 15 Der große Abstieg. - Epilog. - Anhang.

Note: Contents: Introduction. - Legend. - Chapter 1. Basic Directions of Snow and Ice Thermal Physics Study. - 1. Analysis of traditional theoretical and experimental methods. - 2. New methodological point of view on the thermal physics of snow-ice masses. - 3. Conditions of initial data. - 4. Complex heat transfer within the system "space-atmosphere-earth surface". - 5. Optical and thermophysical properties of snow and ice. - Chapter 2. General Statement of the Problem of Radiative Thermophysics. - 1. Absorption and scattering of light in optical-heterogeneous media. - 2. Optical phenomenological models and parameters of radiation transfer in light-scattering media (LSM). - 3. Distribution of absorbed radiation flux in the unlimited layer of LSM. - 4. Optical models and snow and ice characteristics as LSM ones. - 5. Influence of boundary conditions upon thermal regime of lightscattering snow-ice layer. - 6. Statements of basic problems of radiative thermal physics of snow and ice. - Chapter 3. Thermal Regime of Snow-Ice Cover. - 1. Estimation of heat processes characteristics of snow-ice covers. - 2. Oscillating external sources. - 3. Radiative-conductive mechanism of snow and ice heating. - 4. Thermal regime of combined snow-ice layers. - 5. Melting in snow-ice media under conditions of radiative heat transfer. - 6. Thermo-radiative heating and balance of the upper part of active layer of antarctic snow-ice covers. - Chapter 4. The Model of Metamorphic Evolution of Snow and Ice. - 1. Influence of radiation fluxes upon icy crystals of snow cover. - 2. Mechanism of sublimation under forming of snow cover. - 3. Phenomenological picture of sublimation in snow medium. - 4. The model of radiative-thermal regime under sublimation. - 5. Thermal regime of snow and ice under conditions of evaporation and condensation. - 6. On nature of snow and ice metamorphism. - Chapter 5. Radiative Thermophysics of Snow-Ice Masses in Practical utilization. - 1. Heat regime of snow-ice cover under thermoregulative film. - 2. Influence upon surface melting of glaciers. - 3. Antarctic experiments on artificial increase of ablation. - 4. Artificial increase of ablation control. - 5. Ecological aspects of artificial increase of ablation. - 6. Cooling in polar regions. - Chapter 6. Thermophysics of Antarctic Lakes. - 1. Natural conditions of oases. - 2. Types of antarctic lakes. - 3. One-dimensional heat problem. - 4. Simplification of the model. - 5. Thermal regime of fresh and saline lakes. - 6. Phenomenon of fresh-saline stratified lakes. - 7. Stationary model including mass transfer. - 8. Thermal regime of fresh-saline lake Vanda. - Chapter 7. Space Glaciology. - 1. Ice in Solar system. - 2. Radiative thermophysics of ice under cosmic conditions. - 3. Ice of cometary nuclei. - 4. Heat-balance models of 'radiative thermophysics of cometary nuclei. - Conclusion. - References. - Index. , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Preface Introduction The Earth as a global system Basic building blocks Introduction The atmosphere The hydrosphere The cryosphere The geosphere The biosphere Global cycles Introduction The water cycle Bio-geochemical cycles Natural changes Introduction Crucial changes on characteristic time scales The development of civilization and its consequences for the Earth system Signals from a disturbed environment Introduction The changed environment Problems caused by a growing world population The world of tomorrow Introduction Climate models and their limits Living in a greenhouse searching for traces and solutions The sciences being challenged Introduction Guidelines for a program of research into global changes Science and politics take up the challenge: International and national research programs Introduction International efforts Global Change research in Germany Acronyms and Abbreviations Bibliography: Illustrations

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Einleitung Die Erde als globales System Bausubstanz Die turbulente Lufthülle Der träge Weltozean Die sensiblen Eismassen Die Erde: Kruste, Mantel, Kern Leben im Meer und an Land Natürliche Veränderungen Kreisläufe Der Wasserkreislauf Die Nährstoff-Kreisläufe Die Zivilisation und ihre Folgen Der zusätzliche Treibhauseffekt Ozon - das magische Molekül Schatztruhe Regenwald Bevölkerungswachstum Die Weit von morgen Die Rettung des Planeten Suchen nach Spuren und Lösungen Herausgeforderte Wissenschaft Neue Forschungsstrategien Nach dem Umweltgipfel in Rio Quellenverzeichnis: Abbildungen

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1. FROZEN GROUND 1.1 Frozen ground support systems Frozen earth wall Design considerations 1.2 Seasonally and perennially frozen ground Cold regions: definition Subsurface temperatures Active layer, Permafrost 1.3 Terrain features in permafrost areas Ground ice features Patterned ground 1.4 Engineering considerations Freezing process Thawing of frozen ground Frost action Useful aspects of frozen ground Ice as a construction material Problems CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Composition and structure of frozen ground Soil types Phase relationships Ice phase Particle size and size distribution Consistency of cohesive soils 2.2 Soil classification Unified soil classification system Frozen soil classification 2.3 Water-ice phase relationships Unfrozen water in frozen soil Effect of solutes on freezing 2.4 Soil frost action Frost action process Frost susceptibility of soils Frost-heave forces Freeze-thaw effects on permeability 2.5 Thermal properties Thermal conductivity Heat capacity Thermal diffusiuity Latent heat of fusion Thermal expansion (or contraction) Problems CHAPTER 3. HEAT FLOW IN SOILS 3.1 Heat transfer at the ground surface Climatic factors Freezing (or thawing) indices Surface n-factor 3.2 Seasonal ground freezing (or thawing) Frost depth Thawing of frozen soil Design implications 3.3 Temperature below cooled (or heated) areas Steady state heat flow Transient temperatures Periodic heat flow 3.4 Thermal analysis: frozen ground support systems Single freeze pipe Wall formation Multiple rows of freeze pipes Problems CHAPTER 4. THAW BEHAVIOR OF FROZEN GROUND 4.1 Thaw settlement 4.2 Consolidation of thawing soils Thaw consolidation Residual stress in thawing soils 4.3 Thaw-consolidation in some layered systems Two layer soil problems Compressible soil ouer discrete ice layers Problems CHAPTER 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOILS 5.1 Stress-strain-time and strength behavior Hydrostatic pressure effect on frozen soil behavior Shear stress effect on frozen soil behavior 5.2 Factors influencing creep and strength Creep of frozen soil under constant stress Stress-strain behavior under constant strain rate Ice content effect on strength Normal pressure effect on strength Strain rate effect on strength Temperature effect on strength Frozen soil behauior at cryogenic temperatures 5.3 Analytical representation of creep and strength data General creep equation Strength of frozen soils Comparison with Vyalou's creep and strength equations Normal pressure effect on creep and strength Salinity effect on frozen soil creep and strength 5.4 Frozen soil behavior in uniaxial tension 5.5 Deformability of frozen soils 5.6 Compressibility of frozen soils Problems CHAPTER 6. CONSTRUCTION GROUND FREEZING 6.1 Design considerations Ground freezing applications Soil conditions Groundwater flow Ground movement 6.2 Freezing methods and system installation Primary plant and pumped loop secondary coolant Expendable liquid refrigerant Installation of the cooling system 6.3 Structural design of frozen earth walls Curved walls Straight walls and combinations Tunnels Finite-element method 6.4 Monitoring requirements Freeze hole deviation Temperature Frost boundary location and wall thickness 6.5 Other construction considerations Protection of exposed frozen earth Concrete placement against frozen earth Problems CHAPTER 7. FOUNDATIONS IN FROZEN SOILS 7.1 General considerations Foundations in seasonally frozen ground Foundations in permafrost 7.2 Shallow foundations Selection of foundation method Design of shallow foundations Bearing capacity Settlement considerations 7.3 Pile foundations Pile types Pile placement Pile freezeback Axially loaded piles Laterally loaded piles Anchors in frozen ground 7.4 Frost-heave forces on foundations Tangential forces on a vertical surface Design for frost heave Problems CHAPTER 8. STABILITY OF SOIL MASSES IN COLD REGIONS 8.1 Landslides in permafrost: classification 8.2 Slopes in thawing permafrost Low-angle planar flows Slides 8.3 Slopes in frozen soils 8.4 Slope stabilization methods Construction and design techniques Stabilization of planar slides Stabilization of cut slopes Problems CHAPTER 9. EARTHWORK IN COLD REGIONS 9.1 Site considerations Drainage Thermal and frost action factors Subsurface conditions Material sources 9.2 Excavation and transport Mechanical excavation Drilling and blasting Thawing frozen soil Hydraulic dredging 9.3 Field placement Compaction Placement in water 9.4 Water-retaining embankments on permafrost Unfrozen embankments Frozen embankments Maintaining the frozen state Thermal and stability considerations 9.5 Embankment performance Frost heave Settlement Stability Artificial islands CHAPTER 10. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 10.1. Sampling frozen ground Sampling methods Sample protection 10.2 Ground-temperature measurement Temperature sensors and measuring equipment 10.3 Field testing of frozen soils Field test methods Pressuremeter test Deep static cone penetration test Other types of field tests 10.4 Geophysical methods Seismic velocities in frozen ground Electrical properties of frozen ground Geophysical techniques used in frozen ground High-frequency electrical methods Borehole logging in permafrost APPENDIX A. SYMBOLS APPENDIX B. SI UNITS APPENDIX C LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS ON FROZEN SOILS C1 Handling, storage, and machining of specimens prior to testing C2 Uniaxial compression test C3 Uniaxial tensile test C.4 Salinity of soil pore water C5 Thermosiphon C6 Pile load test in permafrost REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

Note: INHALT Summary Verzeichnis der Abbildungen Verzeichnis der Tabellen Erläuterung der verwendeten Abkürzungen 1. EINLEITUNG 2. UNTERSUCHUNGSGEBIETE 2.1 Oberbayerische Alpenrandseen 2.2 Maarseen der Eifel 2.3 Hessische Baggerseen 2.4 Sonstige Seen 3. MATERIAL UND METHODEN 3.1 Probenahme und Substrat 3.2 Präparation und Auszählung 3.3 Chemisch-physikalische Parameter 3.4 Bestimmung der trophischen Kenngrößen 3.4.1 Toleranzen und Artengruppen 3.4.2 Präferenzen und Indikationssystem 3.5 Weitere statistische Verfahren und Kenngrößen der Gesellschaftsstruktur 4. ERGEBNISSE 4.1 Trophie-Indikation anhand von Aufwuchs-Diatomeen 4.1.1 Gesellschaftsstrukturen und trophischer Status 4.1.2 Trophische Valenzen und Artengruppen 4.1.3 Die Diatomeenflora der Seen: Vorkommen und Autökologie 4.1.4 Trophische Charakterisierung der Alpenrandseen anhand der Diatomeenflora Anwendung des Indikationssystems 4.1.5 Diversität und Trophie 4.2 Substrateinfluß 4.2.1 Gesellschaften natürlicher Substrate 4.2.2 Gesellschaften künstlicher Substrate 4.3 Bemerkungen zur Saisonalität: Der Aspektwechsel in den Alpenrandseen 5. DISKUSSION 6. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 7. LITERATUR 8. ARTENREGISTER

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS ECOLOGY 1 Sea ice: its formation, distribution and properties 2 Ice-associated ecosystems 3 Ice diatoms 4 Techniques for sampling sea-ice algae 5 The Antarctic planktonic ecosystem 6 Some aspects of the large-scale physical oceanography of the Arctic Ocean influencing biological oceanography 7 Arctic planktonic ecosystems 8 Arctic plankton diatoms: dominant species, biogeography 9 The paleontological significance of fossil diatoms from the high-latitude oceans TAXONOMY 10 Key to diatom families and glossary 11 Family Thalassiosiraceae Section 1: the genera Skeletonema, Pororsira, Bacterosira, and Detonula and the genus Thalassiosira from the Arctic Section 2: the genus Thalassiosira from the Antarctic 12 Family Leptocylindraceae: the genus Corethron 13 Family Coscinodiscaceae: the genus Stellarima 14 Family Hemidiscaceae: the genera Actinocyclus and Azpeitia 15 Family Rhizosoleniaceae: the genera Rhizosolenia and Proboscia 16 Family Biddulphiaceae: the genus Eucampia 17 Family Diatomaceae: the genera Thalassiothrix and Trichotoxon 18 Family Naviculaceae: Arctic species of the genera Diploneis, Gyrosigma, Haslea, Navicula, Pinnularia, Pleurosigma, Stauroneis and Stenoneis 19 Family Naviculaceae: the genera Plagiotropis, Manguinea, Membraneis, and Banquisia 20 Family Naviculaceae: the genus Pseudogomphonema 21 Family Auriculaceae and Bacillariaceae: the genera Auricula, Hantzschia, and Nitzschia 22 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Pseudonitzschia 23 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Nitzschiella 24 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Fragilariopsis BIBLlOGRAPHY

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES 1. NORTHERN HYDROLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Definition of "North" 1.2.1. Physical North 1.2.1.1. Polar Circles 1.2.1.2. Temperature 1.2.1.3. Snow/Ice Covers 1.2.1.4. Frozen Ground 1.2.1.5. Vegetation 1.2.1.6. Run-Off Direction 1.2.1.7. Composite Definition 1.2.1.8. Guideline Definition 1.3. Natural Landscape, Climate and Hydrology 1.3.1. General Landscape 1.3.2. Hydroclimatic Characteristics 1.3 .2.1. Precipitation/Snowcover 1.3.2.2. Drainage/Run-Off 1.3.2.3. Surface Storage 1.3.2.4. Permafrost 1.3.2.5. Ground Water 1.3.2.6. Evaporation/Evapotranspiration 1.3.2.7. Freshwater Ice Cover 1.3.2.8. Data-Collection Networks 1.4. Hydrological Classifications 1.4.1. Church (1974) Classification 1.4.1.1. Arctic-Nival 1.4.1.2. Subarctic-Nival 1.4.1.3. Proglacial 1.4.1.4. Muskeg 1.4.2. Network Classification 1.5. Development and Water Use 1.5.1. Historical Resource Development 1.5.2. Present Resources 1.5.2.1. Hydro-Power 1.5.2.2. Diversions 1.5.2.3. Mining 1.5.2.4. Oil and Gas 1.6. Evolving Issues 1.6.1. Northem Pollution 1.6.2. Global Change Effects 1.6.2.1. Precipitation/Snow/Glaciers 1.6.2.2. Floating Ice 1.6.2.3. Permafrost 1.6.2.4. Other 1.6.3. Monitoring Global Change 1.7. Reflections 2. SNOW HYDROLOGY 2.1. Introduction 2.1.1. Basic Processes 2.1.1.1. Atmospheric Processes 2.1.1.2. Snowcover Formation 2.1.1.3. Snowmelt Run-Off Processes 2.1.1.4. Snowcover Chemistry 2.1.2. Geographical Variations 2.1.2.1. Snowfall 2.1.2.2. Snowcover 2.1.2.3. Nival Streamflow Regimes 2.1.3. Relationship to Other Hydrological Variables 2.2. Historical Background 2.2.1. Snowfall 2.2.2. Snowcover Properties 2.2.3. Snowmelt Run-Off 2.3. Current Research 2.3.1. Blowing Snow 2.3.2. Meltwater Infiltration 2.3.3. Water Flux Through Cold Snowcovers 2.3.4. Remote Sensing 2.3.5. Snow Chemistry 2.3.6. Snow/Ground Interface Temperature 2.3.7. Snow Radiative Properties 2.4. Future Research Needs 2.4.1. Snowfall 2.4.2. Snowcover 2.4.3. Snowmelt 2.4.4. Snowmelt Run-Off 2.4.5. Removal of Solutes from Melting Snowcovers 3. PERMAFROST HYDROLOGY 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Historical Background 3.2.1. Streamflow Studies 3.2.2. Water-Balance Studies 3.2.3. Hillslope Hydrological Studies 3.2.4. Studies of Lake and Wetland Hydrology 3.3. Recent Trends 3.4. Current Research 3 .4.1. Coupling Snowmelt, Infiltration and Soil Moisture 3.4.2. Hydrological Modelling 3.5. Future Research Needs 3.5.1. Regional Hydrology 3.5.2. Climatic Change and Permafrost Hydrology 3.5.2.1. Application of Spatial Analogues 3.5.2.2. Application of Climatic Variability Analogues 3.5.2.3. Use of Simulation Models 4. GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY 4.1. Introduction 4.1.1. Permafrost 4.1.2. Properties of Frozen Ground and Permafrost 4.1.2.1. Ice and Water Contents 4.1.2.2. Hydraulic Conductivity 4.1.3. Effects on Water Chemistry 4.1.3.1. Low Temperatures 4.1.3.2. Permafrost 4.2. Aquifers in Permafrost Areas 4.2.1. Position Relative to Permafrost 4.2.2. Suprapermafrost Aquifers 4.2.2.1. Subtype I Aquifers 4.2.2.2. Subtype II and III Aquifers 4.2.2.3. Chemical composition of suprapermafrost water 4.2.3. Intrapermafrost Aquifers 4.2.3.1. Open Taliks 4.2.3.2. Lateral Taliks 4.2.3.3. Isolated Taliks 4.2.3.4. Chemical Composition of Intrapermafrost Water 4.2.4. Subpermafrost Aquifers 4.2.4.1. Unconsolidated Deposits 4.2.4.2. Sedimentary Bedrock 4.2.4.3. Karst 4.2.4.4. Igneous and Metamorphic Terrain 4.2.4.5. Chemical Composition of Subpermafrost Water 4.3. Ground-Water Hydrology 4.3.1. Comparison with Non-Permafrost Areas 4.3.2. Infiltration and Ground-Water Recharge 4.3.3. Lateral Movement of Ground Water 4.3.4. Discharge of Ground Water 4.3.4.1. Springs 4.3.4.2. Base Flow 4.3.4.3. Icings 4.3.4.4. Ground-Water Discharge Rates from Icing Volumes 4.3.4.5. Chemical Composition of Icings and Meltwater 4.3.5. Importance of Ground Water 4.3.5.1. Fisheries 4.3.5.2. Vegetation 4.3.5.3. Water Supply 4.3.5.4. Recreation and Space Heating 4.4. Historical Background 4.4.1. Pre-1970 Situation 4.4.2. Recent Advances 4.4.3. Agencies Involved in Recent Research 4.4.4. Incentives for Recent Research 4.5. Current Research 4.6. Future Research Needs 4.6.1. Major Unknowns 4.6.2. Subjects Requiring Research 4.6.3. Future Incentives for Ground-Water Research 4.6.4. Major Impediments 5. HYDROLOGY OF FLOATING ICE 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Ice Processes on Rivers and Lakes: an Overview 5.3. Historical Background 5.3.1. Floods and High Stages 5.3.2. Low Flow 5.3.3. Flow Duration 5.3.4. Flow Measurement 5.4. Current Research 5.4.1. Ice Jams, Break-Up and Freeze-Up 5.4.2. Low Flows 5.4.3. Flow Duration 5.4.4. Flow Measurement 5.5. Future Research Needs 5.5.1. Ice Jams, Break-Up and Freeze-Up 5.5.2. Low Flows 5.5.3. Continuous Simulation 5.5.4. Flow Measurement 5.6. New Research Approaches 5.7. Conclusion 5.8. Acknowledgements 6. GLACIER HYDROLOGY 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Glacier Hydrology: an Overview 6.2.1. Run-Off 6.2.2. Local Variability in Climatic Inputs 6.2.3. Regional Variability 6.2.4. Temporal Variability in Climatic Inputs 6.2.5. Glacier Outburst Floods 6.2.6. Distribution and Characteristics of Canadian Glaciers 6.3. Process and Regional Examples 6.3.1. Typical Run-off Components from a Glacierized Catchment 6.3.2. Western Cordilleran Example - Peyto Glacier 6.3.3.1. Basin Description 6.3.3.2. Meteorological Inputs and Snow-Line Movement 6.3.3.3. Internal Hydrology of the Glacier 6.3.3.4. Specific Yield within the Basin 6.3.3.5. The Resultant Hydrographs 6.3.3.6. Detailed Interrelationship (1970/74) 6.3.4. High-Arctic Example - White Glacier 6.4. A History of Glacier Hydrology Studies 6.4.1. Studies in the Western Cordillera 6.4.2. The Arctic lslands 6.4.3. Studies in the Yukon 6.4.4. Studies in Labrador 6.4.5. The International Hydrological Decade 6.4.6. International Hydrological Programme 6.5. The Main Achievements of Hydrology Studies in Glacierized Basins 6.5.1. Basic Description of Resources 6.5.2. Achievements in Glacier Mass Balance 6.5.3. Achievements in Glacier-Run-Off Studies 6.5.3.1. Meltwater Generation 6.5.3.2. Glacier Outburst Floods 6.5.3.3. Models of Basin Run-Off 6.5.4. Achievements in Surveying and Remote Sensing 6.6. The Future 7. WATER-QUALITY RESEARCH 7.1. Introduction 7 .2. Historical Background 7.2.1. Activities Prior to 1969 7.2.2. Overview ofN.W.T. Water-Quality Network Data 7.2.3. Mackenzie River Basin 7.2.4. Yukon River Basin 7.2.5. Limnological Research Activities near Resolute, Cornwallis Island and at Saqvaqjuac 7.3. Current Research - Long-Range Atmospheric Transport and Deposition 7.4. Future Research Needs 7.5. Acknowledgements 8. THE REGIONAL ENERGY BALANCE 8.1. Introduction 8.1.1. Basic Processes 8.1.2. Regional Variations 8.1.3. Relationship to Other Hydrological Variables 8.1.4. Importance to the Northern Environment 8.2. Historical Background 8.2.1. Subarctic 8.2.2. Arctic Tundra 8.2.3. Glacierized Basins 8.3. Current Research 8.4. Future Research Needs 9. REGIONAL HYDROLOGY 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Hydrological Regions 9.2.1. Shawinigan Engineering Studies 9.2.2 Acres Consulting Services Ltd 9 .2.2.1. Annual Yield 9.2.2.2. Low Flow 9.2.2.3. Floods 9.2.3. Joint DOE-DIAND Studies 9.2.4. 1985-86 IWD Network Evaluation in Western and Northern Region 9.2.5 The Maekenzie River Basin Flow Model 9.3. River Elements in the Northern Hydrological Cycle 9.3.1. Snowfall Components 9.3.2. Ice Proeesses and Northem Streamflow 9.3.2.1. The Freeze-Up 9.3.2.2. Midwinter Flows 9.3.2.3. Streamflow in the Annual Break-Up 9.4. Northern Streamflow Data Collection 9.5. Conclusions 10. WATER MANAGEMENT NORTH OF 60° 10.1. lntroduction 10.2. Legislative Framework 10.3. Water Boards 10.4. Licensing and Authorization 10.4.1. Lieensing 10.4.2. Authorization 10.5. Enforcement 10.6. Data Collection 10.6.1. Water Quantity 10.6.2. Water Quality 10.6.3. Preeipitation 10.7. Planning 10.7.1. Comprehensive Planning 10.7.2. Integrated Planning 10.8. Major Ma

Note: ОГЛАВАВНИВ Введение Глава I. ИСТОРИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ ОБ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ AЛACOB Глава 2. ФИЗИКО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ АЛАСОВ Глава 3. ГЕОКРИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ АЛАСОВ Глава 4. МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ AЛACOB 4.1. Морфометрия и морфология аласов 4.2. Распространение аласов 4.3. Ориентированные аласы и их происхождение Глава 5. ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ РАЗВИТИЯ АЛАСОВ ОТ УВЛАЖНЕННОСТИ ТЕРРИТОРИИ 5.1. О ритмичности природных процессов и явлений 5.2. Изменения суммы атмосферных осадков 5.3. Изменения обводнения аласов 5.4. Колебания уровня аласных озер за период инструментальннх наблюдений 5.5. Связь колебаний уровня озер с общей увлажненностью территории Глава 6. ОТЛОЖЕНИЯ АЛАСНЫХ ОЗЕР - ОТРАЖЕНИЕ ИСТОРИИ РАЗВИТИЯ АЛАСОВ 6.1. Методика проведенного исследования 6.2. Механизм формирования донных отложений аласных озер 6.3. Стратификация и состав донных отложений аласных озер 6.4. Спорово-пыльцевой спектр донных отложений и природные особенности прошлых эпох 6.5. Колебания уровня аласных озер за многолетний период rлава 7. НАРОДНОХО3ЯЙСТВЕННОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПРОВЕДЕННЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРА , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Антропогенные изменения климата криоэкология / М.К.Гаврилова Изменчивость параметров гидротермического режима грунтов на склоновых ландшафтах Центральной Якутии / С.П.Варлатов, Ю.Б. Скачков, П.Н.Скрябин Влияние инверсии воздуха на температурный режим маревых ландшафтов Западной Якутии / П.Я. Копстаптинов К вопросу типизации деятельного слоя на примере Якутии / И.С. Васильев Склоновая микрозональность ландшафтов долины среднего течения р. Амги / А.Н. Горохов. Криогенные "мезы" - специфическая особенность высокогорных ландшафтов Центральных Анд / А.П. Горбунов. Засоление почв при аласообразовании / Р.В. Десяткин Радиационный баланс и микроклимат листвсннично-березовоrо леса Центральной Якутии / И. Сугаров Оценка чувствительности мерзлотных ландшафтов на примере трассы маmстрального водовода р Лена-Татта / А.Н. Федоров, Н.П. Босиков, П.Я. Константинов, Я.И. Торговкин, И.С.Василъев, Т.А. Ботулу Дистанционный контроль естественной и антропогенной динамики природной среды Севера / М.М. Шаи, А.Г. Корев, С.И.Сериков О развитии криогенных процессов и устойчивости агроземель в Якутии / П.П. Гаврилъев О влиянии техногенных нарушений на температурный режим грунтов на Приленском плато / П.Н.Скрябин, Г.Г. Пудов Прокладка газопровода на маревых и аласных участках Центральной Якутии / И.П. Константинов, В.А. Попов Криогенное разрушение сенокосных угодий Заполярья / В.П. Босиков Формирование и режим техногенных криопэщв в ландшафтах долины р. Лены / B.Н. Kиpeeв Температура rорных пород техногенных ландшафтов месторождения трубки "Удачная" / И.В. Климовский, С.П. Готовцев Изменение водно-физических свойств почв аласов под антропогенным воздействием / В.Г. Тарабукина Подземные льды и хозяйственное освоение высокогорных территорий Тянь-Шаня и Памира / Е.Д. Ермолин Уточненная методика сглаживания для решения одномерной задачи Стефана / А.С. Тетельбаум , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Masterarbeit, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, 1992 , Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 introduction 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Literature review 1.3.1 Overland flow 1.3.2 Overland flow from partial areas 1.3.3 Subsurface stormflow 1.3.4 The variable source area subsurface stormtlow concept 1.3.5 Groundwater and the capillary fringe effect 1.3.6 Preferential flow 1.3.6.1 Macropore flow 1.3.6.2 Unstable flow 1.4 Summary of uncertainties in the vadose zone Chapter 2 Methodology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Harp 4-21 basin: site description 2.2.1 Basin topography 2.2.2 Bedrock and surficial geology 2.2.3 Vegetation 2.2.4 General hydrology 2.3 Basin instrumentatio 2.3.1 Stream 2.3.2 Phreatic zone 2.3.3 Vadose zone 2.3.3.1 Soil moisture 2.3.3.2 Preferential flowpaths 2.4 Hillslope transect instrumentation 2.4.1 The hillslope transect 2.4.2 Time domain reflectometry 2.4.3 Vadose water extraction 2.5 Sampling techniques, frequency and chemical analyses 2.5.1 Precipitation 2.5.2 Stream 2.5.3 Phreatic zone 2.5.4 Vadose zone 2.5.4.1 Soil moisture measurement and analysis of the TDR trace 2.5.4.2 Vadose water sampling 2.5.5 Chemical analysis Chapter 3 Results and Discussion: Antecedent Moisture Conditions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Runoff events ~ampled during the May 1990 - April 1991 field season 3.3 Assessment of antecedent moisture conditions in the Harp 4-21 basin 3.3.1 Seasonal basin yield 3.3.2 Seasonal depth to water-table 3.3.3 Tensiometric data 3.3.4 Soil moisture conditions in the hillslope transect (Time Domain Reflectometry) 3.3.4.1 Soil water content/depth to water-table relationship 3.3.4.2 Estimation of the capillary fringe thickness and the temporal variation of basin area in which it extends to the ground surface 3.4 Assessment of the origin of water in the vadose zone of near-stream and lower slope areas which experience significant water-table responses during runoff generating events 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Near-stream 07 piezometer nest 3.4.3 Lower slope TD4 mini-piezometer nest Chapter 4 Preferential flowpathways: Results and discussion 4.1. Discharge contributions to streamflow during runoff events 4.2. Assessment of the origin of water emmitted from the soil pipes during runoff events Chapter 5 Conclusions References Appendix I Appendix II Appendix Ill Appendix IV Appendix V , Englisch

Note: CONTENTS Introduction / Ming-ko Woo and Denis J. Gregor No Great Change: A Commentary on 50 Years of Watching Arctic Science / F. Kenneth Hare Arctic Climate in the Future / David Etkin and Tom Agnew Ice and Snow in the Arctic and Global Change / Peter Adams Snow, Sea· Ice and Climate: A Study of Scales / Ellsworth F. LeDrew and David G. Barber Past Climate Changes as Deduced from Canadian Ice Cores / Roy M. Koerner Natural and Anthropogenic Influences on the Chemical Composition of the Arctic Troposphere / Leonard A. Barrie Organic Micropollutants in Arctic Snow and Pim / Denis J. Gregor Climatic Change and the Permafrost Landscape / Antoni G. Lewkowicz Arctic Streamflow / Ming-ko Woo Ecology and Palaeocology of the Northern Treeline / Glen M. MacDonald and K. Gajewski Climate Change and its Effects on Canadian Arctic Plant Communities / Sylvia A. Edlund Environmental Change and Prehistory in Arctic Canada / Patricia D. Sutherland Concluding Remarks / George D. Hobson Glossary

Note: Bachelorarbeit, Wilfrid Laurier University, 1993 , TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Water Balance 2.3 Nutrient Inputs 2.4 Models Chapter 3 Study Site and Site Characteristics 3.1 Study Site Location 3.2 Geology 3.3 Surface Cover 3.4 Permafrost Depth 3.5 Lake Formation 3.6 Lake Characteristics 3.7 Lake Sub Basin Characteristics 3.8 Climate 3.9 Precipitation and Melt 3.10 Evaporation Chapter 4 Methods 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Physical Sampling 4.2.1 Water Level 4.2.2 Stream Discharge 4.2.3 Precipitation 4.2.4. Radiation 4.2.5 Evaporation 4.2.6 Groundwater 4.3 Chemical Sampling 4.3.1 Total Phosphorus 4.4 Biological Sampling 4.4.1 Chlorophyll a 4.5 Water Balance 4.6 Nutrient Inputs 4.7 Models 4.7.1 Predicting Total Phosphorus Concentrations 4.7.2 Chlorophyll a Chapter 5 Results 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Water Balance 5.2.1 Lake Storage 5.2.2 Stream Discharge 5.2.3 Precipitation 5.2.4 Radiation 5.2.5 Evaporation 5.2.6 Groundwater 5.3 Nutrient Inputs 5.4 Models 5.4.1 Predicting Total Phosphorus Concentrations 5.4.2 Chlorophyll a Chapter 6 Discussion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Water Balance 6.3 Nutrient Inputs 6.4 Models Chapter 7 Further Study Appendices Appendix 1 Lake Storage Appendix 2 Discharge Data Appendix 3 Precipitation Appendix 4 Radiation Appendix 5 Evaporation Appendix 6 Nutrient Data Appendix 7 Chlorophyll a Bibliography , Englisch

Note: Masterarbeit, University of Waterloo, 1990 , TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgements List of figures List of tables List of plates preamble CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1.2 LOCATION AND CLIMATE 1.3 GEOLOGICAL SETTING 1.3.1 Bedrock geology 1.3.2 Glacial history 1.3.2 Surficial geology 1.4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND PARALLEL STUDIES 1.5 SITE INVESTIGATIONS 1.5.1 Introduction 1.5.2 Water sampling methods 1.5.3 Piezometer methods 1.5.4 Measuring hydraulic conductivity 1.S.S Surface flow monitoring 1.5.6 Seepage meters 1.5.7 Coring and porewater squeezing 1.5.8 Frost table probing 1.5.9 Geological mapping 1.5.10 Weather records 1.5.11 Depth sounding 1.6 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS 1.6.1 Sample collection, filtration, and alkalinity 1.6.2 Analytical methods 1.6.3 Quality of chemical analyses 1.6.4 Grain-size distributions and organic matter contents in till 1.6.5 Core logging and porewater squeezing 1.6.6 SEM examination of mineral weathering CHAPTER 2: HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY synopsis 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 LOCATION AND CLIMATE 2.3 FIELD AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.3.1 Field methods 2.3.2 Analytical methods 2.4 SETTING 2.5 HYDROLOGY 2.5.1 Surface hydrology 2.5.2 Groundwater hydrology 2.5.2.1 Thawing of the active layer 2.5.2.2 Structure and composition of the active layer till 2.5.2.3 Groundwater flow 2.6 DISCUSSION 2.7 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY abstract 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 STUDY AREA 3.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3.4 VEGETATION AND ACTIVE LAYER PROPERTIES 3.5 STABLE ISOTOPE DATA 3.6 WATER CHEMISTRY 3.7 SUMMARY CHAPTER 4: ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATION synopsis 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 STUDY AREA 4.3 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS 4.3.1 Materials and field methods 4.3.2 Analytkal methods 4.4 THEORY 4.4.1 Theoretical development 4.4.2 Basis of this approach 4.5 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 4.6 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 4.7 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 5: WATER BALANCE AND GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATIONS abstract 5.l INTRODUCTION 5.2 SETTING 5.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS 5.4 HYDROLOGY 5.5 WATER BALANCE CALCULATIONS 5.6 GEOCHEMISTRY 5.7 DISCUSSION 5.8 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH References LIST OF APPENDICES A. Part A: Stable isotope analyses of water samples Part B: Tritium analyses Part C: Field geochemical measurements Part D: Major ion analyses of water samples B. GROUNDWATER SAMPLING FROM PIEZOMETERS C. RELIABILITY OF Eh MEASUREMENTS D. PIEZOMETER DESIGNS/INSTALLATION PROCEDURES Part A: 1988 Part B: 1989 E. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY TESTING/DATA F. SURFACE FLOW MEASUREMENTS Part 1: Weir Part 2: Stream gauging G. SEEPAGE METER METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS H. CORING AND SQUEEZING METHODS I. CORE AND SOIL PIT DESCRIPTIONS J. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS TO ADDRESS WATER QUALITY Part A: Duplicates, blanks, and comparative analyses Part B: Filtration experiment Part C: Dissolved organic carbon Part D: Carbon-13 K. CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC ANALYSES OF POREWATERS EXTRACTED FROM CORES L. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TILL M. WATER BALANCE THEORY

Note: Contents Foreword Introduction Oil - Catalyst for change The Haul Road - Highway to the Arctic Origins: The geologic setting Glaciers shape the land Glaciation and wildlife distribution Permafrost and the periglacial environment The Dalton Highway road log Glossary Selected references

Note: Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1993 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung. - 2 Die Submodelle. - 2.1 Das globale atmosphärische Zirkulationsmodell ECHAM2. - 2.1.1 Modellbeschreibung. - 2.1.2 Das ungekoppelte Referenzexperiment. - 2.2 Das globale ozeanische Zirkulationsmodell OPYC. - 2.2.1 Modellbeschreibung. - 2.2.2 Das ungekoppelte Referenzexperiment. - 3 Die Kopplung. - 3.1 Das Kopplungsverfahren. - 3.2 Behandlung der unterschiedlichen Auflösungen. - 3.3 Berechnung der Meereis- und der effektiven Ozeanoberflächentemperatur. - 3.4 Behandlung der Klimadrift. - 3.4.1 Die Klimadrift und ihre Ursachen. - 3.4.2 Die Flußkorrekturmethode. - 3.4.3 Die Klimadrift in ECHAM1/OPYC. - 3.4.4 Die Flußkorrektur für ECHAM2/OPYC. - 3.4.5 Die Flußkorrektur für den solaren Strahlungsfluß. - 3.5 Behandlung des Eintrags turbulenter kinetischer Energie in den Ozean. - 4. Simulation des mittleren Klimas. - 5. Simulation des El Nino / Southern Oscillation Phänomens. - 5.1 Das El Nino / Southern Oscillation Phänomen. - 5.2 Bisherige Untersuchungen. - 5.3 ENSO im gekoppelten Modell ECHAM2/OPYC. - 5.3.1 Vorbemerkung. - 5.3.2 Die ozeanische Komponente. - 5.3.3 Die atmosphärische Komponente. - 6. Simulation der Variabilität des Nordatlantiks. - 6.1 Die Variabilität des Nordatlantiks. - 6.2 Die Variabilität des Nordatlantiks in ECHAM2/OPYC. - 7 Diskussion und Ausblick. - Anhang. - A: Das Interpolationsverfahren. - Danksagung. - Literaturverzeichnis.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.