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  • Books  (1,889)
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  • Books  (1,889)
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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Attenuation of visible light by falling snow (1969)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-202-242
    In: Research report, 242
    Description / Table of Contents: The attenuation of visible light by falling snow was studied by making simultaneous attenuation measurements and snow concentration measurements. The attenuation coefficient was calculated from photometric measurements and from visual observations. Snow concentration in the air was evaluated by two methods: from Formvar replicas collected during the snowfall, and by mass accumulation of snow in collecting pans. The snowflakes were arbitrarily classified by crystal types according to their estimated fall velocity. It was found that the correlation between extinction coefficient (attenuation) and snow concentration was generally much higher by types than when all snowflakes were considered together regardless of crystal components and degree of riming. Two types, apparently improperly classified, displayed lower correlations than the overall group. When no fog is present during the snowfall, the experimental results coincide well with attenuation theory if a reasonable correction is applied to the values obtained in the measurement of snowflake diameters. Measurements of mass flux indicate that for a given intensity the attenuation caused by snow is an order of magnitude greater than that caused by the same mass flux of rain.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 242
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5949
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Initial theoretical considerations. - Light attenuation by particles. - Basis of attenuation meter measurements. - Contrast reduction and visual range. - Transmissometer theory, Pritchard photometric method. - Terminal velocity of snowflakes. - Methods of measurement: Light attenuation. - Duntley (Scripps Institution) attenuation meter. - "Meteorological range" observations. - Pritchard photometric method. - Methods of measurement: Atmospheric concentration of snowflakes. - Replication method. - Mass accumulation method. - Analysis of snow samples. - Terminal velocity of snowflakes. - Flux density and atmospheric concentration. - Mass accumulation rate. - Concurrent attenuation due to fog. - Discussion of results. - Computational methods. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs area concentration. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs are a flux. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs mass concentration and mass flux. - Comparison of sampling methods for mass flux. - Attenuation of visible light by snow compared to rain. - Literature cited. - Appendix A.
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    The Ziegler Polar Expedition 1903 - 1905 : scientific results (1907)
    Washington, DC : Ziegler
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI E2-11-0018 ; AWI PY-1955-13
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VII, 630 S. : Ill., Kt. , 2 Kt.
    URL: Online Edition
    Language: English
    Note: Kt. u.d.T.: Part of Franz Josef Archipelago surveyed by the Ziegler Polar Expedition 1903-4-5 〈1 : 600.000〉 ; Map of Franz Josef Archipelago compiled from surveys of the Ziegler Polar Expeditions 1901--02, 1903-5, and from information published by Payer (1872-74), Leigh Smith (1880-81), Jackson (1894-97), Nansen (1895-96), Wellman (1898-99), the Duke of the Abruzzi (1899-1900) 〈1 : 750.000〉 , Contents: Introduction by Anthony Fiala. - Section A - Magnetic Observations and Reductions. - Section B - Notes and Sketches of the Auroræ Borealis. - Section C - Meteorological Observations and Compilations. - Section D - Tidal Observations and Reductions. - Section E - Astronomic Observations and Reductions. - Section F - Map construction and survey work
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  • 3
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Biological aspects of terrestrial oil spills : USA CRREL oil research in Alaska, 1970-1974 ; [Final Report] (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-202-346
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 346
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - USA CRREL project and personnel involvement. - Part I. Introduction. - Background. - Literature review. - Part II. CRREL investigations from 1970 - 1974. - Initial literature survey (1970). - Oil detection kit development. - Survey of Cape Simpson, Alaska, natural crude oil seepages (1970). - Haines-Fairbanks military pipeline investigations (1971-1973). - Barrow investigations (1970-1974). - Fairbanks and Fox investigations. - Germination studies. - Physiological studies. - Dispersant studies. - Microbiological investigations. - Field investigations of accidental petroleum losses. - Part III. Recent related literature. - Part IV. Conclusions and recommendations. - USA CRREL reports, publications and presentations on Alaska oil spill research. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge concerning the biological effects of oil pollution on arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems is limited. USA CRREL research personnel conducted investigations from 1970 through 1974 to expand information in this field. Objectives were to: 1) define the ecosystems most sensitive to the presence of crude oil or its refined products, 2) quantify and understand the injury response, and 3) establish time frames for manifestation of damage and natural restorative processes in arctic and subarctic regions. This was accomplished through: 1) surveys of natural oil seepages and past accidential spills in the Arctic and Subarctic, 2) initiation of controlled oil spills and 3) detailed laboratory investigations. Results demonstrated that terrestrial oil spills will to some degree be detrimental to both arctic and subarctic plant communities. Degree and longevity of damage will be influenced primarily by the magnitude of the spill, season of occurrence and existing soil moisture content. Rapid recovery of plant communities subjected to spills will occur only if root systems remain relatively unaffected. Damage will be more extensive and long-term when root systems are saturated with oil. Effects of damage will be manifested gradually over several seasons being influenced by winter stresses. Variation does exist in plant species susceptibility. Carex aquatilis, a predominant sedge of the arctic, is markedly resistant to crude oil damage. In the taiga Picea mariana is very susceptible. Plant recovery can be enhanced through the application of fertilizer. Fertilization, in addition to its direct effect on plant nutrition, will stimulate microbial decomposition of crude oil.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 66 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 346
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA047365
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography; Part II: Survey of Pease Air Force Base, Portsmouth, New Hampshire (1975)
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-338
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography / R.H. Munis, S.J. Marshall and M.A. Bush, Part II
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 338
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Discussion of heat loss survey of six housing units. - Survey of base facilities. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: During the winter of 1973-74 a mobile infrared thermography system was used to survey housing units and base facilities at Pease Air Force Base, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. This report provides both qualitative and quantitative evidence regarding heat flow out of the eave vents of these housing units. Calculations indicate that a significant amount of heat is being lost in this manner due to inadequate attic (cap) insulation. Possible evidence of incomplete ventilation could explain the presence of condensation in the housing units. Analyses of thermograms are presented to show the possible existence of low and high pressure areas around a structure and how they relate to heat loss.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 338
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227388627
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Seasonal variations of chemical constituents in annual layers of Greenland deep ice deposits (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-347
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 347
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Experimental. - Results and discussion. - Applications. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical analysis of century-old ice from continuous 5 to 7 year intervals of three ice cores from south and central Greenland (Dye 3, Milcent and Crete) show maximum concentrations of Na, Mg,Ca, K, and Al during early spring and minimum concentrations during late summer and early fall. Peak spring values are as much as 10 times greater than fall values. Because of the large seasonal chemical variations, samples used for depth-age or annual deposition rate studies must represent accumulation from exactly one year or whole multiples of a year. The seasonal chemical variations seem promising as a new method of defining annual layers and thus dating old ice cores.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 347
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA021319
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography; Part I: Description of technique (1974)
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-326
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography / R.H. Munis, S.J. Marshall and M.A. Bush, Part I
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 326
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Introduction. - Principle of the IR scanner. - Advantages of mobile infrared thermography. - Discussion of field measurements. - Recommendations for future work on thermography of buildings. - Other potential applications of infrared thermography of buildings. - Appendix A: Thermograms of northern exposure of USA CRREL building. - Appendix B: Sample thermograms of heat loss survey at Pease Air Force Base. -Appendix C: Sample thermograms of heat loss survey at Dartmouth College. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: A method to assess quickly the insulation effectiveness of buildings using mobile infrared thermography has been developed at USA CRREL. In contrast to the infrared thermography done in Sweden, this method concentrates on obtaining useful data by measuring the outside surface temperature of structures. This report outlines the basic principles involved in these measurements, and discusses field measurements and the inherent advantages of infrared thermography. Typical thermograms are presented in the appendixes.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 326
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/831686783
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Moving loads on a floating ice sheet (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-202-261
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper considers a load moving with a constant velocity across an ice sheet that is floating on water. The ice sheet is assumed to be an isotropic, elastic, thin plate extending to infinity. The water is assumed to be inviscous, incompressible, and of a constant depth. The dynamic equations describing this ice-water system are solved for the steady state solution. Both a concentrated load and a uniform load distributed over a circular area are considered. The velocity which causes resonance is determined. The deflection and stress directly under the load are numerically evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 261
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5325834
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Evaluation of forest canopies by photography (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-202-253
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Theoretical considerations. - Method of canopy evaluation. - Application to forest problems. - Forest blowdown. - Radioactivity gradient. - Phenology. - Forest types and structure. - Distribution of leaves and canopy gaps. - Light quality. - Discussion and summary. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: A technique for evaluating forest canopies was developed based on the use of a divergent lens system to obtain hemispherical photographs of tree crowns. The photography was processed from 35 mm film and enlarged as a silhouette, and the light transmission was measured with a specially fabricated macrodensitometer. It is concluded that the amount of forest canopy can be expressed as canopy closure index (CCI) at a precision of approximately 5%. It is shown by application to a variety of problems in diverse geographical areas that this technique can be used for measuring both temporal and spatial changes in the canopy, for estimating the shade light climate, and for specifying the probability of target detection through a canopy. Data are presented to analyze changes caused by explosions, radioactivity, growing season, and vegetation types. The geometry of gaps in tree crowns is discussed and the nature of shade light quality under forests is illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 253
    URL: https://www.worldcat.org/de/title/6071924
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Comparison of thawing soil strength measurements for predicting vehicle performance (1992)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-201-92/17
    In: CRREL Report, 92-17
    Description / Table of Contents: The CRREL Instrumented Vehicle (CIV), shear annulus, direct shear, andtriaxial compression devices were used to characterize the strength ofthawed and thawing soil. These strength values can be used in simpletraction models to predict the tractive performance of vehicles. Strength was evaluated in terms of the parameters c' and Φ' based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. It is proposed here that an instrumented vehicle is best suited for terrain characterization for mobility studies because the conditions created by a tire slipping on a soil surface are exactly duplicated. The c' and Φ' values from the shear annulus were found to overpredict traction because of the low normal stress applied by the annulus and the curved nature of the failure envelope. Of all the tests, the direct shear test yielded the highest Φ' value, most likely because the test was run at a slow deformation rate under drained conditions. The triaxial test results were the most similar to those from the vehicle. All test methods show Φ' increasingwith soil moisture up to the liquid limit of the soil and then decreasing. As measured with the vehicle, was also found to be strongly influenced by the thaw depth.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 92-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a258263.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9145
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Objective Background Strength measurement techniques Triaxial compression Direct shear Shear annulus device CRREL Instrumented Vehicle Discussion Comparison of methods Influence of soil conditions Traction prediction Conclusions References Abstract
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  • 10
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Three approaches to winter traction testing (1993)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-93/9
    In: CRREL Report, 93-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Traction on winter surfaces was measured using three test vehicles, each designed to measure traction for a different purpose: vehicle mobility research (CRREL Instrumented Vehicle), commercial tire testing (Uniroyal- Goodrich traction tester), and airport runway safety (Saab friction tester). The traction measured with each method is comparable, but there are systematic differences due to the effects of the surface material and the test and analysis technique. This comparison serves as the fundamental basis for collaboration between the various traction testing communities and illustrates the need for well documented test procedures and data analysis as a standard for traction testing and evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 93-9
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA276484
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9161
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Traction test methods Saab friction tester Uniroyal-Goodrich traction tester CRREL Instrumented Vehicle Surfaces tested Reporting results and terminology Factors influencing traction Results Traction curves for each surface Traction coefficients Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Vehicle instrumentation and samples of graphic output Appendix B: Comparison of measured traction coefficients with published andpredicted values Abstract
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