ALBERT

Description: This paper is intended to help librarians and archivists who are involved in digitization work choose optical character recognition (OCR) software. The paper provides an introduction to OCR software for digitization projects, and shares the method we developed for easily evaluating the effectiveness of OCR software on resources we are digitizing. We tested three major OCR programs (Adobe Acrobat, ABBYY FineReader, Tesseract) for accuracy on three different digitized texts from our archives and special collections at the University of Western Ontario. Our test was divided into two parts: a word accuracy test (to determine how searchable the final documents were), and a test with a screen reader (to determine how accessible the final documents were). We share our findings from the tests and make recommendations for OCR work on digitized documents from archives and special collections.

Description: Some musings on the difficulty of wanting to know our users' secrets and simultaneously wanting to not know them.

Description: PA Digital is a Pennsylvania network that serves as the state’s service hub for the Digital Public Library of America (DPLA). The group developed a homegrown aggregation system in 2014, used to harvest digital collection records from contributing institutions, validate and transform their metadata, and deliver aggregated records to the DPLA. Since our initial launch, PA Digital has expanded significantly, harvesting from an increasing number of contributors with a variety of repository systems. With each new system, our highly customized aggregator software became more complex and difficult to maintain. By 2018, PA Digital staff had determined that a new solution was needed. From 2019 to 2021, a cross-functional team implemented a more flexible and scalable approach to metadata aggregation for PA Digital, using Apache Airflow for workflow management and Solr/Blacklight for internal metadata review. In this article, we will outline how we use this group of applications and the new workflows adopted, which afford our metadata specialists more autonomy to contribute directly to the ongoing development of the aggregator. We will discuss how this work fits into our broader sustainability planning as a network and how the team leveraged shared expertise to build a more stable approach to maintenance.

Description: Digital libraries at research universities make use of a wide range of unique tools to enable the sharing of eclectic sets of texts, images, audio, video, and other digital objects. Presenting these assorted local treasures to the world can be a challenge, since text is often siloed with text, images with images, and so on, such that per type, there may be separate user experiences in a variety of unique discovery interfaces. One common tool that has been developed in recent years to potentially unite them all is the Apache Solr index. Texas A&M University (TAMU) Libraries has harnessed Solr for internal indexing for repositories like DSpace, Fedora, and Avalon. Impressed by frameworks like Blacklight at peer institutions, TAMU Libraries wrote an analogous set of tools in Java, and thus was born SAGE, the Solr AGgregation Engine, with two primary functions: 1) aggregating Solr indices or “cores,” from various local sources, and 2) presenting search facility to the user in a discovery interface.

Description: DC Public Library has long held digital copies of the full run of local alternative weekly, Washington City Paper, but had no official status as a rights grantor to enable use. That recently changed due to a full agreement being reached with the publisher. One condition of that agreement, however, was that issues become available with usable descriptive metadata and subject access in time to celebrate the upcoming 40th anniversary of the publication, which at that time was in six months. One of the most time intensive tasks our metadata specialists work on is assigning description to digital objects. This paper details how we applied Python’s Natural Language Toolkit and OpenRefine’s reconciliation functions to the collection’s OCR text to simplify subject selection for staff with no background in programming.

Description: This paper reviews the main theoretical principles underlying the nascent field of decentralized justice and the early empirical experience in real life use cases. Part of the Blockchain & Procedural Law seminars (Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law).〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: At the end of 2019, the Research Data Service (RDS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) completed its fifth year as a campus-wide service. In order to gauge the effectiveness of the RDS in meeting the needs of Illinois researchers, RDS staff developed a five-year review consisting of a survey and a series of in-depth focus group interviews. As a result, our institutional data repository developed in-house by University Library IT staff, Illinois Data Bank, was recognized as the most useful service offering by our unit. When launched in 2016, storage resources and web servers for Illinois Data Bank and supporting systems were hosted on-premises at UIUC. As anticipated, researchers increasingly need to share large, and complex datasets. In a responsive effort to leverage the potentially more reliable, highly available, cost-effective, and scalable storage accessible to computation resources, we migrated our item bitstreams and web services to the cloud. Our efforts have met with success, but also with painful bumps along the way. This article describes how we supported data curation workflows through transitioning from on-premises to cloud resource hosting. It details our approaches to ingesting, curating, and offering access to dataset files up to 2TB in size--which may be archive type files (e.g., .zip or .tar) containing complex directory structures.

Description: In the study of solar-terrestrial relationships, magnetic storms and solar activity play important roles. In this paper, the intense magnetic storms in company with solar proton events occurred in October and November 2003, January 2005, December 2006, January and March 2012 have been considered. The variation of the odd nitrogen (NOy) oxides and ozone in the stratospheric layer is investigated by the effects of energetic particle precipitation. Anomaly percentage of the odd nitrogen (NOy) oxides and ozone are calculated separately for the Southern and the Northern hemispheres and geographic latitude from 60 to 80 degrees. The analyzed results of the observational data showed that the intense magnetic storms, which consist of more than 500 (particles/cm2 s sr) solar energetic proton (E〉10MeV), gave rise to the increase of the odd nitrogen (NOy) oxides in the stratosphere, from level 1 mb to 200 mb. Also, the results showed that in November 2003, January 2005, December 2006, January and March 2012 the odd nitrogen (NOy) oxides, which consist of over 500 (particles/cm2 s sr) increased in the Northern hemisphere but decreased a little in the Southern hemisphere . Among the events of the magnetic storms in the autumn and winter seasons, the only event on the October 2003, showed that the odd nitrogen (NOy) oxides increased in the Southern hemisphere. The results showed that the increase in the odd nitrogen (NOy) oxides caused a decrease of ozone in the altitude below the odd nitrogen (NOy) with a delay.

Description: The electrical properties of rock types or channel structures have been the object of intense studies for many years. The main aim of the present work is to show the frequency response of electrical properties of some Granite samples concerning chemical, minor and major composition. This may be used as a fingerprint for the characterization of some Granite rocks. Electrical measurements on Granite samples (surface, Aswan, Egypt) were measured (100 Hz up to 107 Hz). Differences in samples due to changes in texture lead to different changes in electrical properties. The changes at conductivity and dielectric constant are reflections from the texture within grains. Conductivity and dielectric constant values extend from ~10-8 to 10-4 (S/m) and 24 to 3.5, respectively. With frequency increase, conductivity increases, and dielectric constant decreases (10 kHz), and then it settles down. Differences in electrical properties between samples are small as a direct result of the homogeneity and texture of most samples. There is a high dispersion of dielectric constant for relatively low-frequency values (〈10 kHz) and no dispersion at relatively high frequencies. In conclusion, the dielectric constant decreases due to the shrinkage of energy levels for electrons and the increase of hopping particles between different particles.

Description: A strong earthquake () (34.911° N, 45.959° E, ~19 km depth) occurred on November 12, 2017, at 18:18:17 UTC (LT=UTC+03:30) in Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran. Six different Neural Network (NN) algorithms including Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) and CNN-LSTM were implemented to survey the four months of GPS Total Electron Content (TEC) measurements during the period of August 01 to November 30, 2017 around the epicenter of the mentioned earthquake. By considering the quiet solar-geomagnetic conditions, every six methods detect anomalous TEC variations nine days prior to the earthquake. Since time-series of TEC variations follow a nonlinear and complex behavior, intelligent algorithms such as NN can be considered as an appropriate tool for modelling and prediction of TEC time-series. Moreover, multi-methods analyses beside the multi precursor’s analyses decrease uncertainty and false alarms and consequently lead to confident anomalies.

Description: Direct current electrical resistivity imaging is provided by measuring the vertical and horizontal electrical potential variations of subsurface structures using surface and borehole records. To recover the resistivity tomograms from the observed data, a non-linear inverse problem is required to be iteratively solved. A 2.5-dimensional forward modeling based on the finite-difference method with rectangular meshes is also formulated. The two-dimensional reconstruction of earth resistivity data is implemented using a smoothness constrained inversion algorithm (i.e. Occam’s method), wherein a Gauss-Newton technique for updating the sensitivity function is proposed. After verifying the accuracy and efficiency of the forward modeling and the sensitivity function calculation, the inversion algorithm is tested on synthetic data from both geometrically simple and complicated bodies and a real data set. A stopping criterion based on the noise level, roughly estimated using the method of reciprocal resistance measurements, is also provided leading to preventing over-or under-interpreted structure during the inversion process. The numerical experiments reveal that the proposed inversion algorithm provides stable inversion results and an acceptable representation of the main features and structure of the models without producing spurious effects. Furthermore, to deal with the reliability of the recovered models, a model sensitivity analysis is implemented using the resolution density distribution. All used formulations and concepts are part of a Matlab source code developed during this study.

Description: یکی از نتایج مهم نظریه گرانش کوانتومی اصلاح قوانین فیزیک در فواصل کوتاه است. مثلا روابط جابجایی مکانیک کوانتومی استاندارد در مقیاس هایی از طول – به نام طول پلانک – تغییر می یابند. البته باید توجه داشت که این تغییرات در انرژی های پایین قابل صرفنظر کردن است و فقط در حد انرژی های بالا همچون جهان اولیه این تصحیحات قابل توجه می شوند. در این راستا اصل عدم قطعیت استاندارد مکانیک کوانتوم با روابط اصلاح شده عدم قطعیت که شامل یک طول کمینه قابل مشاهده از مرتبه پلانک است تغییر می یابند. از طرفی لحظات ابتدای پیدایش عالم که شامل دوره تورم بوده دوره ای است که به دلیل سطح بالای انرژی ، اثرات کوانتومی گرانش در آن قابل توجه و لذا می توان در این دوره به بررسی این اثرات پرداخت. برای این کار می توان ویژگی های دوره تورمی را از روی پارامتر های اولیه عالم همچون افت و خیزهای اولیه تشکیل ساختار عالم و نمایه طیفی مورد بررسی قرار داد. این پژوهش اثرات کوانتومی گرانش را در یک مدل برداری گرانش تعمیم یافته مورد بررسی قرار داده ایم. به این صورت که با استفاده از اصل عدم قطعیت اصلاح شده از طریق هندسه ناجابجایی (که بر اساس اصلاحات گرانش کوانتومی بدست آمده)، دینامیک تورمی جهان اولیه را مورد مطالعه قرار داده و سپس اثرات کوانتومی گرانش ناشی از تعمیم اصل عدم قطعیت را در پارامتر نمایه طیفی را بررسی می کنیم . همچنین چگالی اختلالات اسکالر متاثر از این اثرات مورد محاسبه قرار گرفته است.

Description: با توجّه به اهمیّت پدیده‌ی تغییرات آب‌وهوایی و گرمایش جهانی، آگاهی از رفتار گذشته، حال و آینده‌ی عناصر آب‌وهوایی از اهمیّت شایان توجهّی برخوردار است. در همین راستا، در پژوهش حاضر تلاش می‌شود داده‌های میانگین سالانه‌ی دما در ایستگاه مهرآباد تهران از سال 1330 تا 1394 بررسی شود. بدین منظور و برای شناسای تغییرات زمانی میانگین دمای سالانه، مدل سازی آماری – خانواده‌ی مدل‌های آریما (ARIMA) به کار گرفته شد. برای نیل به این هدف، معنی‌داری آماری مراتب و اجزای مختلف مدل، برای پیش‌بینی وارسی شد. در نهایت دو مدل ARIMA(0,1,1)_{con}، و ARIMA(2,1,0)_{con} به عنوان مدل‌های رقیب انتخاب شدند. معیارهای نهایی نشان دادند که مدلARIMA(0,1,1)_{con} به عنوان مناسب‌ترین مدل برازنده بر دمای سالانه‌ی ایستگاه مهرآباد تهران است. همچنین، آزمون‌های آماری خودهمبستگی، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، همگنی نرمال استاندارد، وانیومن، انحرافات تجمعی، نقاط عطف، علامت و پورت مانتئو برای وارسی رفتار باقی‌مانده‌های مدل پیش‌بین استفاده شد. علاوه بر این، شیوه‌های ترسیمی برای نرمال بودن باقی‌مانده‌ها، استقلال ، ثابت بودن واریانس بر روی باقی‌مانده‌های مدل ARIMA(0,1,1)_{con}، در راستای بالا بردن اطمینان آماری عدم قطعیّت مدل پیش‌بین انجام شد. یافته‌های حاصل از مدل نشان می‌دهد که به‌طور میانگین هر سال نسبت به سال قبل از خود حدود میزان 038/0 درجه‌ی سلسیوس افزایش دما را تجربه می‌کند. میانگین دمای 16 سالۀ پیش‌بینی به طور میانگین برابر 742/17 درجه‌ی سلسیوس خواهد بود. نتایج آزمون‌ها نیز نشان دادند باقی‌مانده‌های مدل ARIMA(0,1,1)_{con} رفتار تصادفی دارند، که نشان می‌دهد مدل حاصل، برازنده‌ی پیش‌بینی برای سری زمانی میانگین سالانه دما در ایستگاه مهرآباد تهران است.

Description: شناسایی رفتارهای تناوبی و تصادفی سری‌های زمانی پارامترهای توجیه زمین (EOP)، به‌منظور کاربردهای مختلفی همچون تعیین دقیق مدار ماهواره‌ها، نجوم ژئودزی، ناوبری فضایی و همچنین مطالعه‌ی پدیده‌های ژئوفیزیکی مورد نیاز می‌باشد. روش‌های مختلف آنالیز سری‌های زمانی از دیرباز تا کنون مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در این تحقیق، بررسی و تعیین فرکانس‌های موجود در پارامترهای توجیه زمین، با استفاده از آنالیز هارمونیک کمترین مربعات یک متغیره و چند متغیره‌‌ی سری‌های زمانی IERS 14 C04، از تاریخ اول ژانویه 1980 تا 31 دسامبر سال 2020 صورت گرفته است. با تشکیل مدل تابعی با استفاده از فرکانس‌های تعیین شده، ضرایب مدل تابعی با استفاده از برآوردگر کمترین‌مربعات برآورد شدند. سپس مدل مناسب اتورگرسیو-میانگین متحرک (ARMA)، متناظر با بردار باقیمانده‌های کمترین‌مربعات حاصل از این مدل تابعی تعیین گردید. در نهایت با استفاده از ضرایب برآورد شده‌ی مدل تابعی و مدل ARMA، پارامترهای توجیه زمین برای 20 روز اول سال 2021 پیش‌بینی شدند و دقت روش ارائه شده مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج این تحقیق با دو روش یادگیری عمیق مقیاسه گردید و نتایج نشان داد دقت بهتری نسبت به آن‌ها داراست و رفتارهای تناوبی و تصادفی EOP با دقت بالایی شناسایی شده‌اند. پس از گذشت 10 روز دقت پیش‌بینی برای مولفه‌ی x حدود 9/7 برابر، برای مولفه‌ی y حدود 5/3 برابر و برای مولفه‌ی LOD حدود 5/1 برابر بهبود یافت. همچنین با گذشت 20 روز دقت روز دقت پیش‌بینی برای مولفه‌ی x حدود 15/1 برابر ،برای مولفه‌ی y حدود 89/2 برابر و برای مولفه‌ی LOD حدود 18/5 برابر بهبود یافت.

Description: We would like to announce that the latest issue of the Acta Geologica Slovaca Journal (Volume 13, Issue 2) has already been released at 19th December 2021.

Description: The presented comparative study evaluates the sensitivity of selected computational procedures to chosen parameters of solute transport and source geometry in homogeneous conditions. The computation procedures include three numerical schemes with FDI (finite difference implicit), MOC (method of characteristics), and a TVD (total variation diminishing) advection solver, while the other terms of the governing equation are computed by the FDI method. Furthermore, two analytical solutions were used: the exact solution of Newille (2005) and the approximate solution of Domenico (1987). Finally, a simplified, so-called Step-method, which is still being used in the practice, was used. The sensitivities of the individual procedures to selected physical-chemical parameters and to the geometric characteristics of the solute source were evaluated and compared. The obtained results show considerable differences between the particular procedures used. In most test cases, the numerical procedures with a TVD and MOC advection solver produced higher concentrations and were more sensitive to the transport parameters in comparison with the other methods used. Applied variations of individual parameter values caused a change of the calculated solute concentrations up to 7.1 %, whereas the substitution of calculation methods caused up to 7.7 % of C0 (the concentration in solute source). The simultaneous changes of all the examined parameter values with a synergistic effect caused the maximal change of calculated concentration up to 15.3 % of C0. A significant effect of the solute source geometry on the match between the results obtained by the selected numerical and analytical methods was also found (difference up to 57.9 % of C0). The achieved results indicate a need to solve the solute transport in homogeneous conditions using both types of calculation methods, the numerical and analytical, in order to cover possible variability of resulting concentrations. The simplified Step-method predominantly yields the lowest concentrations. At the same time, it is the least sensitive procedure to the selected parameters and can be used only for a reference point situated on the plume centerline. From a cautious point of view, it is the least suitable method for solute transport modelling among the compared methods.

Description: This research is focused on the dolines of Dobrá Voda Karst, which is situated in the Brezovské Karpaty Mts. (north-eastern part of the Malé Karpaty Mts) near the villages of Chtelnica and Dobrá Voda. 263 dolines were identified here and measured in the field, which is presumably the final count. The measured parameters of the dolines were used for morphometric analyses, as well as for finding out the relationships with the geology of the area. The karst is formed in Triassic carbonates of the Považie and Dobrá Voda nappes of the Hronic Unit. Dolines were identified in Neogene basal carbonatic conglomerates (Dobrá Voda Formation) as well. The area of karst rocks is approximately 87.2 km2. Dolines often tend to be formed in lines with tectonical or lithological predisposition. The most significant lines in the Dobrá Voda Karst are Hlboký Dol, Chtelnické Uhliská, and Cínovec. The origin of dolines can be assumed to the Quaternary Period and related to neotectonics, the development of the relief, and the formation of the river network. This is also confirmed by the trends of the maximum axes of the extension of dolines in the direction N-S, NE-SW and WNW-ESE, which partially correspond to the regional faults. New faults (Hlboký Dol, Cínovec, Bzová) were also identified on the basis of dolines in the lines.

Description: Presented research investigate the phenomenom of karstic area remarkable with specific karst landform, so-called covered karst. So far, not much attention has been paid to this particular type of karst in Slovakia, so the aim of the research is to bring new informations about it, especially about dolines formation and their origin. Study was focused on 50 dolines following the distinctive NE–SW line in the study area - the Cajla Karst located in the Malé Karpaty Mts., Slovakia. To understand the process of the formation of dolines in the covered karst and to distinguish the dolines from the pits resulted from anthropogenic processing via mining, several geophysical methods were adopted to prove the doline origin (soil radon emanometry, electric resistivity tomography and seismic refraction tomography). For identification of dolines and subsequent processing, the lidar data were used. The formation of studied dolines was controlled by lithological-tectonic properties of the bedrock, especially along the contact zone of karstic (Triassic carbonates) and non-karstic rocks composed of quartzite and crystalline basement. The resulting shape was also influenced by infiltration of surface water into the underground.

Description: An unusual assemblage of Pb-Cu-(Sb)-(Mn) supergene minerals, represented by mottramite, phosphohedyphane, mimetite, segnitite-beudantite series, anglesite, cerussite, oxyplumboroméite, brochantite, devilline, gypsum and coronadite was recently identified at the Priečna, Johan de Deo and Anna-Zubau epithermal ore veins near Rudno nad Hronom, Štiavnické vrchy Mts., Slovak Republic. Mottramite is a rare mineral at the Rudno deposit and this is the first reported occurrence in the Western Carpathians. Also phosphohedyphane occurs only rarely at the deposit. The localized Pb2+ -- Ca2+ substitution between phosphohedyphane and pyromorphite was observed. A large substitution between As and S was recognized on the T site in the beudantite – segnitite. Anglesite and cerussite are relatively abundant supergene minerals, especially in the proximity of primary galena relicts. Secondary Cu sulphates (brochantite and devilline) are only secondary minerals found also in macroscopic size. Brochantite forms dark green tabular crystals up to 0.1 mm. Devilline occurs as a light green-blue acicular crystals grown on brochantite. Gypsum was found with this assemblage. This is also first occurrence of coronadite in Western Carpathians.

Description: Assessment of hazard and disaster risk is critical for urban resilience. Given that earthquake hazard assessments will often have limitations and uncertainty, it is essential to understand the worst-case scenario of hazard possibility. Palu City is located in a disaster-prone area because it is traversed by the Palu-Koro fault, an active fault in Indonesia. In preparing the latest risk assessment for earthquakes as consideration for potential land use planning in Palu, an earthquake hazard risk assessment was carried out, including estimating earthquake hazard, vulnerability, risk, and the integration of disaster risk into land-use planning documents. This study employed the applied methods with quantitative and quantitative approaches, and the data were processed with ArcGIS tools; field observations supported primary and secondary data. The results showed that 70% of the Palu area is under high earthquake threat as located in an active tectonic area. The findings of the earthquake hazard and risk assessments were then integrated into a land-use planning document that can be used as a foundation for creating a community development plan document for the Palu City Government, known as the Palu City Spatial Plan. The spatial plan of Palu City will support the resilience of Palu in carrying out its functions as a city to eliminate impacts and risks of hazards occur. Thus, strict land-use implementation as means for disaster mitigation is urgently needed.

Description: This study aims to understand the effect of frost weathering of travertines from Spišské Podhradie in Slovakia. The application of travertine as a natural building and facing stone shows a gradually increasing trend in construction sector around the world. Travertines are commonly seen in tile sizes as façade material, wall cladding or flooring and are naturally exposed to the freeze–thaw processes. Methods of frost damage assessment in rocks are commonly based on parameters acquired mainly by destructive testing of samples, such as the uniaxial compressive strength test or Young’s modulus test. In the presented research, a nondestructive method taking advantage of selected petrophysical properties compared before and after 100 freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles, as well as recorded length change behavior and temperature development by a specially- constructed thermodilatometer (VLAP 04) with two induced linear variable differential transformer sensors (HIRT- LVDT) on vacuum-saturated samples has been conducted. Results demonstrate that travertine from Spišské Podhradie is quite heterogeneous in term of petrophysical properties. This heterogeneity can significantly affect the nature and intensity of the processes which take place during the ice crystallization within the pore space of the rock. While crystallization pressures in the macropores and the hydraulic pressure induced by the migration of water towards the advancing freeze front cause the specimen to expand, they are not sufficient to overcome the reduction of pore pressures in micro and mesopores and thus the total contraction of the specimen occurs after 100 freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. The changes in the microstructure of the pore space of the travertine from Spišské Podhradie are not significant and so we can state that this travertine is a resistant material to the effects of frost weathering.

Description: Slovakia is rich in the Pliocene, Pleistocene travertines and Holocene tufas and travertines, which were studied in 82 localities. Travertines are developed in the spring mounds (49 %) with central orifices frequently in crater-like forms. Fissure ridges (6 %) with vertical veins were identified. A few mounds and ridges were connected to large coalesced mounds (2 %). Many tufas and travertines were formed in perched springline deposits (21 %). The mounds, ridges, and perched springline deposits have the slopes with prograding cascades, fewer included waterfalls. The dams on slopes were very rare. Most tufas were formed in dams along streams (20 %), usually with waterfalls and caves. The upper Miocene freshwater limestones in 5 localities were originated in lakes and marshes (2 %). The Slovak travertines are usually related to regionally important faults such as the N–S striking Central Slovak Fault System (17 sites). Westwards, the faults related to the travertine occurrences the NE–SW striking faults prevailed (3 sites). In northern and eastern Slovakia, the faults have generally W–E to NW–SE direction (15 sites). The travertines are often formed on the fault intersections and they are related to the extensional tectonics.

Description: We would like to announce that the latest issue of the Acta Geologica Slovaca Journal (Volume 12, Issue 2) has already been released at 11th December 2020.

Description: We would like to announce that the latest issue of the Acta Geologica Slovaca Journal (Volume 13, Issue 1) has already been released at 30th June 2021.

Description: We analysed the surface microtextures well-preserved on stable to ultra-stable heavy minerals such as zircon, tourmaline and rutile from the Devonian siliciclastic rocks which are cropping in northeastern and northwestern Iran by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques to provide useful provenance information on various sedimentary stages, and to reconstruct their sedimentary history. Different surface mechanical and chemical corrosive features point to more detritus sources, and above all on few evolution stages in different environments. The microtexture similarity between the studied Ilanqareh and Padeha deposits indicates that they could have experienced the resembled environmental conditions – from aeolian to subaqueous (fluvial and/or marine) processes. Nature of heavy minerals points to a multi-cyclic character of the sediments, and in addition to previously published ideas about the Arabian-Nubian Shield source, the presence of local source(s) partly supplied the Ilanqareh basin may be assumed.

Description: In this paper, a code for 3D forward modeling of electromagnetic low induction number (EM-LIN) data is developed based on the linear integral equations (IE). At first, the code is manipulated for a resistive block immersed in a homogenous background, and the obtained results have RMS errors of 2% comparing with the previously standard published results, which demonstrates the productivity of the 3D forward modeling code. Then, a model composed of two conductive anomalies with different depth ranges and conductivities in a resistive background is considered. IE Forward reposes shows that the shallower block produce larger values in spite of having less conductivity.Since the forward modeling is linear, the productivity of the forward modeling code depends on the efficiency of the forward operator. Furthermore, linear forward operator plays the key role in the linear inversion procedure, therefore, a real data set of a thick dyke in Bloemfontein Nature Reserve region in South Africa is manipulated. Weighted damped minimum length solution is utilized for the inversion procedure and the inverted model is demonstrative of the forward operator efficiency in practical applications.

Description: Public service librarians without coding experience or technical education may not always be aware of or consider automation to be an option to streamline their regular work tasks, but the new prevalence of enterprise-level low code solutions allows novices to take advantage of technology to make their work more efficient and effective. Low code applications apply a graphic user interface on top of a coding platform to make it easy for novices to leverage automation at work. This paper presents three cases of using low code solutions for automating public service problems using the prevalent Microsoft Power Automate application, available in many library workplaces that use the Microsoft Office ecosystem. From simplifying the communication and scheduling process for instruction classes to connecting our student workers’ hourly floor counts to our administrators’ dashboard of building occupancy, we’ve leveraged simple low code automation in a scalable and replicable manner. Pseudo-code examples provided.

Description: In recent years, an increase in the frequency of dust storms in the Middle East has been experienced. Identifying the potential sources of dust is essential to manage the hazardous consequences of dust storms. In addition, the relation between dust events and meteorological factors such as wind speed and horizontal visibility in the Middle East is lacking. The relation between dust events and topographical features such as soil texture in the Middle East is also unclear. In this study, dust events in the Middle East were classified based on horizontal visibility and the present weather reports during the period 1996-2015. Frequencies of different types of dust events, including blowing dust, dust in suspension, dust storm and severe dust storm, were estimated. The average concentrations of dust particles in the Middle East were also estimated based on horizontal visibility. Wind speed makes a critical contribution to dust events in the Middle East, thus wind speeds were also analyzed over the regions with relatively high frequency of dust events. In addition, maps of soil texture, elevation of landforms and the vegetation cover percentage, which have been obtained by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) preprocessing system (WPS), were evaluated. The highest frequency of dust events is observed in five domains, which include Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. Dust in suspension has the highest frequency among all types of the dust events studied here, particularly in southeastern Iran and central and eastern Iraq. Seasonal variations in dust event activity are directly related to wind speed, such that the frequency of dust events is the highest in June and July when winds are strongest, and lowest in January when winds are weakest. Maximum dust concentrations are observed in Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Iraq. The maximal frequency of dust storms in the Middle East occurs in May, June and July. Due to the differences in soil texture, elevation and vegetation cover, the dust emission in the Middle East is characterized by significant spatial heterogeneity. Our numerical analysis shows that sources of dust in the Middle East are mostly topographical lows with heights below 400 m, including sources in Sudan, northeastern and eastern Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Pakistan. Nevertheless, in the southwestern Arabian Peninsula, the height of sources of dust reaches to approximately 1200-2400 m. The upper surface texture of soil in region A (northeastern Sudan) is loam and sandy loam, in region B (Yemen and the southwestern Arabian Peninsula) is loamy sand and loam, in region C (northeastern Saudi Arabia, eastern Iraq and western Iran) is clay loam and loam, in region D (the UAE) is sand, sandy loam and loam, and in region E (Afghanistan, Pakistan and southeastern Iran) is loam clay and loam. The upper surface texture of soil in areas with the highest dust frequency is sandy loam and clay loam. The spatial distributions of the vegetation cover percentage show a sharp decline (below 1%) in Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Central and Southern Iran and Pakistan.

Description: The Oregon Library Association has produced its peer-reviewed journal, the OLA Quarterly (OLAQ), since 1995, and OLAQ was published in Digital Commons beginning in 2014. When the host institution undertook to move away from Bepress, their new repository solution was no longer a good match for OLAQ. Oregon State University and University of Oregon agreed to move the journal into their joint instance of Open Journal Systems (OJS), and a small team from OSU Libraries carried out the migration project. The OSU project team declined to use PKP’s existing migration plugin for a number of reasons, instead pursuing a metadata-centered migration pipeline from Digital Commons to OJS. We used custom XSLT to convert tabular data exported from Bepress into PKP’s Native XML schema, which we imported using the OJS Native XML Plugin. This approach provided a high degree of control over the journal’s metadata and a robust ability to test and make adjustments along the way. The article discusses the development of the transformation stylesheet, the metadata mapping and cleanup work involved, as well as advantages and limitations of using this migration strategy.

Description: Many in the scientific community, particularly in publicly funded research, are pushing to adhere to more accessible data standards to maximize the findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability (FAIR) of scientific data, especially with the growing prevalence of machine learning augmented research. Online FAIR data repositories, such as the Open Science Framework (OSF), help facilitate the adoption of these standards by providing frameworks for storage, access, search, APIs, and other features that create organized hubs of scientific data. However, the wider acceptance of such repositories is hindered by the lack of support of hierarchical data formats, such as Technical Data Management Streaming (TDMS) and Hierarchical Data Format 5 (HDF5), that many researchers rely on to organize their datasets. Various tools and strategies should be used to allow hierarchical data formats, FAIR data repositories, and scientific organizations to work more seamlessly together. A pilot project at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) addresses the disconnect between them by integrating the OSF FAIR data repository with hierarchical data renderers, extending support for additional file types in their framework. The multifaceted interactive renderer displays a tree of metadata alongside a table and plot of the data channels in the file. This allows users to quickly and efficiently load large and complex data files directly in the OSF webapp. Users who are browsing files can quickly and intuitively see the files in the way they or their colleagues structured the hierarchical form and immediately grasp their contents. This solution helps bridge the gap between hierarchical data storage techniques and FAIR data repositories, making both of them more viable options for scientific institutions like LANL which have been put off by the lack of integration between them.

Description: Image acquisition, visualization, and measurement are examined in the context of extreme close-range photogrammetric data analysis. Manual measurements commonly used in traditional stone artifact investigation are used as a starting point to better gauge the usefulness of high-resolution 3D surrogates and the flexible digital tool sets that can work with them. The potential of various visualization techniques are also explored in the context of future teaching, learning, and research in virtual environments.

Description: This paper describes how the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library provided access to circulating library materials during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it details how the library adapted existing staff roles and digital library infrastructure to offer on-demand digitization of and limited online access to library collection items requested by patrons working in a remote teaching and learning environment. The paper also provides an overview of the technology used, details how dedicated staff with strong local control of technology were able to scale up a university-wide solution, reflects on lessons learned, and analyzes nine months of usage data to shed light on library patrons’ changing needs during the pandemic.

Description: The Belgian Art Links and Tools (BALaT) (http://balat.kikirpa.be/) is the continuously expanding online documentary platform of the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA), Brussels (Belgium). BALaT contains over 750,000 images of KIK-IRPA’s unique collection of photo negatives on the cultural heritage of Belgium, but also the library catalogue, PDFs of articles from KIK-IRPA’s Bulletin and other publications, an extensive persons and institutions authority list, and several specialized thematic websites, each of those collections being multilingual as Belgium has three official languages. All these are interlinked to give the user easy access to freely available information on the Belgian cultural heritage. During the last years, KIK-IRPA has been working on a detailed and inclusive data management plan. Through this data management plan, a new project HESCIDA (Heritage Science Data Archive) will upgrade BALaT to BALaT+, enabling access to searchable registries of KIK-IRPA datasets and data interoperability. BALaT+ will be a building block of DIGILAB, one of the future pillars of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science (E-RIHS), which will provide online access to scientific data concerning tangible heritage, following the FAIR-principles (Findable-Accessible-Interoperable-Reusable). It will include and enable access to searchable registries of specialized digital resources (datasets, reference collections, thesauri, ontologies, etc.). In the context of this project, Elasticsearch has been chosen as the technology empowering the search component of BALaT+. An essential feature of this search functionality of BALaT+ is the need for linguistic equivalencies, meaning a term query in French should also return the matching results containing the equivalent term in Dutch. Another important feature is to offer a mechanism to broaden the search with elements of more precise terminology: a term like "furniture" could also match records containing chairs, tables, etc. This article will explain how a thesaurus developed in-house at KIK-IRPA was used to obtain these functionalities, from the processing of that thesaurus to the production of the configuration needed by Elasticsearch.

Description: Metadata analysis is a growing need in libraries of all types and sizes, as demonstrated in many recent job postings. Data migration, transformation, enhancement, and remediation all require strong metadata analysis skills. But there is no well-defined body of knowledge or competencies list for library metadata analysis, leaving library staff with analysis-related responsibilities largely on their own to learn how to do the work effectively. In this paper, two experienced metadata analysts will share what they see as core knowledge areas and problem solving techniques for successful library metadata analysis. The paper will also discuss suggested tools, though the emphasis is intentionally not to prescribe specific tools, software, or programming languages, but rather to help readers recognize tools that will meet their analysis needs. The goal of the paper is to help library staff and their managers develop a shared understanding of the skill sets required to meet their library’s metadata analysis needs. It will also be useful to individuals interested in pursuing a career in library metadata analysis and wondering how to enhance their existing knowledge and skills for success in analysis work.

Description: This paper presents an introduction to Pythagoras, an in-progress digital humanities project using Python to parse and analyze XML-encoded music scores. The goal of the project is to use recurring patterns of notes to explore existing relationships among musical works and composers. An intended outcome of this project is to give music performers, scholars, librarians, and anyone else interested in digital humanities new insights into musical relationships as well as new methods of data analysis in the arts.

Description: The Author explores the nature of DAOs and highlights several areas where states and regulators can adapt existing legal regimes to potentially accommodate DAOs. Part of the Blockchain & Procedural Law seminars (Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law).〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: The Author inquires, "How should a DAO be apprehended by a legal system?" Part of the Blockchain & Procedural Law seminars (Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law).〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉The invasion of Ukraine by Russian forces has led to sharp rises in gas prices in Europe and around the world with real concerns about the possible curtailment of gas flows from Russia to Europe. Pipeline imports from Russia began falling in the last quarter of 2021 and declined even further in January and most […]〈/p〉 〈p〉The post 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/ukraine-invasion-what-this-means-for-the-european-gas-markets/"〉Ukraine Invasion: What This Means for the European Gas Market〈/a〉 appeared first on 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/"〉Oxford Institute for Energy Studies〈/a〉.〈/p〉

Description: An overview of key drivers and unique valuation, due diligence, and integration hurdles for the current wave of blockchain M&A.〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: عدم‌توازن و به دنبال آن شکل‌گیری امواج گرانی- لختی به‌عنوان یکی از عوامل شناخته‌شده در وقوع تلاطم هوای صاف (CAT)، در وردسپهر زبرین شناخته می‌شوند. در این پژوهش ابتدا امواج کژفشار با استفاده از مدل WRF به صورت آرمانی در یک کانال با ابعاد 4000، 10000 و 22 کیلومتر به‌ترتیب در راستاهای مداری، نصف‌النهاری و قائم بر روی صفحهf با تفکیک افقی (قائم) برابر با 25 (25/0) کیلومتر برای 15 روز شبیه‌سازی شد. در ادامه، با کاربست روش تجزیه موج-تاوه، بخش نامتوازن شارش تعیین و برای محاسبه دامنه و دامنه بی‌بعد امواج گرانی-لختی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. سپس مقادیر دامنه بی‌بعد امواج گرانی-لختی، برمبنای نظریه عدم‌توازن خودبه‌خودی لایت‌هیل- فورد، روش ناکس و همکاران (2008) (KMW)‌ نیز محاسبه شد و برای بررسی تلاطم و شدت آن، اتلاف انرژی جنبشی تلاطمی و آهنگ اتلاف پیچکی (EDR) با استفاده از مقادیر هر دو دامنه محاسبه شدند. نتایج توزیع EDR با استفاده از دامنه بی‌بعد روش تجزیه موج-تاوه نشان داد که در تمام محدوده اطراف جریان‌ جتی تلاطم متوسط وجود دارد و بیشینه این مقادیر، در نواحی پایین هسته و خروجی جریان‌ جتی قرار می‌گیرد که منطبق بر محل فعالیت امواج گرانی- لختی و مطالعات پیشین CAT نیز است. همین‌طور نتایج توزیع EDR با استفاده از دامنه بی‌بعد روش KMW تلاطم‌های شدید را در مناطق کوچکی بر روی هسته جت و در ناحیه ورودی جریان جتی نشان می‌دهد و بر‌خلاف روش تجزیه موج- تاوه در بیشتر مناطق، تلاطمی پیش‌بینی‌ نمی‌شود که این امر می‌تواند به اختلاف دو روش در محاسبه دامنه امواج مربوط باشد.

Description: با توجه به نیاز اکتشاف منابع کم عیار نظیر پورفیری‎ها به دلیل کاهش ذخایر کانه‎ های معدنی پرعیار سطحی، امروزه پی‎جویی‎های ژئوفیزیکی مورد توجه بیشتری قرار گرفته‎اند. وجودکانی‎هایی با خودپذیری مغناطیسی و رسانایی الکتریکی بالا در محدوده زون پتاسیک کانسارهای مزبور، استفاده از روش‎های مغناطیس‌سنجی، مقاومت ویژه و پلاریزاسیون القایی را به منظور تخمین عمق و شکل کانسارهای مزبور امکان پذیر می‎سازد. در تحقیق حاضر داده‎های یاد شده در محدوده کانسار پورفیری مس و طلای دالی جنوبی مورد مطالعه مجدد قرار گرفته‎اند تا با انجام پردازش‎ها و مدل‎سازی‎های جدید، نتایج مطالعات قبلی را بهبود بخشیده و ارتباط کانی‎زایی با مدل‎های ژئوفیزیکی جدید مشخص گردد. در این بررسی برای اولین بار با انجام مدل‌سازی وارون سه بعدی داده‌های پردازش‎شده مغناطیس‌سنجی در این منطقه و تحلیل خطای آن، مقاطعی از خودپذیری مغناطیسی در جهت آزیموت گمانه‌های موجود در منطقه به همراه نتایج عیار طلا و مس به دست آمده از آنالیز ژئوشیمیایی گمانه‎ها ارائه شد. همچنین نتایج مدل‌سازی وارون دو بعدی داده‌های مقاومت ویژه و پلاریزاسیون القایی در راستای سه پروفیل با خطای مناسب نیز ضمن سازگاری با نتایج مطالعات قبلی، با خودپذیری مغناطیسی تخمین زده شده در راستای یک پروفیل IP/Res مقایسه گردید. مقایسه مقاطع و صحت سنجی آن‌ها با عیار مس و طلای موجود در طول گمانه‌ها نشان می‎دهد که مناطق مشکوک به کانی‌سازی، در ارتباط با خودپذیری مغناطیسی و شارژ پذیری بالا و مقاومت ویژه کم بوده و با توجه به مدل‌مغناطیسی، حداکثر کانی‌سازی در حاشیه توده با خودپذیری مغناطیسی بالا مشاهده می‌شوند.

Description: این مطالعه به مقایسه کارایی دو روش کولوکیشن کمترین مربعات و انتگرال پواسن در انتقال فروسوی داده های گرانی هوابرد با استفاده از داده های زمینی در منطقه کلرادو امریکا اختصاص دارد. روش کولوکیشن نیاز به داده های با خواص آماری مستقل از مکان و جهت دارد. لذا اثر طول موجهای بلند با استفاده از مدل ژئوپتانسیل و اثر طول موج های کوتاه توپوگرافی از روی داده ها برداشته شد. حذف اثر طول موجهای کوتاه مدل از مدل پتانسیل پوسته dV_ELL_Earth2014_5480 از درجه/مرتبه 5480/5480 انجام شد. نتایج عددی با داده های شبیه سازی شده در ارتفاع پرواز و سطح زمین نشان از برتری روش پواسن نسبت به کولوکیشن در انتقال فروسوی داده های هوایی دارد. اختلاف بین نتایج عددی روشهای کولوکیشن و انتگرال پواسن برابر 2 میلی گال است. این مقدار در سطح نویز داده ها است. همچنین انحراف معیار اختلاف بین نتایج هر دو روش با داده های زمینی حدود 8 میلی گال است. همچنین هر دو روش وجود یک بایاس به اندازه 2 میلی گال در داده های هوابرد را نشان می دهند. با توجه به وجود همین مقدار بایاس در داده های زمینی نمی توان این مقدار بایاس را برای داده های هوابرد کلرادو نسبت داد.

Description: With the publication of Issue 51, the Code4Lib Journal is now closer to Issue 100 than we are to Issue 1. Also, we are developing a name change policy.

Description: Hexlant explores the current state and future of decentralized autonomous organizations.〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: Direct legal regulation is not the most efficient primary tool for regulating DEX protocols. Code is. When DEX protocol’s architecture falls short is when the law should step in to supplement code in order to shape behavior to ensure maximum public value for minimum public cost.〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: Hexlant introduces the story of the beginning, present, and future growth of NFTs based on blockchain technology. This paper will focus on NFT technology trends, challenges, and prospects. Part of Issue Report Vol. 16.〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: The use of distributed ledger technology-based tools and smart contracts for customs compliance purposes subjects the idea of a “declarant” or “declaration” to potential re-characterization.〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: The AsicBoost patent controversy led to the creation of the Blockchain Defensive Patent License and may also have influenced the creation of the Cryptocurrency Open Patent Alliance.〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: آنامولی سطح دریا به عنوان کمیتی که بیان‌کننده اختلاف ارتفاع سطح‌لحظه‌ای آب با مقدار متوسط سطح‌آب در یک بازه زمانی می‌باشد در مطالعه وضعیت سطح آب مناطق مختلف دارای اهمیت چشمگیری می‌باشد. منطقه آبی دریاچه خزر به عنوان یکی از دو منبع مهم آبی برای کشور ایران از اهمیتی استراتژیک برخوردار است. بدین منظور در این پژوهش با استفاده از داده‌های گذر 92 مأموریت‌های ارتفاع‌سنجی‌ماهواره‌ای؛ عبوری از منطقه آبی خزر به مشاهده تغییرات کمیت آنامولی سطح دریا در این منطقه از سال 1993 تاکنون پرداخته شده است. سپس این کمیت با استفاده از روش تجزیه به مودهای ذاتی به عنوان روشی کارا در جداسازی فرکانس های تشکیل‌دهنده یک سیگنال مورد آنالیز قرار گرفته است و سپس با استفاده از شبکه عصبی توابع پایه شعاعی یک شبکه به منظور پیش‌بینی آنامولی سطح دریا ایجاد گردیده است. 9 فرکانس غالب به همراه یک ترند نتیچه تجزیه سیگنال مدنظر در این پژوهش می باشد که در نهایت منجر به پارمترهای مجذور میانگین خطا به میزان 0/029 متر و 0/034متر به همراه ضریب همبستگی 0/99 و 0/97 به ترتیب در دو مرحله آموزش و تست شبکه عصبی می‌شود.

Description: حفاظت قطعات الکترونیکی در برابر پرتوهای فضایی یکی از مهم‌ترین الزامات اولیه در طراحی و ساخت ماهواره‌ها می-باشد. در این کار با محاسبه دز ناشی از پرتوهای فضایی در ماده سیلیکونی با استفاده از کد مونت کارلوی MCNPX به ارزیابی تاثیر سازه‌های مختلف در حفاظ سازی پرتوهای فضایی پرداخته شده است. حفاظ پرتویی چند لایه متشکل از آلومینیوم، کربن و پلی‌اتیلن طراحی شد و عملکرد آن با حفاظ‌هایی از جنس آلومینیوم و پلی‌اتیلن برای بازه‌های دز متفاوت بررسی شد. همچنین سه بازه دز پرتویی که برای اکثر قطعات تجاری بصورت ریسک کارکردی تعریف می‌شود در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان می دهد که با جایگزینی حفاظ چند لایه به جای حفاظ مرسوم آلومینیومی در بازه های دز مشخص، در بیشترین حالت 12/22% کاهش وزن حاصل خواهد شد. علاوه برآن، در صورت عدم الزام به استفاده از جعبه-های آلومینیومی جهت قرارگیری قطعات الکترونیکی داخل ماهواره، استفاده از حفاظ پلی‌اتیلنی از لحاظ بودجه وزنی در حالت خطر بالا با 65/17%، خطر متوسط 16/13% و خطر کم با 23/19% اختلاف نسبت به حفاظ آلومینیومی مقرون به‌صرفه می‌باشد.

Description: Different learning methods have been used to recognize seismic facies and reservoir characterization using seismic attributes. One of the significant issues in automatic facies analysis is to relate the seismic data to facies properties using the well data. According to previous studies, the role of attributes is more significant than the learning method for automatic classification. The proposed method uses supervised selection of seismic attributes for automatic facies analysis.Extended Elastic Impedances (EEI) at different angles as seismic attributes are being increasingly utilized in both seismic facies analysis and reservoir characterization. They are representative of elastic parameters of rocks appropriately. In the presented method, proper EEI seismic attributes are selected after a feasibility study using petro-physical logs, and EEI template analysis of the well data. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is applied to the fuzzy coded data of the well facies to train an automatic model to predict facies from the seismic data. Subsequently, the same particular EEI attributes are prepared. The EEI attributes from the seismic data are inputs for the trained ANIFIS model to perform seismic facies analysis. In this method, the seismic facies and the well facies are compatible. Only one well data can be sufficient for the well analysis stage and well facies clustering.The proposed method is applied on 3D prestack seismic data located in Abadan plain to discriminate hydrocarbon interval of Sarvak Formation. The results reveal that the supervised selection of attributes and fuzzy concepts present remarkable ability in dealing with imprecise seismic facies analysis and reservoir characterization.

Description: The radon transform has a wide application in seismic processing for each project in different areas. Multiple attenuation is mostly summarized in the use of radon analysis in practice, especially in marine data processing. The definition of mute function is the major challenge in parabolic radon transform. In this paper, a method for segmentation of the radon transform by fuzzy inference system is introduced to separate energy parts in the radon domain. We applied a fuzzy inference system based on the property of energy distribution and its attribute in the radon domain. The result of clustering is the partitioning of the radon domain in three major classes: 1- random noise, 2- multiple, and 3- primary and multiple. The result of applying the new method on real data has shown the applicability of the new method for separation of multiple class from other classes that can assist the processor to define the mute function in the absence of other events in the radon domain.

Description: این پژوهش با هدف درستی سنجی و پیش بینی دهه‌ای دمای ماهانه ایران با استفاده از برونداد پروژه پیش بینی اقلیمی دهه ای (DCPP) که در پروژه مقایسه مدل‌های جفت شده فاز ششم (CMIP6) مشارکت داده شده است، انجام شد. به این منظور از دو گروه داده شامل دمای 42 ایستگاه همدید و برونداد دو مدل BCC-CSM2-MR و MPI-ESM1-2-HR با تفکیک افقی 100 کیلومتر برای دوره گذشته نگر(2019-1980) و دوره پیش‌بینی (2028-2021) استفاده شد. برای درستی سنجی‌ مدل‌ها از سنجه های آماری RMSE ، MBE و PCC و نمودار تیلور استفاده گردید. نتایج درستی سنجی نشان دهنده کارایی بهتر مدل MPI-ESM1-2-HR نسبت به مدل BCC-CSM2-MR در ایران می‌باشد. در مقابل مدل BCC-CSM2-MR به خصوص در سواحل شمالی و جنوبی کشور با خطای قابل توجهی همراه بوده و صرفاً در مناطق کوهستانی ایران عملکرد قابل قبولی را نشان داده است. نتایج بررسی دمای ماهانه دوره گذشته‌نگر با استفاده از مدل MPI-ESM1-2-HR نشان داد که این مدل بخوبی الگوهای دمایی کشور را به تصویر می‌کشد. پیش‌بینی دمای ایران برای دوره 2028-2021 نشان داد که بی‌هنجاری دما در دهه‌ی‌ آینده در تمامی ماه‌های سال مثبت و بطور متوسط 0.9 درجه‌سلسیوس افزایش می‌یابد. آنچه در این میان بسیار حائز اهمیت است بی‌هنجاری مثبت دمای ماه‌های مارس، آوریل، ژوئن و ژوئیه در تمامی پهنه‌های اقلیمی کشور است. بی‌هنجاری مثبت در این ماه‌ها بیش‌از یک درجه سلسیوس بوده که یک تهدید جدی برای محیط زیست و منابع آب ایران در سال‌های آینده به‌شمار می‌رود.

Description: در مسائل مرتبط با هواشناسی، آبشناسی و کشاورزی دسترسی به پیش‌بینی‌های دقیق دمای کمینه و بیشینه در هر مکانی ضروری است. ازاینرو استفاده از پیش‌بینی‌های با دقت مناسب مدل‌ WRF در تمام نقاط شبکه ضروری است. اما خروجی مدل با خطای سامانمند همراهست. هدف این مطالعه تصحیح خطای پیش‌بینی‌های 24، 48 و 72 ساعته دمای بیشینه و کمینه در نقاط شبکه بر روی ایران است. خطای مدل طی دوره آموزش 5 و 14 روزه، برای نقاطی از شبکه که دارای داده مشاهداتی هستند محاسبه شد. این خطاها در نواحی هم‌اقلیم، با استفاده از روش درون‌یابی کوکریجینگ، در سایر نقاط شبکه برآورد شد. بدین ترتیب پیش‌بینی خام مدل برای نقاط فاقد داده مشاهداتی حفظ، و تنها مقادیر برآورده شده خطا بر روی آنها اعمال می‌شود. دوره آماری 15 ماه، از 1/11/2019 الی 1/2/2021 برای 560 ایستگاه مشاهداتی کشور در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد خطای برونداد خام مدل در ماه‌ها، مکان‌ها و نواحی اقلیمی مختلف، توزیع یکنواختی ندارد. RMSE برونداد خام مدل برای کل کشور در پیش‌بینی‌های دمای بیشینه و کمینه به ترتیب تقریباً 6 و 5 درجه سلسیوس است، که بعد از تصحیح، به ترتیب به کمتر از 2 و 4 درجه می‌رسند. تغییر‌پذیری نمره مهارت در تمامی نواحی اقلیمی و ماه‌های مختلف بعد از تصحیح خطا بسیار کاهش یافته و در محدوده صفر تا یک قرار می‌گیرد. روش تصحیح خطای 14 روزه نسبت به روش 5 روزه چندان سبب بهبود نمره مهارت مدل نشد و می‌توان با روش 5 روزه با هزینه محاسباتی کمتر به دقتی مشابه رسید.

Description: گسل دوچاه با ظاهری خمیده و با راستای تقریبی خاوری-باختری و شیب حدود 70 درجه به سمت شمال واقع در پایانه شمال باختری گسل قم- زفره، از ساختارهای جالب توجه در ایران مرکزی می‌باشد. تاکنون پژوهش‌های متعددی به‌ویژه از دیدگاه رسوب‌شناسی و دیرینه‌شناسی در منطقه دوچاه صورت گرفته‌است اما کماکان اطلاعات ساختاری از گسل دوچاه واقع در باختر استان قم (کوه‌های یزدان و دوچاه) بسیار اندک است. در این پژوهش با تمرکز بر اطلاعات هندسی وجنبشی گسل دوچاه و پهنه‌ی دگرریخت شده‌ی اطراف آن در سازندهای قم و قرمزفوقانی به تحلیل تنش دیرینه در این محدوده پرداخته شده است که موقعیت محور یبیشینه تراکمی اصلی (σ1) و محور بیشینه کششی اصلی(σ3) به ترتیب برابر با 05 / 030 و 05 / 285 بدست آمد. تحلیل هندسی و جنبشی ساختاری مرتبط با گسل دوچاه و با توجه به آرایش فضایی محورهای اصلی تنش بیانگر فرانهادگی برش چپگرد بر روی برش راستگرد بویژه در قسمتهای باختری منطقه است که دلیل این امر را میتوان به خمیدگی رو به شمال گسل دو چاه و چرخش ورقه خزر (کاسپین) نسبت داد. آرایش خط‌های گذر تنش بیشینه، نشانگر پیروی آن‌ها از رژیم تنشی کلی حاکم بر پوسته ایران است. پتانسیل حرکتی گسل‌ها (Fault Movement Potential) رابطه نزدیکی با وضعیت تنش زمین‌ساختی حاکم در محدوده آن گسل دارد. با توجه به موقعیت فضایی بین گسل دوچاه و محور تنش بیشه تراکمی (σ1)، پتانسیل حرکتی گسل دوچاه حدود 33/0 برآورد گردید که نشانگر پتانسیل پایین این گسل برای فعالیت و ایجاد زمین‌لرزه‌ است.

Description: This paper investigates the mechanism of the eddy’s formation and their locations in the Caspian Sea using numerical simulations. The HYCOM model is used to simulate the evolutions of eddies. The model ran for 18 years from 1992 to 2009 while river runoff and atmospheric forcing are applied in the model as input files. The model output is appropriately compared to some observation data. The results indicate that one cyclonic eddy in the middle and two cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea are the main eddies in this closed sea. Herein we prepare a comprehensive map to show the exact location of eddies with their important features like scales of them in all months using model simulation outputs. Topographic steering seems to be very important in the formation of mesoscale deep basin size eddies.

Description: روش های پالایش رقمی برای جداسازی اطلاعات مجزا از سیگنال های پیچیده هواشناسی بسیار موثر هستند. هدف از مطالعه حاضر طراحی پالایه مناسب برای اعمال بر روی سیگنال های هواشناسی دما و بارش به منظور هموارسازی، جداسازی مولفه های بسامدی با اهمیت و حذف نوفه های بسامد بالای بی اهمیت است. طراحی این پالایه ها، هم در حوزه زمان و هم در حوزه بسامد امکان پذیر است که در این تحقیق طراحی و اعمال پالایه در حوزه زمان انجام شده است. نتایج اهمیت انتخاب پالایه ی مناسب در تحلیل محتوای طیفی موجود در سیگنال هواشناسی را نشان می دهد. با پالایش سیگنال خام دما و بارش ماهانه طی دوره آماری 1979 تا 2021 در ایستگاه های تهران و تبریز به مولفه های فصلی، سالانه و بین سالی، ارتباط خطی بین این مولفه ها به طور مجزا توسط ضریب همبستگی پیرسون مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و شباهت ها و تفاوت ها با هم مقایسه شده اند. همچنین پالایه همینگ نسبت به پالایه میانگین متحرک ساده، عملکرد بهتری را در تضعیف نوسان های گیبس در بخش های جانبی پاسخ بسامدی پالایه نشان می دهد. البته انتخاب تعداد وزن بیشتر در طراحی پالایه می تواند در بهبود عملکرد پالایه اثرگذار باشد. این مساله در زمانی که تعداد مولفه های با اهمیت بیشتری در طیف بسامدیِ سیگنال هواشناسی وجود دارند، بایستی بیشتر مورد توجه قرار گیرد.

Description: The study focuses on the upper Miocene colluvial to alluvial fan deposits of the Modrová Mb., which accumulated on the marginal blocks of the Považský Inovec Mts., transitional to surrounding depressions of the Danube Basin. These blocks are delimited tectonically according to the geophysical evidence, and the late Miocene normal faulting produced fault scarps causing rapid sediment supply. However, the supply of coarse clastics composed mostly of Mesozoic dolomites was of intensity sufficient only to fill the accommodation of the marginal blocks. The sediment input to the surrounding Danube Basin is on the both sides of the Považský Inovec Mts. not traceable, probably due to an overwhelming alluvial redistribution. Facies analysis of the Modrová Mb. implies an environment of colluvial fans with prevalence of cohesive debris flow deposition, associated with less frequent rockfall, grain flow and sheetwash processes on the western side of the mountains in the area of Modrová village. In contrary, the easterly situated area of Tesáre village exhibits dominance of debris flow deposition with more than one third of the succession deposited by channelized and unchannelized shallow traction currents, indicating sedimentary environment of an alluvial fan close to its transition to colluvial sediment-feeder system. Petrographical and geochemical study showed extremely low content of siliciclastic component in the colluvial deposits of the Modrová area. Dolomite clasts form a major part of the sediment and are covered by a coating of clay minerals. The coatings and sediment matrix contain iron oxides possibly derived by fersiallitic weathering and by oxidation of pyrite scattered within the matrix. Geochemistry of muddy layers in the Tesáre succession implies either cold or dry weathering conditions. However, weathering proxies are considered to be biased due to the rapid denudation in the colluvial to alluvial fan environment, since observed facies and published regional studies imply rather warm and humid climate. Several examples of simultaneous comparable depositional settings in the broader region imply, that these colluvial to alluvial fan successions could be related to a mild phase of regional tectonic activity at ~8 Ma.

Description: In our current library fiscal climate with yearly inflationary cost increases of 2-6+% for many journals and journal package subscriptions, it is imperative that libraries strive to make our budgets go further to expand our suite of resources. As a result, most academic libraries annually undertake some form of electronic journal review, employing factors such as cost per use to inform budgetary decisions. In this paper we detail some tech savvy processes we created to leverage a Python script to automate journal subject heading generation within the OCLC’s WorldCat catalog, the MOBIUS (A Missouri Library Consortium) Catalog, and the VuFind Library Catalog, a now retired catalog for the CARLI (Consortium for Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois). We also describe the rationale for the inception of this project, the methodology we utilized, the current limitations, and details of our future work in automating our annual analysis of journal subject headings by use of an OCLC API.

Description: From the fall of 2017 to the beginning of 2020 a project had been carried out to upgrade spatial subject indexing in North Rhine-Westphalian Bibliography (NWBib) from uncontrolled strings to controlled values. For this purpose, a spatial classification with around 4,500 entries was created from Wikidata and published as SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) vocabulary. The article gives an overview over the initial problem and outlines the different implementation steps.

Description: Learning games are games created with the purpose of educating, as well as entertaining, players. This article describes the potential of interactive fiction (IF), a type of text-based game, to serve as learning games. After summarizing the basic concepts of interactive fiction and learning games, the article describes common interactive fiction programming languages and tools, including Ink, a simple markup language that can be used to create choice based text games that play in a web browser. The final section of the article includes code putting the concepts of Ink, interactive fiction, and learning games into action using part of an interactive OER created by the author in December of 2020.

Description: The Western Regional Storage Trust (〈a href="https://cdlib.org/west/about-west/west-membership/"〉WEST〈/a〉), is a distributed shared print journal repository program serving research libraries, college and university libraries, and library consortia in the Western Region of the United States. WEST solicits serial bibliographic records and related holdings biennially, which are evaluated and identified as candidates for shared print archiving using a complex collection analysis process. California Digital Library’s 〈a href="https://cdlib.org/services/d2d/"〉Discovery & Delivery〈/a〉 WEST operations team (WEST-Ops) supports the functionality behind this collection analysis process used by WEST program staff (WEST-Staff) and members. For WEST, proposals for shared print archiving have been historically predicated on what is known as an 〈a href="https://www.ulrichsweb.com/ulrichsweb/faqs.asp"〉Ulrich’s journal family〈/a〉, which pulls together related serial titles, for example, succeeding and preceding serial titles, their supplements, and foreign language parallel titles. Ulrich’s, while it has been invaluable, proves problematic in several ways, resulting in the approximate omission of half of the journal titles submitted for collection analysis. Part of WEST’s effectiveness in archiving hinges upon its ability to analyze local serials data across its membership as holistically as possible. The process that enables this analysis, and subsequent archiving proposals, is dependent on Ulrich’s journal family, for which ISSN has been traditionally used to match and cluster all related titles within a particular family. As such, the process is limited in that many journals have never been assigned ISSNs, especially older publications, or member bibliographic records may lack an ISSN(s), though the ISSN may exist in an OCLC primary record. Building a mechanism for matching on ISSNs that goes beyond the base set of primary, former, and succeeding titles, expands the number of eligible ISSNs that facilitate Ulrich’s journal family matching. Furthermore, when no matches in Ulrich’s can be made based on ISSN, other types of control numbers within a bibliographic record may be used to match with records that have been previously matched with an Ulrich’s journal family via ISSN, resulting in a significant increase in the number of titles eligible for collection analysis. This paper will discuss problems in Ulrich’s journal family matching, improved functional methodologies developed to address those problems, and potential strategies to improve in serial title clustering in the future.

Description: In recent years, higher education institutions have implemented electronic solutions for the management of syllabi, resulting in new and exciting opportunities within the area of large-scale syllabi analysis. This article details an information pipeline that can be used to harvest, enrich and use such information.

Description: Via a study of digital sovereignty and its blockchain interactions, this paper shows the tensions and frictions born from the last twenty years of the Internet’s evolution. Part of the Blockchain & Procedural Law seminars (Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law).〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: The existing governance arrangements in the Bitcoin network have been largely successful in dealing with major crises that would have otherwise become existential threats to it. Part of the Blockchain & Procedural Law seminars (Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law).〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: These concluding remarks aim at following up on the presentations that took place at the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg by clarifying three closely related philosophical and anthropological issues that emerged during the seminars.〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: The Authors present a critical assessment of ODR+ mechanisms to settle Belt & Road Initiative disputes (primarily smart courts and smart contracts).〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: Blockchain technology can address the main problems with the current intermediated proxy voting and engagement systems. Part of the Blockchain & Procedural Law seminars (Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law).〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: Blockchain technologies are operating as useful supplements within the Chinese judicial system. Part of the Blockchain & Procedural Law seminars (Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law).〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: Mathematical certainty and certainty with respect to some technologies are able to sustain and produce particular relations within a state. Part of the Blockchain & Procedural Law seminars (Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law).〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: On-chain DAO governance enables dynamic regulatory features that facilitate unprecedented decentralized regulatory solutions. Part of the Blockchain & Procedural Law seminars (Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law).〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: The new framework Decentralized & Collaborative AI on Blockchain is proposed in the spirit of democratizing AI. The original version of this paper was published at https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/leveraging-blockchain-to-make-machine-learning-models-more-accessible.〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: The Authors lay out Libra’s design concept, the problems it seeks to solve, and the potential implications of its successful launch on the redesign of the global tax system that is already in progress.〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: The tax treatment of cryptocurrency forks presents unique challenges. This Article provides evidence that each issue complicates the determination of income realization, or basis apportionment. We compare three existing approaches for assets acquired without a purchase.〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈div〉〈p〉〈em〉A Geographic Information System (GIS) includes of a hardware and software which are used for purposes such as to capture, store, evaluate, administer and distribute spatial data. GIS has a vast array of spatial analysis tools such as GIS viewer, Geodatabase, mapping tools, modelling tools etc. At present GIS is broadly used in conjunction with multi criteria decision analysis method to perform infrastructure studies and transportation studies such as road and rail. Multi criteria decision analysis can be applied in vehicle routing, site selection, scenario evaluation, land suitability, impact assessment, and location allocation for different sectors. According to majority of the literature, main factors considered in designing railway with GIS are land use, slope, drainage and soil. When multi criteria decision analysis is combined with GIS, it considers different geographical data models, spatial dimension of the evaluating criteria and decision alternatives in those criteria. The best route out of various alternate alignments has been designed using GIS thematic maps and network analysis in ArcGIS as a base. As a conclusion, this review study proves that multi criteria decision analysis combined with GIS plays a major role in modern railroad construction. 〈strong〉 〈/strong〉〈/em〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉In late 2021, China experienced a severe electricity supply crisis that affected 20 provinces. Industrial activity was curtailed, and even households suffered prolonged outages in some areas. The country is no stranger to periodic energy supply shortages and in many outages in the past, the principal causes involved either poor policy coordination or a clash […]〈/p〉 〈p〉The post 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/oxford-energy-forum-the-2021-energy-crisis-implications-for-chinas-energy-market-and-policies/"〉Oxford Energy Forum – The 2021 energy crisis: Implications for China’s energy market and policies – Issue 131〈/a〉 appeared first on 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/"〉Oxford Institute for Energy Studies〈/a〉.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Air pollution is mainly due to the release of pollutants into the atmosphere which are detrimental to the planet and human health in particular〈/em〉〈em〉.〈/em〉〈em〉 Monitoring for the air quality parameters is important because it may lead to the adverse effects on the environment. The quantitative analysis of the air pollution spreads over the Bangalore city is carried out using two different data sources, one from ground monitoring stations and the other from the satellite derived data. Ambient Air Quality data for Bangalore region recorded by Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) for 2018–2020 were analysed in the open source GIS platform. Air quality parameters like aerosol optical depth (AOD), Nitrogen di-oxide (NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) etc. were collected from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) and Ozone monitoring instruments for spatial analysis. Data were analysed and compared and found that satellite based data of NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 from the sensors provide a reliable values in ground-level exposure for a larger urban region.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, energy markets are in turmoil. Oil and gas prices are rising and exhibiting high volatility as the markets grapple with the impact of sanctions and the prospect of reduced flows from Russia . China is heavily exposed to Russian commodity exports and to global markets. The […]〈/p〉 〈p〉The post 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-and-chinas-energy-markets/"〉The Russian invasion of Ukraine and China’s energy markets〈/a〉 appeared first on 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/"〉Oxford Institute for Energy Studies〈/a〉.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉In this podcast, James Henderson talks to Anouk Honoré about her forthcoming article “Demand-side factors behind the historical gas price rally in Europe in 2021”. This article is part of a trilogy entitled “A Series of Unfortunate Events” that analyses the main supply and demand factors in the European gas market(s) that contributed to rising gas prices since summer […]〈/p〉 〈p〉The post 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/oxford-energy-podcast-a-series-of-unfortunate-events-demand-side-factors-in-the-european-gas-price-rally-in-2021/"〉Oxford Energy Podcast – A Series of Unfortunate Events:​ Demand-Side Factors in the European Gas Price Rally ​in 2021〈/a〉 appeared first on 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/"〉Oxford Institute for Energy Studies〈/a〉.〈/p〉 〈div class="enclosure"〉〈p class="enclosure-content"〉〈audio preload="none" src="https://a9w7k6q9.stackpathcdn.com/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Podcast-132-EU-Gas-Demand.mp3" controls="controls"〉〈/audio〉 〈a download="" href="https://a9w7k6q9.stackpathcdn.com/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Podcast-132-EU-Gas-Demand.mp3"〉💾〈/a〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉In this latest OIES podcast James Henderson talks to Mike Fulwood and Jack Sharples about their latest research on the possible impact of an interruption of Russian gas supplies to Europe. After a quick update on current gas prices Jack Sharples reviews the current state of gas supply to Europe, looking at flows in 2021 […]〈/p〉 〈p〉The post 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/oxford-energy-podcast-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-implications-for-the-european-gas-market/"〉Oxford Energy Podcast – The Russian invasion of Ukraine – implications for the European gas market〈/a〉 appeared first on 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/"〉Oxford Institute for Energy Studies〈/a〉.〈/p〉 〈div class="enclosure"〉〈p class="enclosure-content"〉〈audio preload="none" src="https://a9w7k6q9.stackpathcdn.com/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Podcast-135-The-Russian-invasion-of-Ukraine-–-implications-for-the-European-gas-market.mp3" controls="controls"〉〈/audio〉 〈a download="" href="https://a9w7k6q9.stackpathcdn.com/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Podcast-135-The-Russian-invasion-of-Ukraine-–-implications-for-the-European-gas-market.mp3"〉💾〈/a〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉This month’s OIES Oil Monthly Special Issue assesses the implications of the Ukraine war on our short-term oil market outlook for market balances and prices to 2023. The analysis considers two scenarios. A Reference case in which self-sanctioning measures and obstacles in redirecting Russian crude flows due to financing and shipping constraints results in a […]〈/p〉 〈p〉The post 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/oies-oil-monthly-issue-12/"〉OIES Oil Monthly – Special Issue 12〈/a〉 appeared first on 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/"〉Oxford Institute for Energy Studies〈/a〉.〈/p〉

Description: 〈div class="enclosure"〉〈/div〉

Description: در این مقاله سری زمانی یونوسفر با استفاده از سه مدل شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی (ANNs)، سیستم استنتاج عصبی-فازی سازگار (ANFIS) و ماشین بردار پشتیبان (SVM) مدل‌سازی شده و سپس پیش‌بینی می‌شود. جهت انجام این تحقیق از مشاهدات ایستگاه GNSS تهران (N69/35 ، E33/51) که یکی از ایستگاه‌های شبکه جهانی IGS است، در سال‌های 2007 الی 2018 استفاده شده است. پارامترهای سال (year)، روز از سال (DOY)، ساعت (time)، شاخص فعالیت‌های خورشیدی (F10.7) و شاخص‌های فعالیت‌های ژئومغناطیسی (Kp and DST) به عنوان ورودی هر سه مدل در نظر گرفته شده و خروجی، مقدار TEC خواهد بود. برای مرحله آزمون دقت هر سه مدل، مشاهدات دو سال 2014 و 2018 از مرحله آموزش کنار گذاشته شده‌اند. دلیل انتخاب این دو سال، بررسی دقت مدل‌ها در زمان فعالیت‌های شدید خورشیدی (2014) و فعالیت‌های آرام خورشیدی (2018) است. نتایج حاصل از هر سه مدل با TEC حاصل از مدل مرجع بین‌المللی یونوسفر 2016 (IRI2016) و همچنین خروجی‌های شبکه جهانی IGS مقایسه شده است. همچنین از شاخص‌های آماری ضریب همبستگی، خطای نسبی و جذر خطای مربعی میانگین (RMSE) جهت بررسی دقت و صحت سه مدل استفاده شد. کمینه RMSE محاسبه شده برای مدل SVM، 11/3 TECU بدست آمده که در مقایسه با سایر مدل‌ها، از دقت بالاتری در مدل‌سازی و پیش‌بینی سری زمانی TEC یونوسفر در دوره فعالیت‌های آرام و شدید خورشیدی برخوردار است.

Description: An ensemble of elementary radiators is generated on the basement rock because of the applied stresses in the preparation zone of the earthquakes in the earth crust. Considering such an ‘ensemble’ as the source of electromagnetic signals, the strength of the electric field is estimated at different distances and frequencies laying in range (3 – 27 kHz) at three different conductivities of the crustal layers (10-8, 10-9, 10-10 S/m). The results of the computation are presented in this paper. Moreover, propagation distances for the seismogenic VLF emissions have also been calculated in the frequency band (3 – 27 kHz) at the conductivities laying in the range (10-8 - 10-10 S/m) within the limit of detectability of measuring instruments (10-7 V/m). It is observed that these distances increase with the decrease of conductivity of the middle layer of crust. Furthermore, theoretical results of computations are verified from the experimental observations of the seismic event that occurred at the distance of 698 km from the observing station at Chaumuhan Mathura (Geographic lat. 27.490N, long. 77.670E). In addition to this, the generation and propagation mechanisms of seismo-electromagnetic radiations have also been discussed briefly.

Description: جت حاره وابسته به نوسان شبه دوسالانه QBO (Quasi Biennial Oscillation) به عنوان یک عامل تاثیر‌گذار بر جنب‌حاره وردسپهرزبرین مطرح است. در این پژوهش اثر QBO بر شکست امواج روی شرق مدیترانه و غرب‌آسیا از دیدگاه عرضهای بحرانی بررسی می‌شود. با استفاده از داده‌های بازتحلیل ERA-Interim بین سالهای 2018-1979، کمیت‌های شار فعالیت موج و شیو تاوایی پتانسیلی شبه زمینگرد در فازهای شرقی و غربی نوسان شبه‌دوسالانه QBO محاسبه و بررسی شده‌اند. نتایج نشان داد که در شکست امواج روی غرب‌آسیا همراه با استقرار و تقویت جت‌ها در بالادست و پایین‌دست ناوه‌ها، مقادیر منفی شیو تاوایی پتانسیلی شبه زمینگرد شکل می‌گیرند. در فاز شرقی نسبت به فاز غربی QBO جت‌ها و مقادیر منفی شیو تاوایی پتانسیلی شبه زمینگرد در بالادست و پایین‌دست ناوه‌ها بیشتر تقویت می‌شوند. بنابراین در فاز شرقی نسبت به فاز غربی QBO تقویت بازتاب استواسوی ناوه از عرضهای بحرانی موجب افزایش گردش واچرخندی و نفوذ بیشتر ناوه به عرضهای پایین‌تر می‌شود. در شکست چرخندی امواج نیز جت‌حاره شرقی وابسته به QBO سبب تقویت جت‌ها در عرضهای میانی می‌شود. بنابراین افزایش بازتاب قطب‌سوی ناوه از عرضهای بحرانی در بالادست و پایین‌دست ناوه سبب تقویت گردش چرخندی ناوه در فاز شرقی می‌شود. در نتیجه در فاز شرقی مولفه نصف‌النهاری شار فعالیت موج در پایین‌دست ناوه افزایش می‌یابد و شکست امواج روی غرب‌آسیا در فاز شرقی قوی‌تر از فاز غربی صورت می-گیرد. در حالیکه در شکست واچرخندی امواج روی غرب مدیترانه جت حاره غربی وابسته QBO سبب تقویت عرضهای بحرانی نسبت به فاز شرقی می‌شود.

Description: با توجه به پیچیدگی و تنوع ساختار‌ تکتونیکی در منطقه خاورمیانه استفاده از روشی که بتواند عمق موهو را با بیشترین همخوانی با این ساختارها را ارائه دهد، از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. در این مقاله به مقایسه عمق موهو بدست‌آمده در منطقه خاور‌میانه با استفاده از دو شیوه متفاوت 1) وارون‌سازی گرانی منشور‌های کروی و 2) تخمین عمق موهو با بکار‌گیری منشور‌های کروی و استفاده از مدل پوسته لرزه‌ایCRUST1.0 ، می‌پردازیم. در حالت کلی بدست آوردن عمق از داده‌های گرانی یک مساله وارون غیرخطی است. در هر دو شیوه داده‌های گرانی با استفاده از روش یودا برگردان می‌شوند. با توجه به وسعت منطقه، استفاده از منشورهای کروی بجای منشورهای تخت در روش وارون سازی بکار رفته علاوه بر در نظر گرفتن انحنای زمین موجب کارآمدی روش نیز می‌گردد. کمینه عمق موهوی بدست آمده از روش اول ۱۲ کیلومتر مربوط به بخش‌هایی از اقیانوس هند و بیشینه عمق موهو ۵۴ کیلومتر مربوط به قسمت‌های غربی فلات تبت است که با مرز صفحات و ساختارهای تکتونیکی همبسته است. محدوده عمق موهو در روش دوم در بازه‌ ۵/۷ تا ۴۹ کیلومتر است که مقدار کمینه مربوط به بخش‌هایی از اقیانوس هند و مقدار بیشینه مربوط به قسمت‌هایی از زاگرس است. مقایسه نتایج دو روش نشان می‌دهد که نتایج حاصل از روش اول بخاطر وارون سازی داده‌های گرانی‌سنجی نسبت به روش دوم که از مدل پوسته لرزه‌ای CRUST 1.0 برای تخمین عمق موهو استفاده کرده، کاملا با مرز صفحات همخوانی داشته و کلیه ساختار‌های تکتونیکی منطقه را نشان‌ می‌دهد.

Description: We investigate the capability of the WRF/Chem model in the simulation of some criteria air pollutants, during a major air pollution episode between 16 and 21 December 2017. In this study, by employing the EDGAR-HTAP_v2 global emissions data in the WRF/Chem model, we evaluate the simulations of the surface mixing ratios of NO2, SO2, and CO. The RADM2 chemical mechanism with MADE-SORGAM aerosol scheme has been used as the chemical option of the WRF/Chem model, to simulate the meteorology-chemistry interactions. The variations of the time series of the pollutants and the comparisons of the results in Tehran with the measurement data showed that although the WRF/Chem simulations in Tehran presented considerable over-estimations, but the model’s performance with regard to the time variations of the concentrations of the gaseous agents over the polluted episode is acceptable, and therefore, could be considered in the operational air quality systems. Since emission data are not available for many metropolitan areas over Iran, the HTAP_v2 global dataset could be used as the emissions data with reliable accuracy for the numerical air quality models.

Description: تجزیه و تحلیل احتمالی وقایع خشکسالی در مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی مناسب سیستم‌های منابع آب نقش مهمی دارد. به طور خاص، برآورد دوره‌های بازگشت این پدیده می‌تواند اطلاعات مفیدی برای استفاده مناسب از آب در شرایط خشکسالی فراهم کند. در این مطالعه، توانمندی دو مدل سری CMIP5 در شبیه‌سازی ویژگی‌های احتمالاتی توام شدت و مدت این بلیه با استفاده از مفصل مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و تحلیل فراوانی دو متغیره مفصل-مبنا بر حسب شدت و مدتSPEI3 برای دوره پایه و دوره آتی در بخش جنوبی حوضه کارون انجام شده است. رویداد خشکسالی در سری SPEI3 به صورت تعدادی متوالی از این رویداد در فواصل زمانی که مقادیر SPEI کمتر از 1- است تعیین شد. پس از شناسایی خشکسالی، چندین ویژگی مانند شدت، مدت، سختی و ... را می‌توان تعیین کرد. از توابع مفصل و توزیع‌های حاشیه‌ای برای محاسبه دوره‌های بازگشت توام شدت و مدت به دو صورت "و" و "یا" استفاده و تأثیرات تغییرات اقلیمی بر ویژگی‌های خشکسالی آینده با استفاده از دو مدل اقلیم (HadGEM2-es و IPSL-CM4-MR) تحت سناریوهای RCP8.5 و RCP4.5 طی دوره 2050-2021 ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد که توابع فرانک (ایستگاهی) و گامبل (CRU و دو مدل اقلیمی) بهترین انتخاب برای برازش بر مقادیر مدت و شدت استخراج شده از سری SPEI-3 بودند. مدل HadGem توانمندی خوبی را در شبیه‌سازی رفتار احتمالاتی توام خشکسالی طی دوره پایه نشان داد. همچنین پیش‌نگری‌ها نشان داد اهواز در آینده نزدیک در مقایسه با دوره پایه تحت دو سناریو، خشکسالی‌های شدیدتری بویژه در شبیه‌سازی مدل HadGEM2-es تجربه خواهد کرد.

Description: در این پژوهش روش تنظیم سطح برای وارون‌‌سازی مسائل گرانی‌سنجی استفاده شده است. با توجه به اینکه در مسائل وارون گرانی سنجی همواره با عدم یکتایی روبه رو هستیم، روش تنظیم سطح کمک می نماید تا با منظم سازی مسئله به کاهش در عدم یکتایی جواب نزدیک تر شویم. این روش دارای یک الگوریتم مناسب است که حساسیت مطلوبی در تعیین دقیق مرزها در مقطع جانبی دارد. همچنین برای بهینه‌ سازی و کاهش ابعاد پارامترهای مسئله، توابع پایه شعاعی برای نشان دادن عملکرد تابع تنظیم سطح انتخاب می شود. در این پژوهش الگوریتم مذکور برای بررسی نقاط ضعف و قوت آن و به منظور اعمال برداده های ژئوفیزیکی گرانی سنجی، کد نویسی و برنامه نویسی صورت گرفته است. در نتیجه با اعمال بر مدل‌های مصنوعی مشابه گنبد نمکی و مکعب ساده و نیز اعمال نویز تصادفی مختلف، مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت و نهایتاً برای تست واقعی از داده های معدن موبرون کانادا استفاده شده است.

Description: بخارآب یکی از مهم‌ترین شاخص‌های جوی است که تعیین دقیق آن به افزایش دقت مدل‌های عددی هواشناسی کمک فراوانی می‌کند. امروزه با استفاده از مشاهدات GNSS و به‌کارگیری روش توموگرافی می‌توان ضرایب شکست تر در هر یک از المان‌های حجمی در نظر گرفته‌شده را برآورد کرد. استفاده از مشاهدات رخداد آکولتیشن می‌تواند باعث افزایش تعداد مشاهدات از جنس پارامترهای جوی حتی در نقاطی که مشاهدات ایستگاه‌های GNSS حضور ندارد، گردد. هدف از این تحقیق تلفیق مشاهدات آکولتیشن با مشاهدات GPS به‌منظور بالا بردن دقت ضرایب شکست برآورد شده در توموگرافی تابعی تروپوسفر است. به‌منظور برآورد نمودن مجهولات مسئله توموگرافی از مدل تابعی به کمک هارمونیک‌های کلاه کروی به همراه توابع متعامد تجربی برای تشکیل مدل سه‌بعدی استفاده‌شده است. همچنین از توابع پایه‌ی اسپیلاین برای نمایش توزیع ضرایب شکست تر در زمان و تشکیل مدل چهاربعدی بهره گرفته‌شده است. منطقه موردمطالعه، شبکه‌ ایستگاه‌های دائمی در کالیفرنیا می‌باشد بطوریکه پروفیل ضرایب شکست تر حاصل از توموگرافی در دو اپک زمانی (دو فصل مختلف) محاسبه گردیده و با داده‌های رادیوسوند مقایسه می‌شوند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که استفاده از مشاهدات آکولتیشن در کنار مشاهدات زمینی GPS در توموگرافی انجام‌شده با استفاده از مدل‌های تابعی سه‌بعدی و چهاربعدی می‌تواند مقدار RMSE پروفیل‌های ضرایب شکست تر را تا حدود 8 درصد نسبت به توموگرافی انجام‌شده فقط با استفاده از مشاهدات GPS بهبود دهد. نهایتا نشان داده‌شده که اضافه نمودن مشاهدات آکولتیشن باعث تغییر در تأخیر تروپوسفری تر برآورد شده برای منطقه موردمطالعه در حدود 4 سانتی‌متر می‌گردد.

Description: دمای سطح زمین (LST) که حاصل اندرکنش جو ـ زمین است، به دلیل تأثیرپذیری از پوشش سطح زمین، رطوبت خاک، آلبیدو، زبری سطح و اندرکنش این عوامل با هواسپهر، می‌تواند تغییرات شرایط حرارتی سطح زمین را آشکار نماید. در پژوهش حاضر از داده‌های LST شب‌‌هنگام سنجنده‌ی مودیس ماهواره‌های ترا و آکوا (MOD11C3 & MYD11C3) که از وبگاه http://earthdata.nasa.gov دریافت گردید، برای برآورد LST در حوضه‌ی آبریز جازموریان طی سال‌های 2019-2003 استفاده شد. پس از فراهم‌سازی داده‌ها با گام‌های زمانی ماهانه و مکانی 5 کیلومتر، محاسبات بر روی دو ماتریس ماهانه و فصلی انجام گردید و به تهیه‌ی خروجی‌های آماری‌ـ-فضایی منطبق با هدف تحقیق، در محیط نرم‌افزارهای Excel، ENVI و GIS اقدام شد. نتایج نشان داد؛ LST شب‌هنگام در حوضه‌ی آبریز جازموریان، طی دوره‌ی آماری مورد مطالعه حدود °C 1 افزایش یافته‌است. این افزایش در دمای کمینه ‌بیش از افزایش در دمای بیشینه بوده‌است. توزیع فضایی LST شب‌هنگام نیز، بیان‌گر دامنه‌ی گسترده‌ای از دماها از°C10 - تا°C 35 + است که بیشینه‌ی آن در مناطق پست و کم‌ارتفاع مرکزی و جنوبی و کمینه‌ی آن در ارتفاعات شمالی حوضه برآورد گردید. همچنین برآورد فضایی ناهنجاری LST شب‌هنگام، ضمن تأیید روند افزایشی LST، بیشترین/کمترین ناهنجاری‌ مثبت LST را به ترتیب در بخش‌های مرکزی و غربی/بخش‌های شرقی و ارتفاعات شمالی حوضه نشان داده‌است. این شرایط می‌تواند به عنوان نمایه‌ای از تغییر اقلیم مورد توجه قرار گرفته و منجر به تغییر برخی از فراسنج‌های محیطی از قبیل رطوبت نسبی، تبخیر و تعرق، رطوبت سطح خاک، ماندگاری برف، دمای نقطه‌ی شبنم و انرژی بازتابی شبانه شود.

Description: Some extreme precipitations have occurred in Iran in recent years. This paper is devoted to the study of extreme precipitations in the west of Iran, affected by combination of atmospheric pressure patterns in the period of 1987–2016. At first, monthly precipitations for seven synoptic stations of the west of Iran in autumn and winter with positive anomalies greater than 100% were identified. Then, for statistical-dynamical analysis, the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) indices were used. Results showed that the extreme precipitations had occurred during moderate to strong El-Nino, while MJO was critical and strong, in phases 2 and 8, and NAO was in positive phase. The anomalies of the MJO index in case studies had positive values. The NAO for case studies has entered a positive phase from a strong negative phase a few days before extreme precipitation. Analyzing the relationship between the NAO and the MJO with lagged composites showed when the MJO leads the NAO, significant positive NAOs are found for phases 2, and negative NAOs for phases 8, indicating a significant influence of the MJO on NAO. The synoptic-dynamic analysis showed that three low pressure and one high pressure were the dominant systems that have been effective in producing extreme precipitation. Examination of the moisture fluxes revealed that the main humidity sources of the heavy precipitation were the Arabian Sea due to easterly winds that travel a long distance over the north west of Indian Ocean to the Arabian Sea.

Description: An integrated GIS, Remote sensing, and Geophysical techniques have been successfully applied to generate the previously non-available groundwater prospectivity map for the present study area. Selected thematic maps were integrated using the weighted sum tool of the spatial analyst tool of the ArcGIS software. The five thematic maps used are: lithology map, drainage density map, slope map, lineaments density map, and the topographic map of the area. The groundwater prospectivity map generated was reclassified into low, moderate, high, and very high potential zones on the basis of their assigned layer rank, which also depends on their degree of influence on groundwater occurrence. Areas around Gombe, Wuyo, Deba, Alkaleri, Kaltungo, Misau, Nafada, Bajoga towns are the regions that showed very high prospects for groundwater occurrence. Data processing filters such as: horizontal derivatives, Analytic signal processing, 3D-Euler depth estimation was applied on the magnetic data in order to map structures and lithologic contacts before its subsequent integration with other structural lineaments as a thematic layer. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data were used to compute hydraulic conductivity, and Transmisivity etc. for the acquiferous layers identified. The results of the present study showed some regions that are classified as highly prospective to be consistent with high transmisivity and high yield values. The final outcome (groundwater potential map) of this research demonstrated that GIS/remote sensing, and the geophysical technique employed is a very powerful tool for generating groundwater prospectivity map, which is very vital in terms of planning for groundwater exploration and exploitation.

Description: The application of protective coatings can significantly influence the essential physical properties of rocks used in building and decorative industries. This paper presents the results of laboratory tests demonstrating the positive effect of the protective coating Antipluviol S applied on a tuff from Tuscany in Italy, which is a weak volcanic rock of a very low strength and very high porosity. The efficiency of the coating was measured by absorption tests, standard uniaxial compressive strength tests and cyclic frost resistance tests. After the coating application, the water absorption decreased from 39.1% to 31.3% by total rock immersion at atmospheric pressure conditions. The water absorption only by capillary suction showed much higher efficiency of the coating. The change in the rock strength, resulting from the coating application, was less pronounced; the mean values rose from 5.8 to 6.8 MPa (17.2% increase). For all strength values are quite similar in both treated and untreated groups, as well as scattered within the groups, no relevance to the coating impact could be confirmed. But, even such a slight improvement of the monitored physical parameters has the effect of slowing down the rock's weathering. This was proven by the results of the frost resistance test. Coated samples withstood all the standard 25 freeze-thaw cycles, whereas untreated samples began to disintegrate after the 17th test cycle. These findings can help the maintenance of the famous historic architecture of picturesque tuff towns of Tuscany suffering from weathering, and contribute to the preservation of the cultural heritage. On the other hand, they showed how important such tests are when considering building stone import.

Description: امروزه انواع شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی در حوزه های مختلف علوم جو و اقلیم‌شناسی برای اهدافی نظیر طبقه‌بندی، رگرسیون و پیش-بینی استفاده می‏شوند. اما سوال اساسی در استفاده از شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی، نحوه طراحی و معماری آنهاست. یکی از نکات مهم در استفاده از شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی که باید مد نظر طراحان قرار بگیرد، انتخاب الگوریتم مناسب برای آموزش شبکه است. در این مقاله، شش روش مختلف آموزش شبکه عصبی پرسپترون چند لایه شامل روشهای منظم سازی بیزی، لِوِنبرگ-مارکوات و گرادیان مزدوج پاول-بل، الگوریتم شبه نیوتنی BFGS، گرادیان مزدوج فلچر-پاول و گرادیان مزدوج مقیاس شده برای پیش‌بینی ماهانه بارش کشور مورد بررسی و مقایسه قرار میگیرند. برای این منظور، یک شبکه عصبی پرسپترون برای پس پردازش خروجی بارش ماهانه مدل ECMWF طراحی می‏شود که برای آموزش آن از داده‏های ERA5 و روشهای آموزش مختلف استفاده می‏شود. برای بررسی عملکرد شش روش آموزش مختلف، مقدار سه شاخص ضریب همبستگی، میانگین مربعات خطا و نیز شاخص نش-ساتکلیف برای هر مدل محاسبه گردید. همچنین، عملکرد روشهای مذکور در مناطق جغرافیایی مختلف کشور برای ماه ژانویه، به عنوان نمونه، مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از مقایسه شاخصها نشان داد که عملکرد دو روش منظم سازی بیزی و لِوِنبرگ-مارکوات، در مقایسه با چهار روش دیگر برای آموزش شبکه عصبی بهتر است. همچنین این دو روش توانستند، در مقایسه با داده‏های مدل ECMWF، قبل از پس پردازش، نتایج با دقت بیشتری را بدست آورند.

Description: Petroleum hydrocarbons are one of the most common contaminants. Paper presents current theoretical approaches in identification and evaluation of sites with LNAPL (Light Non-Aquaeous Phase Liquids). To compare them with field results outputs from the ongoing remediation in a former railyard are utilized. New information from drilling and sampling is evaluated, with focus on the spatial distribution and migration of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater. Samples of LNAPL (diesel) were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry, to obtain more information about the quality, degree of weathering and the approximate age of the spill. It’s a common problem to distinguish between old and new contamination, and the observation of weathering rate can help to evaluate all possible contamination sources. Weathering degree of analyzed diesel samples ranged from almost none (even light n-alkanes abundant) to complete removal of all n-alkanes, though the railyard is more than 10 years out of operation. Based on the results, new LNAPL sources were identified, possible migration pathways were discussed and the age of LNAPL in different parts if the railyard was estimated.

Description: There are many ways to look at electronic resource use, individually or aggregated. I propose two new metrics to help give a better understanding of comparative use across an online collection. 〈em〉Users per mille〈/em〉 is a relative annual measure of how many users a platform had for every thousand potential users: this tells us how many people used a given platform. 〈em〉Interest factor〈/em〉 is the average number of uses of a platform by people who used it more than once: this tells us how much people used a given platform. These two metrics are enough to give us good insight into collection use. Dividing each into quartiles allows a quadrant comparison of lows and highs on each metric, giving a quick view of platforms many people use a lot (the big expensive ones), many people use very little (a curious subset), a few people use a lot (very specific to a narrow subject) and a few people use very little (deserves attention). This helps understand collection use and informs collection management.

Description: بررسی رخداد توأم چرخندها و تغییر تراز فشار وردایست اطلاعات مفیدی دربارۀ ویژگی‌های جو به‌ویژه در ارتباط با رخداد بارش‌های فراگیر ایران به‌دست می‌دهد؛ زیرا از عواملی که منجر به بروز بارش‌های فراگیر در ایران می‌شود چرخندهای ورودی به کشور است. شناخت ساز وکارهای مرتبط با چرخند‌ها می‌تواند در شناخت بهتر و پیش‌بینی آنها موثر باشد. به‌همین دلیل در پژوهش حاضر ارتباط وردایست با چرخندهای تاثیرگذار بر بارش‌های فراگیر ایران مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. جهت انجام پژوهش از داده‌های دما و ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل پایگاه داده ECMWF و جهت انتخاب روزهای توأم با بارش فراگیر ایران نیز از داده‌های پایگاه اسفزاری (نسخۀ سوم) استفاده شده‌است. با توجه به این‌که مطالعه‌ی تمام روزهای توأم با بارش فراگیر در این پژوهش امکان‌پذیر نبود، از میان تمام روزهای توأم با بارش فراگیر، روزهایی که درصد مساحت تحت پوشش بارش در آنها بیشتر بود، برای ماه‌های مختلف انتخاب شد. در نهایت درطول دوره‌ی مورد مطالعه 8 روز در 8 ماه مختلف انتخاب شد. برای هر روز منتخب، چرخند فعال شناسایی و ویژگی‌‌های وردایست در زمان شروع چرخند و روز رخداد بارش فراگیر بررسی شد. براساس نتایج به دست آمده از این پژوهش مشخص شد که در تمام 8 روز مورد واکاوی، در روز شروع فعالیت چرخند و در روز توأم با بارش فراگیر برروی ایران، تراز فشار وردایست تفاوت‌های قابل توجهی با مناطق هم عرض (و اطراف) خود دارد. در این هنگام تراز فشار وردایست مقادیر عددی بزرگ‌تری را نشان می‌دهد.

Description: 〈p〉This paper aims to examine consumer behaviour towards, and the willingness to adopt, ‘green steel’ in the automotive sector. Semi-structured interviews were held with experts from global, regional and country-specific industry associations and automakers. This paper appraises potential demand for green steel within different vehicle types (based both on size and powertrain) and shows that manufacturers […]〈/p〉 〈p〉The post 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/steeling-the-race-green-steel-as-the-new-clean-material-in-the-automotive-sector/"〉Steeling the race: ‘Green steel’ as the new clean material in the automotive sector〈/a〉 appeared first on 〈a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/"〉Oxford Institute for Energy Studies〈/a〉.〈/p〉