ALBERT

Description:    In the extraction system of ethyl acetate and NaCl aqueous solution, partition coefficients of polyethylene glycol mono-acrylate (PEGmA) and polyethylene glycol di-acrylate (PEGdA) varied with temperature and concentration of NaCl solution were studied. The best separation condition of PEGmA and PEGdA was determined on that basis. Results of the testing showed that partition coefficients of PEGmA and PEGdA sharply increased with rising concentration of NaCl solution and temperature. Since the incremental degrees of PEGmA and PEGdA were different from each other, the ratio of partition coefficient ( K PEGdA / K PEGmA ) reached a maximum under the conditions of 20 °C and 5 mol L −1 NaCl. The best separating condition was as follows: PEGdA was extracted out with ethyl acetate by adding 5 mol L −1 NaCl at 20 °C. After three repetitions, the recovery rate of PEGdA reached 99.8%. The water phase was heated to 50 °C and PEGmA was extracted out with ethyl acetate. The recovery rate of PEGmA amounted to 68.8% by three repetitions. After washing and drying, the purity of PEGmA and PEGdA was 99.7 and 98.7% respectively. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1267-2 Authors Jia-Heng Lei, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070 People’s Republic of China Hui Li, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070 People’s Republic of China An-Fu Zhang, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070 People’s Republic of China Xiao-Di Du, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070 People’s Republic of China Qian Lu, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070 People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The synthesis of glycoside-based trisiloxane surfactants of the general formula Me 3 SiOSiMeR 1 OSiMe 3 (R 1  = (CH 2 ) 3 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 OR 2 , R 2  = glycosyl) is described, and the surface activity properties of the surfactant are studied. Diethylene glycol monoallyl ether glycoside is synthesized by reacting the diethylene glycol monoallyl ether with glucose. The glycoside-based trisiloxane surfactant is prepared by hydrosilylation of the precursor glycoside with hydrogen-containing trisiloxane. The product is structurally characterized by IR, 1 H NMR and MS. The surface tension of an aqueous solution is reduced to approximately 20 mN m −1 at concentration level of 10 −4  mol L −1 . Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1265-4 Authors Fu Han, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, 100048 Haidian District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Yan-hong Chen, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, 100048 Haidian District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Ya-wen Zhou, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, 100048 Haidian District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Bao-cai Xu, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, 100048 Haidian District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The ultimate aerobic biodegradability and toxicity of three ether carboxylic derivative surfactants having different alkyl chains and degrees of ethoxylation were investigated. Ultimate aerobic biodegradability was screened by means of dissolved organic carbon determinations at different initial surfactant concentrations. For comparison, the characteristic parameters of the biodegradation process, such as half-life, mean biodegradation rate, and residual surfactant concentration, were determined. Increased surfactant concentrations decreased mineralization and lengthened the estimated half-life. The results demonstrate that the ultimate aerobic biodegradability is higher for the surfactants with the shortest alkyl chain and highest degree of ethoxylation. Toxicity values of the surfactants, and their binary mixtures, were determined using three test organisms, the freshwater crustacea Daphnia magna , the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum . The toxicity is lower for the surfactants with the shortest alkyl chain and highest degree of ethoxylation. The toxicity of binary mixtures of the three ether carboxylate surfactants at a 1:1 weight ratio was also measured. The least toxic mixture is formed by the surfactants having lower individual toxicity. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1278-z Authors Encarnación Jurado, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain Mercedes Fernández-Serrano, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain Manuela Lechuga, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain Francisco Ríos, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The aggregation behaviour of two cationic surfactants, viz. cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and N-cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), in different concentrations of water-soluble polyacrylamide has been studied in alkaline medium by electrical conductivity and surface tension measurements. A decrease in the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant with an increase in polymer content in the mixture was observed. The thermodynamic and surface parameters have been determined and discussed. The results indicate that micellisation becomes more favourable at higher polymer content. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1276-1 Authors P. S. Niranjan, Department of Chemistry, H.B. Technology Institute, Kanpur, 208002 India Ratna Shukla, Department of Chemistry, H.B. Technology Institute, Kanpur, 208002 India Santosh K. Upadhyay, Department of Chemistry, H.B. Technology Institute, Kanpur, 208002 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The solubilization of benzene and toluene in micellar solutions and the effects on the micellization and micelle size of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide triblock copolymers were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The copolymeric surfactants have the same size as the middle hydrophobic polypropylene oxide block (Mol. Wt. 3250) and varying polyethylene oxide end blocks (30, 40 and 50%). The solubilization and the properties of the micelles in the presence of the solubilizates were investigated; the results reveal that the more hydrophobic copolymer showed better solubilization. The cloud points of the copolymers decreased in the presence of oils; the depression in the cloud point is due to the formation of an electron donor–acceptor complex. DLS shows that the effect of benzene is dominated at high oil concentration. SANS data show that the micelles remain spherical in shape and that the micellar core size does not change with higher benzene concentration; observed changes in the low scattering vector region could be because of some small amount of benzene clusters formed at higher benzene concentration. Finally, the locus of solubilization of the oils in the copolymer micelles was determined via 2D NMR experiments. In all cases, significant nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) cross peaks were observed that appeared to correlate well with the expected loci of these solubilizates in micelles. Hence, the noninvasive NOESY technique provides important information on the location of the aromatic solubilizates in these copolymer micelles that depends on the structure of the oils. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1268-1 Authors Paresh Parekh, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Kulbir Singh, Department of Chemistry, StFX University, Antigonish, NS, Canada D. Gerrard Marangoni, Department of Chemistry, StFX University, Antigonish, NS, Canada Vinod K. Aswal, Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, 400 085 India Pratap Bahadur, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in water/glycerol media and in the presence of sodium chloride were determined at 25 °C by surface tension and conductance methods. Variation in CMC follows the normal trend, i.e., it increases with increases in glycerol content and decreases on adding NaCl. Empirical analysis of the exponential increase in CMC of CPC with weight per cent of glycerol is indicative of CMC having two components; one component being dependent while the other independent of the glycerol amount. The counter ion binding constant was determined from both slope–ratio and Corrin-Harkins methods and showed no dependence on glycerol amount, thus confirming the unusual trend in the behavior of β in water/glycerol media. In a water/glycerol medium, the ratio of solvent surface tension to limiting surface tension at CMC is also independent of the glycerol amount, whereas the Gordon Parameter decreases with increasing glycerol content as in other aqueous organic solvents. The air–solution interface becomes saturated by the adsorption of CPC when the concentration of added NaCl is about 0.02 mol kg −1 irrespective of the glycerol amount. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1281-4 Authors Teiborlang Mukhim, Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, NEHU Campus, Shillong, 793022 India Kochi Ismail, Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, NEHU Campus, Shillong, 793022 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Surfactant-modified mineral surfaces can provide both a hydrophobic coating for adsorbing organic contaminants and, in the case of ionic surfactants, a charged exterior for adsorbing oppositely charged species. This research evaluates the precipitation phase boundaries and synergistic behavior of the mixtures of carboxylate-based anionic extended surfactants with a pyridinium-based cationic surfactant. One cationic surfactant (cetylpyridinium chloride) and four anionic extended surfactants were studied. The anionic surfactants studied were ethoxy carboxylate extended surfactants with average carbon chain lengths of either 16 and 17 or 16 and 18 with 4 mol of a propylene oxide group and a different number of moles of an ethylene oxide group (2 and 5 mol). Precipitation phase boundaries of mixed anionic extended surfactants and cationic surfactant were evaluated to ensure that the surface tension studies are in regions without precipitate. Surface tension measurements were conducted to evaluate the critical micelle concentration of individual and mixed surfactant systems. Precipitation phase boundaries of these novel mixed surfactant systems showed greatly reduced precipitation areas as compared to a conventional mixed surfactant system which is attributed to the presence of the ethylene oxide and propylene oxide groups and resulting steric hindrances to precipitation. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the CMC of mixed surfactant systems were much lower than that of individual surfactant systems. Synergism was evaluated in the four systems studied by the β parameter which found that all systems studied exhibited synergism. From these results, these novel mixed surfactant systems can greatly increase formulation space (reduce the precipitation region) while maintaining synergism, although slightly reduced from conventional anionic-cationic mixtures reported previously. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1282-3 Authors Donyaporn Panswad, International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand David A. Sabatini, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA Sutha Khaodhiar, Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The micellization behavior of gemini surfactants i.e. alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(cetyldimethylammonium bromide) (C 16 -s-C 16 ,2Br − where s  = 3, 4, 10) in 10% (v/v) ethylene glycol solution was investigated by surface tension and conductometric measurements at 300 K. The critical micelle concentration, degree of micellar ionization, surface excess concentration, minimum surface area per molecule of surfactant, surface pressure at the CMC and Gibbs energy of adsorption of the dimeric surfactants have also been determined in the presence of different salts (NaCl, NaBr and NaI). The critical micelle concentration and degree of micellar ionization values decrease significantly in the presence of sodium halides and follows the sequence NaCl 〈 NaBr 〈 NaI. The free energy, enthalpy and entropy of micellization of dimeric surfactants in 10% (v/v) ethylene glycol solution were determined using the temperature dependence of the critical micelle concentration. The standard free energy of micellization was found to be negative in all the cases. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1280-5 Authors Deepti Tikariha, School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.), 492010 India Birendra Kumar, School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.), 492010 India Namrata Singh, School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.), 492010 India Kallol K. Ghosh, School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.), 492010 India Pierluigi Quagliotto, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata e Centro di Eccellenza NIS, Università degli Studi di Torino, Corso Massimo D’Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Enzymes used during washing in laundry detergents have become a universal tool to lower energy consumption and to generate a broad, consumer-relevant, cleaning effect. However, the stability of these enzymes remains a major obstacle, particularly in liquid products, due to increased interaction between the enzymes and the other components of the detergent. The process of formulation involves extensive shelf-life stability studies where residual enzyme activities are correlated with formulation variations. As a way to improve the formulation process, we evaluated the possible use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as a tool to predict enzyme stability in liquid detergents. Thus, residual enzyme activity after incubation in a multitude of formulations was determined and compared to thermodynamic data obtained by DSC. The enzymes tested were a protease, an alpha-amylase and a lipase. We found a strong linear correlation between DSC-derived data, in particular T max (temperature at peak maximum of the transition from the folded to unfolded state) and enzyme activity studies with R 2 -values: 0.98 (protease), 0.99 (amylase) and 0.98 (lipase), respectively. Thus, a higher T max for the same enzyme in a particular formulation is directly proportional to longer storage stability. These results suggest a new way of greatly accelerating this type of formulation study, allowing estimation of enzyme compatibility with a specific formulation on a daily, rather than the weekly or monthly basis used at present. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1272-5 Authors Henrik Lund, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Svend Gunnar Kaasgaard, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark Peter Skagerlind, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark Lene Jorgensen, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Christian Isak Jorgensen, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark Marco van de Weert, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In this study, the gemini surfactants of the alkanediyl-α-ω-bis(alkyl dimethyl ammonium) dibromide type, on the one hand, with different alkyl groups containing m carbon atoms and an ethanediyl spacer, referred to as “m-2-m” (m = 10, 12 and 16) and, on the other hand, with n-C 16 alkyl groups and different spacers containing s carbon atoms, referred to as “16-s-16” (s = 2, 6, 10 and Ar (8)) have been synthesized, purified and characterized. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), micelle ionization degree (α) and Gibbs free energy of micellization (∆ G mic ) of these surfactants and the monomeric cationic surfactants DTAB and CTAB have been determined by means of electric conductivity measurements. In addition, the temperature dependence of the CMC was determined for the 10-2-10 gemini surfactant. The CMCs of the gemini surfactants are found to be much lower than those of the corresponding monomeric surfactants and the effect of the hydrophobic alkyl chain length is more important than that of the spacer. The CMC of 16-s-16 passes through a maximum of (or around) s = 6 and then decreases for s = 10. The presence of a maximum CMC is explained by the contribution of a change of conformation of the surfactant with increasing spacer chain length. The changes of α with s and m are found qualitatively similar to those found for CMC values. The values of ∆ G mic are more negative for the dimers than for the monomers and also change with an increasing spacer carbon number, as CMC values do. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization indicate that the micellization of 10-2-10 is enthalpy driven. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1270-7 Authors Halide Akbaş, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, 22030 Turkey Aylin Elemenli, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, 22030 Turkey Mesut Boz, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, 22030 Turkey Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In this study the treatment efficiency of different ultraviolet (UV)-enhanced ozonation processes for degradation of two surfactants, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate [200 mg/L or 0.3 critical micelle concentration (CMC)] and a nonylphenol ethoxylate with 40 oxyethylene units (200 mg/L ~0.5 CMC), were investigated in laboratory-scale experiments at ambient temperature. The absorbance band of the aromatic ring of the surfactants was monitored during the oxidation process. The reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) of the surfactant solution was evaluated. The results showed that a combination of UV irradiation and ozonation was considerably more efficient than the individual processes (at least two times more efficient in terms of COD and TOC reductions). The synergistic effect of ozonation and UV irradiation was particularly pronounced when medium-pressure UV irradiation was used. By adding alkali to the solution, the efficiency of the UV-enhanced ozonation increased with respect to COD reduction but decreased with respect to TOC reduction. This indicates partial oxidation with lower degree of mineralization of the surfactants. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1271-6 Authors A. R. Tehrani-Bagha, Department of Environmental Research, Institute for Color Science and Technology, #55 Vafamanesh St., Hosein abad Sq., Pasdaran Cross, Tehran, Iran H. Nikkar, Department of Environmental Research, Institute for Color Science and Technology, #55 Vafamanesh St., Hosein abad Sq., Pasdaran Cross, Tehran, Iran F. M. Menger, Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322 Georgia K. Holmberg, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In this study we categorised the surface properties of different knitted fabrics by their electro-kinetic behaviour and liquid up-take phenomena of the knitted textiles in order to understand the interaction of the surface properties of the textiles with cationic softener deposition. The electro-kinetic and liquid uptake properties of textiles were measured by their zeta-potential and liquid absorption ability. We also examined the influence of fabric softener on the surface characteristics of the textiles. We used solvent extraction followed by cationic titration to determine the cationic softener level present on the textiles. The major finding of this study was the different behaviour of individual loads and mixed loads in terms of cationic pick up from the rinse cycle softener. Fibre type plays the most critical role in determining the zeta potential of the fibre, filtration efficiency and water retaining capability of the fabrics, which in turn play the most important role in softener deposition on the textile. The charge on the textile surface is negative; this plays a key role in the deposition of the cationic softener in both kinds of loading conditions. Capillary diffusion could be a key parameter only in the individual load condition. It was found that there is a significant reduction in the liquid adsorption weight when fabrics are treated with levels of softener that are much higher than those associated with normal consumer use. As soon as the fabric comes into contact with the liquid, the fabric softener molecules transfer from the fabric to the liquid and reduce the surface energy of the liquid. This results in an increase in the wetting weight of the fabric. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1273-4 Authors Gaurav Agarwal, Univ Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France Anne Perwuelz, Univ Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France Ludovic Koehl, Univ Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France Kenneth S. Lee, Substrate Material Science, Unilever R&D Port Sunlight Laboratory, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, Merseyside, CH63 3JW UK Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Interfacial and micellization behavior of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) have been studied in aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixed solvent systems of varying concentrations and molar mass. Interfacial behavior of CTAB was investigated by the equilibrium surface tension method. Conductance studies of surfactant solutions under different condition helped in determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and degree of dissociation of CTAB micelles. In addition, the limiting molar conductivity of surfactant and micellar species were evaluated from the differential plots. The CMC of CTAB was found to increase with increasing PEG concentration as well as its molar mass, although, the process of interfacial adsorption and micellization was found to be spontaneous, as evidenced by negative free energy change. The viscosity of CTAB micelles in aqueous-PEG mixtures was found to increase with the increase in PEG concentration and molar mass. Dynamic light scattering measurements revealed a size enhancement effect contributed by the PEG oligomers. An increase in the CMC of CTAB and the subsequent presence of a higher number of ionic species in their dissociated form was further established by an overall increase in the zeta potential value in the presence of PEG oligomers. It is proposed that the PEG could wrap around the micelles through their conformational changes. Results also suggest that PEG oligomers could give solvophobic effect which enhances the CMC of CTAB compared to that in pure water. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1261-8 Authors Kausik Manna, Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734 013 West Bengal India Amiya Kumar Panda, Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734 013 West Bengal India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A new series of cationic Schiff bases was synthesized and their chemical structures were confirmed using elemental analysis, infrared spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance. The surface properties of the surfactant solutions including surface tension, effectiveness, efficiency, critical micelle concentration, maximum surface excess and minimum surface area were calculated using surface tension-log concentration profiles. The surface parameters were strongly dependent on the hydrophobic chain length. The thermodynamic properties of the surfactants in their solutions showed the spontaneous behavior of both adsorption and micellization processes. The thermodynamic data revealed that the adsorption of the surfactant molecules at the air/water interface was more favorable than the micellization in the bulk of their solutions. The synthesized surfactants were evaluated with regard to their preventing the corrosion reaction of carbon steel in acidic media and also their acting as antibacterial biocides to inhibit bacterial growth. The data of corrosion and antibacterial evaluations showed the high efficiency and applicability of these compounds in these uses. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1258-3 Authors Nabel A. Negm, Applied Surfactant Laboratory, Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo Egypt Ahmed F. El Farargy, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt Ahmad M. Al Sabagh, Petroleum Application Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo Egypt Naser R. Abdelrahman, Swedpharm Pharmaceutical Company, 10th of Ramadan City, Egypt Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Symmetrical gemini surfactants of cationic series α,ω-alkanediyl bis (dimethyl ammonium bromide) commonly referred as “ m – s – m ” have been synthesized. Spectral analysis was performed to confirm compound structures and purity. Conductivity and surface tension measurements provide better understanding of the micellization process. Their self-assembly behavior in aqueous solution is also discussed in detail. The antimicrobial efficacy was measured by bacterial and fungal growth inhibition expressed as minimal inhibitory concentration values against five strains of a representative group of microorganisms viz. Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumonia , Salmonella paratyphi B and Aspergillus niger . All of the synthesized surfactants showed antimicrobial activity against them, but at different levels depending on their structures. The surfactants possessing longer alkyl chains (more hydrophobic environment) demonstrated better antimicrobial functionality. The antimicrobial potency was found to be dependent on the representative target microorganism (Gram-positive bacteria 〉 fungi 〉 Gram-negative bacteria), as well as on the ionic nature of the surfactant (cationic), alkyl chain length ( m = 12, 16) and spacer length ( s = 2, 4, 6) of the synthesized compounds. Gemini surfactants such as 12-2-12 and 12-4-12 were found to be weakly active whereas 16-2-16 and 16-4-16 compounds proved to be the most potent antimicrobial surface-active agents among the synthesized gemini homologues. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1269-0 Authors Ketan Kuperkar, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Magdalla, Surat, Gujarat, 395007 India Jigisha Modi, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Magdalla, Surat, Gujarat, 395007 India Keshav Patel, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Magdalla, Surat, Gujarat, 395007 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The pseudo-ternary water-in-oil microemulsion system, comprising water/polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Polysorbate-20) +  n -alkanol/ n -heptane, have been studied by phase manifestation, method of dilution, viscosity and dynamic light scattering measurements. Polysorbate-20, in combination with equal mass of cosurfactants (of varying chain length, from n -butanol to n -octanol) were used in studying the systems in the temperature range 303–323 K. Appearance of turbidity was noted visually, which indicated the attainment of immiscibility or phase separation; a clear dependence of the different phases on cosurfactant chain length was noted. By employing the method of dilution, associated thermodynamic parameters for the formation of water-in-oil microemulsion droplets were derived. Different associated structural parameters were derived through further computation of the data derived from the method of dilution. Unusual behavior of Polysorbate-20, compared to the conventional ionic surfactants, was noted. Viscosity measurements, as carried out with different compositions and temperatures, revealed the temperature and water pool size dependency of the microemulsion systems. Viscosity data did not follow the same trend during heating and the cooling process, due to the condensation effect. This phenomenon was further confirmed by dynamic light scattering measurements. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1256-5 Authors Sujoy Paul, Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734 013 India Amiya Kumar Panda, Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734 013 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A series of new non-ionic amphiphiles based on bis-galactobenzimidazolones have been synthesized by grafting alkyl bis-benzimidazolone units as hydrophobic tails on hydroxypropyloxygalacto-pyranose moieties as hydrophilic heads. Their surface and self-aggregation properties in water were evaluated. The compounds show very low critical micellar concentrations (CMCs) that decrease with increasing chain length; values for the minimal area per molecule at the interface ( A min ) follow the same trend. The synthesized compounds also form hexagonal liquid crystals in water for a certain range of hydrophobic tail lengths. On the other hand, the new amphiphiles show characteristic UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence emission bands associated with the benzimidazolone moiety. The fluorescence emission is quenched with a certain degree of selectivity by cations, due to their strong affinity towards the benzimidazolone group, which shows ion complexation properties. Hence, the reported new amphiphiles are candidates as self-assembling chemosensors. The quenching efficiency and also ion sensing sensitivity is higher in the monomeric state as compared to the micellar state. The fluorescence emission intensity is higher for compounds with a shorter alkyl chain. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1262-7 Authors L. Lakhrissi, Laboratoire d’Agroressources et Génie des Procédés, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofaïl, Kénitra, Morocco N. Hassan, Soft Matter and Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain B. Lakhrissi, Laboratoire d’Agroressources et Génie des Procédés, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofaïl, Kénitra, Morocco M. Massoui, Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco E. M. Essassi, Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco J. M. Ruso, Soft Matter and Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain C. Solans, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain C. Rodriguez- Abreu, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The aim of this research was to study the effect of nonionic and cationic softeners on the thermal degradation of polyethylene terephthalate fibers. The influence of the type of emulsion on the thermal properties and flammability of the resultant samples was investigated by various analytical techniques, namely, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, and the horizontal flammability test. Results showed that softeners with different ionic structure have different effects on thermal degradation and flammability of polyethylene terephthalate substrates. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1255-6 Authors Mohammad Hossein Rahimi, Scientific Association of Textile, Islamic Azad University, Shahre rey Branch, Tehran, Iran Mazeyar Parvinzadeh, Department of Textile, Islamic Azad University, Shahre rey Branch, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Yousefpour Navid, Scientific Association of Textile, Islamic Azad University, Shahre rey Branch, Tehran, Iran Saeed Ahmadi, Department of Textile, Islamic Azad University, Shahre rey Branch, Tehran, Iran Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The desired benefits of the finished soap product are governed by a professional selection of appropriate raw materials, the manufacturing process or both. A better understanding of the crystallization of the soap microstructure is needed which has direct effects on the properties of final products. Soap microstructures and soap composition are not only determined by the length of hydrophobic fatty chain, saturation extent of fatty acid chain, fatty acid distribution but also by the cation effect. Thus, four different fatty acid compositions and the effect of sodium and potassium cations were studied. The performance of the potassium and sodium bar soaps prepared was monitored and was correlated with solid phase thermal analysis. The microstructural effect was examined using ATR-FTIR, FESEM and XRD. The specific ion effect and ion interaction involving both cations and carboxylate anions on different chemical compositions was correlated. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1251-x Authors Renugambaal Nadarajan, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University Teknologi Malaysia UTM, 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia Razali Ismail, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University Teknologi Malaysia UTM, 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The ultrasound contrast agents Echovist ® and Levovist ® (Bayer AG, Schering AG, Germany) are based on the release of gas bubbles from milled α- d -galactose. In diagnostic ultrasound, for this class of contrast agents, there is a need for prolonged contrast duration. To investigate if new carbohydrate compositions could prolong the lifetime of the gas bubbles, α- d -galactose was mixed with other carbohydrates or amphiphiles with varying log P . Acoustic attenuation vs. time (390 s) area under the curve ( A 390 ) and bubble half-time ( t ½) were used as measures of prolonged lifetime of gas bubbles. The products, to which 0.1% of a lipophilic carboxylic acid (5β-cholanic acid, behenic acid, and melissic acid) has been added, showed more than 5, 7 and 11 times enhancement of A 390 , respectively, compared with the reference compound 2 ( RC2 ) corresponding to the commercial product Levovist®. The half-time t ½ of the same compounds was prolonged more than 6 times compared with RC2 . A partial least square (PLS) statistical analysis confirmed that, for additives, high log P carboxylic acids lead to the highest A 390 . The present results bear a promise of products with a more persistent in vivo ultrasound contrast effect than the commercially available agents. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1250-y Authors Lars Hoff, Høgskolen i Vestfold, Postboks 2243, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway Per A. Foss, Hunt Biosciences, Halsanvegen 24, 7600 Levanger, Norway Knut Dyrstad, GE Healthcare ASA, P.O. Box 4220, 0401 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway Jo Klaveness, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1155, 0316 Blindern, Oslo, Norway Pål Rongved, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1155, 0316 Blindern, Oslo, Norway Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A cationic gemini surfactant, N , N ′-didodecyl- N , N , N ′, N ′-tetramethyl-1,4-butanediammonium dibromide (12-4-12) and the corresponding monomeric surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide were compared with respect to corrosion inhibition efficiency in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution. Polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to evaluate corrosion inhibition. The 12-4-12 surfactant showed an extremely high corrosion inhibition efficiency at very low concentration. Surface tension measurements performed under the strongly acidic conditions revealed that the gemini surfactant is remarkably electrolyte tolerant, which is beneficial for adsorption at the steel surface. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1252-9 Authors Mohammad Mahdavian, Department of Surface Coatings and Corrosion, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Ali Reza Tehrani-Bagha, Department of Environmental Research, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Krister Holmberg, Department of Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A novel zwitterionic imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) surfactant, 1-carboxymethyl-3-dodecylimidazolium inner salt, was synthesized. The molecule structure was confirmed by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. The isoelectric point (pI) is 3.8 ± 0.1 at 35 ± 0.1 °C. The other important physicochemical parameters such as the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surface tension at CMC (γ CMC ), the adsorption efficiency (p C 20 ), the surface pressure at CMC (Π CMC ), the maximum surface excess (Γ m ), the minimum molecular cross-sectional area ( A min ), the value of CMC/ C 20 and the average number of aggregation ( N m ) were determined by surface tension and steady-state fluorescence probe methods, respectively. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1254-7 Authors Xue-feng Liu, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, People’s Republic of China Li-li Dong, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, People’s Republic of China Yun Fang, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A novel series of hydroxyethyl group-containing quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized from mono-, di-, tri-alkyl tertiary amines, hydrochloric acid and ethylene oxide by a two-step process with mild reaction conditions. The structures of the quaternary ammonium salts were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The surface tensions at the critical micelle concentrations were measured to investigate the surface activities of the prepared compounds. The results showed that the hydroxyethyl group quaternary ammonium salts exhibit high surface activities. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1279-y Authors Li Yunling, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, 34# Wenyuan Str., Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, People’s Republic of China Li Qiuxiao, China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China Zhi Lifei, China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China Zhang Minghui, China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A new type of double-tail trisiloxane surfactants of the general formula R 1 NR 2 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(CH 2 CH 2 O) x CH 3 ( x  = 8.4, 12.9, 17.5, 22; R 1  = Me 3 SiOSiMe(CH 2 ) 3 OSiMe 3 , R 2  = CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OR 3 , R 3  = CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 (CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 ) has been synthesized by reacting single-tail trisiloxane surfactants with 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether. Their structures were characterized with 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. These double-tail trisiloxane surfactants reduce the surface tension of water to less than 24 mN/m at a level of 10 −5 mol/L. The spreading ability (SA) of the double-tail trisiloxane surfactant solution on Parafilm (or Ficus microcarpa leaf) surfaces is better than that on polyethylene terephthalate surface. The SA of the solution of the double-tail trisiloxane surfactants 1J with average ethoxy units of 8.4 is far better than the others, and its solution (5.0 × 10 −3 mol/L) possesses an SA value of over 15 within 10 min on Parafilm and Ficus microcarpa leaf surfaces. The surface tension values of aqueous solutions (1.0 × 10 −3 mol/L) of the double-tail trisiloxane surfactants 1J are still less than 25 mN/m over 21 days in an acidic environment (pH 4.0) and 139 days in an alkaline environment (pH 10.0), respectively. It is suggested that the SA and hydrolysis resistance of double-tail trisiloxane surfactants are able to be improved by changing the structure of the hydrophobic group, such as increasing the molar ratio of methyl to methylene. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1274-3 Authors Zhongli Peng, Department of Chemical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou, 516007 China Shangfu Huang, Department of Chemical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou, 516007 China Meina Cao, Department of Chemical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou, 516007 China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The interaction between an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and a nonionic surfactant [polyoxyethylene (9.5) octyl phenyl ether] in aqueous salt solution was investigated using the surface tension method. The critical micelle concentration values were determined for the individual surfactants and their corresponding mixtures. The interaction parameter between the surfactants in the mixed micelles, the activity and activity coefficients in the mixed micelles, and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated using various approaches, viz., Clint, Rubingh, and Maeda models. It was observed that the critical micelle concentration of the mixed surfactants system reveals little deviation from ideality. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1275-2 Authors Mehul Khimani, Department of Chemistry, Sir P.T. Sarvajanik College of Science, Athwalines, Surat, 395001 Gujarat, India Sambhav Vora, Department of Chemistry, Sir P.T. Sarvajanik College of Science, Athwalines, Surat, 395001 Gujarat, India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In this study we categorised the surface properties of different knitted fabrics by their electro-kinetic behaviour and liquid up-take phenomena of the knitted textiles in order to understand the interaction of the surface properties of the textiles with cationic softener deposition. The electro-kinetic and liquid uptake properties of textiles were measured by their zeta-potential and liquid absorption ability. We also examined the influence of fabric softener on the surface characteristics of the textiles. We used solvent extraction followed by cationic titration to determine the cationic softener level present on the textiles. The major finding of this study was the different behaviour of individual loads and mixed loads in terms of cationic pick up from the rinse cycle softener. Fibre type plays the most critical role in determining the zeta potential of the fibre, filtration efficiency and water retaining capability of the fabrics, which in turn play the most important role in softener deposition on the textile. The charge on the textile surface is negative; this plays a key role in the deposition of the cationic softener in both kinds of loading conditions. Capillary diffusion could be a key parameter only in the individual load condition. It was found that there is a significant reduction in the liquid adsorption weight when fabrics are treated with levels of softener that are much higher than those associated with normal consumer use. As soon as the fabric comes into contact with the liquid, the fabric softener molecules transfer from the fabric to the liquid and reduce the surface energy of the liquid. This results in an increase in the wetting weight of the fabric. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1273-4 Authors Gaurav Agarwal, Univ Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France Anne Perwuelz, Univ Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France Ludovic Koehl, Univ Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France Kenneth S. Lee, Substrate Material Science, Unilever R&D Port Sunlight Laboratory, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, Merseyside, CH63 3JW UK Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The preparations of quaternary ammonium compounds from various tertiary amines and the (environmentally friendly) alkylation agent dimethyl carbonate were carried out. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, material mol ratio and solvent dosage on quaternization were examined, and the optimum reaction conditions were determined. Under the optimum conditions, the conversions of mono-alkyl tertiary amines could attain over 99%, while the conversions of di-alkyl tertiary amines reached over 95%. Moreover, a series of quaternary ammonium salts with new counterions (HCO 3 , CH 3 COO, CH 3 CH 2 COO, CH 3 CH(OH)COO) were synthesized by the hydrolysis of methyl carbonate quaternary ammonium salts or by ion exchange reaction of methyl carbonate quaternary ammonium salts with corresponding acids. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1289-9 Authors Yajie Jiang, China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, 34# Wenyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, People’s Republic of China Tao Geng, China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, 34# Wenyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, People’s Republic of China Qiuxiao Li, China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, 34# Wenyuan Street, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The properties of Alpha Olefin Sulphonate (AOS) and Alkyl polyglucosides (APG) were studied in the presence and absence of nonionic polymers such as polyethylene glycol, poly vinyl pyrrolidone and methyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl cellulose. Properties like surface tension, foaming, viscosity and emulsification were studied at a constant concentration of polymer (0.1%) and varying concentrations of surfactant. It was found that at low surfactant concentrations there is an association between surfactant and polymer at the liquid/air surface in the case of an anionic surfactant and a nonionic polymer, which is not seen in the case of nonionic surfactants and nonionic polymers. A nonionic polymer reduces the surface tension of AOS by forming a surfactant-polymer complex which in turn increases the foamability, emulsifying property and viscosity of solution. APG does not show any effect on its surface tension in the presence of nonionic polymers but its foamability and emulsifying properties are improved. Reduction in surface tension is not the only reason behind increased foamability in the presence of the polymer. Higher molecular weight polymers give a rich, creamy foam because of increased viscosity in the surfactant solution as compared to lower molecular weight polymers. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1304-1 Authors Shamin A. Momin, Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India Pradnya Yeole, Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The present work explored the molecular implications governing the solubilization of a model drug nimesulide (NIM) in micelles of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EO–PO) triblock copolymers. The aggregation behavior and solubilization studies on four copolymers each with the same mol mass of central PPO block equal to 2,250 and varying % PEO was examined by means of UV–VIS. Moreover, high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry measurements were used to evaluate the critical micellization temperature. The solubilization at different temperatures (30, 37, 45 °C), pH (2 to 10) and in the presence of added sodium chloride (0–2 M) was monitored and the partition coefficient ( P ) and the free energy of solubilization (Δ G s o ) were calculated. The site of solubilization of NIM in micelles was also probed. The NIM solubility decreased with increases in the PEO molecular weight; the drug resides in the micelle core. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1308-x Authors Arpan Parmar, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Usha Yerramilli, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Pratap Bahadur, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In the present study, the influence of perfumes on the interfacial curvature of microemulsions is investigated. The hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept was applied to nonionic Winsor I type systems (O/W microemulsions in equilibrium with an oil excess phase) containing a mixture of oils with isopropyl myristate as supporting oil and a variety of liquid solutes as co-oil for which an Equivalent Alkane Carbon Number of the mixture (EACN mix ) was defined. Temperature was used as a formulation variable and the phase inversion temperature change, provoked by the solubilization of different solutes, was determined. The hydrodynamic radius of the droplet and the interfacial solubilization of fragrances were measured subsequently and correlated to the EACN mix . In a first step, selected perfumery raw materials (PRMs) were used as solutes and were studied separately. It was demonstrated that the PRMs can be classified in interfacial solubility according to their chemical functionalities and they follow the order alcohols 〉 aldehydes 〉 terpenes 〉 aromatics 〉 alkanes. Solutes that lead to low EACN mix values (〈6) have preferential interfacial solubility and provoke strong curvature changes, whereas those leading to higher EACN values (〉6) typically do not change the curvature significantly. The HLD method was also applied to complex fragrances and it was demonstrated that they can be considered as single, non-polar entities, and studied as such instead of investigating each raw material included in the composition separately. Determination of the dimensionless number EACN mix offers the possibility of classifying perfumes in an environment similar to surfactant formulations of typical consumer products and to predict the interaction with the surfactant base according to the rules established on the basis of the individual raw materials. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1295-y Authors Vera Tchakalova, Firmenich SA, Research Division, Corporate R&D, Department of Materials Science, B.P. 239, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland Wolfgang Fieber, Firmenich SA, Research Division, Corporate R&D, Department of Materials Science, B.P. 239, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Chelators are a common ingredient in most laundry detergents. They have a number of different functions such as reducing water hardness, assisting in keeping particulate soil in suspension and the removal of certain stains , thus complementing the action of the anionic surfactants. Another important group of components in a modern liquid detergent is enzymes, mainly proteases and amylases. As the most commonly used enzymes within the detergent industry are dependent on bound calcium ions to maintain conformational stability and function, the presence of both chelators and enzymes in a liquid detergent presents a challenge. The three commonly used Ca 2+ chelators: citrate, DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) and HEDP (1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid), were studied with regard to their impact on protease and amylase stability in buffer and in a model liquid detergent. Enzyme stability was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and activity studies, and correlated to the chelator-Ca 2+ interaction properties. The results show that a chelator’s ability to reduce water hardness and its Ca 2+ affinity are in reality two separate aspects in the context of their use in liquid detergents. In the presence of DTPA, stoichiometric surplus of free Ca 2+ is required to maintain sufficient amylase and protease stability. In the presence of the weaker chelators, HEDP and citrate, the total Ca 2+ concentration is more important to protein stability than stoichiometric balancing between chelator and Ca 2+ . Thus, for these chelators their total concentration only has a minor impact on the Ca 2+ concentration required to maintain or improve enzyme storage stability. The results underline the importance of Ca 2+ in liquid detergent formulations, and suggest how proper balancing of chelators and Ca 2+ can be used to improve overall enzyme stability. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1318-8 Authors Henrik Lund, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Svend Gunnar Kaasgaard, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark Peter Skagerlind, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark Lene Jorgensen, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Christian Isak Jørgensen, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark Marco van de Weert, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In the present study, the adsorption behavior of Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous systems onto sawdust modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 15 N(CH 3 ) 3 Br (CTAB) was attempted. Adsorption experiments were carried out using both batch and column modes under various operating conditions. The effects of some important parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and contact time were investigated. Treatment of the equilibrium data obtained in batch experiments was carried out using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. Based on the isotherm analysis, it was found that the adsorption of CR dye onto SD fits well to the Langmuir model and the adsorption pattern on CTAB modified sawdust (CTAB/SD) followed the Freundlich isotherm which is indicative of heterogeneity of the adsorption sites on the surfactant-modified sawdust. The maximum adsorption capacity of SD and CTAB/SD were found to be 5.2 and 9.1 mg g −1 , respectively, according to the Langmuir model. However, much higher differences in sorption capacities were observed for CTAB/SD and SD in the column system (66.73 mg g −1 ). In order to find out the possibility of the exhausted column for frequent use, a regeneration study was also carried out. It was found that the dye uploaded column can be easily regenerated with a high performance using ethanol as the washing solution. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1334-3 Authors Reza Ansari, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, POB 41635-1914, Rasht, Iran Babak Seyghali, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, POB 41635-1914, Rasht, Iran Ali Mohammad-khah, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, POB 41635-1914, Rasht, Iran M. Ali Zanjanchi, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, POB 41635-1914, Rasht, Iran Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Measurements of the surface tension of aqueous solutions of ternary and binary surfactant mixtures of p -(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenoxypoly(ethylene glycols), i.e., ethoxylated tert -octylphenol with 8, 10 and 16 ethylene oxide groups, respectively called TOP8, TOP10 and TOP16, were carried out at 293 K. Based on the surface tension isotherms, the Gibbs surface excess of surfactants concentration at the water–air interface was determined and then recalculated for the Guggenheim-Adam surface excess concentration of these substrates. Next the monomer mole fractions of surfactants in the surface layer were determined and compared with those calculated on the basis of both Rosen’s approach and the composition in the bulk phase. Taking into account these different values of composition of the mixed monolayer at the water–air interface, the molecular interaction parameters of surfactants, their activity coefficients and the free enthalpy of their mixing were also calculated. As follows from the measurements and calculations, among other things, by the addition of the differences between the values of the mole fraction of surfactants calculated on the basis of Rosen’s approach and those determined on the basis of surface excess concentrations, the mole fraction of the solvent at the water–air interface can be determined. Graphical Abstract   Values of the monomer mole fractions of surfactants in the mixed monolayer calculated on the basis of the Rosen’s approach and surface excess concentration determined from the Gibbs ( X S ( G )) and Guggenheim-Adam ( X S ( G  −  A )) equations. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1336-1 Authors Katarzyna Szymczyk, Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Sodium cocoyl sarcosinate is an important surfactant with a particular chemical structure and many practical applications in various industries. The synthesis of sodium cocoyl sarcosinate involves the reaction of cocoyl chloride and N -methyl glycine. The influences of reactant molar ratios, temperature, reaction time, pH, and solvent on the reaction yield were investigated and also the kinetics of the reaction was studied. It was found that the reaction follows second order kinetics and the reaction rate constant is 0.0153 mol −1  L s −1 at 35 °C. Also production of sodium cocoyl sarcosinate was carried out at bench and pilot scales which is described in details. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1333-4 Authors Masoumeh Hassanzadeh, Chemical Process Design Research Group, ACECR, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 1417613131, Tehran, Iran Masoud Kambarani, Chemical Process Design Research Group, ACECR, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 1417613131, Tehran, Iran Leila Tayebi, Chemical Process Design Research Group, ACECR, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 1417613131, Tehran, Iran Fatameh Yazdian, Chemical Process Design Research Group, ACECR, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 1417613131, Tehran, Iran Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Even though foams have been the subject of intensive investigations over the last decades, many important questions related to their properties remain open. This concerns in particular foams which are stabilized by mixtures of surfactants. The present study deals with the fundamental question: which are the important parameters one needs to consider if one wants to characterize foams properly? We give an answer to this question by providing a measuring protocol which we apply to well-known surfactant systems. The surfactants of choice are the two non-ionic surfactants n -dodecyl- β - d -maltoside ( β -C 12 G 2 ) and hexaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether (C 12 E 6 ) as well as their 1:1 mixture. Following the suggested protocol, we generated data which allow discussion of the influence of the surfactant structure and of the composition on the time evolution of the foam volume, the liquid fraction, the bubble size and the bubble size distribution. This paper shows that different foam properties can be assigned to different surfactant structures, which is the crucial point if one wants to tailor-make surfactants for specific applications. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1416-2 Authors Julia Boos, Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Wiebke Drenckhan, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France Cosima Stubenrauch, Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The linear alkylated diphenylmethane sulfonate (C 12 -DSDM) was synthesized by a four-step reaction with lauric acid, diphenylmethane and chlorosulfonic acid as raw materials. The structure of the final product was characterized by MS. The air–liquid surface tensions at various temperatures and salt solutions (NaCl) were measured by using the drop-volume technique and the thermodynamic parameters of the micellization were calculated. The results show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and γ CMC of the surfactant are 1.452 mmol L −1 and 38.49 mN m −1 at 298 K. With an increase in temperature, the CMC gradually increases, the γ CMC and the maximum surface adsorption capacity Γ max decrease. The free energy of micelle formation is negative (−51.2 to −60.5 kJ mol −1 ). Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1407-3 Authors Xu Hujun, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 People’s Republic of China Geng Hui, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 People’s Republic of China Kang Peng, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 People’s Republic of China Chen Dandan, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The main goal of this study was to describe the method of the synthesis of the dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl- and octadecyl-propylene glycol emulsifiers in the presence of selected anionic and nonionic surfactants. Acyl propylene glycol emulsifiers were produced by esterification of propane–1,2-diol (propylene glycol, PG) with C 12:0 –C 18:0 fatty acids in the presence of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic-poly(ethylene glycol) monolaurate (PEGML). The presence of SDS and PEGML in the reaction system caused microemulsion formation. Depending on the structure and amount of the surfactant in the system reactions proceeded at different rates and with different efficiency levels. The esterification of propylene glycol carried out under applied conditions causes products with the desired contents of propylene glycol monoesters (MAPG) to be obtained in a one-step reaction. Knowledge of the reaction kinetics creates the possibility to program the composition and properties of the synthesized emulsifiers. The interaction of nonionic, lipophilic MAPG with anionic, hydrophilic SDS or nonionic, hydrophilic PEGML influences the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) values of the products which may be used to stabilize water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Use of the synthesized compounds allows stable emulsions to be prepared which include the following vegetable fats in the oil phase: mango oil, palm oil, shorea butter and hydrogenated soybean oil. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1404-6 Authors Elwira Sadecka, Department of Fats and Detergents Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland Halina Szeląg, Department of Fats and Detergents Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The synthesis of double tail surfactants having crown ethers as polar heads was performed by reacting di- F -alkyl mercaptosuccinate on cyclic polyethylene glycol maleates. Surface tension and critical micelle concentration (CMC) were determined for these new surfactants. According to CMC values, the solubility in water is higher with perfluoroalkyl surfactants having a bigger loop size and shorter hydrophobic chains. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1387-3 Authors Ali Khalfallah, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire Organique, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences et Techniques de Tunis, 5 Avenue Taha Hussein, Montfleury, 1089 Tunis, Tunisia Boutheina Boughariou, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire Organique, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences et Techniques de Tunis, 5 Avenue Taha Hussein, Montfleury, 1089 Tunis, Tunisia Ahmed Hedhli, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire Organique, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences et Techniques de Tunis, 5 Avenue Taha Hussein, Montfleury, 1089 Tunis, Tunisia Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Adsolubilization of contaminants by surfactant-modified material is an important phenomenon for surfactant-based environmental technologies. Recently, extended surfactants have been shown to enhance the adsolubilization capacity of organic solutes. In this study, two extended surfactants (ethoxy propoxylated carboxylate extended surfactant—C16PO4EO5C and propoxylate extended sulfate surfactant—C16PO4S) were selected for modifying positively charged alumina surfaces with the aim of enhancing adsolubilization of organic solutes with varying degrees of polarity (phenanthrene, styrene, and phenylethanol). The nature of the charged surface as a function of extended surfactant adsorption was evaluated through the zeta potential measurements. The results showed that at maximum bilayer coverage, the zeta potential of the alumina surface remained constant and was oppositely charged (negative) to the unmodified alumina (positive). Zeta potential measurements showed that the adsorbed bilayer of carboxylate-based extended surfactant produced more negatively charged surface. Surfactant desorption results showed that the surfactant-modified surface retained their negatively charge, albeit reduced, indicating that partial desorption occurred but not to the point that the positively charged alumina surface was realized. The adsolubilization results suggest a benefit of the ethoxy groups in adsolubilizing the polar phenylethanol in the palisade layer. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1394-4 Authors Noulkamol Arpornpong, International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Jirapat Lewlomphaisan, International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Ampira Charoensaeng, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand David A. Sabatini, Schools of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA Sutha Khaodhiar, Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A series of comb-like amphiphilic surfactants of sodium salts of fatty alcohol polyoxyvinethene monoester, i.e., SMA-g-O-3, SMA-g-O-6, SMA-g-O-10, SMA-g-O-15 and SMA-g-O-20, were prepared through the esterification modification to styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) using fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether in dimethylformamide(DMF). The products of esterification modification were characterized by FTIR and GPC analysis, and the esterification reaction rate was calculated by measuring the acid values of SMA and its esterification product. Then, sodium salts of those esterification substances were applied to the leather retaining and fatliquoring process to study their effects on hydrophobicity of the treated leather fiber, such as static Water Contact Angle (WCA) on the leather surface and water absorption of the treated leather. Results showed that all the esterification rates were more than 90 %; moreover, both the WCA and water absorption of the processed chrome-tanned collagen fibers were related to the number of oxyethyl groups in the fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether. WCA decreases and water absorption increases instead with augmentation of the oxyethyl group number. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1410-8 Authors Xi-huai Qiang, College of Resource and Environment, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China Lin-lin Ma, College of Resource and Environment, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China Zhe Yan, College of Resource and Environment, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China Hui Zhang, College of Resource and Environment, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The synthesis and structural analysis of glucosamide surfactants of the general formula C n H 2n+1 NH(CH 2 ) 2 NHCO(CHOH) 4 CH 2 OH ( n  = 8, 10, 12) are described, and the surface activity properties of the surfactants are studied. N -alkylethylenediamines were synthesized by the alkylation of the ethylenediamine with alkyl bromide. The glucosamide surfactants, N -alkyl- N ′-glucosylethylenediamine (C n GA), were prepared by amidation of the precursor diamine with d -gluconic acid δ-lactone. They were structurally characterized by IR, 1 H NMR and MS. They reduced the surface tension of water to approximately 26–27 mN m −1 at concentration levels of (0.5–1.6) × 10 −3 mol L −1 . Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1392-6 Authors Fu Han, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, 100048 Beijing, People Republic of China Yun-yun Deng, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, 100048 Beijing, People Republic of China Peng-li Wang, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, 100048 Beijing, People Republic of China Jia Song, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, 100048 Beijing, People Republic of China Ya-wen Zhou, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, 100048 Beijing, People Republic of China Bao-cai Xu, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, 100048 Beijing, People Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Sulfonate-based anionic surfactants were generated in 2–3 steps from fructose by conversion of fructose to a furan followed by generation of the sulfonate. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1408-2 Authors George A. Kraus, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA Jennifer J. Lee, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Four diakylimidazolium ionic liquids, namely 1-alkyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromides ([C 12 C n im]Br) with the same dodecyl long-chain tail (C 12 ) and the short alkyl side chain (C n , n  = 1–4), were synthesized, and their molecule structures were confirmed by ESI–MS, 1 H-NMR and elemental analysis. The physicochemical properties of [C 12 C n im]Br ( n  = 1–4) were determined by means of surface tension and fluorescence probe methods, respectively. It was found that elongation of the side chain length will bring about an enhancement of surface activity. Along with the side chain length increasing, the critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at CMC ( γ CMC ), the maximum surface excess (Γ m ), micellar aggregation number ( N m ) and micellar microenvironment polarity of [C 12 C n im]Br decrease, while adsorption efficiency (p C 20 ), surface pressure at CMC (Π CMC ), the minimum molecular cross-sectional area ( A min ) at air-solution interfaces and CMC/ C 20 ratio increase. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1409-1 Authors Xuefeng Liu, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China Jie Hu, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China Yijun Huang, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China Yun Fang, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The use of enzymes in detergent formulations is becoming popular due to the concerns about the environment. T1 lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was evaluated for its stability and performance in dishwashing along with other common components of an automatic dishwashing detergent. Therefore, the process of formulating the detergent would depend on the stability of T1 lipase, which may also reflect the performance during the washing. T1 lipase was mostly stable in nonionic surfactants, especially those that were made of polyhydric alcohols. T1 lipase was also stable in a mixture of sodium carbonate and glycine. However, sodium carbonate alone destabilized T1 lipase possibly due to the interaction between carbonates and Ca 2+ . These results indicated that polyhydric alcohols and glycine had stabilizing effects on T1 lipase. The dishwashing performance was evaluated in term of percent soil removed. The dishwashing performance of the formulated detergent was positively affected by the increase in temperature but negatively affected by the presence of hard water, specifically Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . However, T1 lipase was not negatively affected by the presence of hard water, and this enzyme was enhanced by the presence of polyacrylates. The presence of Ca 2+ improved the structural integrity of T1 lipase. It is generally known that most enzymes that depend on Ca 2+ for their structural integrity would be greatly destabilized in the presence of metal chelators; thus, stabilizing strategies such as adding glycine would be essential to maintain enzyme activity during the wash. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1398-0 Authors Izuddin Abdul Rahman, Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abdul Rahman, Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Abu Bakar Salleh, Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Mahiran Basri, Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Three series of nonionic surfactants derived from polytriethanolamine containing 8, 10, and 12 units of triethanolamine were synthesized. Structural assignment of the different compounds was made on the basis of FTIR and 1 H-NMR spectroscopic data. The surface parameters of these surfactants included critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC (γ CMC ), surfactant concentration required to reduce the surface tension of the solvent by 20 mN m −1 (p C 20 ), maximum surface excess (Γ max ), and the interfacial area occupied by the surfactant molecules ( A min ) using surface tension measurements. The micellization and adsorption free energies were calculated at 25 °C. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1412-6 Authors Nabel A. Negm, Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Ahmed F. El-Farargy, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt Salah M. Tawfik, Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Ahmad M. Abdelnour, Khalda Petroleum Company, Cairo, Egypt Hassan H. Hefni, Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Manal M. Khowdiary, Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The Krafft temperatures, surface tensions and bacteriostatic efficacies of a series of dodecyl/tetradecyltrimethylammonium salts with new type counterions based on the general formula RN + (CH 3 ) 3  A − were measured. The results revealed that the Krafft temperatures of the studied products were below 0 °C and the surface tensions of water were decreased to 22–42 mN m −1 when applying these surfactants at a concentration range from 10 −2 to 10 −4  mol L −1 . Moreover, the physicochemical parameters such as the saturation adsorption value, the minimum area per surfactant molecule and the standard thermodynamic parameters of adsorption and micellization varied with different counterions for these prepared quaternary ammonium salts. In addition, the bacteriostatic tests showed that the counterions with shorter carbon chain lengths were associated with greater efficacy for the novel quaternary ammonium salts studied here. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1347-y Authors Hui-cheng Yan, China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, 34 Wenyuan Street, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China Qiu-xiao Li, China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, 34 Wenyuan Street, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China Tao Geng, China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, 34 Wenyuan Street, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China Ya-jie Jiang, China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, 34 Wenyuan Street, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    It is well-known that laundry waste water contributes to water pollution, and the need to reduce the amount of detergent used is widely recognized. Predominantly, research has focused on the washing effects of microbubbles and nanobubbles, and mechanical work was found to account for about 50 % of the washing effect on the cloth. In the present research, mixed nanobubble and microbubble water and four types of surfactants (including a commercial cleaning liquid) were investigated in an alternating flow system. The nanobubble water achieved a washing rate greater than that of ion-exchanged water. However, the microbubble water had the same washing rate as ion-exchanged water. Moreover, nanobubbles mixed with an aqueous solution of surfactant exhibited a washing rate that depended on the ionization of the surfactant: the mixture with nanobubbles and anionic surfactant exhibited a washing rate that was higher than that of aqueous anionic surfactant solution without nanobubbles. The surface tensions of nanobubble water and mixed nanobubble anionic surfactant were lower than those without nanobubble, respectively. Also, there was no advantage in mixed microbubble liquids. These results provide evidence of an enhanced washing effect by nanobubble mixtures in liquids. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1348-x Authors Akiomi Ushida, Center of Fostering Innovative Leadership, Niigata University, 8050-2 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2181 Japan Tomiichi Hasegawa, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050-2 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2181 Japan Naoyuki Takahashi, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050-2 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2181 Japan Toshiyuki Nakajima, Daiko Engineering Company, Ltd, Nishi-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Japan Shotaro Murao, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050-2 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2181 Japan Takatsune Narumi, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050-2 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2181 Japan Hiroshige Uchiyama, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050-2 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2181 Japan Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Chitosan is one of the important biopolymers and it is extracted from exoskeletons of crustaceans in sea food waste. It is a suitable eco-friendly carbon steel corrosion inhibitor in acid media; the deacetylation degree of prepared chitosan is more than 85.16 %, and the molecular weight average is 109 kDa. Chitosan was modified to 2- N , N -diethylbenzene ammonium chloride N -oxoethyl chitosan (compound I), and 12-ammonium chloride N -oxododecan chitosan (compound II) as soluble water derivatives. The corrosion inhibition efficiency for carbon steel of compound (I) in 1 M HCl at varying temperature is higher than for chitosan and compound (II). However, the antibacterial activity of chitosan for Enterococcus faecalis , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Candida albicans is higher than for its derivatives, and the minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bacterial concentration of chitosan and its derivatives were carried out with the same strain. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1395-3 Authors Mohamed H. M. Hussein, Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt Mohamed F. El-Hady, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt Hassan A. H. Shehata, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt Mohammad A. Hegazy, Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt Hassan H. H. Hefni, Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The interaction of cationic gemini and cationic conventional surfactants by conductivity was systematically overviewed, paying attention to synergism observed in micellization. These mixed systems were found to show remarkable synergism in micelle formation. The experimental critical micelle concentration values being lower than the value predicted by ideal solution theory indicate that the mixed micellization is due to attractive interaction between the two components. Gemini/conventional systems form mixed micelle due to attractive interactions (negative β values). The values of micellar mole fraction of constituent 1 ( X 1 ) in surfactant mixtures are more than in the ideal state ( X 1 ideal ), which means that, the mixed micelles are rich in conventional surfactants in comparison to that in the ideal state. Content Type Journal Article Category Review Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1393-5 Authors Naved Azum, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Malik Abdul Rub, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Abdullah M. Asiri, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Anish Khan, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Enhanced crude oil recovery by chemical flooding has been a main measure for postponing the overall decline of crude oil output in China, and surfactant-polymer (SP) flooding may replace alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding in the future for avoiding the undesired effects of using alkali. In this paper the synthesis of a surfactant with a large hydrophobe, didodecylmethylcarboxyl betaine (diC 12 B), and its adaptability in SP flooding were investigated. The results show that diC 12 B can be synthesized by reaction of didodecylmethyl amine, a product commercially available, with chloroacetic acid in the presence of NaOH, with a resulting yield as high as 80 wt% under appropriate conditions. With double dodecyl chain diC 12 B is highly surface active as displayed by its low CMC, 3.7 × 10 −6  mol L −1 , low γ CMC , 27 mNm −1 , as well as high adsorption and small cross section area (≤0.25 nm 2 ) at both air/water and oil/water interfaces at 25 °C. By mixing with conventional hydrophilic surfactants diC 12 B can be well dissolved in Daqing connate water and reduce the Daqing crude oil/connate water interfacial tension to about 10 −3  mN m −1 at 45 °C in a wide total surfactant concentration range, from 0.01 to 0.5 wt%. And a tertiary oil recovery, 18 ± 1.5 % OOIP, can been achieved by SP flooding using natural cores without adding any alkaline agent or neutral electrolyte. DiC 12 B seems thus to be a good surfactant for enhanced oil recovery by SP flooding. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1396-2 Authors Zheng-gang Cui, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China Xiang-rui Du, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China Xiao-mei Pei, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China Jian-zhong Jiang, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China Feng Wang, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Cleaning in an aqueous solution is a complex mechanism which depends on several parameters. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique was used to investigate the detachment, using an anionic and a nonionic detergents, of stearic acid (C 18 H 36 O 2 ) films deposited on gold-coated quartz surfaces. The cleaning mechanism was observed in real time by measuring the frequency of a quartz crystal during the fatty acid film removal. These observations reveal two successive phenomena: firstly, adsorption and absorption of water and detergent on the stearic acid layer and, secondly, the detachment of the fatty acid layer. A relationship between removal time and detergent concentration was highlighted: fatty acid removal time decreases as detergent concentration increases until an asymptotic value is reached. Initial contamination greatly influences cleaning duration. Increased sample contamination actually leads to increased removal time. However, no real correlation between the two parameters can be established. As a result, optimal parameters can be determined for each detergent, thus the QCM technique appears to be of great interest in monitoring and optimising cleaning protocol. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1383-7 Authors Olivier Favrat, Institut Femto-ST UMR CNRS 6174, ENSMM, Université de Franche-Comté, 26 chemin de l’épitaphe, 25000 Besancon Cedex, France Joseph Gavoille, Institut Femto-ST UMR CNRS 6174, ENSMM, Université de Franche-Comté, 26 chemin de l’épitaphe, 25000 Besancon Cedex, France Lotfi Aleya, Chrono-Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Franche-Comté, 1 place Leclerc, 25030 Besancon Cedex, France Guy Monteil, Institut Femto-ST UMR CNRS 6174, ENSMM, Université de Franche-Comté, 26 chemin de l’épitaphe, 25000 Besancon Cedex, France Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The critical micelle concentration and the effective degree of dissociation of micelles (α) of sodium dodecyl sulfate, which is the most extensively used surfactant in emulsion polymerization systems, were determined in the presence of various amounts of sodium carbonate and potassium persulfate, and some monomers, such as methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and styrene by means of the conductometric procedure at 25 °C. In addition, the other micellization parameters, such as aggregation number and number of counter-ions per micelle, were computed directly from the obtained conductivity measurements data. The effect of the combination of sodium carbonate and potassium persulfate, on the critical micelle concentration of the sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions was studied at 60 °C (emulsion reaction temperature). The empirical formulations derived provide an easy way to estimate the critical micelle concentration and the effective degree of dissociation of micelles of a system at a given electrolyte and monomer concentration. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1389-1 Authors Saeed Naderi Miqan, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Farshad Farshchi Tabrizi, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Hossein Abedini, Department of Polymerization Engineering, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14965-115, Tehran, Iran Hossein Atashy Kashi, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A novel series of six nonionic polymeric surfactants were prepared by polymerization of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, molecular weight MW = 400, 600 and 2,000) and allyl ester of long chain fatty acid chloride (decanoyl and lauroyl chloride). The unique structural features of these surfactants were confirmed by different spectroscopic tools (IR and 1 H NMR). The surface properties of these compounds such as surface tension, interfacial tension, emulsion stability, wetting power, foam height, solubilization and dispersant properties in disperse dye systems were determined and evaluated. A comparison study was done between the chemical structures and surface properties of such compounds. Biodegradability and stability to hydrolysis in acidic and alkaline media were also determined and evaluated. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1381-9 Authors Abd El Monem Eissa, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt Manal El Hefnawy, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt Mohamed Deef Allah, Natural Science Department, Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Shoubra, Egypt Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    New pyridinium gemini surfactants have been synthesized by esterification of halogenated carboxylic acids with long chain fatty alcohols furnishing respective esters (dodecyl-2-chloroacetate, tetradecyl-2-chloroacetate, hexadecyl-2-chloroacetate, dodecyl-2-bromoacetate, tetradecyl-2-bromoacetate and hexadecyl-2-bromoacetate) followed by their subsequent treatment with 4,4′-trimethylene dipyridine resulting in the formation of title Gemini surfactants: 4,4′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis1-{2-(dodecyloxy)-2-oxoethyl}; 4,4′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis{1-(2-(tetradecyloxy)-2-oxoethyl}; 4,4′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis{1-(2-(hexadecyloxy)-2-oxoethyl} dipyridinium chlorides; 4,4′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis{1-(2-(dodecyloxy)-2-oxoethyl}; 4,4′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis{1-(2-(tetradecyloxy)-2-oxoethyl} and 4,4′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis{1-(2-(hexadecyloxy)-2-oxoethyl} dipyridinium bromides. Their identifications are based on IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, DEPT, COSY and Mass spectral studies. Their surface active properties were also evaluated on the basis of surface tension and conductivity measurements. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1380-x Authors Pankaj Patial, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 India Arifa Shaheen, Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India Ishtiaque Ahmad, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Reactions of octanol, nonanol, decanol, and dodecanol with epichlorohydrin were carried out in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The synthesized non-ionic surfactants were modified with triethanolamine. Surface activity at the water-air interface and electrical conductivity of the resulting surfactants at 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C were determined and thermodynamic parameters of micellization and adsorption were calculated. It was established that the synthesized quaternary ammonium salts have the ability to localize thin crude oil films on the water surface formed due to spill. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1385-5 Authors Ziyafaddin H. Asadov, Institute of Petrochemical Processes of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Hojaly ave. 30, 1025 Baku, Azerbaijan Ravan A. Rahimov, Institute of Petrochemical Processes of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Hojaly ave. 30, 1025 Baku, Azerbaijan Gulnara A. Ahmadova, Institute of Petrochemical Processes of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Hojaly ave. 30, 1025 Baku, Azerbaijan Khuraman A. Mammadova, Institute of Petrochemical Processes of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Hojaly ave. 30, 1025 Baku, Azerbaijan Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid is a promising bio-based platform chemical that may serve as a ‘green’ substitute for terephthalate in polyesters. In the present work, straightforward glycosylation of decanol with unprotected and non-activated d -glucose was performed under reduced quantities of sulfuric acid as catalyst (down to 0.9 mol%) in the presence of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid or its n -decyl ester as additive. Yield of decyl monoglucosides was highly improved by the use of the additives. Moreover, the presence of additive also limited the colouration of the reaction. The physical and chemical properties of the surfactant composition produced were studied and compared to reference compositions. The ultimate biodegradability of furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and its n -decyl ester formed or produced in the bulk reaction medium was also studied in order to assess its potential use in surfactant industry. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1382-8 Authors Daan S. van Es, Food and Bio-based Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Sinisa Marinkovic, Green Chemistry Department, Agro-Industrie Recherches et Développements, 51110 Pomacle, France Xavier Oduber, Food and Bio-based Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Boris Estrine, Green Chemistry Department, Agro-Industrie Recherches et Développements, 51110 Pomacle, France Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Zwitterionic imidazolium-based surfactants, namely 1-carboxymethyl-3-alkyl imidazolium inner salts (C n imCM, n  = 10, 12, and 14), were synthesized. Their molecule structures were characterized by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS), 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) and elemental analysis. Compared to the structurally related N -alkylbetaines (C n H 2 n +1 N + (CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 COO − ), the CMCs of C n imCM are smaller than those of N -alkylbetaines. The effect of the long-chain length on the typical physicochemical properties of C n imCM was studied. It is found that the lengthening of the long-chain enhances the surface activity of C n imCM. The tendency for C n imCM surfactants is similar to the case of the structurally related traditional zwitterionic N -alkylbetaines. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1399-z Authors Bang-qing Ni, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China Jie Hu, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China Xue-feng Liu, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China Hui Chen, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China Yun Fang, The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In this study we prepared and characterized a series of novel ester-linked gemini surfactants, featuring ester bonds in their structures, through the reactions of polyethylene glycol (PEG400) with various fatty acids (C8–C18). These gemini surfactants exhibit excellent surface activities, as evidenced by their surface tension, wetting power, and low-foaming and buffer abilities. We examine the influence of the concentrations of the ester-linked gemini surfactants on the surface tension, from which we obtain the critical micelle concentrations. Under basic conditions, each of these cleavable surfactants decomposes into a water-insoluble fatty acid and two water-soluble products; in contrast, they are stable under neutral and acidic conditions. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1400-x Authors Shuenn-Kung Su, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Keelung Road, Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC Li-Huei Lin, Department of Cosmetic Science, Vanung University, 1, Van Nung Road, Chung-Li City, Taiwan, ROC Yu-Ching Lai, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Keelung Road, Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Electrochemical and gravimetric measurements were performed to investigate the effectiveness of a synthesized cationic gemini surfactant as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency obtained from all methods are in good agreement. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that, the prepared surfactant hinders both anodic and cathodic processes, i.e. acted as mixed-type inhibitor. It was found that the adsorption of the synthesized inhibitor followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and showed a mixed physical and chemical adsorption. Kinetic parameters were calculated and discussed. The inhibitor exhibited a synergistic effect with Sn 2+ more than with Cu 2+ . The synthesized cationic gemini surfactant exhibited good surface properties. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1388-2 Authors Mohamed A. Hegazy, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Aziza S. El-Tabei, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The thermodynamics of micellization of the sulfobetaine (SB) amphoteric surfactants, that is N -alkyl- N , N -dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate and N -alkyl- N , N -dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-butanesulfonate (the carbon atom number of the alkyl chain is 12, 14 and 16 respectively) in aqueous solution, have been studied by surface tension measurements with the temperature range from 298.15 to 318.15 K. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of SB n-3 and SB n-4 surfactants were determined from the drop-volume methods at different temperatures. The obtained results indicated that the values of critical micelle concentration strongly depended on the surfactants species and temperatures. Thermodynamic parameters ( \Updelta G \text mic ° , \Updelta H \text mic ° and \Updelta S \text mic ° ) of the micelle formation were determined. The micellization was found to be enthalpy-driven at lower temperatures, while this process was entropy-driven at higher temperatures. The enthalpy–entropy compensation were also investigated. The compensation temperature T c and \Updelta H \text mic * decreased, while \Updelta S \text mic * increased with the increase in the hydrophobic chain length. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1374-8 Authors Cheng-jie Cheng, College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 100220 China Guang-miao Qu, College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 100220 China Ji-jun Wei, Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China Tao Yu, Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China Wei Ding, Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The surface tension measurements of aqueous solutions of p -(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxypoly(9.5)ethylene glycol or tert -octylphenol ethoxylate (TOP10) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) mixtures with ethanol were carried out in the range of the total concentration of CTAB and TOP10 mixtures from 1 × 10 −7 to 1 × 10 −2 M and ethanol from 0 to 17.13 M. In the CTAB and TOP10 mixtures, the mole fractions of TOP10 were equal to 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; and 0.8, respectively. The results obtained were compared to those calculated from the Fainerman and Miller equation developed for ideal mixtures of two homologous surfactants, as well as from the Connors equation derived for the concentrated organic solutions. The calculations of the surface tension from the Fainerman and Miller equation were carried out treating the solvent and solute in a few different ways. The differences between the measured and calculated values of the surface tension were discussed in the light of molecular interaction parameter and the composition of the surface layer. The composition of the mixed surface layer at the solution-air interface was evaluated according to Rosen using the nonideal solution theory with the assumption that water with ethanol is a mixed solvent. Knowing the values of mole fractions of CTAB and TOP10 in the surface layer, the molecular interaction parameter was determined. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1379-3 Authors Magdalena Bielawska, Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland Bronisław Jańczuk, Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland Anna Zdziennicka, Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Sophorolipids (SL) are glycolipid biosurfactants abundantly produced from different feedstocks by yeasts and have been widely developed for various applications. The amphipathic structures of sophorolipids imparts to them surfactant type properties. These biosurfactants are readily isolated in high yield and are nontoxic and biodegradable, which make them industrially interesting as surfactants or emulsifiers. Sophorolipid production was carried out using glucose as a hydrophilic source and lauryl alcohol C 12–14 , as a hydrophobic source by Candida bombicola (ATCC 22214). Process economics and environmental attractiveness was increased by using a low cost substrate. Optimization studies were carried out where the effect of glucose concentration, pH, temperature and metal ions on sophorolipid production was studied. Optimum production of sophorolipid obtained using lauryl alcohol (SLLA) was achieved after 96 h, the initial pH of the medium was 6.0 with 10 % glucose at 30 °C. Primary characterization of SLLA was done by FTIR. The SLLA showed high physicochemical properties in terms of the surface activities when compared with synthetic surfactants including dodecyl tetraethylene glycol ether and sodium lauryl sulfate. The surface tension of SLLA thus obtained was found to be 24 mN/m with a critical micellar concentration (CMC) value of 0.68 mg/L. Antimicrobial testing showed that SLLA have potent antimicrobial activity against both gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739) and gram positive cocci, Staphylococcus aureus s (ATCC 2079). Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1378-4 Authors Vrushali Dengle Pulate, National Chemical Laboratory, Biochemical Division, Pune, India Sunil Bhagwat, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India Asmita Prabhune, National Chemical Laboratory, Biochemical Division, Pune, India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In the study, a new treatment with cationic surfactants was proposed to remove deposited disperse dyes from polyester fabrics as an alternative to the traditional reduction clearing process. For this purpose, dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and two gemini cationic surfactants (12-4-12 and 14-4-14) were investigated and the optimum operating conditions were obtained using a central composite design. Findings indicated that gemini cationic surfactants can be considered as the best candidates to remove deposited disperse dyes from polyester fabrics. This was confirmed by the results of the scanning electron microscope images, fastness properties and spectrophotometry. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1376-6 Authors Matin Safa, Department of Textile Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Kamaladin Gharanjig, Department of Organic Colorants, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Ramin Khajavi, Department of Textile Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mojtaba Jalili, Department of Print Ink, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In this work, the removal mechanism of kaolinite and ferric oxide (model hydrophilic particulate soils) from hydrophilic (cotton) and hydrophobic (polyester) fabrics was studied using three surfactant types: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), octylphenol ethoxylate (OP(EO)10), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This work investigated the relations between zeta potential, surfactant adsorption, contact angle, solid/liquid spreading pressure, and dispersion stability in washing solutions as compared to detergency performance and antiredeposition as a function of surfactant concentration and pH level. The SDS showed the best detergency for both particulate soils, followed by OP(EO)10, with CTAB being the least effective surfactant. For SDS, the electrostatic repulsion between fabric and soil was found to be the dominant force for hydrophilic particulate soil removal. For the nonionic surfactant OP(EO)10, electrostatics are also important and steric effects aid particulate soil detergency. Electrostatic forces and solid/liquid interfacial tension reduction aids CTAB detergency. These same detergency mechanisms have previously been found for the case of hydrophobic soil removal from fabrics. Dispersion stability did not prove to be a dominant mechanism governing particulate soil detergency. From the SEM photos of soiled fabric, ferric oxide attaches to the fabric surface with no entrapment between fabric yarns; moreover, ferric oxide tends to form larger aggregates on cotton compared to polyester fabric. The adhesion of larger particles is hypothesized to be weaker than the smaller ones. Therefore ferric oxide can be more easily removed from cotton fabric than polyester. The SEM photos for kaolinite show little visual difference in particle agglomeration on polyester compared to cotton. Removal of kaolinite from cotton was found to be higher than from polyester, but there is less difference than for ferric oxide. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1362-z Authors Sureeporn Rojvoranun, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand Sumaeth Chavadej, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand John F. Scamehorn, Institute for Applied Surfactant Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA David A. Sabatini, Institute for Applied Surfactant Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In this paper evaluation of surface active and application properties in liquid detergent formulations containing binary mixtures of anionic–nonionic, and anionic–cationic surfactants is discussed. Surfactants used include: linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ether sulfate (AES-2EO), alcohol ethoxylate (AE-7EO), lauryl dimethyl amine oxide, and alkyl hydroxyethyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (AHDAC). Surface active parameters relating to the effectiveness and efficiency of surface tension reduction were determined from the surface tension data. Non-ideal solution theory was used to determine the degree of interactions between the two surfactants, and the conditions under which a mixture of two surfactants show synergism in surface active properties. Our data indicated that synergism in mixed surfactants increases with the degree of charge difference between the surfactants. In both mixed micelle and mixed monolayer formation, the degree of interactions between the two surfactants in the mixture increased in the following order: LAS/AE 〈 AES-2EO/amine oxide 〈 AES-2EO/AHDAC. This synergistic behavior as presented in this paper leads to unique application properties and improved performance in terms of foam volume, and soil removal which has applications in formulation of dishwashing liquids, and laundry detergents. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1371-y Authors Nazanin Jadidi, Chemistry Department, Islamic Azad University, North Branch, Tehran, Iran Behrooz Adib, Chemistry Department, Islamic Azad University, North Branch, Tehran, Iran Farrokh B. Malihi, Fargol Research Group, Tehran, Iran Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In order to improve the hydrolysis resistant ability (HRA) of trisiloxane surfactants, a new kind of quaternary ammonium salt cationic trisiloxane surfactant (QASCTSS) was synthesized in three steps and investigated. The chemical structure of QASCTSS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Compared with normal trisiloxane surfactants, QASCTSS exhibits a lower surface tension, especially under strong acid or alkaline conditions. This was attributed to the protection for Si–O backbone from the quaternized side chain, and some improvement in HRA is seen in acidic conditions with ethyl instead of methyl side chains on the quaternary structure. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1363-y Authors Ru-xian Luo, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 Guangdong, China Ping-ping Liu, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 Guangdong, China Yao-bin Chen, Jiangmen Kanhoo Industry Co., Ltd, Jiangmen, 529040 Guangdong, China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The effect of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) cationic surfactant on Remazol Blue reactive dye bioremoval properties of a growing Aspergillus versicolor strain in a molasses medium was investigated in a batch system as a function of pH, dye and surfactant concentrations. To determine the optimal pH value in the presence of 0.5 mM DTAB pH 3 to 7 was examined and pH 6 was selected. The dye concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/L were examined with 0.5 mM DTAB and maximum decolorization occurred in 100 mg/L dye (98.8 %). The surfactant concentration of 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM DTAB was performed in 100 and 800 mg/L dye. The effect of surfactant concentration (0.1 to 2 mM DTAB) in a fungal growth experiment has shown that DTAB inhibited fungal growth. The decolorization was increased from 53.6 % (dry weight: 1.31 g/L) to 100 % (dry weight:0.93 g/L) while the surfactant concentrations were increased from 0.1 to 1 mM. A. versicolor (dry weight: 0.93 g/L) showed its maximum dye removal activity, namely 100 % in 100 mg/L dye with 1 mM DTAB at pH 6 in 3 days. The use of surfactants in biological wastewater treatment process will save energy and lower energy costs (such as the required energy for treat techniques) by shortening the incubation period. The results showed that the A. versicolor strain, which produces laccase enzyme, can effectively decolorize reactive dyes by the enhancement of DTAB. Surfactant enhanced decolorization technology is one of the feasible approaches to remove textile dye from wastewater. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1377-5 Authors Ülküye Dudu Gül, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey Gönül Dönmez, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Rheological measurements were performed to understand the effect of benzyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (BTAB) and NaBr on the growth of wormlike micelles formed by sodium oleate (NaOA). Both salts can make the micellar solution viscoelastic, and the rheological responses verify the formation of wormlike micelles. The viscoelastic solution follows the Maxwell model of a single stress relaxation mode in the low-frequency region. In comparison, the BTAB system exhibits stronger viscoelasticity than the NaBr system at constant salt concentration, but the critical overlapping concentration shows no significant difference; less BTAB can induce the solution to be more viscous than NaBr, but the viscosity maximum of the BTAB system is remarkably lower than that of NaBr at fixed NaOA content. The puzzling result is attributed to the effect of the composition on the packing parameter. In addition, it is shown that the zero-shear viscosity of the two salt systems decreases upon heating, following the Arrhenius mode well. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1364-x Authors Yixiu Han, The Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China Yongqiang Wei, The Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China Hang Wang, The Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China Yongjun Mei, The Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China Hong Zhou, The Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Two sugar-based polysiloxane surfactants with well-defined structures, 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl functional polysiloxane glucosamide grafted (AEAPFPS-GA) and 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl functional polysiloxane lactobionamide grafted (AEAPFPS-LA), were successfully synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and 1 H NMR. Their surface activities and aggregation behavior in aqueous solution were investigated by surface tension measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and negative-stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface tension measurements provided the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the surface tension at the CMC (γ CMC ), which revealed that these two surfactants have a much higher surface activity than those of conventional hydrocarbon surfactants. DLS and TEM analysis of the two polysiloxane surfactants aqueous solutions revealed that the AEAPFPS-GA can self-assemble into collapsed spherical micelles, and the AEAPFPS-LA can self-assemble into spherical micelles. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1369-5 Authors Xiaojun Zeng, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, No. 99, South Third Ring Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, People’s Republic of China Zhongpei Lu, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, No. 99, South Third Ring Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, People’s Republic of China Yan Liu, School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, No. 99, South Third Ring Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Two environmentally friendly succinic acid monofluoroalkyl sulfonate surfactants were synthesized from maleic anhydride and polyethylene glycol mono (1 H ,1 H ,7 H -dodecafluoroheptyl) ether, i.e. H(CF 2 ) 6 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCOCH(SO 3 Na)CH 2 COOH (FEOS-1) and H(CF 2 ) 6 CH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 OCOCH(SO 3 Na)CH 2 COOH (FEOS-3). The obtained surfactants were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and 19 F NMR in detail. The synthesized fluorinated surfactants have a high thermal stability on the basis of thermogravimetric analysis. Their surface properties were examined and the results show that FEOS-1 and FEOS-3 surfactants can reduce the surface tension of water to 25.55 mN m −1 at 10.25 mmol L −1 and 21.63 mN m −1 at 8.33 mmol L −1 , respectively; meanwhile, the introduction of oxyethylene groups enhances the hydrophilicity and micellar forming ability and the longer oxyethylene chains the better surface properties. The Krafft points ( K p ) of FEOS-1 and FEOS-3 were both below 0 °C, which was lower than perfluoro- n -heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt ( n -C 7 F 15 SO 3 Na, K p  = 56.5 °C) at a similar length of fluorocarbon chains. Comparison studies on two surfactants above and the conventional fluorocarbon surfactants, perfluorooctanoate of ammonium (PFOA) show that the surfactants have comparable properties to PFOA, thus offering an environmentally friendly synthesizing alternatives to PFOA. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1366-8 Authors Luqing Zhang, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, Jinan, 250022 China Jinhui Shi, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, Jinan, 250022 China Anhou Xu, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, Jinan, 250022 China Bing Geng, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, Jinan, 250022 China Shuxiang Zhang, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, Jinan, 250022 China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In a recent issue of this journal, Tehrani-Bagha et al. (J Surf Deterg 15:59–66, 2012 ) state that sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, more commonly known as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is a “persistent surfactant” that demonstrates “low biodegradability.” Tehrani-Bagha et al. further imply that LAS has “harmful effects” on the environment, causing “serious environmental pollution.” This comment reviews some of the extensive literature available on LAS including five environmental assessments which concluded that LAS is of low concern and not a risk to the environment. Published studies and reviews report that LAS passes stringent laboratory tests designed to measure ready biodegradability and demonstrates rapid biodegradation in both laboratory and field studies. These studies and assessments contradict the statements made about LAS in the Tehrani-Bagha et al. paper. Content Type Journal Article Category Letter to the Editor Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1367-7 Authors John E. Heinze, Council of LAB/LAS Environmental Research (CLER), 529 14th Street, NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC 20045, USA Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Four water-soluble non-ionic ethoxylated surfactants based on vanillin were synthesized (VE 15 , VE 20 , VE 40 , and VE 60 ). The chemical structures of these surfactants were confirmed using FT-IR and 1 H-NMR spectra. The molecular weights of the compounds were determined using viscosity measurements and gel permeation chromatography. Surface tension as a function of the concentration of the surfactant in aqueous solution was measured at 25, 40 and 55 °C. From these measurements, the critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness (π cmc ), efficiency (pC 20 ), maximum surface (Γ max ) excess and minimum surface area ( A min ), were calculated. The surface activity measurements showed their high tendency towards adsorption and micellization and their good surface tension reduction, and low interfacial tension. The emulsion stability measurements showed the applicability of these surfactants as emulsifying agents. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization (Δ G mic , Δ H mic , Δ S mic ) and adsorption (Δ G ads , Δ G ads , ∆ S ads ) showed their tendency towards adsorption at the interfaces and also micellization in the bulk of their solutions. The biodegradability of the prepared surfactants was tested in river water using die-away method and showed their readily biodegradation in the open environment. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1375-7 Authors Galal Hosni Sayed, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Ferial Mohamed Ghuiba, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Mahmoud Ibrahim Abdou, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Emad Abdel Aatty Badr, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Salah Mahmoud Tawfik, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Nabel Abdel Moneem Negm, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The aqueous solution behavior of a PEO–PPO–PEO block copolymer (EO 103 PO 39 EO 103 ), was investigated in the presence of aliphatic alkanols (C 2 , C 4 , C 6 and C 8 ). The non-associated polymer chains remain extremely hydrated in water, but aggregation in the form of spherical micelles was evidenced, triggered by the interaction of polymer chains with hydrophobic alkanol. We assume that the hydrophobic interaction between the PPO block of the copolymer and alkanol promotes micellization, which increases further with the introduction of higher chain length species. The critical micellization temperature (CMT), as measured by UV–visible spectroscopy, indicates an interaction of polymer chains with the alkanol bearing a higher chain length, which triggers aggregation. The micelles were characterized by small angle neutron scattering to elucidate the size and related micellar parameters. The gradual increase in the alkanol content increases the aggregation number, though the micelles were spherical in shape. We conclude that ethanol, due to its preferential solubility in the aqueous phase, does not affect the aggregation. The alkanols with chain lengths of C 4 –C 8 chain, interact with the PPO block through hydrophobic interaction and shifts the CMTs to lower values. The combined effect of inorganic salt (NaCl) and alkanols show enhanced micellar properties. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1365-9 Authors Arpan Parmar, Department of Chemistry, V.N. South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Bhavesh Bharatiya, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Place Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Keyur Patel, Department of Chemistry, V.N. South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Vinod Aswal, Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, 400 085 India Pratap Bahadur, Department of Chemistry, V.N. South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A new lauryl amidopropyl trimethyl ammonium methyl carbonate with the formula CH 3 (CH 2 ) 10 CONH(CH 2 ) 3 N + (CH 3 ) 3 CH 3 CO 3 − was synthesized via a high pressure process with tertiary amines and dimethyl carbonate, and its chemical structure was confirmed using 1 H-NMR spectra, mass spectral fragmentation, and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. In addition, several quaternary ammonium salts with new counterions X − (X − =HCO 3 − , HCOO − , CH 3 COO − , CH 3 CH(OH)COO − ) were also synthesized by the ion exchange reaction of methyl carbonate quaternary ammoniums with corresponding acids. The surface activities of these compounds were measured, including surface tension (γ), critical micelle concentration and minimum surface area ( A min ) at 25 °C. Adsorption and micellization free energies of these quaternary ammonium salts in their solutions showed a good tendency towards adsorption at interfaces. The antimicrobial activities are reported for the first time against representative bacteria and fungi for lauryl amidopropyl trimethyl ammoniums. It was found that the antimicrobial potency was Gram-positive bacteria 〉 fungi 〉 Gram-negative bacteria. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1350-3 Authors Hongqin Liu, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China Fei Li, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China Baocai Xu, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China Guiju Zhang, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China Fu Han, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China Yawen Zhou, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China Xiulan Xin, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China Bo Xu, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801-3636, USA Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The analysis of surface tension variation versus surfactant concentration is the most usual method to estimate the critical micelle concentration (CMC). This parameter represents a fundamental thermodynamic boundary state where several surface properties, i.e. surface tension, surface pressure, surface concentration and surface coverage, simultaneously reach their limit values marking the conditions of the surface tension decrease. Thus the choice of the method used for CMC evaluation becomes of great importance, as the values depend on the principles from which the chosen method is derived. This paper presents CMC data from three surface equations of state: Gibbs, Langmuir and Volmer, modified to include the CMC among their constitutive parameters. Surface tension data of four nonyl phenol ethoxylates (6, 10.5, 12 and 17.5 ethylene oxide) along with ionic and non-ionic surfactants from the literature were evaluated by the three surface equations of state; the following CMC × 10 7 values were obtained: for nonyl phenol 6 ethylene oxide 7.2, 7.2 and 6.8, for the 10.5 ethylene oxide 10, 12.4 and 9, for the 12 ethylene oxide 138.1, 147 and 137.4, and for the 17.5 ethylene oxide 4.9, 4.1 and 4.3 from Gibbs, Langmuir and Volmer equations respectively. These results compared with data from the literature, show the particular features of each equation, namely their predictive capabilities, and the thermodynamic parameters obtained besides the critical micelar concentration. It was found that for the critical micelle concentration determination in most cases Gibbs and Volmer models are equally satisfactory. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1346-z Authors Josefina Viades-Trejo, Laboratorio de Superficies, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, DF, Mexico Dulce María Abascal-González, Laboratorio de Superficies, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, DF, Mexico Jesús Gracia-Fadrique, Laboratorio de Superficies, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, DF, Mexico Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A series of three cationic surfactants with different chain lengths, i.e. O -decyl-, O -dodecyl- and O -tetradecyl- N , N ′-diisopropylisourea hydrochloride were synthesized. The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed using chemical analysis, Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Several surface properties of the synthesized surfactants were studied in aqueous solution. Surface tension, conductivity and the foaming power were measured and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined at 25 °C. These results were correlated to the surfactant chemical structure. The surfactant that provided the best surface activity was the O -dodecyl- N , N ′-diisopropylisourea hydrochloride. The CMC was found to be significantly dependent on the hydrophobic chain length and decreased with increasing of the carbon number in the alkyl chain. The surfactants synthesized have an interesting foaming power. The surfactant with the longest alkyl chain exhibited the highest foamability. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1351-2 Authors Leila Badache, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Faculté de Chimie, BP 32, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, El-Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria Zineb Lehanine, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Faculté de Chimie, BP 32, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, El-Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria Wahiba Naït Abderrahmane, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Faculté de Chimie, BP 32, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, El-Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A surface tension study was performed on mixed amphiphilic drug-nonionic surfactant systems. The drugs used were adiphenine hydrochloride and nortriptyline hydrochloride whereas surfactants were ethoxylated sorbitan esters and polyethylene oxide–polypropylene oxide–polyethylene oxide triblocks. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and CMC id (CMC at ideal mixing condition) values suggest nonideal and attractive interactions among the components. The micellar mole fraction ( X 1 \text m ) values calculated using Rubingh’s model indicate predominance of the nonionic surfactant in micelle formation. The mole fraction of surfactant in mixed monolayer ( X 1 s ) values are greater than X 1 \text m values, indicating a greater contribution of surfactant in monolayer formation. Thermodynamic parameters, viz. Gibbs energy of micellization (\Updelta G \text m \text o ) , Gibbs energy of adsorption (\Updelta G \text ad \text o ) , and excess free energy of mixed micelles (\Updelta G \text ex \text m ) and monolayers (\Updelta G \text ex s ) were also evaluated. All these values suggest stable mixed micelle and mixed monolayer formation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1352-1 Authors Kabir-ud-Din, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002 India Gamal A. Al-dahbali, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002 India Andleeb Z. Naqvi, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002 India Mohd. Akram, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The linear dodecyl diphenyl ether sulfonate gemini surfactant (C 12 -DLADS) has been synthesized by a new route from lauric acid according to a five-step reaction sequence consisting of acidification, Friedel–Crafts acylation, Clemmensen reduction, sulfonation and a neutralization reaction. The surfactant and intermediates were characterized by 1 H-NMR, HPLC/MS and elemental analysis. The properties have been studied by surface tension ( γ CMC ) and conductivity measurements. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization were calculated. The test results show that C 12 -DLADS has lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) and better capability for lowering the γ CMC . The γ CMC and CMC are 36.04 mN/m and 6.03 × 10 −4  mol/L respectively at 45 °C. Moreover, with the increase in temperature, the conductivity of C 12 -DLADS increased, while the counterion binding K 0 decreased. The thermodynamic data show that the micellization process for the surfactant C 12 -DLADS is entropy driven. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1349-9 Authors Xu Hujun, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, 214122 People’s Republic of China Liu Qicheng, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, 214122 People’s Republic of China Chen Dandan, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, 214122 People’s Republic of China Liu Xiaoya, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, 214122 People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The effect of various organic additives, viz. sugars, ureas, alcohols, hydrotropes and bile salts on the clouding (phase separation) phenomenon of the amphiphilic antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride was investigated in the present study. All sugars lowered the cloud point (CP) due to their water structure-making property. Urea and alkylureas were found to lower the CP. In contrast, thioureas increased the CP slightly, but the presence of methyl group(s) had a similar effect in alkylureas. Short chain alcohols affected the CP insignificantly while higher ones decreased it, and medium chain alcohols showed peak behavior. Addition of hydrotropes and bile salts increased the CP at lower concentrations, while a decrease was observed at higher concentrations (like the medium chain alcohols). In addition, thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated but only for those additives which formed mixed micelles with the drug. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1354-z Authors Malik Abdul Rub, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Abdullah M. Asiri, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Dileep Kumar, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India Anish Khan, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Naved Azum, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Kabir-ud-Din, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In this study, sorption and the transport mechanism of surfactants in clayey soil was examined. The adsorption and desorption isotherms for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and biosurfactant (UH-biosurfactant) with sand and kaolinite were quantified. Kaolinite clay had the highest sorption capacity compared to blasting sand. Miscible displacement breakthrough experiments were done in order to determine the transport parameters. Transport parameters such as the dispersion coefficient ( D ) and the retardation factor ( R ) of the above-mentioned surfactant solutions were determined in clayey soils [sand (82.5 %) and kaolinite (17.5 %) mixture] with and without ionic strength. In this study 0.1 g/L NaCl was used as the electrolyte solution. A two-region transport convective–diffusive model was used to model the breakthrough curves of the surfactants. This model resulted in excellent descriptions of the data. Bromide ions were chosen as the tracer material in order to characterize the column. Perchloroethylene (PCE) is used in various kinds of industrial and commercial applications. SDS and UH-biosurfactant were used to flush the PCE contaminated soil. UH-biosurfactant solubilized more PCE compared to that of SDS in contaminated soils. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1355-y Authors S. Harendra, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA C. Vipulanandan, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    A variety of surface active compounds were synthesized by the quaternization of some straight chain amide derivatives with triethylamine or pyridine. Their structure FT-IR and 1 H-NMR spectra were recorded. In addition their physical properties and corrosion prevention efficiencies were investigated. All compounds were tested with steel coupons in acidic media by the gravimetric method. As acidic media 1.5 M HCl and 1.5 M H 2 SO 4 were used and the corrosion inhibition tests fulfilled at room temperature for 24 h. Almost all prepared cationic surfactants showed efficient inhibition around their critical micelle concentrations. The effects of HCl concentration on corrosion inhibition of some synthesized compounds were also investigated. The corrosion tests were supported by contact angle measurements. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1356-x Authors A. Yıldırım, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Uludağ University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey S. Öztürk, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Uludağ University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey M. Çetin, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Uludağ University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Anionic surfactants, commonly used in household products and the detergency industry, tend to precipitate with divalent counterions in hard water. The unsightly soap scum thus formed also removes the surfactant from the cleaning action. The current research has improved prediction of the precipitation phase boundary for mixtures of surfactants in hard water in two ways: firstly, an accurate value of the solubility product ( K SP ) has been determined for the calcium salt of 4-octylbenzene sulfonate, and accurate temperature dependent K SP values have been determined for the calcium salts of dodecyl sulfate and decyl sulfate; secondly, improvements in prediction of the precipitation phase boundary have been achieved using an improved model. The K SP values of the decyl sulfate and dodecyl sulfate salts strongly increase with increasing temperature, with the shorter chain surfactant having significantly higher K SP than its longer chain analogue. At 30 °C the K SP of the 4-octylbenzenesulfonate salt is similar to that of the dodecyl sulfate salt, perhaps due to the similarity in the length of their hydrocarbon tails. A recent counterion binding model proposed by our research group and micellization models have been used to model the precipitation phase boundaries for both single anionic surfactant and binary mixed anionic surfactant systems, improving thermodynamic modeling of the precipitation phase boundary of single and binary mixed anionic surfactant systems. In particular, the improved model of counterion binding has allowed the model to predict the phase boundary accurately over a range of temperatures. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1353-0 Authors Atthaphon Maneedaeng, School of Chemical Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand Adrian E. Flood, School of Chemical Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand Kenneth J. Haller, School of Chemistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand Brian P. Grady, Institute of Applied Surfactant Research, School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    This paper deals with the synthesis of a series of alkyl m -xylene sulfonate isomers (with the m -xylene located at the eighth carbon atom along the long alkyl chain) by the Friedel–Crafts reaction, and the Grignard reaction followed by hydrogenation. The structures were confirmed by 1 H NMR. All analytical methods indicated high levels of purity of the isomers with the eighth carbon atom at the long alkyl chain. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension and maximum surface excess concentration at the CMC and area per molecule at the interface were determined. As the long alkyl chains increased the surfactant molecule tends to pack closely at the gas–liquid interface. Accordingly, the CMC decreased, the adsorption density increased, and the surface tension reduction was strengthened. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1358-8 Authors Huo-xin Luan, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Wen-xiang Wu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Jie-cheng Cheng, Daqing Oilfield Limited Company of CNPC, Daqing, 163453 China Tao Yu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Guang-miao Qu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Ya-bin Xu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Guo-qiao Li, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Xiao-yu Gao, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China An-jun Li, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Dan-dan Yuan, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Wei Tong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Zhong Li, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Kang Liu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Guo-yu Liu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Wei Ding, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318 China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Recent studies have shown that the surfactants bearing an ultra-long hydrophobic chain (〉C18) exhibit unique self-assembly properties. However, their synthesis and surface activities have been less documented. In this work, monounsaturated alkyl dimethyl amidopropyl betaines, UCnDAB ( n  = 18, 22, and 24), were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding fatty acids with N , N -dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, followed by quaternization with sodium choloroacetate of the obtained intermediates. The intermediates and final surfactants were characterized by 1 H NMR and ESI-HRMS, respectively. Krafft temperature ( T K ) and surface activities of the surfactants were also examined. It was found that T K of all these surfactants is lower than 0 °C, and their critical micellar concentration (CMC) is within the range of 10 −3  mmol/L. In addition, the linear relationship between lg CMC and n is still in evidence. Content Type Journal Article Category Letter to the Editor Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1359-7 Authors Dan Feng, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China Yongmin Zhang, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China Quansheng Chen, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China Jiyu Wang, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China Bin Li, EOR Laboratory, Geological Scientific Research Institute, Shengli Oilfield Company of SINOPEC, Dongying, 257013 People’s Republic of China Yujun Feng, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The thermodynamics of clouding in an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and quaternary phosphonium bromides systems in the presence of glycerol are reported. The standard Gibbs energy change of solubilization (Δ s G°) for all of the additives was found to be negative. The standard enthalpy change (Δ s H°) and the standard entropy change ( T Δ s S°) values were found to be negative as well as positive depending upon the type and nature of the additive. The results were explained on the basis of their nature, effect on the water structure, and solubilization of these additives either in the micellar or aqueous phase. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-012-1357-9 Authors Ziya Ahmad Khan, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, North Jeddah Centre, King AbdulAziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Hassan M. Albishri, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia Arniza Ghazali, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia Tanweer Ahmad, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Cetyltrimethyl ammonium tosylate (CTAT) in water forms long flexible wormlike micelles at concentrations above 10 mM, leading to highly viscous solutions and viscoelastic stiff gels above 100 mM. In the presence of a nonmicellar hydrophilic PEO–PPO–PEO triblock copolymer F87 (TBC-F87, Total mol.wt. = 7,700, EO = 70%) these wormlike micelles RE transformed into smaller structures, as evident from a sharp decrease in viscosity and increase in specific conductance. These results are quantified by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. The PPO middle block of TBC-F87 gets inserted in the CTAT micelle, the size and total aggregation number of CTAT/TBC-F87 mixed micelles decreased but the number of TBC-F87 molecules in the mixed micelles increased with an increase in [TBC-F87]. Two break points in the typical specific conductance versus CTAT concentration plot at various [TBC-F87] amounts represent interactions between CTAT and TBC-F87. The penetration of PPO of TBC-F87 inside CTAT micelles decreases hydrophobicity of the core while the presence of PEO end blocks enhances hydrophilicity each favoring smaller micelles. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1309-9 Authors Vijay Patel, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Suresh Chavda, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Vinod K. Aswal, Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, 400 085 India Pratap Bahadur, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    We report the synthesis, characterization and micellization properties of two anionic reactive surfactants based on 3-pentadecyl phenol obtainable from a renewable resource, cardanol. The synthesis is achieved through simple chemical transformations, first converting the phenol to the acrylate that is sulfonated in a second step. The products were characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques. The surfactant properties of the sulfonated acrylates were measured and compared with the standard non-reactive anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfonate. The micellization behavior of aqueous solutions was studied using conductivity, surface tension measurements, and the fluorescence probe technique based on diphenyl hexatriene. Characterization by surface tension measurements facilitated the determination of basic surfactant properties like the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surface tension at the CMC, surface excess and area per surfactant molecule. The Gibbs free energy of micellization showed a negative value suggesting spontaneous micellization in aqueous solution. The micellization of the surfmer with an ethylene spacer between the phenyl ring and the acrylate group seems to be enhanced as indicated by the lower surface excess and lower free energy. Its CMC was also lower. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1294-z Authors Suresh Kattimuttathu I, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Gesche Foerst, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Rolf Schubert, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Eckhard Bartsch, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The hydrophobicity of alkyl-polypropylene oxide sulfate surfactants was evaluated via their characteristic curvature (Cc) using the hydrophilic-lipophilic difference (HLD) framework. A close examination of the relationship between the molecular structure of the surfactants considered (structure of the alkyl group and the number of propylene oxide groups in each surfactant) and their Cc led to a group contribution model that, for the first time, takes into consideration the geometry of the alkyl tail group. Based on this group contribution model, branching at the C2 (beta-carbon) position of the alkyl group produces the largest increase in characteristic curvature. This observation is consistent with the notion that the Cc is associated with the packing factor for anionic surfactants. Branching at the C2 position tends to produce cylindrical or inverse cone shape packing, typical of more hydrophobic (positive Cc) surfactants. This study also confirms previous observations that, different from conventional anionic surfactants, the phase behavior of alkyl polypropylene oxide sulfates is less sensitive to electrolyte concentration and that these formulations turn hydrophobic with increasing temperature, akin to the behavior of nonionic surfactants. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1303-2 Authors Charles E. Hammond, Sasol North America Inc., 2201 Old Spanish Trail, Westlake, LA 70669, USA Edgar J. Acosta, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St. Room 131, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Wettability of aqueous solutions of ethoxylated alcohols (EA), polyoxyethylene glycerin esters (PGE) and mixtures of them have been studied. For the EA assayed, the best wettability is reached when the EA have the lowest alkyl chain length and the lowest number of ethylene oxide units in the molecule. The best wettability for the PGE assayed is reached when the number of ethylene oxide units in the molecule is lowest. Aqueous solutions of these mixtures show a wetting power between those of the pure surfactants. The wettability of PGE can be improved by adding EA with a low alkyl chain length and a low number of ethylene oxide units. An exception and synergistic effect has been detected for aqueous solutions of EA (with alkyl chain length 12–14, number of ethylene oxide units 11) and PGE (with a number of ethylene oxide units equal to 2). These mixtures have better wettability than the surfactants separately, so that it might be advantageous to use both surfactants together. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1312-1 Authors Encarnación Jurado, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain José M. Vicaria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain Juan F. García-Martín, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain Miguel García-Román, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In this paper, we describe a simple and efficient procedure of original N -alkyl-3-boronopyridinium triflates synthesis and report on the surface properties of these surfactants. Key micellar parameters were obtained, the critical micelle concentrations (CMC values) were determined and compared to conventional ionic surfactants as well as the surface activity of these surfactants ( pC 20 value and the surface tension at the CMC). These new boronic functionalized surfactants exhibit a stunning efficiency in their tendency to self-assemble and are significantly more surface active that their conventional analogues. This new family of surfactants represents a new direction in both functionality and performance, and may open perspectives in chemical synthesis and applications. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1315-y Authors Oleksandr Savsunenko, Lab. IMRCP UMR 5623 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France Hubert Matondo, Lab. IMRCP UMR 5623 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France Yevgen Karpichev, L.M. Litvinenko IPOCC, Donetsk, Ukraine Véréna Poinsot, Lab. IMRCP UMR 5623 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France Anatolii Popov, L.M. Litvinenko IPOCC, Donetsk, Ukraine Isabelle Rico-Lattes, Lab. IMRCP UMR 5623 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France Armand Lattes, Lab. IMRCP UMR 5623 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    We report the synthesis and properties of two surfactants with a novel head group based on glycine. A monocarboxylic surfactant N -glycine methyl ester (2-dodecen-1-yl succinamic acid) ( I ) was prepared by ring opening of an n -alkyl succinic anhydride. Hydrolysis of the ester functionality yields a dicarboxylic acid II . The sodium salts of I and II were effective surfactants at neutral pH giving a low minimum surface tension (〈30 mN m −1 at 20 °C). At high pH (~12) the surface activity of both surfactants is reduced compared to neutral pH, indicating that at neutral pH an ‘acid soap’ is formed. The p K a of the acid form of the surfactants was determined. Addition of calcium ions reduced the CMC of II but did not reduce the surface tension above the CMC. The resistance of II to calcium ion precipitation was measured at pH 7. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1316-x Authors Leslie Dix, Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Northumbria, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK Andrew Moon, Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Northumbria, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Mixed micellization behavior of dimeric cationic surfactants ethanediyl-1,2-bis(dimethyl alkyl ammonium bromide) ( m -2- m where m  = 10, 12) with conventional single chain cationic surfactants like cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), tetradecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C14BCl) and cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C16BCl) were studied in aqueous and aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions at 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K respectively using conductometric and viscometric methods. In aqueous solutions, all the combinations (except 12-2-12 + CTAB) were found to behave nonideally with mutual synergism which decreases with increase in temperature. Various thermodynamic parameters of micellization like \Updelta G \text m \text o , \Updelta H \text m \text o and \Updelta S \text m \text o were evaluated and discussed. Similarly in presence of PEG, the thermodynamic properties like \Updelta G \text t \text o , \Updelta H \text t \text o and \Updelta S \text t \text o associated with the transfer of surfactant monomers from the medium consisting of polymer-free mixed micelles to polymer-bound mixed micelles at various temperatures were also calculated. The negative values of \Updelta H \text t \text o show that aggregation process is more exothermic than micellization whereas the negative values of \Updelta S \text t \text o indicate that the presence of polymer bound mixed micelles decreases the degree of randomness of the system. Viscosity studies show that in aqueous solutions all the combinations of 10-2-10/12-2-12 display negative departure in the relative viscosity (η r ) from additivity rule which decreases with increase in temperature. Similarly in the presence of 5% PEG solutions the magnitude of the negative departure decreases for all the combinations and becomes positive in the case of C14BCl and CPC combinations with the studied gemini surfactants at higher temperatures. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1314-z Authors Ashwani K. Sood, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005 India Kultar Singh, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005 India Jasbir Kaur, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005 India Tarlok S. Banipal, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143 005 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Novel iminium compounds namely p -benzylidene benzyldodecyl iminium chloride (I), p -benzylidene benzylhexadecyl iminium chloride (II), p -benzylidene benzyloctadecyl iminium chloride (III) were prepared and characterized using FTIR, 1 H-NMR and mass spectroscopy. The surface properties such as surface and interfacial tension, and biological activity of these surfactants were investigated. The surface parameters including critical micelle concentration, maximum surface excess, and minimum surface area. Efficiency and effectiveness were calculated, as well as free energies of micellization and adsorption. The prepared cationic surfactants exhibit a better biological activity than the used reference cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1317-9 Authors Ismail Aiad, Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt Mohamed M. El-Sukkary, Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt Ali El-Deeb, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt Moshira Y. El-Awady, Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt Samy M. Shaban, Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The effect of different chain length, solution pH and inorganic salt addition on the surface activity of synthesized borate surfmers in aqueous solution was investigated through the surface tension method. Much emphasis was laid on the mixing effect of the borate surfmers with cetyl or hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The results showed that the synthesized borate surfmers possess excellent surface activity with a minimum solution γ CMC of 28.6 mN·m −1 (pH = 7, 298 K). The surface activity of the borate surfmers tended to enhance with the increase in the hydrophobic chain length and solution pH. Meanwhile, the inorganic salt addition had no obvious impact on it. The effect of chain length on the mixed system was demonstrated through regular solution theory. The synergistic interaction between borate surfmers and CTAB was studied. The chain growth favored the increase in |β m | of the mixed system, indicating a strengthening interaction of the two components. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1296-x Authors Zhengyong Liang, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, China Lijuan Ma, Foreign Language Department, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan, China Chunxu Lü, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 Jiangsu, China Yujia Zhai, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 Jiangsu, China Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) were used in different proportions to produce a series of PEG–VTES copolymers. The copolymer molecular structures were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, their surface activities were evaluated by evaluating the surface tension, contact angle, and foaming properties. The results showed that these surfactants exhibited excellent surface activities and wetting power, as well as low foaming. Consequently, the application of a series of PEG/VTES copolymers can make cotton fabrics stain resistant. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1311-2 Authors Yin-Chun Chao, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University and Technology, Taipei, 106 Taiwan Shuenn-Kung Su, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University and Technology, Taipei, 106 Taiwan Ya-Wun Lin, Department of Materials Engineering, Kun Shan University, Yung Kang, Tainan, 71003 Taiwan Wan-Ting Hsu, Department of Materials Engineering, Kun Shan University, Yung Kang, Tainan, 71003 Taiwan Kuo-Shien Huang, Department of Materials Engineering, Kun Shan University, Yung Kang, Tainan, 71003 Taiwan Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The solution behavior of a typical cationic surfactant, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, in mixed solvent systems composed of water and varying concentrations of α,ω-alkanediols; 1,2-ethanediol (ED), 1,4-butanediol (BD), 1,6-hexanediol (HD) and 1,8-octanediol (OD) was examined via electrical conductance measurements, 13 C-NMR spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values and degree of counterion dissociation (α) indicate that both ED and BD oppose micellization, whereas HD and OD enhance micelle formation. Changes in the 13 C-NMR chemical shifts (∆δ values) reveal that the short chain diols reside almost exclusively in the bulk phase and hence, affect the formation of micelles by altering the solvent properties in the bulk of the solution, whereas HD and OD partition between the pseudomicellar phase and the bulk phase. SANS studies indicated that both the micellar size and aggregation number ( N agg ) decrease in the presence of all diols. ED and BD behave like cosolvents and increase the α and CMC values and decrease N agg . We note that the effect of HD and OD on the properties of the micelles is concentration dependent; at low concentrations, these diols interact with the micelles and behave as cosurfactants (as evidenced by the trends in the micellar properties), while at higher concentrations, they enhance the surfactant solubility and behave as a cosolvent. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1307-y Authors Suresh Chavda, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad. South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Kulbir Singh, Department of Chemistry, StFX University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada D. Gerrard Marangoni, Department of Chemistry, StFX University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada Vinod K. Aswal, Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, 400 085 India Pratap Bahadur, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad. South Gujarat University, Surat, 395 007 India Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The composition of the mixed micelles formed by benzethonium chloride and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide in water were experimentally determined by a combination of surfactant ion-selective electrodes and UV–Vis spectroscopy measurements. Results were compared with the computed compositions from three theories on mixed micelles available in the literature (Regular Solution, Motomura’ and Georgiev’s). The basis of the Junquera and Aicart method and the determination of the micelle aggregation number ( N ) by pyrene fluorescence quenching, i.e., the constancy of N and the mixed micelle composition when the total concentration is changed , were not supported by our experimental results. Experimental micelle compositions were statistically equal to those computed by Regular Solution Theory. The mixed micelle composition and the quantity of non-micellized surfactant molecules change with concentration above the critical micelle concentration, and therefore do not support the assumptions used in the Junquera and Aicart procedure and in the determination of N by pyrene fluorescence quenching. The reason why the latter procedure gives N values similar to those obtained from other techniques is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1302-3 Authors José L. Rodríguez, Departamento de Química e Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR, CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina Rosanna M. Minardi, Departamento de Química e Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR, CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina Erica P. Schulz, Departamento de Química e Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR, CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina Olga Pieroni, Departamento de Química e Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR, CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina Pablo C. Schulz, Departamento de Química e Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR, CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The S N 2 substitution reactions between methyl naphthalene-2-sulfonate and methyl 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate with bromide ions were studied in alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(dimethyldodecylammonium) bromide, 12- s -12,2Br − ( s  = 3, 4, 6), micellar solutions in the absence and in the presence of alcohols. The observed rate constant for the two processes was found to be sensitive to changes in micellar characteristics caused by the presence of alcohols. At high surfactant concentrations, kinetic data made evident the sphere-to-rod transition accompanying the increase in the dimeric surfactant concentration in all the micellar reaction media investigated. Kinetic results were quantitatively rationalized within the whole surfactant concentration range, below and above the second CMC, by using a new treatment based on the pseudophase kinetic model. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1300-5 Authors María del Mar Graciani, Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain Amalia Rodríguez, Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain Victoria Isabel Martín, Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain María Luisa Moyá, Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    The titled compounds were prepared from 2-amino-5-heptadecyl[1,3,4]thiadiazole ( 1 ). Diazotization of ( 1 ) produced ( 2 ) which was coupled with active methylene compounds and gave azo ⇌ hydrazono derivatives ( 3A , 3B ) a – d . It was found that there is regio-specificity for addition of different nucleophiles to these tautomers; thus, nitrogen nucleophiles such as hydrazine hydrate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and thiourea were reacted via Azo tautomer ( 3A ) to yield pyrazole, isoxazole and pyrimidine respectively ( 5 - 7 ), while carbon nucleophiles as phenylisocyanate was reacted via the hydrazono tautomer ( 3B ) and produced triazine derivatives ( 4 ). Additionally, the diazonium chloride ( 2 ) was coupled with alkaline 2-naphthol and produced 2-(5-heptadecyl-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,2-dihydro-3-oxa-1,2-diaza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalene ( 8 ). UV–visible spectra of the synthesized colored compounds ( 2 - 8 ) showed λ max at 374–398 nm, while screening these compounds in vitro against micro-organisms (including structure-activity relationship SAR study) revealed high antibacterial and moderate antifungal activities. Propoxylation of compounds 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 with 3, 5, 7 mol of propylene oxide produced nonionic surfactants I ( a – c )– IX ( a – c ) having surface active properties so, it is clear that the tested surfactants can be used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, cosmetics, emulsifiers, pesticides, luminphores for optical applications and many other industries with low toxicity to human beings and the environment owing to their high solubility and good biodegradability. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1301-4 Authors Mahasen S. Amine, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benha University, P.O. 13518, Benha, Egypt Amal A. Mahmoud, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benha University, P.O. 13518, Benha, Egypt Samy K. Badr, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benha University, P.O. 13518, Benha, Egypt Alaa S. Gouda, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benha University, P.O. 13518, Benha, Egypt Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958

Description:    Silicone-based amphiphilic surfactants were synthesized as anti-foaming agents through a polycondensation reaction between chlorine-terminated polysiloxane and polyethers. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(propylene glycol) of different molecular weights were used. The structures of these tri-block co-polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1 H NMR and ESI–MS analysis. Surface tension, foam height and foam destruction properties of these co-polymers were determined. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed that bonding of polyether to polysiloxane was successful and two types of different tri-block co-polymers were obtained. The anti-foaming efficiency of these co-polymers tended to increase with an increase in the hydrophilic character of the co-polymer chains. The synthesized tri-block co-polymers, which can be used as anti-foaming agents in paper-coating applications of poly(vinyl acetate- co -butyl acrylate) latexes, showed low surface tension values, fast liquid drainage and efficient foam destruction. PEG 200- b -PDMS- b -PEG 200 was determined to be the most efficient anti-foaming agent among all co-polymers synthesized. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11743-011-1277-0 Authors Burcu Kekevi, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, 34220 Esenler-Istanbul, Turkey Hale Berber, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, 34220 Esenler-Istanbul, Turkey Hüseyin Yıldırım, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, 34220 Esenler-Istanbul, Turkey Journal Journal of Surfactants and Detergents Online ISSN 1558-9293 Print ISSN 1097-3958