ALBERT

Description:    Water triple-point cells were manufactured with the ad hoc addition of known amounts ((1 to 10) μmol · mol −1 ) of Si and Na impurities to cell high-purity water. The depressions of the triple-point temperatures realized by the doped cells with respect to 273.16 K were measured and found substantially different from what is expected by Raoult’s law for ideal diluted solutions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s10765-011-1013-z Authors A. Peruzzi, VSL, Dutch Metrolgy Institute, P.O. Box 654, 2600 AR Delft, The Netherlands M. Dobre, SMD, FPS Economy, Boulevard du Roi Albert II 16, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium G. Strouse, NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA J. Van Geel, VSL, Dutch Metrolgy Institute, P.O. Box 654, 2600 AR Delft, The Netherlands Journal International Journal of Thermophysics Online ISSN 1572-9567 Print ISSN 0195-928X

Description:    The time-domain reflectometry (TDR) method is used for the measurement of moisture profiles in calcium silicate during a drying experiment. The specimens are saturated at first by water, and their lateral sides and one of the face sides are water- and vapor-proof insulated to ensure one-dimensional (1-D) water transport. Then, the drying process is started in an environment with a relative humidity of 20%. Moisture profiles are measured at specified time intervals using the TDR method. The experiment is stopped when the moisture content along the whole length of the sample is lower than the maximum hygroscopic moisture content. The obtained results can be used for the determination of moisture diffusivity in the drying phase of moisture transport. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s10765-011-1020-0 Authors Z. Pavlík, Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic J. Mihulka, Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic L. Fiala, Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic R. Černý, Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic Journal International Journal of Thermophysics Online ISSN 1572-9567 Print ISSN 0195-928X

Description:    High-temperature fixed points (HTFPs) based on eutectic and peritectic reactions of metals and carbon are likely to become, in the near term, reference standards at high temperatures. Typically for radiation thermometry applications, these HTFPs are generally formed of a graphite crucible, with a reentrant well, an included 120° cone, and a nominal aperture of 3 mm. It is important to quantify the temperature drop at the back wall of the cavity, and to understand the influence of the crucible configuration and furnace conditions on this drop. In order to study these influences, three different situations have been modeled by means of the finite volume method for numerical analysis. The first investigates the influence of the furnace temperature profile on the temperature drop by simulating four different furnace conditions. The other two study variations in the crucible configuration, namely, the thickness of the graphite back wall and the length of the blackbody tube. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s10765-011-1019-6 Authors P. Castro, School of Engineering, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain G. Machin, Engineering Measurement Division, National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, Middlesex, UK M. A. Villamañan, School of Engineering, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain D. Lowe, Engineering Measurement Division, National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, Middlesex, UK Journal International Journal of Thermophysics Online ISSN 1572-9567 Print ISSN 0195-928X

Description:    The objective of Project EURAMET 1114 (Bilateral comparison of a freezing point of aluminum) in the field of thermometry is to compare realization of a freezing point of aluminum (660.323 °C) between the Dutch national laboratory VSL and the Slovenian national laboratory MIRS/UL-FE/LMK using a long-stem 25 Ω standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT). Both laboratories had participated in a number of inter-comparisons on the level of EURAMET and also on BIPM CCT level (VSL). MIRS/UL-FE/LMK laboratory recently acquired a new fixed-point cell which had to be validated in the process of intercomparison. A quartz-sheathed SPRT was selected and calibrated at MIRS/UL-FE/LMK at the aluminum freezing point and at the water triple point. A second set of measurements was made on the same SPRT and at the same fixed points at VSL (NL). After its return, the SPRT was again recalibrated at MIRS/UL-FE/LMK. In the comparison the W value of the SPRT was used. The results of the internal and external intercomparisons confirmed that the new aluminum cell of the MIRS/UL/FE-LMK realizes a temperature that agrees with the VSL aluminum fixed point within the uncertainty limits of both laboratories. Furthermore, the results of this bilateral-comparison were compared with results that both laboratories achieved in the EURAMET K4 (Project 820) and were found to be in agreement. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10765-011-1015-x Authors J. Bojkovski, Metrology Institute of the Republic of Slovenia/University of Ljubljana-Faculty of Electrical Engineering/Laboratory of Metrology and Quality (MIRS/UL-FE/LMK), Ljubljana, Slovenia A. Peruzzi, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands R. Bosma, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands V. Batagelj, Metrology Institute of the Republic of Slovenia/University of Ljubljana-Faculty of Electrical Engineering/Laboratory of Metrology and Quality (MIRS/UL-FE/LMK), Ljubljana, Slovenia Journal International Journal of Thermophysics Online ISSN 1572-9567 Print ISSN 0195-928X

Description:    Evaluation of the melting temperatures of two Co–C and two Pd–C eutectic-point cells were performed using three Pt/Pd thermocouples constructed at LNE-Cnam and NMIJ. During the comparison of cells, Pt/Pd thermocouples were evaluated at the Ag fixed point, at which their drifts and inhomogeneity represented differences within 0.03 °C and 0.14 °C, respectively. One Co–C cell and one Pd–C cell were designed and constructed at LNE-Cnam, while one Co–C cell and one Pd–C cell were designed and constructed at NMIJ. In spite of differences in cell design and in materials sources, melting points of Co–C and Pd–C eutectic-point cells realized using LNE-Cnam high-temperature furnace agreed within approximately 0.02 °C and 0.01 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the realizations of the Pd–C eutectic point at LNE-Cnam and NMIJ agreed within a temperature equivalent of approximately 0.11 °C. The uncertainty of the realization was estimated to be approximately 0.14 °C ( k = 2), with a major contribution from the inhomogeneity of the thermocouple. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s10765-011-1022-y Authors H. Ogura, Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie LNE-Cnam, Paris, France J. O. Favreau, Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie LNE-Cnam, Paris, France T. Deuze, Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie LNE-Cnam, Paris, France R. Morice, Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie LNE-Cnam, Paris, France Journal International Journal of Thermophysics Online ISSN 1572-9567 Print ISSN 0195-928X

Description:    A thermoreflectance temperature measuring system was developed with the aim to realize monitoring of the silicon wafer surface temperature during plasma etching. The thermoreflectance detects variations in temperature through changes in optical reflectance. To overcome such difficulties as low sensitivity and limitation in installation space and position for in situ measurements, the differential thermoreflectance utilizing two orthogonal polarizations was introduced. Noise such as fluctuations in the incident beam intensity or changes of loss in the optical path would affect both polarizations equally and would not affect the measurement. The large angle of incidence of the beam allows measurement to be performed from outside the viewing ports of existing plasma etching process chambers through the gap between the plasma electrode and the silicon wafer. In this article, an off-line measurement result is presented, with results for bare wafers as well as for wafers with metal depositions. A prototype system developed for tests in plasma etching facilities in a production line is described. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s10765-011-1016-9 Authors Y. Yamada, National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ, AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan J. Ishii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ, AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan A. Nakaoka, Mizojiri Optical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Y. Mizojiri, Mizojiri Optical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Journal International Journal of Thermophysics Online ISSN 1572-9567 Print ISSN 0195-928X

Description:    Radiometric temperature comparisons of three NIST gold freezing-temperature blackbodies are described. The blackbodies are used in different facilities with different furnaces for the radiance temperature and spectral radiance scales, and the comparisons are needed to determine the equivalence of the gold-point based realizations. The temperatures of each gold-point blackbody are compared against each other using a detector-based radiation thermometer which is calibrated using the cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer. These measurements were performed over a month period in 2004 and compared to the previous measurements of two of the same blackbodies in 1991. The freezing temperatures of all three blackbodies are found to be in agreement to 〈10 mK ( k = 2), and the differences are within the comparison uncertainties. These differences are in agreement, within the combined uncertainties, with the 〈16 mK ( k = 1) differences found in 1991. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s10765-011-1012-0 Authors N. Sasajima, Radiation Thermometry Section, National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8563 Japan C. E. Gibson, Optical Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA V. Khromchenko, NIST/USU Joint Program in Optical Sensor Calibration, Space Dynamics Laboratory, Utah State University, North Logan, UT 84341, USA R. D. Saunders, Optical Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA H. W. Yoon, Optical Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA Journal International Journal of Thermophysics Online ISSN 1572-9567 Print ISSN 0195-928X

Description:    Using the CALPHAD technique, an assessment of the binary EuCl 3 –MgCl 2 and EuCl 3 –BaCl 2 systems has been carried out in this study. The modified quasi-chemical model was defined to describe the Gibbs energies of the liquid phases, and the model parameters were optimized from the experimental phase diagram data. The phase diagrams and enthalpies of mixing of the EuCl 3 –MgCl 2 and EuCl 3 –BaCl 2 systems were calculated. The calculated results by the present method agree well with the experimental data. The Gibbs energies of formation of Mg 3 Eu 2 Cl 12 , Ba 3 Eu 2 Cl 12 , and Ba 2 Eu 3 Cl 13 from the pure components were predicted. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s10765-011-1014-y Authors Yu Wang, Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230022 Anhui, People’s Republic of China Yimin Sun, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000 Anhui, People’s Republic of China Journal International Journal of Thermophysics Online ISSN 1572-9567 Print ISSN 0195-928X

Description:    This work is aimed at comparing several methods for the measurement of physical properties for molten Sn and Sn–Ag alloys, namely, surface tension, density, and viscosity. The method used for viscosity in this work is the modified capillary method. For surface tension and density, the data used for comparison were previously measured using the maximum bubble pressure method and the dilatometer technique, respectively, for four Sn–Ag alloys having (3.8, 32, 55, and 68) at% Ag. The results are compared with those obtained using a new method based on a fluid draining from a crucible under the influence of gravity, designated the Roach–Henein (RH) method. This new method enables the determination of these three physical properties in one set of measurements. Liquid Sn was used as well as two liquid Sn–Ag alloys having (3.8 and 34.6) at% Ag with the RH method. It was determined that the RH method may be used to simultaneously obtain surface tension, viscosity, and density and that the errors associated with these measurements were similar to those obtained using traditional and separate techniques. Comparisons of the measured viscosity and surface tension to those predicted using thermodynamic models will also be presented. Finally a comparison of mixing model predictions with the experimentally measured alloy surface tension and viscosity is also presented. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-24 DOI 10.1007/s10765-011-1011-1 Authors Tomasz Gancarz, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland Zbigniew Moser, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland Władysław Gąsior, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland Janusz Pstruś, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland Hani Henein, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Journal International Journal of Thermophysics Online ISSN 1572-9567 Print ISSN 0195-928X

Description:    In this work, the equations of generalized thermoviscoelasticity for a viscoelastic medium are derived. Also, uniqueness and reciprocity theorems for these equations are proved. In addition, a one-dimensional problem for a viscoelastic half space is considered. The Laplace transform technique is used to solve the problem. The solution in the transformed domain is obtained by a direct approach. The inverse transforms are obtained in an approximate analytical manner using asymptotic expansions valid for small values of time. The temperature, displacement, and stress are computed and represented graphically. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-25 DOI 10.1007/s10765-011-1017-8 Authors Hany H. Sherief, Department of Mathematics, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt Mohammed N. Allam, Department of Mathematics, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt Mohammed A. El-Hagary, Department of Mathematics, Mansoura University at Damiatta, Damiatta, Egypt Journal International Journal of Thermophysics Online ISSN 1572-9567 Print ISSN 0195-928X