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  • 1
    Call number: SR 99.0015(412) ; ZSP-292-412
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 412
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00923-3
    ISSN: 0071-9409
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 412 : Geowissenschaften, Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Beitrag zur Geologie der Hutton Mountains und der Guettard Range (Palmer Land, Antarktische Halbinsel) : Teilnahme an der 29. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1984 ; vorläufige Mitteilung / Wolfgang Weber, Karin Rank
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  • 2
    Call number: SR 99.0015(371) ; ZSP-292-371
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 371
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 117 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISSN: 0071-9404
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 371 : Geowissenschaften - Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Enthält 3 Beiträge , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Annotation Tektonische Untersuchungen in den Herbert Mountains (Shackleton Range, Antarktika) / Joachim Hofmann Beitrag zur Geologie des Pensacola-Gebirges (Antarktika) / Wolfgang Weber Tektonische Untersuchungen in der Patuxent-Formation der Schmidt Hills (Pensacola Mts. (Antarktika)) / Joachim Hofmann und V. V. Samsonov
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  • 3
    Series available for loan
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    Leipzig : Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 99.0015(409) ; ZSP-292-409
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 409
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00920-9
    ISSN: 0071-9409
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 409 : Geowissenschaften - Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Annotation (Annotation, Annotacija) 1. Einführung 1.1. Politische Grundlagen 1.2. Rohstoffspekulationen 2. Grundzüge der Tektonik und Mineragenie der Antarktis 2.1. Geotektonische Epochen 2.2. Tektonisch-minerogenetische Rayonierung 3. Vorkommen fester mineralischer Rohstoffe 3.1. Metallische Rohstoffe 3.1.1. Schwarzmetalle 3.1.1.1. Eisen 3.1.1.2. Mangan 3.1.1.3. Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt, Vanadium, Titan 3.1.1.4. Molybdän, Wolfram 3.1.2. Buntmetalle 3.1.2.1. Kupfer 3.1.2.2. Blei, Zink 3.1.2.3. Zinn 3.1.3. Edelmetalle (Silber, Gold, Platin) 3.1.4. Sonstige Metalle 3.2. Nichtmetallische Rohstoffe 3.2.1. Edel- und Schmucksteine 3.2.2. Glimmer 3.2.3. Feuerfestminerale 3.2.4. Phosphat 3.2.5. Fluorit, Baryt 3.2.6. Graphit. 3.2.7. Schwefel 4. Kohlenvorkommen 5. Kohlenwasserstoff-Vorkommen 6. Geothermische Energie 7. Süßwasser(Eis)-Vorräte 8. Schlußfolgerungen 9. Danksagung . 10. Zusammenfassung (Summary, Rezjume) Literaturverzeichnis Tabellen 1 bis 8
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  • 4
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    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
    Associated volumes
    Call number: MOP Per 581 ; MOP Per 581(1/11) ; ZSP-319/A-11
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 11
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 63 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 11
    Language: German
    Note: Inhalt: I. Untersuchungen zur Avifauna von King George / R. Bannasch und U. Lundberg. - II. Robbenbeobachtungen im Gebiet von King George / R. Bannasch. - III. Beobachtungen der marinen Fauna im Litoral und Benthal von King George (Südshetlandinseln, Antarktis) / M. Rauschert. - IV. Untersuchungen zum Helminthenbefall und zur Nahrung verschiedener Tiergruppen / K. Feiler. - , Zusammenfassung in englischer, deutsche und russischer Sprache , Teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 5
    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/5) ; ZSP-319/C-5
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Nr. 5
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 112 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 2 Beilagen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 5
    Language: German
    Note: Beilage unter dem Titel: Eisbewegung Mirny - 100.km , Beilage unter dem Titel: Trigonometrisches Netz Mirny 1962 〈1 : 100 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Einführung 1. Aufgabenstellung 2. Beschreibung des Arbeitsgebietes 3· Frühere geodätische Arbeiten im Expeditionsgebiet 4. Expeditionsverlauf 5· Messungen zur Bestimmung der Eisbewegung 5.1. Die trigonometrischen Arbeiten Mirny - 100. km 5.1.1. Technische Ausrüstung und Teilnehmer 5.1.2. Geodätische Instrumente 5.1.3. Erste Beobachtung der trigonometrischen Kette 5.1.4. Zweite Beobachtung der trigonometrischen Kette 5.1.5. Genauigkeiten 5.1.5.1. Richtungen und Zenitwinkel 5.1.5.2. Azimute 5.1.5.3. Streckenmessung 5.1.6. Berechnung der Koordinaten und Höhen 5.1.6.1. Lagemessung 5.1.6.1.1. 1. Beobachtung (2.4.1962) 5.1.6.1.2. 2. Beobachtung (10.11.1962) 5.1.6.2. Höhenmessung 5.1.6.2.1. 1. Beobachtung (2.4.1962) 5.1.6.2.2. 2. Beobachtung (10.11.1962) 5.1.7. Auswertung der Ergebnisse (Horizontale und vertikale Eisbewegung) 5.2. Eisbewegung im Stationsgebiet Mirny 6. Untersuchung der trigonometrischen und nivellitischen Refraktion 6.1. Aufgabenstellung 6.2. Trigonometrische Messungen 6.2.1. Maßanordnung 6.2.2. Durchführung der Beobachtungen 6.2.3. Ergebnisse der trigonometrischen Messungen 6.3. Nivellitische Messungen 6.3.1. Maßanordnung 6.3.2. Durchführung der Beobachtungen 6.3.3. Ergebnisse der nivellitischen Messungen 6.4. Zusammenfassung 7. Versuch zur Durchführung eines motorisierten Nivellements 7.1. Technische Ausrüstung 7 .2. Durchführung der Messungen 7.3. Ergebnisse 8. Literatur
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  • 6
    Call number: MOP Per 581 ; MOP Per 581(1/8) ; ZSP-319/A-1(Sonderheft) ; ZSP-319/A-1(Sonderheft, 2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 8, Sonderheft 1
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 107 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: Sonderheft des NKSCAR der DDR
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 8
    Language: German , English
    Note: Inhalt: I. Zoologische Untersuchungen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation "Bellinghausen" / R. BANNASCH und K. ODENING. - II. Deuterium- und 18O-Variationen in Seen der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika) / W. RICHTER und G. STRAUCH. - III. Stable isotope investigations in Antarctica / H. SCHÜTZE, G. STRAUCH, K. WETZEL. - IV. The influence of degradation processes on the isotopic composition of Antarctic precipitation / R. DER. - V. Sommerliche Eisvariationen in der Olaf-Prydz-Bucht / H. GERNANDT. - VI. Zur Geologie des nördlichen Teils des Neptune Range / Pensacola-Gebirges (Antarktika) / W. WEBER und L. V. FEDOROV. - VII. Beobachtungen am Krill (Euphausia superba DANA) im atlantischen Sektor der Antarktis in der Sommersaison 1978 und 1979 / S. HOLZLÖHNER. - VIII. Forschungsreise eines Zubringertrawlers in die Antarktis / G. GUBSCH und U. HOFFMANN.
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  • 7
    Series available for loan
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    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
    Associated volumes
    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/48) ; ZSP-319/C-48
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 48
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 245 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 48
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Zusammenfassungen 1. Problemstellung 2. Terrestrische Refraktion in der Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre 2.1. Lichtausbreitung und Refraktionskoeffizient 2.2. Vertikales Temperaturprofil in der Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre 2.3. Meteorologische Prozesse in der Grenzschicht Antarktikas 2.4. Terrestrische Refraktion Und vertikales Temperaturprofil über polaren Schnee- und Eisflächen (Literaturübersicht) 3. Terrestrische Refraktion bei der trigonometrischen Höhenbestimmung 3.1. Formeln 3.2. Technische Realisierung 3.3. Meßprogramm 3.3.1. Lagemessungen 3.3.2. Streckenbestinunungen für die Refraktionsuntersuchungen 3.3.3. Höhenbestimmungen 3.3.3.1. Nivellements 3.3.3.2. Vertikale Eisbewegung 3.3.3.3. Höhenübertragung auf den Mast 3.3.3.4. Genauigkeit der Höhenbestimmung 3.3.4. Relief der Schneeoberfläche 3.3.5. Messung der Zenitwinkel 3.3.5.1. Beobachtungsprogramm 3.3.5.2. Anzahl der Beobachtungen 3.3.5.3. Dauer und Synchronität der Beobachtungen 3.3.6. Elektrooptische Streckenmessung 3.3.6.1. Meßprogramm 3.3.6.2. Gerätetechnische Parameter 3.4. Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.1. Mittlerer Fehler der Streckenmessung 3.4.2. Mittlere Beobachtungsfehler der Zenitwinkel 3.4.3. Mittlere Fehler des berechneten Höhenwinkels A0, B0 für RK = 0 auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.4. Mittlere Fehler der berechneten Refraktionswinkel und der Refraktionskoeffizienten auf den Endpunkten der Linien auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.4.5. Mittlere Fehler des Refraktionskoeffizienten RKM auf Grund der Beobachtungsfehler 3.5. Mittlere Refraktionskoeffizienten RKM 3.6. Refraktionskoeffizienten RKA und RKB der einzelnen Visuren 3.7. Differenz der Refraktionswinkel (Refraktionskoeffizienten) bei gegenseitigen gleichzeitigen Beobachtungen 3.8. Geschlossene Dreiecke 4. Thermische Struktur der eisnahen Luftschicht und terrestrische Refraktion 4.1. Meßprogramm und Datenverarbeitung 4.1.1. Geräte 4.1.2. Meßprogramm 4.1.3. Datenverarbeitung 4.2. Meteorologische Verhältnisse im Maßgebiet 4.2.1. Station Molodeznaja 4.2.2. Meßfeld (Punkte 1 - 3)· 4.3. Vertikales Temperaturprofil in der Schicht 0 - 6 m über dem Inlandeis 4.3.1. Form der Temperaturprofile 4.3.2. Ausgewählte Tagesgänge der vertikalen Temperaturgradienten 4.3.3. Statistische Analyse der Temperaturgradienten 4.3.3.1. Empirische Verteilungsfunktionen 4.3.3.2. Mittlerer Jahres- und Tagesgang 4.3.3.3. Räumliche Unterschiede bei gleichzeitigen Messungen 4.3.4. Korrelation mit meteorologischen Parametern 4.3.5. Berechnung von integralen Temperaturgradienten aus wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4. Berechnung von lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten aus dem vertikalen Temperaturprofil 4.4.1. Ausgewählte Tagesgänge der lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4.2. Statistische Analyse der lokalen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.4.2.1. Empirische Verteilungsfunktionen 4.4.2.2. Mittlerer Jahres- und Tagesgang 4.4.3. Korrelation mit meteorologischen Parametern 4.5. Vergleich zwischen geodätischen und lokalen meteorologischen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.6. Multiple Regression zwischen dem wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizient und meteorologischen Parametern 4.6.1. Schätzung des wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.6.2. Schätzung der Differenz des wirksamen Refraktionskoeffizienten von Stand- und Zielpunkt 4.7. Näherungsweise Lösung des FEARNLEY-Integrals und Korrelation mit geodätischen Refraktionskoeffizienten 4.7.1. Beschreibung des Rechenverfahrens 4.7.2. Vergleich zwischen RK und RP, RM, RF und RJ 4.7.3. Übersicht über die relativen Abweichungen 4.8. Abhängigkeit der Differenz der Refraktionswinkel bei gleichzeitigen gegenseitigen Beobachtungen von meteorologischen Elementen 5. Schlußbemerkungen 6. Literaturverzeichnis
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  • 8
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften
    Associated volumes
    Call number: MOP 34587 ; MOP Per 581(1/3) ; ZSP-319/A-3
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 3
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 48 Seiten
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 3
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Monograph available for loan
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    Berlin : Pormetter
    Call number: Q 932 / Regal 51 ; MOP 2731 ; AWI PY-4066-13
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 56 S. : Ill.
    Edition: Sonderabdr.
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  • 10
    Series available for loan
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    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
    Associated volumes
    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/40) ; ZSP-319/C-40 ; ZSP-319/C-40(2.Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 40
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 40
    Language: German , Russian
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Summary, Rezjume 1. Einleitung 2. Das Bewegungsverhalten von Eismassen, seine Untersuchung und Modellierung 2.1. Zum Modellbegriff 2.2. Typische Eismassen und ihr Bewegungsverhalten 2.2.1. Zur Theorie der Eisbewegung 2.2.2. Gletscher 2.2.3. Schelfeis und Eiskappe 2.3. Die Ermittlung von Eisbewegungen durch geodätische Verfahren 2.3.1. Die Vorplanung der Messungen 2.3.2. Die Durchführung der Messungen 2.3.3. Reduktion der Beobachtungen 2.3.4. Berechnung der Eisbewegungen 2.4. Das trendbehaftete vektorielle Zufallsfeld - Modell zur Beschreibung des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes einer Eismasse - in der Theorie stochastischer Prozesse 2.4.1. Definition des Vektorfeldes 2.4.2. Das Geschwindigkeitsfeld einer Eismasse - trendbehaftetes vektorielles Zufallsfeld 2.4.3. Definition eines vektoriellen Zufallsfeldes 2.4.4. Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte und Verteilungsfunktion 2.4.5. Die Momente und die Korrelationsfunktionen 2.4.6. Vektorielle Zufallsfelder mit Hormalverteilungsgesetz 2.4.7. Homogene und isotrope vektorielle Zufallsfelder 2.4.8. Das Ergodenproblem 3. Das Konzept der Kollokation und seine Anwendung auf die Bearbeitung von Eisbewegungsmessungen 3.1. Zur Theorie der Kollokation 3.1.1. Das Kollokationsmodell von Moritz [40] 3.1.2. Nichtlineare Prädiktion nach Grafarend [12] 3.1.3. Kollokation von Vektorgrößen 3.2. Analyse und Bearbeitung des Datenmaterials 3.2.1. Die Trendbestimmung 3.2.2. Die Analyse des Zufallsfeldes 3.3. Das Kollokationsmodell bei der Bearbeitung von Eisbewegungsmessungen 3.3.1. Zuordnung und Interpretation der Größen 3.3.2. Zur zeitlichen Variation des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes einer Eismasse 3.3.3. Kollokation mit den ursprünglichen reduzierten Beobachtungen 4. Praktische Untersuchungen 4.1. Geschwindigkeitsquerprofile des Fedtschenko-Gletschers (Pamir) 4.2. Geschwindigkeitslängsprofil des Kongsvegen-Gletschers (Spitzbergen) 4.3. Geschwindigkeitslängsprofil des Hays-Gletschers (Antarktika) 4.4. Geschwindigkeitsquerprofil des Ross-Schelfeises (Antarktika) 4.5. Vergleich mit früheren Untersuchungen zur Abschätzung von Geschwindigkeitskorrelationen natürlicher Eismassen 5. Zusammenfassung 6. Literaturverzeichnis , Zusammenfassung in englischer und russischer Sprache
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  • 11
    Series available for loan
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    Leipzig : VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 99.0015(418) ; ZSP-292-418
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 418
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 75 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00930-6
    ISSN: 0071-9409
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 418 : Geowissenschaften - Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Annotation (Annotation, Annotacija) 1. Einleitung 2. Tektonische Rayonierung Antarktikas 2. I. Der Ostantarktische Kraton (1) 2.1.1. Zentraler Geoblock (1.1.) 2.1.1.1. Enderby Land-Block (1.1.1) 2.1.1.2. Dronning Maud Land-Block (1.1.2) 2.1.1.3. Prince Charles Mountains-Block (1.1.3) 2. 1.2. Östlicher Geoblock (1.2) 2.1.2.1. Vestfold Block (1.2.1) 2.1.2.2. Wilkes Land-Block (1.2.2) 2. 1.2.3. Victoria Land-Block (1.2.3) 2.1.3. Westlicher Geoblock (1.3) 2.1.3.1. Maudheim-Block (1.3.1) 2.1.3.2. Shekleton Range-Block (1.3.2) 2.1.3.3. Thiel Mountains-Block (1.3.3) 2.2. Die jungproterozoisch-altpaläozoische Mobilzone der Transantarctic Mountains (2) 2.2.1. Südlicher Block (2.1) 2.2.2. Nördlicher Block (2.2) 2.2.3. Admirality Mountains-Block (2.3) 2.3. Die jungproterozoisch-paläozoische Mobilzonen der Pensacola und Ellsworth Mountains (3) 2.3.1. Pensacola Mountains-Block (3.1) 2.3.2. Ellsworth Mountains-Block (3.2) 2.4. Die paläozoisch-mesozoische Mobilzone Westantarktikas (4) 2.4.1. Marie Byrd Land-Block (4.1) 2.4.2. Thurston Island/Eights Coast-Block ( 4.2) 2.4.3. Antarctic Peninsula-Block (4.3) 2.5. Die jungen Sedimentbecken der Westantarktis (5) 2.5.1. Weddell Sea-Becken (5.1) 2.5.2. Byrd-Senke (5.2) 2.5.3. Ross Sea-Becken (5.3) 3. Minerogenetische Entwicklung Antarktikas 3. I. Archaische minerogenetische Hauptepoche ( 〉 2,6 Ga) 3.2. Proterozoische minerogenetische Hauptepoche (ca. 2,6 bisca. 0,8 Ga) 3.2.1. Unterproterozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 2,6 bis ca. 2,0 Ga) 3.2.2. Mittel- bis oberproterozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 2,0 bis ca. 0,8 Ga) 3.3. Spätriphäisch-phanerozoische minerogenetische Hauptepoche ( 〈0,8 Ga) 3.3.1. Spätriphäisch-altpaläozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 0,8 Ga bis ca. 450 Mal 3.3.2. Paläozoisch-frühmesozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 450 Ma bis ca. 150 M;l) 3.3.3. Mesozoisch-känozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ab. ca. 190 Ma) 4. Minerogenetische Einheiten Antarktikas 4.1. Archaische minerogenetische Einheiten 4.1.1. Archaische hochmetamorphe Areale 4.1.2. Archaische Grünstein-Granit-Gürtel 4.2. Proterozoische minerogenetische Provinzen . 4.2.1. Tafeldeckgebirgskomplexe 4.2.2. Aktivierte Grundgebirgseinheiten 4.2.3. Intrakontinentale mobile Gürtel 4.3. Riphäisch-phanerozoische minerogenetische Einheiten 4.3.1. Tafeldeckgebirgs-Provinzen 4.3.2. Aktivierte Grundgebirgseinheiten 4.3.2.1. Provinzen spätriphäisch-altpaläozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.2.2. Provinzen mesozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.2.3. Provinzen känozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.3. Intrakontinentale Tröge und Senken 4.3.3.1. Spätriphäisch-altpaläozoische Tröge 4.3.3.2. Intrakontinentales Ellsworth-Orogen 4.3.3.3. Tafelsenken des Victoria und des Wilkes Lands 4.3.3.4. Minerogenetische Provinzen junger Rift- und Spaltenzonen 4.3.3.4.1. Transantarktische Riftzone 4.3.3.4.2. Lambert Glacier-Riftzone des paläozoischemesozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.3.4.3. Brainsfield-Riftzone 4.3.4. Passive Plattenränder 4.3.5. Aktive Plattenränder 4.3.5.1. Minerogenetische Provinzen des spätriphäisch-frühpaläozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.2. Minerogenetische Provinzen des mittelpaläozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.3. Minerogenetische Provinzen des paläozoisch-mesozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.4. Minerogenetische Provinzen des meso-känozoischen Plattenrandes 5.Zusammenfassung. Abstract, Rezjume Literaturverzeichnis
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  • 12
    Call number: SR 99.0015(335) ; ZSP-292-335
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 335
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 145 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 335 : Geowissenschaften
    Language: German
    Note: Enthält auch: Methode und Anleitung zur weitgehend objektiven Ermittlung der Varietäten humifizierter Xylite unserer Weichbraunkohlen : Vortrag zum Berg- u. Hüttenmännischen Tag 1976 in Freiberg / von Gerhard Roselt
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  • 13
    Call number: 91.0851 ; MOP Per 581(3/3) ; ZSP-319/C-3
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Nr. 3
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 77 Seiten
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 3
    Language: English , English
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents Inhalt = Contents Vorwort = Foreword A. Seismologie = A. Seismology B. Physik des oberen Erdmantels = B. Physics of the Upper Mantle of the Earth C. Gravimetrie, Geodäsie, Erdgezeiten und rezente Erdkrustenbewegungen = C. Gravimetry, Geodesy, Tides of the Earth and Recent Movements of the Earth' s Crust. D. Magnetismus = D. Magnetism E. Theorie und Berechnungsanlagen = E. Theory and· Computers F. Tiefbohrungen für wissenschaftliche Zwecke = F. Deep Drilling for Scientific Purposes G. Petrologie = G. Petrology H. Tektonik = H. Tectonics J. Geochemie = J. Geochemistry , Text deutsch und englisch
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  • 14
    Call number: AWI PY-1899-13,1
    In: British Polar Year Expedition, Vol. 1
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: XIII, 336 S. , Ill.
    Language: English
    Note: Table of Contents: GENERAL INTRODUCTION. - Figures. - North Arm of Great Slave Lake, showing positions of present and former Fort Rae sites. - Site plan of station. - METEOROLOGY. - Introduction. - PART 1. - TEMPERATURE. - 1. Instruments, exposures, and methods. - 2. Annual variation of temperature. - 3. Diurnal variation of temperature. - 4. The effect of cloud and wind upon temperature. - 5. Temperature and wind direction. - 6. Non-periodic temperature changes. - PART 2. - PRESSURE. - 1. Instruments and methods. - 2. Annual variation of pressure. - 3. Diurnal variation of pressure. - 4. Non-periodic pressure changes. - 5. Pressure waves. - 6. Pressure surges. - PART 3. - SURFACE WIND. - 1. Instruments, exposures, and methods. - 2. Annual variation of wind velocity. - 3. Diurnal variation of wind velocity. - 4. Frequency of winds of different velocities. - 5. Frequency of winds of different directions and of calms. - 6. SE. and NW. wind at Fort Rae. - 7. Velocity of winds from different directions. - 8. Distribution of wind velocities from different directions. - 9. Highest instantaneous wind speeds and extreme hourly winds. - 10. The effect of the NW. and SE. wind upon the meteorological elements. - 11. The resultant winds. - 12. Diurnal inequalitites of N. and E. components of resultant winds. - PART 4. - UPPER WINDS. - 1. General remarks. - 2. Monthly and seasonal mean wind velocities at different heights. - 3. Frequency of wind from various directions in the upper atmosphere. - 4. Distribution oof wind at different levels irrespective of direction. - 5. Mean wind velocities from different directions at different levels. - 6. Resultant winds in the upper atmosphere. - 7. The direction of the wind in the upper atmosphere when the wind at the surface is from stated directions. - PART 5. - UPPER AIR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. - PART 6. - CLOUDS. - 1. General. - 2. Percentage frequency of different could forms. - 3. Cloud amount: percentage frequency of each cloud amount. - 4. Annual variation of cloud. - 5. Diurnal variation of cloud. - PART 7. - PRECIPITATION. - 1. Instruments and methods. - 2. Annual variation of precipitation. - 3. Snow crystals. - PART 8. - RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR. - 1. General. - 2. Mean monthly values of humidity during the winter months. - 3. Annual variation of the relative humidity. - 4. Diurnal variation of the relative humidity. - PART 9. - SUNSHINE AND RADIATION. - PART 10. - HALO PHENOMENA. - PART 11. - VISIBILITY. - PART 12. - THE METEOGRAPH DIAGRAMS. - TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND AURORA. - 1. Magnetograph chamber. - 2. Temperature insulation of the magnetograph hut. - 3. Temperature variation within the recording chamber. - 4. Recording instruments. - 5. ILLUMINATION. - 6. TIMING. - 7. CONTROL HUT AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTS USED. - 8. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF H. - 9. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF D. - 10. AZIMUTH MARK. - 11. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF INCLINATION. - 12. PROCEDURE IN CONTROL OBSERVATIONS. - 13. SUMMARISED RESULTS OF CONTROL OBSERVATIONS. - 14. SCALE VALUES OF DECLINATION MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 15. SCALE VALUES OF H AND Z MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 16. EFFECT ON SCALE VALUES OF GREAT SEASONAL RANGE OF HUMIDITY WITHIN THE RECORDING CHAMBER. - 17. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF H AND Z VARIOMETERS. - 18. METHODS OF DETERMINING TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF VARIOMETERS. - 19. ASSIGNMENT OF H BASE LINE VALUES DURING PERIODS OF LARGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VARIOMETER. - 20. ASSIGNMENT OF H BASE LINE VALUES IN GENERAL. - 21. Z BASE LINE VALUES DURING PERIOD OF LARGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VARIOMETER. - 22. Z BASE LINE VALUES IN GENERAL. - 23. USE OF AUXILIARY H AND Z MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 24. D BASE LINE VALUES. - 25. MONTHLY MEAN VALUES: THE ANNUAL VARIATION AND SECULAR CHANGE. - 26. MONTHLY AND SEASONAL VALUES OF N, E, T, I, AND A. - 27. COMPARISON OBSERVATIONS AT 1882-83 (OLD FORT) STATION. - 28. DETERMINATION OF H AT OLD FORT RAE. - 29. DETERMINATION OF D AT OLD FORT RAE. - 30. DETERMINATION OF I AT OLD FORT RAE. - 31. SECULAR CHANGE AT OLD FORT RAE. - 32. LONGITUDE OF OLD FORT RAE SITE. - 33. AZIMUTH OF FIXED MARK AT OLD FORT RAE. - 34. RELATIONSRIPS BETWEEN ALL, QUIET, AND DISTURBED DAY VALUES AT THE MAIN STATION. - 35. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE. - 36. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON QUIET DAYS. - 37. EXAMINATION OF THE NEGATIVE NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON q DAYS. - 38. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON DISTURBED DAYS. - 39. OVERLAPPING DAY MEANS. - 40. CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENT SYSTEM NECESSARY TO PRODUCE H AND Z DEPARTURES FROM MEAN VALUES. - 41. POSITION OF CURRENT SYSTEM AND DIRECTION OF FLOW DEDUCED FROM MEAN H AND Z DEPARTURES AT OTHER STATIONS ON d DAYS. - 42. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS ON DISTURBED DAYS. - 43. CURRENT SYSTEM ON q DAYS. - 44. CONSIDERATIONS UNDERLYING APPLICATION OF NON-CYCLIC CHANGE AND USE OF GREENWICH DAYS IN FORMATION OF DIURNAL INEQUALITIES. - 45. SOME FEATURES OF THE DIURNAL VARIATIONS. - 46. DIURNAL INEQUALITIES FOR SELECTED q AND d DAYS. - 47. MEAN ANNUAL VECTOR DIAGRAMS. - 48. SEASONAL VECTOR. DIAGRAMS. - 49. VECTOR DIAGRAMS ON d' AND q' DAYS. - 50. THE TOTAL FIELD VECTOR T AND ITS POSITIONAL CO-ORDINATES. - 51. SEASONAL MEAN VALUES OF T AND p IN DISTURBANCE. - 52. DIURNAL VARIATION OF T AND p IN DISTURBANCE. - 53. SOME DIURNALLY VARYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM PRODUCING DISTURBANCE. - 54. CHANGE IN POSITION OF DISTURBING CURRENT WITH SEASON. - 55 EFFECT OF INCREASED SCALE OF DISTURBANCE ON THE CURRENT SYSTEM. - 56. T AND p ON QUIET DAYS. - 57 RANGE AND AVERAGE DEPARTURES OF DIURNAL INEQUALITIES. - 58. COMPARISON OF INEQUALITY RANGE AND AVERAGE DEPARTURE AT FORT RAE WITH THOSE AT OTHER STATIONS. - 59. COMPARISON WITH 1882-83 INEQUALITY RANGES. - 60. ESTIMATE OF ELEVATION OF DISTURBING CURRENT SYSTEM FROM IR AND AD. - 61. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF REGULAR DIURNAL VARIATIONS. - (i) 24-hour component. - (ii) 12-hour component. - (iii) 8-hour wave. - (iv) 6-hour wave. - 62. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF MEAN INEQUALITIES FOR q' AND d' DAYS. - 63. ABSOLUTE DAILY RANGE: R. - 64. COMPARISON WITH 1882-83 RANGES. - 65. COMPARISON WITH R AT OTHER STATIONS. - 66. RELATION OF DISTURBANCE TO MAGNETIC LATITUDE. - 67. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF R. - 68. DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF TIMES OF INCIDENCE OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA. - 69. DIURNAL INCIDENCE OF EXTREME VALUES IN Z. - 70. INCIDENCE OF EXTREME VALUES IN H AND D. - 71. DAILY RANGE PRODUCTS HRH AND ZRz. - 72. HOURLY RANGES AND RANGE PRODUCTS. - 73. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY RANGES IN REPRESENTATIVE MONTHS. - 74. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE HOURLY RANGES. - 75. RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF PERTURBATIONS IN H AND Z. - 76. THE RATIO p = CR/Cr. - 77. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF Cr AND ITS CONSTITUENTS. - 78. RANK ORDER OF DAYS, ON BASIS OF CR AND Cr: COMPARISON WITH INTERNATIONAL SELECTION OF q AND d DAYS. - 79. EFFECT OF USE OF GREENWICH DAY ON SELECTION OF q AND d DAYS. - 80. DIURNAL VARIATION OF IRREGULAR DISTURBANCE (Di). - 81. RELATION OF Di TO TIME DIFFERENTIALS OF FORCE VECTORS. - 82. CHARACTERISTICS OF D1. - 83. Di ON q' AND d' DAYS. - 84. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF Di. - 85. LOCAL CHARACTER FIGURES. - 86. RANK ORDER OF MONTHS IN DISTURBANCE BY VARIOUS CRITERIA. - 87. INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY OF H AND z: MONTHLY U ACTIVITY MEASURES. - 88. INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY ON q' AND d' DAYS. - 89. COMPARISON OF COMPOSITE RANK ORDER OF MONTHS WITH INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY MEASURES. - 90. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF DISTURBANCE. - 91. N DISTURBANCES. - 92. M DISTURBANCES. - 93. OSCILLATORY DISTURBANCE. - 94. RECOVERY MOVEMENTS. - 95. SEASONAL AND DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF N AND M MOVEMENTS. - 96. REPETITION OF ISOLATED PERTURBATIONS. - NON-INSTRUMENTAL AURORAL OBSERVATIONS. - 97. THE SCOPE OF THE OBSERVATIONS. - 98. ESTIMATION OF AURORAL INTENSITY. - 99. AURORAL "ACTIVITY" FIGURES. - 100. THE AURORAL LOG. - 101. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AURORAL FREQUENCY. - 102. AURORAL ACTIVITY OF THE YEAR: GENERAL NOTE. - 103. QUARTER-HOUR AURORAL INTENSITY FIGURES. - 104. MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF BRIGHT AURORA. - 105. DIURNAL
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  • 15
    Call number: AWI PY-1970-13
    In: Skrifter / Videnskabsselskapet i Kristiania, Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse, 1911, No. 17
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: 111 S., 86 Taf. , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Skrifter utg. av Videnskapsselskapet i Kristiania 1911,17
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Vorbereitung der Expedition und ihre Ausrüstung. - 2. Der Aufenthalt in Bossekop. Tagebuch über die photographischen Aufnahmen und unsere Beobachtungen. - 3. Das photographische Verfahren zur Berechnung der Höhe und Lage des Nordlichts. - 4. Die parallaktischen Aufnahmen und die entsprechenden Berechnungen. - 5. Eingehender Bericht über jedes einzelne Paar parallaktischer Bilder. - Erläuterungen zu den Tafeln.
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  • 16
    Monograph non-lending collection
    Monograph non-lending collection
    Stockholm : Lithogr. Institut d. Generalstabs [u.a.]
    Associated volumes
    Call number: AWI PY-1942-13
    In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Südpolar-Expedition 1901-1903, Bd. 1, Lfg. 5
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: 172 S.
    Language: German
    Note: Inhalt: Einleitung. - 1. Zeitbestimmung und Untersuchung des Ganges der Chronometer. - A. Zeitbestimmung mit dem Schiffschronometer Nr. 2677. - B. Zeitbestimmung mit dem Sternzeitchronometer Nr. 1329. - C. Zeitkomparationen zwischen den Chronometern Nr. 2677 und Nr. 1329. - D. Zeitnormalen. - 2. Azimutbestimmungen. - 3. Kartierungsarbeit. - 4. - A. Instrumente. - B. Magnetisches Observatorium. - C. Auszug aus dem Tagebuch. - V. Deklinationsmessungen. - A. Das Variationsdeklinatorium. - B. Stundenobservationen. - C. Messungen der absoluten Deklination für die magnetische Hauptstation. - 1. Bestimmungen mit dem Lamontschen Instrument. - 2. Bestimmungen mit dem Neumayerschen Instrument. - 3. Komparationen. - 4. Diskussion der Azimutbestimmung der Miren für die magnetische Hauptstation. - 5. Basiswert des Variationsdeklinatoriums. - D. Der mittlere Gang der Deklination. - E. Deklinationsbestimmungen in der Umgebung der magnetischen Hauptstation. - 6. Horizontalintensitätsmessungen. - A. Abschlussmessungen. - 1. Absolute Bestimmungen in Upsala. - 2. Temperaturkoeffizienten. - 3. Bestimmung der Konstante C für das Lamontsche Instrument. - 4. Komparationen mit Neumayers Instrument. - 5. Komparationen auf der "Isla de Año Nuevo". - 6. Nähere Betrachtung der Instrumentenkonstanten C02(L). - B. Das Horizontalintensitäsvariometer im Magnethaus auf der Snow-Hill-Insel. - Der Temperaturkoeffizient Φ des H-Variometers. - C. Absolute Bestimmungen von H auf der Snow-Hill-Insel mit dem Lamontschen Instrument. - D. Bestimmung der Horizontalintensität in der Umgebung der magnetischen Hauptstation. - E. Der mittlere tägliche Gang der Horizontalintensität. - 7. Bestimmungen der Vertikalintensität und der Inklination. - A. Das Vertikalvariometer. - B. Der Temperaturkoeffizient η des Vertikalvariometers. - C. Absolute Bestimmung der Vertikalintensität. - D. Inklinationsbestimmungen in der Umgebung der magnetischen Hauptstation. - 8. Die erdmagnetischen Variationen während der Observationsstunden. - A. Variationen in Deklination und Horizontalintensität. - B. Variationen in der Vertikalintensität.
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  • 17
    Monograph non-lending collection
    Monograph non-lending collection
    København : Luno
    Associated volumes
    Call number: AWI PY-2894-13
    In: Danmark-Ekspeditionen til Grønlands Nordøstkyst 1906-1908 ; Bd. 2, Nr. 1, Bd. 2, Nr. 1
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: 75 S , Ill., graph. Darst , 4° (8°)
    Series Statement: Meddelelser om Grønland 42
    Language: German
    Note: Univ., Habil.-Schr., Marburg, 1909 , Inhalt: 1. Einleitung. - Lokalität. - Plan und Umfang der Aufstiege. - Kostenberechnung. - Beiträge. - Die Winde. - Die Drachen. - Drachenschuppen. - Draht. - Die Ballons. - Das Wasserstoffgas. - Pilotballons. - Beleuchtung im Winter. - Registrier-Instrumente. - Mitarbeiter. - 2. Ergebnisse der Aufstiege. - 3. Diskussion der Beobachtungen. - Temperatur. - Windzunahme mit der Höhe. - Drehung des Windes mit der Höhe. - Gang der relativen Feuchtigkeit mit der Höhe. - Zusammenfassung des mittleren Ganges d. met. El. m. d. Höhe. - Temperaturschichtung bei Refraktionsstörungen. - Die Höhe der Föhnwolken. - Die Höhe des Nebels. - Der Zustand der Atmosphäre bei Föhn. - Der Ostwind.
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  • 18
    Call number: AWI PY-1949-13
    In: Skrifter / udg. af Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania, Mathematisk-Naturvidenskabelig Klasse, 1915, No. 2
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    Pages: 132 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: Skrifter / Videnskabsselskapet i Kristiania, Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse 1915,2
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Introduction. - Bank-water. - The Spitsbergen Atlantic Current. - The water of the Spitsbergen Fjords, and the coast water. - The deep-water of the North Polar Basin. - The deep-water of the Norwegian Sea. - Current measurements. - Current measurements at Stat. 41, on August 18th and 19th, 1912. - Computation of the velocities of the currents in the region between Stats. 41 and 40, by means of dynamic sections. - Current measurements on August 4th and 5th. - Computation of the velocities of the currents at Stats. 18 to 22. - Dynamic current charts. - Vertical oscillations of the water strata. - The tidal wave in the North Polar Basin. - Ice-pressures and the tidal wave. - The extension and shape of the North Polar Basin. - Investigations on the amount of Oxygen in the Spitsbergen waters. - Some observations of the Hydrogen Ion Concentration in the Northern Sea-Water. - Table 1. Temperature, salinity, and density of the sea-water. - Table 2. Current-Measurements. - Table 3. Measurements of the Oxygen in the sea-water. - Table 4. Measurements of the Hydrogen Ion Concentration of the sea-water. - Literature.
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  • 19
    Call number: ZSP-980-147
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen ; 147, Nr. 147
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 134 S , zahlr. graph. Darst , 21 cm
    ISBN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen Nr. 147
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 1.1. Grundlagen der Isotopengeochemie. - 1.2 Isotopieeffekte bei geologischen Prozessen. - 1.3. Einführung in die Augabenstellung. - 2. Entwicklung kieseliger Sedimente und ihrer Sauerstoffisotopenzusammensetzung. - 2.1 Entstehung und Klassifikation von kieseligen Sedimenten. - 2.2. Diagenese und Veränderung der δ18O-Werte von Cherts. - 3. Entwicklung von Kalksedimenten und ihrer Sauerstoffisotopenzusammensetzung.- 3.1. Entstehung und Charakterisierung von Kalksedimenten. - 3.2 Zur Frage des Isotopengleichgewichts zwischen biogenen Karbonaten und Ozeanwasser. - 3.3. Beeinflussung der δ18O-Werte von Tiefseekarbonaten durch selektive Auflösung von Skelettteilen während des Absinkens zum Ozeanboden. - 3.4. Einfluss von Diageneseprozessen auf die Veränderung der δ18O-Werte von Tiefseekarbonaten. - 4. Modellrechnungen für die δ18O-Records von Tiefseebohrungen. - 4.1. Zielstellung. - 4.2. Übersicht über das verwendete Datenmaterial und Programme zur Datenspeicherung und -auswertung. - 4.2.1. Datenmaterial. - 4.2.2. Programmsystem GEODAT. - 4.3 Statistische Auswertung der Daten. - 4.4. Beschreibung des Modells. - 4.4.1. Zusammenstellung der verwendeten Bezeichnungen. - 4.4.2 Modellannahmen. - 4.4.2.1. Porosität. - 4.4.2.2. Rekristallisation. - 4.4.2.3. Zusammensetzung des Sediments. - 4.4.2.4. Temperatur und δ18O-Wert des Ozeans. - 4.4.2.5. Trennparameter. - 4.4.2.6. Zusammenfassung der Modellannahmen. - 4.4.3. Ableitung des Modells. - 4.5. Ergebnisse der Modellrechnungen. - 4.6. Diskussion der Ergebnisse der Modellrechnungen. - 4.7. Berechnung von möglichen Palaeotemperaturen mit einem zeitabhängigen Modell. - 5. Zusammenfassung. - Literaturverzeichnis.
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  • 20
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    London : Royal Society
    Call number: AWI PY-18-91324
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VII, 274 S., XLIII Bl. , graph. Darst. , 4°
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Preface, by Sir A. Geikie. - Introductory Note, by L. C. Bernacchi. - Historical Note, by Dr. C. Chree. - Explanation of tables of hourly values. - Tables of hourly values. - Table of days made use of for diurnal inequalities. - DISCUSSION OF THE OBSERVATIONS, BY DR. C. CHREE. - 1. Instruments and records. - Instruments. - Scale values of curves. - Temperature coefficient of vertical-force magnet. - 2. Base-line values, annual inequality, secular change. - Declination and horizontal-force base-line values. - Declination and horizontal-force mean monthly values. - Declination and horizontal-force secular change. - Declination and horizontal-force annual inequality. - Vertical-force base-line values and temperature corrections. - 3. Diurnal inequalities and their discussion. - Diurnal inequalities of declination, horizontal force and vertical force. - Explanation of diurnal-inequality tables and curves. - Diurnal-inequality tables XII-XXII. - Non-cyclic changes. - Discussion of declination, horizontal force, and vertical-force inequalities. - Diurnal inequality of inclination. - Dirunal inequality of South and West Components. - Figures 1-13, illustrating Diurnal inequalities. - 4. Diurnal inequalities, Fourier coefficients. - Fourier α and β coefficients. - Fourier γ and α coefficients. - 5. Annual variation, Fourier coefficients. - 6. Absolute daily ranges, Daily maxima and minima. - Absolute daily ranges of declination, Horizontal force and vertical force. - Incidence of daily maxima and minima. - 7. Term-hour and special records. - Term-hour records from Mauritius. - Term-hour records from Christchurch. - Term-hour records from Antarctic Winter Quarters. - Antarctic Record during solar eclipse. - Pulsations. - Antarctic record on exceptionally quiet day. - 8. Records of disturbances from co-operating stations and winter quarters. - Comparative records from Falmouth, Colaba, Mauritius, and Christchurch. - Antarctic Records of disturbances. - Various representative types of Antarctic disturbances. - 9. Mathematical analysis of disturbances, and their discussion. - General discussion of theories. - Case of sphere of magnetic material in a uniform field. - Definition and nature of disturbances. - Analysis of selected disturbances recorded at the co-operating stations and at winter quarters. - 10. Special type of disturbance. - 11. Comparison of Antarctic Magnetic disturbances and aurora. - Appendix A.: Christchurch term-day observations. - Appendix B.: An examination of Antarctic disturbances from October, 1902, to March, 1903, which are simultaneous with Arctic disturbances discussed by Prof. Kr. Birkeland.
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  • 21
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-7
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 7
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 37 Seiten , 2 Beilagen
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 7
    Language: English
    Note: 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Neuschwabenland (West) 〈1 : 2.000.000〉, Bildflugroutenübersicht Antarktis-Expediton 1983/84 = Aerial Survey Route Map. - 2. Ausgabe. - Frankfurt am Main : Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie (IfAG), 1985. , 1 Beilage unter dem Titel: Supplement to National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 7 (July 1985) , Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Members of Permanent Working Groups and Groups of Specialists of SCAR. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 84-October 85. - II. Planned Activities, October 1985 - October 1986. - References. - Addenda to Former Reports. - Index of Activities.
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  • 22
    Call number: ZSP-799-326
    In: Trudy Ordena Lenina Arktičeskogo i Antarktičeskogo Naučno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 326
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 228 Seiten , Illustrationen , 23 cm
    Series Statement: Trudy Ordena Lenina Arktičeskogo i Antarktičeskogo Naučno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta 326
    Language: Russian
    Note: CONTENTS: Foreword. - Radio physical methods of ice and snow studies / V. V. Bogorodsky. - Radar frequency-modulated signals reflected from ice surfaces and the possibility of their modelling / A. B. Babayev, V. P. Logachev, V. N. Parfentyev, V. A. Fedorov, G. P. Shelomanova. - Ice structure and its effect on ice SHF emissivity / A. Ye. Basharinov, A. A. Kurskaya. - Radio wave propagation in glaciers / V. V. Bogorodsky, G. V. Trepov, B. A. Fedorov. - Radio echo sounding of sea ice / V. V. Bogorodsky, V. P. Tripolnikov. - Emissivity of ice, land and sea surfaces modelled by layered heterogeneous structures / V. V. Bogorodsky, A. I. Kozlov, L. T. Tuchkov. . - Radio sounding wide angle reflection measurements / J. W. Clough. - Depolarization of radio echo returns / J. W. Clough. - Remote radar measurements of sea ice thicknesses / M. I. Finkelshtein, V. A. Kutev, V. G. Glushnev, E. I. Lazarev. - Electrical properties of the vacuum-formed ice and their dependence on structure / A. K. Zhebrovsky, G. M. Strakhovsky, V. N. Nedostayev, V. I. Stebin. - Ice forces on separate supporting structures by laboratory and field tests / S. A. Vershinin, Ye. M. Kopaygorodsky, V. V. Panov, Z. I. Shvaishtein. - Correlation between the salinity of sea ice and extinction coefficient at 6328 Å / H. Davis, R. Munis. - Optical characteristics of some vanehes of natural ice / B. Ya. Gaitskhoki. - Instruments for the investigation of spectral reflection of liquid water on 1-50 Mm wave lengths / M. A. Kropotkin. - On the study of the process of charge generation at the phase interface of 10-3 molar solution of natrium chlorirde, freezing oriented / V. Petera. - The behavior of ice in rapidly variable electromagnetic fields of high intensity / L. B. Nekrasov. - Magnetic survey of ice wedges / B. V. Volodko, V. S. Yakupov, E. N. Akhmedzyanov, V. M. Kalinin, V. O. Papitashvili, G. A. Sereda. - Low frequency polarization of ice and frozen coarse-disperse formations / V. P. Melnikov, A. M. Snegiryev. - Coastal ice dynamics by SLAR observations / S. M. Losev, Yu. A. Gorbunov. - Surface water temperature observations by airborne radiation thermometer / A. I. Paramonov, Yu. A. Gorbunov, S. M. Losev. - Acoustic techniques in snow and ice studies / V. P. Gavrilo, A. V. Gusev. - Attenuation and scattering of sound waves by sea ice / V. V. Bogorodsky, G. E. Smirnov, S. A. Smirnov. - A study of sound attenuation in natural ice / N. A. Grubnik, O. V. Kudryavtsev. - Ice cover studies by seismic and tiltmeter methods / V. N. Smirnov, Ye. M. Linkov. - Glacier dynamics studies by laser deformograph / I. M. Belousova, I. P. Ivanov, N. G. Firsov. - An expenmental study of ice adhesion by laboratory and field tests / V. V. Panov, A. V. Panyushkin, Yu. D. Sinochkin, Z. I. Shvaishtein. - A study of ice layer destruction process / N. A. Grubnik, V. I. Fomin, A. B. Shemyakin. - Mechanical propterties of snow related to its use as a construction material / A. F. Wuori. - Arctic snow cover / I. M. Dolgin, N. N. Bryazgin, L. S. Petrov. - A technique to measure large moisture content in the snow by cosmic radiation / S. I. Avdyushin, Y. F. Barabantshchikov, R. M. Kogan, Y. M. Kulagin, I. M. Nazarov, Sh. D. Fridman, I. S. Yudkevich. - Techniques for measuring the strength characteristics of natural and processed snow / G. Abele. - Statistic evaluation of spatial distribution of the main parameters of the ice cover / A. Ya. Buzuyev. - Study of mechanical properties of fresh-water ice with slowly variable load / K. N. Korzhavin, A. B. Ivchenko. - On the short-term ice creep and micro crack kinetics of new formations / Yu. K. Zaretsky, A. M. Fish, V. P. Gavrilo, A. V. Gusev. - Field tests of physical and mechanical properties of the ice cover / A. Ya. Ryvlin. - Determination of specific failure energy and impact pressure values of ice / D. Ye. Kheisin, V. A. Likhomanov, V. A. Kurdyumov. - Radio hydro/acoustical method to study meso-scale characteristics of sea ice dynamics / V. V. Bogorodsky, V. P. Gavrilo, A. P. Polyakov. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Mit englischem Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 23
    Call number: ZSP-980-100
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 100
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 184 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 100
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 15 Jahre Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung der AdW der DDR / K. Wetzel. - Spurenanalyse mittels Ionisationsgasanalyse in der Mikroelektronik / H.-J. Große, P. Popp. - Beiträge der Isotopenforschung im ZfI zum Erkenntnisgewinn in den Geowissenschaften / R. Haberlandt, H. Schütze. - Radioisotopentechnik in der chemischen Industrie / G. Hoffmann. - EDV und moderne Informatik - wesentliche Elemente der Intensivierung des Forschungsprozesses im ZfI / L. Jankowski. - Nukleare Analyseverfahren in der Halbleiterindustrie / H. Koch. - Radionuklide in der Energetik / J. W. Leonhardt. - Ergebnisse der strahlenchemischen Grundlagenforschung und Entwicklungstendenzen der Strahlenchemie / W. Reicherdt. - Gewinnung von Wertmetallen aus Abprodukten / M. Rösseler. - Zur Isotopenproduktion am ZfI / G. Vormum.
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  • 24
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/27
    In: CRREL Report, 82-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Recommendations for economical thicknesses for building insulation result from a study of fuel and construction costs of 12 military installations in Alaska. A comparison between the insulation thickness that a building owner might choose today and what he might choose in 20 years indicates a trend for much thicker insulation in the future. An analysis of how much more expensive a building built today with the thickness that would be appropriate 20 years hence indicates only a small penalty in life-cycle costs for the additional insulation. Therefore, a minimum of R-32 walls and R-62 attics is recommended for most of Alaska.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-27
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Summary Introduction Determining economic thicknesses for insulation Background Analysis method for new construction Analysis method for reinsulating existing construction Sensitivity and longevity of the results Sensitivity Longevity Recommendations Saving money vs. saving energy Energy economics conservation Building energy performance standards Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Heating system costs Appendix B: Present worth factors Appendix C: Base case and incremental thermal properties Appendix D: LCC comparison graphs for wall and roof systems Appendix E: Cost penalties for energy conservatism Appendix F: Graphic aid for figuring energy savings thermal improvements
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  • 25
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/29
    In: CRREL Report, 82-29
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice grains in a snow cover with a low temperature gradient assume a well-rounded equilibrium form. However, at temperature gradients of 0.1 to 0.2 C/cm (depending somewhat on temperature and snow density), the rounded grains recrystallize into a faceted kinetic growth form. The large temperature gradient must play a decisive role in moving the vapor fast enough to sustain the rapid growth rate associated with the kinetic growth form. Once the large temperature gradient is removed, the grains recrystallize back to the equilibrium form. the recrystallization occurs in either direction without a change in bulk density. The growth of faceted crystals begins at the warmer base of the snow cover where the excess vapor pressure is largest. A transition between the overlying rounded grains moves upward in time. Faceted crystals also grow just below crusts of reduced permeability, where the increased vapor accumulation can sustain the excess vapor pressure neded for kinetic growth. The heat and vapor flows are described using a model based on thermodynamic equilibrium. The temperature distribution is shown to be quasi-linear at steady state in homogeneous snow. The recrystallization of the snow is modeled using the rounded grains as sources and the faceted grains as sinks. In the future this model should be extended to account for different temperatures among the sources and sinks.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-29
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Vapor flow Temperature profile Crystal growth rates Equilibirum versus kinetic growth forms of snow crystals Discussion Summary Literature cited
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  • 26
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/34
    In: CRREL Report, 82-34
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice discharge through an opening in an ice control structure was documented to be a function of the floe size, ice type, ice floe conditions and vessel direction. The model data for the average ice discharge per vessel transit scaled to prototype values compared favorably with data taken at the St. Marys River ice control structure (ICS). The model results of the force measurements were also consistent with data taken at the St. Marys ICS. The dynamic loading conditions were independent of vessel direction. The dynamic loading to the structure using 3 types of ice (plastic, natural and urea-doped) showed a considerable difference in their means and standard deviations. The urea-doped ice was evaluated for dynamic loading conditions, and reasonable peak values of 3 to 5 times the mean load at each measuring position were recorded, independent of vessel direction. It appears that synthetic random ice floes may be used in model studies where ice discharge through an opening in a structure needs to be documented. This study shows the synthetic random ice floe discharge to fall reasonably within the values obtained for natural ice discharge for both rafted and non-rafted ice fields above the ICS. However, the question of whether synthetic ice can be used for analyzing force distributions and dynamic force loading criteria cannot be fully answered at this time because the load distributions of the synthetic and natural floes appear to differ.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-34
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge
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  • 27
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-14
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 14
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 133 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Body. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 91 - 31 March 92). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 92 - 31 March 93). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 93). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.
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  • 28
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-16
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 16
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 99 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Body. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 93 - 31 March 94). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 94 - 31 March 95). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 95). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.
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  • 29
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-5
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 5
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 35 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 5
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 82-October 83. - II. Planned Activities, October 83-October 84. - References.
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  • 30
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-6
    In: Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 6
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 38 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 6
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 83-October 84. - II. Planned Activities, October 84-October 85. - References.
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  • 31
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-4
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 4
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 24 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 4
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 81-October 82. - II. Planned Activities, October 82-October 83. - References.
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  • 32
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-3
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 3
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 3
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 80-October 81. - II. Planned Activities, October 81-October 82. - References.
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  • 33
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-2
    In: Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG), 2
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG) 2
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research of the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Station. - Antarctic Research Activities 1979-1980. - Planned Research Activities 1980-1981. - References.
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  • 34
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-1
    In: Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG), 1
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 21 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG) 1
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research of the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Station. - Field Activities 1974-1979. - Planned Activities 1979/80. - References.
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  • 35
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-86/7
    In: CRREL Report, 86-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Nitrogen control in the form of ammonia removal or conversion is required, or will be required, for a significant number of military wastewater treatment systems. This reportpresents a summary of engineering criteria for those processes in most common use at military facilities in the cold regions. These processes include: trickling filters, treatmentponds, rotating biological contactors (RBC) and activated sludge. A design example is presented for each case. All four processes can achieve significant levels of ammonia removalor conversion. If ammonia discharge limits are 0.5 mg/L or less it may be necessary to use the activated sludge process. Trickling filters or RBC units are recommended for higher(〉 1 mgIL) discharge limits. Pond systems are suitable for seasonal ammonia removal incold climates.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-7
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and theory Trickling filters Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Pond systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Rotating biological contactors Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Activated sludge systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Comparison of alternatives Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 36
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-86/8
    In: CRREL Report, 86-8
    Description / Table of Contents: In this work, numerical computations of heat transfer for freezing a shaft wall have been conducted. Both fixed mesh and deforming mesh finite-element methods are used. In the fixed mesh method, latent heat effects are accounted for through a δ function in the apparent heat capacity. In the deforming mesh method, an automatic mesh-generation technique with transfinite mappings is used, and in this method two different approaches are taken to evaluate the movement of the interface. The freeze-pipes are considered as point sources with irregular distribution. The advancement of the inner and outer boundaries of the frozen wall is found to be in agreement with the previously computed results
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Basic finite-element formulas Description of problem Finite-element equation-fixed mesh Finite-element equation-deforming mesh Transfinite mapping technique Computations and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A : Point heat sources Appendix B: Evaluation of the integral including latent heat (fixed mesh) Appendix C: Specification of [K] -deforming mesh Appendix D: Specifying δΤ/δn and the direction of mj for method I Appendix E: Procedures of method 2 Appendix F: Explanation of programs
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  • 37
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/19
    In: CRREL Report, 83-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Small-scale laboratory experiments were conducted on model bridge piers in the CRREL test basin. The experiments were performed by pushing model ice sheets against structures and monitoring the ice forces during the ice/structure interaction. The parameters, varied during the test program, were the geometry of the bridge piers and the velocity, thickness, and flexural strength of the ice. The results are presented in the form of ice forces on sloping and vertical structures with different geometries. During ice action on sloping structures, a phenomenon of transition of failure mode from bending to crushing was observed as the ice velocity was steadily increased.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Results Ice forces on inclined structures Transition of ice action due to velocity increase Aspect ratio Bridge pier nose geometry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 38
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/18
    In: CRREL Report, 83-18
    Description / Table of Contents: An evaluation of an impulse radar system for detecting cavities under concrete pavement is discussed, and field results are presented. It was found that a dual antenna mode of surveying was ideal for void detection. In this mode one antenna operated in a transceive mode and a second, offset from the first, operated in a receive-only mode. This arrangement allowed a refraction-type profile survey to be performed, which enabled subpavement voids to be easily detected. Field trails were held at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, where 28 cavities were detected and mapped. Drilling of holes verified that a cavity existed and allowed cavity depth to be measured. The cavities varied from 1.5 in. to 23 in, depth and were up to 20 ft. long.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 39
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/21
    In: CRREL Report, 83-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The probability density function of the gouge depths into the sediment is represented by a simple negative exponential over four decades of gouge frequency. The exceedance probability function is, therefore, e to the -lambda d, where d is the gouge depth in meters and lambda is a constant. The value of lambda shows a general decrease with increasing water depth, from 9/m in shallow water to less than 3/m in water 30 to 35 m deep. The deepest gouge observed was 3.6 m, from a sample of 20,354 gouges that have depths greater than or equal to 0.2 m. The dominant gouge orientations are usually unimodal and reasonably clustered, with the most frequent alignments roughly parallel to the general trend to the coastline. The value of N(bar) sub 1, the mean number of gouges (deeper than 0.2 m) per kilometer measured normal to the trend of the gouges, varies from 0.2 for protected lagoons to 80 in water between 20 and 38 m deep in unprotected offshore regions. The distribution of the spacings between gouges as measured along a sampling track is a negative exponential. The form of the frequency distribution of N sub 1 varies with water depth and is exponential for lagoons and shallow offshore areas, previously skewed for 10 to 20 m depths off the barrier islands, and near-normal for deeper water. As a Poisson distribution gives a reasonable fit to the N sub 1 distributions for all water depths, it is suggested that gouging can be taken as approximating a Poisson process in both space and time. The distributions of the largest values per kilometer of gouge depths, gouge widths, and the heights of the lateral embankment of sediments plowed from the gouges are also investigated.
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    Pages: 40 Seiten , Illustrationen, 1 Karte
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea
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  • 40
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/13
    In: CRREL Report, 83-13
    Description / Table of Contents: A review on past experimental and theoretical work indicates a need for additional experimentation to characterize the response of snow to inelastic pressure waves. Pressure data from previously conducted explosion tests are analyzed to estimate the elastic limit of snow of 400 -kg/cu m density to be about 36 kPa. This pressure corresponds to a scaled distance of 1.6 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired beneath the surface of the snow, and to a scaled distance of 1.2 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired in the air. The effects of a snow cover on the method of clearing a minefield by using an explosive charge fired in the air above the snow surface are also discussed and recommendations are given for further work in this area. Explosive pressure data are used to estimate the maximum effective scaled radius for detonating buried mines at shallow depth to be 0.8 m/cu.rt.kg. Fuel-air explosive will increase this effective radius significantly because of the increase in the size of the source region.
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    Pages: 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)
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  • 41
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/12
    In: CRREL Report, 83-12
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper documents the development and verification of two finite difference models that solve the general two-dimensional form of the heat conduction equation, using the alternative-direction implicit method. Both can handle convective, constant flux, specified temperature and semi-infinite boundaries. The conducting medium may be composed of many materials. The first program, ADI, solves for the case where no change of state occurs. ADIPC solves for case where a freeze/thaw change of phase may occur, using the apparent heat capacity method. Both models are verified by comparison to analytical results.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 74 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output
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  • 42
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/14
    In: CRREL Report, 83-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of ice fracture that incorporates dislocation mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed. The derived relationships predict a brittle to ductile transition in polycrystalline ice under tension with a Hall-Petch type dependence of brittle fracture strength on grain size. A uniaxial tensile testing technique, including specimen preparation and loading system design was developed and employed to verify the model. The tensile strength of ice in purely brittle fracture was found to vary with the square root of the reciprocal of grain size, supporting the relationship that the theory suggests. The inherent strength of the ice lattice and the Hall-Petch slope are evaluated and findings discussed in relation to previous results. Monitoring of acoustic emissions was incorporated in the tests, providing insights into the process of microfracture during ice deformation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration
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  • 43
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/41
    In: CRREL Report, 82-41
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the important factors influencing the choice of appropriate aquifer test procedures are presented. The concepts of bias, accuracy and spatial variabil­ity are explained. The definitions of a number of aquifer parameters are devel­oped from basic principles demonstrating the underlying assumptions and limita­tions. The parameters considered are: piezometric head, hydraulic conductiv­ity/intrinsic permeability, flow direction, specific discharge magnitude, transmissivity, volumetric flow rate, total porosity, effective porosity, aver­age linear velocity, storage coefficient, specific yield, dispersion coefficient-aquifer dispersivity. For each parameter several techniques are described, evaluated and ranked in terms of perceived potential accuracy, simplicity and value to contaminant transport studies. It must be stressed, however, that the evaluations are based principally upon theoretical grounds, and not upon actual conduct of the described procedures.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-41
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 44
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    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/16
    In: CRREL Report, 83-16
    Description / Table of Contents: The presence of snow on the ground can impose limitations on the mobility of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Snow depth and density are the two most easily measured snow properties that can be related to mobility over snow. Existing models of snowpack accumulation and ablation processes and models of internal snowpack structure were examined to determine if a model of the snowpack can be developed for use in predicting the snow parameters that affect mobility. Simple models, such as temperature index models, do not provide sufficient snowpack details, and the more detailed models require too many measured inputs. Components of the various models were selected from a basis of a snowpack model for predicting snow properties related to mobility over snow. Methods of obtaining the input data from some components are suggested, and areas where more development is needed are described.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 45
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/11
    In: CRREL Report, 83-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of ground radar performance over thawed and seasonally frozen silts, and sands and gravels containing artificial and natural reflectors were carried out in Alaska. The radar emitted 5-10 ns pulses, the center frequency of which was approximately 150 MHz. The artificial reflectors were metal sheets and discs and the natural reflectors were the groundwater table and interfaces between frozen and thawed material. The water table was profiled at three sites where the subsurface material was coarse-grained alluvium. Dielectric constants of 16 to 18 were measured for the thawed silts, 6 to 7 for the frozen silts and 3 to 9 for the sands and gravels. Signal penetration in the thawed high moisture content silts may be achieved only by use of a lower frequency radar, whereas in the sands and gravels greater depths may be detected with more sophisticated signal processing.
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    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-11
    Language: English
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  • 46
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/22
    In: CRREL Report, 83-22
    Description / Table of Contents: A new experimental method for measuring the soil-water diffusivity of frozen soil under isothermal conditions is introduced. The theoretical justification of the method is presented and the feasibility of the method is demonstrated by experiments conducted using marine-deposited clay. The measured values of the soil-water diffusivity are found comparable to reported experimental data.
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    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-22
    Language: English
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  • 47
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/25
    In: CRREL Report, 83-25
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice action on two cylindrical and conical structures, located side by side, was investigated in a small-scale experimental study to determine the interference on the ice forces generated during ice-structure interaction. The proximity of the two structures changes the mode of ice failure, the magnitude and direction of ice forces on the individual structure, and the dominant frequency of ice force variations. Interference effects were determined by comparing the experimental results of tests at different structure spacings.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-25
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Results and discussion Cylindrical structures Conical structures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Relationship between flexural strength and in-situ unconfined compressive strength Appendix B: Test data
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  • 48
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/17
    In: CRREL Report, 83-17
    Description / Table of Contents: A sea ice model was applied to the East Greenland Sea to examine a 60-day ice advance period beginning 1 October 1979. This investigation compares model results using driving geostrophic wind fields derived from three sources. Winds calculated from sea-level pressures obtained from the National Weather Service's operational analysis system resulted in strong velocities concentrated in a narrow band adjacent to the Greenland coast, with moderate velocities elsewhere. The model showed excessive ice transport and thickness build-ups in the coastal region. The extreme pressure gradient parallel to the coast resulted partially from a pressure reduction procedure that was applied to the terrain-following sigma coordinate system to obtain sea-level pressures. Additional sea-level pressure fields were obtained from an independent optimal interpolation analysis that merged FGGE buoys drifting in the Arctic basin with high latitude land stations and from manual digitization of the NWS hand-analyzed Northern Hemisphere Surface Charts. Modeling results using winds from both of these fields agreed favorably.
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    Pages: 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 49
    Call number: ZSP-319/C-9,2(2. Ex.) ; ZSP-319/C-9,2
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 9
    In: Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der Deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965, Teil 2
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 128 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 1 Karte
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 9,2
    Language: German
    Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Periglaziallandschaft Irgensfjellet, Kingsbay-Westspitzbergen 〈1 : 1 500〉 , Inhalt: 4. Die Arbeiten zur Periglazialforschung 4.1. Vorwort zum Ergebnisbericht der Expeditionsgruppe Periglazialforschung 4.2. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie der periglazialen Auftauschicht im Kongsfjordgebiet (K. Herz; G. Andreas) 4.3. Untersuchungen zur Ökologie der periglazialen Auftauschicht im Kongsjfordgebiet (K. Herz; G. Andreas) 4.4. Geoelektrische Sondierungen zum Nachweis der sommerlichen Auftautiefe in der Arktis (G. Andreas) 5. Die geomagnetischen Arbeiten 5.1. Geomagnetische Tiefensondierungen am Süd- bzw. Nordufer des Kongsfjordes in Spitzbergen (V. Auster, K. Legning) 5.2. Ergebnisse der geomagnetischen Messungen der Spitzbergen-Expedition im Sommer 1964 (V. Auster, K. Legning, H. Zander) 5.3. Messungen des Erdpotentialgradienten an Land und auf See in Ny-Ålesund (K. Legning) 5.4. Messung der geomagnetischen Horizontalintensität sowie der Deklination auf einem eisernen Schiff (V. Auster, K. Legning)
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  • 50
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/18
    In: CRREL Report, 84-18
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the influences of turbulence and water temperature on frazil ice formation. The rate and thequantity of frazil ice formed in a specified volume of supercooled water increase with both increasing turbulence inten-sitv and decreasing water temperature. The influence of turbulence intensity on the rate of frazil ice formation, how-ever. is more pronounced for larger initial supercooling. The turbulence characteristics of a flow affect the rate offrazil ice formation by governing the temperature to which the flow can be supercooled, by influencing heat transferfrom the frazil ice to surrounding water, and by promoting collision nucleation, particle and floc rupture and increasingthe number of nucleation sites. larger frazil ice particles formed in water supercooled to lower temperatures. The par-ticles usually were disks, with diameters several orders greater than their thickness. Particle size generally decreased with increasing turbulence intensity. This report develops an analytical model, in which the rate of frazil ice formation isrelated to temperature rise of a turbulent volume of water from the release of latent heat of fusion of liquid water toice. Experiments conducted in a turbulence jar with a heated, vertically oscillating grid served both to guide and tocalibrate thanalytical'model as well as to afford insights into frazil ice formation. The formation of frazil ice wasstudied for Vemperatures of supercooled water ranging from -0.9° to -0.050°C.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .
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  • 51
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/15
    In: CRREL Report, 84-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements of meltwater pH from annual layers of South Pole firn and ice samples ranging in age from 40 to 2000 years B.P. show that precipitation at this remote site has a higher natural acidity than that expected from atmospheric equilibrium with CO2. The average pH of deaerated (CO2-free) samples was 5.64 + or - 0.08, while air-equilibrated samples averaged 5.37 + or - 0.008, a pH that is about a factor of two more acidic than the expected background pH of 5.65. The observed 'excess' acidity can be accounted for by natural SO4(2)- and NO(3)- levels in the samples probably originating from non-anthropogenic H2SO4 and HNO3. Because of the presence of these naturally occurring acids in South Pole precipitation, a pH of 5.4 is considered a more representative baseline reference pH for acid precipitation studies.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-15
    Language: English
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  • 52
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/12
    In: CRREL Report, 84-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Icing on stationary structures such as oil rigs is becoming an increasingly serious problem as offshore drilling operations in the subpolar regions become more common. Little information exists on this subject. Extensive observations have been made of icing on the upper structures of moving ships, but the complexity of this problem makes analysis of the results very difficult. Even the generation of water drops in this case involves many factors, such as windspeed, wave direction relative to the bearing of the ship, and size and free-board of the ship. On stationary structures, however, the problem is much simpler, since the major factor in drop generation is whitecaps produced by wind, and no motion of the structure is involved. In the present study, a theoretical calculation was made by combining the data available on the generation of drops by wind with data on the proportion of ice frozen from the collected water. The rate of ice accumulation on stationary structures was calculated using published data. The results were compared with icing measured on board ships. Although the general trend of this calculation indicated parallelism with the onboard measurements, the measured ice accumulation rate on ships needed a 5 to 8 m/s higher windspeed to correspond with the calculated rate for stationary structures.
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    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-12
    Language: English
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  • 53
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/11
    In: CRREL Report, 84-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Data obtained from two sets of data buoys either air-dropped or deployed by ship onto the Weddell Sea pack ice during the period from Dec 1978 to Nov 1980 are presented. The buoy data include position, pressure and temperature information and to date represent the most complete combined weather and pack ice drift records for the ice-covered Southern Ocean regions. The buoys tended to drift north initially and then to turn east generally between latitudes 62°S and 64°S. Buoy 1433 turned east farther south at approximately 67°S but at about the same time as buoy 0527, implying that the westerly wind belt was farther south than usual in 1979. The range of air pressures-from about 950 mb to about 1020 mb is typical of the circumpolar low pressure trough in the Southern Hemisphere. All buoys were equipped with an internal or compartment temperature sensor. The 1980 buoys also contained an external air temperature sensor in a ventilated, shielded can at 1-m height. Although differences of 10°C or more between recorded air and compartment temperatures are common, the correlation between the two measured temperatures is generally very good. The compartment temperatures are higher probably because the buoy is radiationally heated. We found that subtracting 3°C from the average daily compartment temperature yielded a good estimate of the average air temperature for any given day. This technique can be used to construct average daily air temperature records for the 1979 buoys which only contained the internal or compartment temperature sensor.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods and instrumentation Results Drift tracks Pressure data Temperature data Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 54
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/9
    In: CRREL Report, 84-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the first phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase I, 222 constant-strain-rate uni-axial compression tests were performed on ice samples from ten multi-year pressure ridges to examine the magnitude and variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges. A limited number of constant-strain-rate compression and tension tests, constant-load compression tests, and conventional triaxial tests were also performed on ice samples from a multi-year floe to provide preliminary data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws for multi-year sea ice. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain, and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The statistical variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges is examined, as well as the effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate and confining pressure on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 107 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field Sampling Site selection and description Ice sampling procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Testing Techniques Multi-year Pressure Ridge Tests Ice description Sampling scheme and test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Residual compressive strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Statistical Variations in Ice Strength Differences in strength above and below level ice Sources of the variation in strength Shape of the strength histograms Multi-year Floe Ice Tests Ice description Uniaxial compressive strength Constant-load compression tests Constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial tests Conclusions Literature Cited Appendix A: Structural profile of a multi-year pressure ridge core Appendix B: Ridge uniaxial compression test data Appendix C: Structural profile of the continuous multi-year floe core Appendix D: Multi-year floe test data
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  • 55
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/3
    In: CRREL Report, 87-3
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the first phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is also considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-3
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Tested multi-year floe ice samples Ice description Uniaxial constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-load compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial constant-strain-rate compression test Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data Appendix B: Multi-year floe sample data
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  • 56
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/5
    In: CRREL Report, 83-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of dynamic ice-structure interaction model tests conducted at the CRREL Ice Engineering Facility. A flexible, single-pile, bottom-founded offshore structure was simulated by a test pile with about a one-to-ten scale ratio. Urea (instead of sodium chloride) was used as dopant to scale down the ice properties, resulting in good model ice properties. Six ice fields were frozen and 18 tests carried out. In all cases distinctive dynamic ice structure interaction vibrations appeared, from which abundant data were collected. In tests with linear ice velocity sweep, sawtooth-shaped ice force fluctuations occurred first. With increasing velocity the natural modes of the test pile were excited, and shifts from one mode to another occurred. The maximum ice force values appeared mostly with low loading rates, but high forces appeared random'y at high ice velocities. As a general trend, ice force maximums, averages and standard deviations decreased with increasing ice velocities. The aspect ratio effect of the ice force in continuous crushing follows the same dependence as in static loadings. The frequency of observed ice forces is strongly dominated by the natural modes of the structure. Dynamically unstable natural modes tend to make the developing ice force frequencies the same as the natural frequencies. Otherwise the resulting frequency depends directly on structural stiffness and ice velocity and inversely on the ice force range. During vibrations the displacement rates of the structure overcome the velocity of ice, making low loading rates and hence high ice forces possible. During crushing, ice induces both positive and negative damping.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 57
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/2
    In: CRREL Report, 86-2
    Description / Table of Contents: The behavior of reinforced and unreinforced concrete beams was studied under impact loading at low temperatures, and the results were compared to the behavior of reinforcing steel (rebar) in Charpy-V impact tests. Transition temperatures as low as -30°C were obtained for the rebars in the Charpy-V tests whereas no brittle failures occured in the rebars in the reinforced concrete beams at the temperature as low as -63°C, even in beams whe're the rebars were Intentionally notched. The impact strength of unreinforced concrete increases considerably at lower temperatures, thus reducing cracking of reinforcedconcrete structures and significantly increasing the safety of lightly reinforced structures.
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    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-2
    Language: English
    Note: Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Test specimens Test methods Results Impact strength of beanms Ductility of beams Effect of notched bars Elastic deflection of beams Impact tests on rebars Conclusions and summary Literature cited Appendix A: Beam crack patterns Appendix B: Photomicrographs of failure surfaces of some steels
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  • 58
    Call number: ZSP-201-86/6
    In: CRREL Report, 86-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Short-pulse radar profiles and waveform traces were recorded over natural, freshwater ice sheets and an artificially made, 1.6-m-diameter column of brash ice. The purpose was to study the feasibility of this type of radar to detect ice thickness, determine ice properties and distinguish ice forms. The radar utilized two antennas: one with a spectrum centered near 900 MHz and a second more powerful one near 700 MHz. Distinct top and bottom reflections from several ice sheets were produced by both antennas, but the value of dielectric permittivity calculated from the time of delay of the reflections varied between sheets as one ice sheet was ready to candle and contained free water. The brash ice distorted signals and allowed no discernible bottom return. The lower frequency antenna also gave returns from the lake bottom (separated from the ice bottom by about 1 m of water), which could allow ice thickness to be determined indirectly. The report concludes that these antennas can be used to determine sheet ice thickness and to supply information to help in the detection of brash ice. The water content of an ice sheet may also be estimated if independent studies show a correlation between dielectric permittivity and free water content.
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    Pages: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Sites and site preparation Results and discussion Lake Morey Post Pond Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 59
    Call number: ZSP-201-86/3
    In: CRREL Report, 86-3
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments to study the melting of a horizontal ice sheet with a flow of water above it were conducted in a 35 m long refrigerated flume with a cross section of 1.2x1.2 m. Water depth, temperature, and velocity were varied as well as the temperature and initial surface profile of the ice sheet. The heat transfer regimes were found to consist of forced turbulent flow at high Reynolds numbers with a transition to free convection heat transfer. There was no convincing evidence of a forced laminar regime. The data were correlated for each of the regimes, with the Reynolds number, Re, or the Grashof number combined with the Reynolds number as Gr/Re to the 2.5 power used to characterize the different kinds of heat transfer. For water flowing over a horizontal ice sheet, the melting heat flux, for low flow velocities, was not found to drop below the value for the free convection case-488.5 W/sq m-as long as the water temperature exceeds 3.4 C. This is significant since the free convection melt values far exceed those for laminar forced convection. At the low flow velocities, the melting flux was not dependent upon the fluid temperature until the water temperature dropped below 3.4 C, when q sub c = 135.7 (Delta T). In general, the heat transfer was found to significantly exceed that of non-melting systems for the same regimes. This was attributed to increased free stream turbulence, thermal instability due to the density maximum of water near 4 C, and the turbulent eddies associated with the generation of a wavy ice surface during the melting.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-3
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Non-melting heat transfer relations for horizontal surfaces Heat transfer for melting horizontal ice sheets Instrument setup, data acquisition and test procedures General Instrumentation Data acquisition Computer software Test procedures Data output from computer Equations used for data analysis Control volume and melting surface Control of variables Error analysis Experimental results and discussion Wave formation Temperature and velocity profiles in open channel flow Correlation of data Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Conversion equations for data acquisition equipment Appendix B: Computer code for data acquisition and analysis Appendix C: Typical test output Appendix D: Thermal properties of water and ice Appendix E: Error analysis Appendix F: Summary of test conditions Appendix G: Experimental data and calculated quantities, with inlet length
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  • 60
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/5
    In: CRREL Report, 86-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This work presents the results of a study to examine the effects of grain size of internal microfractures in polycrystalline ice. Laboratory-prepared specimens were tested under uniaxial, constant-load creep conditions at -5 C. Grain size ranged from 1.5 to 6.0 mm. This range of grain size, under an initial creep stress of 2.0 MPa, led to a significant change in the character of deformation. The finest-grained material displayed no internal cracking and typically experienced strains of 10 to the minus 2nd power at the minimum creep rate epsilon. The coarse-grained material experienced severe cracking and a drop in the strain at epsilon min to approximately 4x10 to the minus 3rd power. Extensive post-test optical analysis allowed estimation of the size distribution and number of microcracks in the tested material. These data led to the development of a relationship between the average crack size and the average grain size. Additionally, the crack size distribution, when normalized to the grain diameter, was very similar for all specimens tested. The results indicate that the average crack size is approximately one-half the average grain diameter over the stated grain size range. A dislocation pileup model is found to adequately predict the onset of internal cracking. The work employed acoustic emission techniques to monitor the fracturing rate occurred. Other topics covered in this report include creep behavior, crack healing, the effect of stress level on fracture size and the orientation of cracked grains. Theoretical aspects of the grain size effect on material behavior are also given.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 79 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Background Present research in perspective Explanations of the grain-size dependency Grain size effects on the ductile to brittle transition Nucleation mechanisms and modeling Characteristic size of nucleated crack Cracking in ice Detection of internal fracturing by acoustic emission techniques Test methods Specimen preparation Creep testing apparatus Crack length and crack density measurements Crack healing measurements Thin section photographs Grain size determination Acquisition of acoustic emission data Presentation of results Specimen characteristics Microcrack measurements Creep behavior Crack healing Slip plane length distribution Acoustic emission observations Grain orientation Analysis and discussion Thick section observations The grain size vs crack size relationship Crack nucleation condition Crack density and specimen strain Creep behavior Normalized crack length Location of cracks Acoustic emission activity Summary and conclusions Suggestions for future work Literature cited Appendix A: Crack length histograms Appendix B: Crystal orientations
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  • 61
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/20
    In: CRREL Report, 87-20
    Description / Table of Contents: The structure and salinity characteristics of saline ice slabs removed from ice sheets grown in an outdoor pool have been studied and related to the complex relative dielectric permittivity measured with free-space transmission techniques at 4.80 and 9.50 GHz. The saline ice closely simulated arctic sea ice in its structural and salinity characteristics, which were regularly monitored in a number of ice sheets grown during the winters of 1983-84 and 1984-85. In-situ transmission measurements at similar frequencies were also made on the ice sheets themselves using antennas located above and beneath the ice. The slab measurements were made during warming from -29° to -2°C on slabs grown during the winter of 1983-84 (4.75 GHz) and during a warming and cooling cycle over a slightly larger temperature range on slabs grown during the winter of 1984-85 (4.80 and 9.50 GHz).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-20
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I - Structural properties Introduction Experimental setup Analytical techniques Results and discussion 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments Conclusions and recommendations Part Il - Microwave properties Introduction Measurement techniques Results 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments 1984-85 in-situ experiments Discussion Comparison of data Analytical modeling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Dielectric mixing model of sea ice
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  • 62
    Call number: ZSP-201-94/12
    In: CRREL Report, 94-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Subsurface radar was used to profile ice and snow conditions on the Ross Ice Shelf at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, during mid-January 1993. Deconvolution and migration were often used to improve vertical resolution and spatial imaging. Profiles at a pulse center frequency of 400 MHz along the 3.2-km-long Pegasus ice runway show many low-density horizons above 9 m depth that are up to 30 m long. They are associated with air bubbles included during refreezing of meltwater and are interpreted as layers between a few and tens of centimeters thick. There is a strong reflecting horizon at about 9 m depth that is probably from brine intrusion as it is continuous with the intrusion into the snow to the east. Diffraction asymptotes give a dielectric constant near 3.2 for material above the brine level, a value that implies near-solid ice. Profiles at 100 MHz along the road between Pegasus runway and Williams Field in the accumulation zone show snow features such as layer deformation and intrusive brine layers that both abruptly and gradually change in depth. A single profile at a relic solid waste dump at Williams Field detected buried debris and ice within the upper 7 m. A survey of a suspected fuel spill shows some local disturbances near the center, but no excavation was done to verify the findings. Profiles traversing the sewage sumps at Williams Field outline the extent of the sewage deposition, and give depths to contaminated snow that closely agree with observation. Despite variability in dielectric properties, single-layer migration effectively improves the resolution of subsurface conditions. Recommendations are made for future surveys.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 94-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Radar equipment General operation Antennas Waveforms and phase polarity Antenna directivity Field procedures and data processing Field procedures Data recording Data processing Site location Results Pegasus runway Access road from Williams Field to Pegasus runway Williams Field Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Airborne profile of a portion of the access road Abstract
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  • 63
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/2
    In: CRREL Report, 88-2
    Description / Table of Contents: While many materials undergo phase change at a fixed temperature, soil systems exhibit a definite zone of phase change. The variation of unfrozen water with temperature causes a soil system to freeze of thaw over a finite temperature range. Exact and approximate solutions are given for conduction phase change of plane layers of soil with unfrozen water contents that vary linearly and quadratically with temperature. The temperature and phase change depths were found to vary significantly from those predicted for the constant-temperature or Neumann problem. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of the soil within the mushy zone varied as a function of unfrozen water content. It was found that the effect of specific heat is negligible, while the effect of variable thermal conductivity can be accounted for by a proper choice of thermal properties used in the constant-thermal-property solution.
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    Pages: v, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Preface Introduction Basic equations Two-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Three-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of the mushy zone equation Appendix B: Solution of the two-zone problem with a linear t and variable thermal properties
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  • 64
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/5
    In: CRREL Report, 88-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the second phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program. The effect of sample orientation on the results is also discussed.
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    Pages: iii, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Unconfined constant-strain-rate compression tests Confined constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Discussion Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data
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  • 65
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/11
    In: CRREL Report, 88-11
    Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the effects of atmospheric icing on broadcast transmission reflections on two mountains- Mount Mansfield in northern Vermont and Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Experience and theory suggest that antenna ice accretions produce large signal reflections. Correlations between reflection coefficients and ice accretions on Rosemount ice detectors adjacent to antennas were low and occasionally negative. The unexpected correlations may be due to factors not measured, such as antenna tuning, ice type and ice location on the antenna system. Other confounding factors may include ice detector performance and methods used to compute antenna ice accretions from the ice detectors.
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    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources Study location and icing conditions Icing data Antenna reflection data Data preparation Analyses Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 66
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/14
    In: CRREL Report, 88-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study covering a mass flow rate ranging from 1.62 to 67.45 g/cm2-s and snow density varying from 0.377 to 0.472 g/cm3 has been conducted. Pressure drops ranging from 0.012 to 2.868 gf/cm2 were recorded. A plot of the friction factor fp vs Rep (defined as the classical Reynolds number Re for fluid flow through conduits) showed a good representation of all the experimental data. The least-squares analysis resulted in an expression of f sub p = 118/Rep to the 1.095 power for snow, in comparison with the expression f sub p = 64/Rep developed for fluid flow through porous media of randomly packed metallic and nonmetallic materials of spherical and nonspherical shapes.
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    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Experimental results Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 67
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/15
    In: CRREL Report, 88-15
    Description / Table of Contents: The main points covered are: (1)modeling criteria for ships in ice, which must take into account the presence of a solid boundary at the water surface; (2) types of model ice used in various tanks-saline ice, urea-doped ice, EG/AD/S ice and synthetic ice; (3) techniques for growing model ice sheets, and achieving and monitoring the required ice properties; (4) limitations of both model ice and property measurement techniques; (5) model testing procedures for EHP and SHP tests and their limitations; (6) comparison between model test results and available full-scale trials data; (7) existing empirical and analytical or semi-analytical algorithms for predicting ship performance in level ice; (8) current research at CRREL and other research facilities to improve modeling techniques and data interpretation; and (9) novel bow designs for ice-transiting vessels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-15
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction General considerations Ice properties Modulus, E Characteristic length, Ic Flexural strength, σf Com pressive strength, σc Shear strength, σs Poisson's ratio, ϑ Fracture toughness, Kic Density, ρi Ice-hull friction factor, fi Model ice Synthetic ice Columnar saline ice Columnar carbamide ice Fine-grained ice EG/AD/S model ice Model test procedures Ice growth and monitoring EHP tests SHP test Test data analysis--comparison with full scale Analysis of test results Comparison with full-scale data Analytical and empirical predictors Empirical predictors Analytical and semi-analytical schemes Current research efforts in ice modeling International cooperative research Ice testing CRREL research on ship-ice interaction Novel icebreaking bow designs Conclusions and final remarks Literature cited
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  • 68
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/18
    In: CRREL Report, 88-18
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of a laboratory testing program, carried out to compare two independent methods for determining the unfrozen water content of soils, are described. With the time domain reflectometry method, the unfrozen water content is inferred from a calibration curve of apparent dielectric constant vs volumetric water content, determined by experiment. Previously, precise calibration of the TDR technique was hindered by the lack of a reference comparison method, which nuclear magnetic resonance now offers. This has provided a much greater scope for calibration, including a wide range of soil types and temperature (unfrozen water content). The results of the testing program yielded a relationship between dielectric constant and volumetric unfrozen water content that is largely unaffected by soil type, although a subtle but apparent dependency on the texture of the soil was noted. It is suggested that this effect originates from the lower valued dielectric constant for absorbed soil water. In spite of this, the general equation presented may be considered adequate for most practical purposes. The standard error of estimate is 0.015 cc/cc, although this may be reduced by calibrating for individual soils. Brief guidelines on system and probe design are offered to help ensure that use of the TDR method will give results consistent with the relationship presented.
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    Pages: ii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-18
    Language: English
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  • 69
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/14
    In: CRREL Report, 89-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The effects of runner material and surface conditions on the friction between runners and ice were studied. A model sled was pushed over a 6-m-long ice sheet and the reduction of speed of the sliding sled was measured. The friction calculated by the reduction of speed between two gates indicated that smooth runners showed lower friction at around -1°C than at around -10°C, as expected, but the friction of rough runners showed little temperature dependence. The lower thermally conductive runners showed lower friction than higher thermally conductive smooth runners as the theory predicted, but such effects were obscured on rougher runners.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Apparatus and procedures General approach Sled design Sled propulsion Ice sheet preparation Experimental procedure Results General remarks Effect of runner temperature Effect of runner surface Effect of ice surface conditions Effect of velocity Effect of runner materials Observations of replicate surfaces Statistical analysis Discussion Molecular interactions Mechanical deformations Thermal energy dissipation Hydrodynamidc processes Comparison of energy loss mechanisms Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 70
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/19
    In: CRREL Report, 89-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent efforts to improve airborne electromagnetic induction- measurement technology and to downsize the related helicopter-towed antenna assembly from about 7.5 m long to about 3.5 m long for use in airborne measurement of sea ice thickness are discussed, as are the results from arctic field testing. Also outlined are the system noise and drift problems encountered during arctic field evaluation, problems that adversely affected the quality of the sounding data. The sea ice sounding results indicate that it should be possible to determine thickness to within 5% for ice floes with moderate relief but that, because of sounding footprint size and current model algorithm constraints, steepsided pressure ridge keels cannot be well defined. The findings also indicate that routine sea ice thickness profiling from an airborne platform is close at hand with further system improvement, as is the apparent capability to determine the conductivity of the sea ice, from which an assessment of sea ice strength can be made.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Pre-field-deployment activities Software development System optimization Improvements of the calibration procedure Real-time processing Small bird design and implementation Other improvements Field activities Snow, ice and seawater data AEM surveys Calibration AEM data processing Post-survey results Processing problem Ground truth data Floe freeboard vs thickness analysis AEM sounding results Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Blowup of Figure 28
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  • 71
    Call number: ZSP-201-89/10
    In: CRREL Report, 89-10
    Description / Table of Contents: In early fall 1984, a questionnaire was sent to over 325 general aviation airports in cold regions. The results from over 200 responses were compiled and evaluated and over 20 airport managers were contacted for additional details. Site visits were made to 36 airports to obtain additional information. The most common pavement problems identified in the study were associated with non-traffic-related phenomena and include 1) pre-existing cracks reflecting through asphalt concrete overlays (in two years less), 2) thermal cracking, and 3) longitudinal cracking (at a construction joint). Most of the airports experienced 1) water pumping up through cracks and joints in the pavements during spring thaw, or 2) additional roughness due to differential frost heave in the winter, or both problems. Many airport managers reported that debris was generated at cracks during the winter and spring. Many pavement problems can be traced to the evolutionary history of general aviation airports and the lack of consideration for site drainage. Based on the recognition of these problems, several future research programs are identified.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 147 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-10
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Statement of the problem Purpose and scope Background - the physical environment and airport pavements Physical environment of study area Comparison of highway and general aviation airport pavements Types of pavements and surface treatments Pavement distress and condition rating Surveys of airport pavement distress Airport pavement performance problems in cold regions Cracking Distortion and pavement faulting Disintegration Inadequate skid resistance Improper maintenance Stripping Statement of research needs Basis for statement of research needs Performance of overlays Recycling/reconstructing airport pavements Drainage of airport pavement structures Eliminating/accommodating differential frost heave Evaluation of adequacy of design procedures Maintenance products and performance Control of transverse cracking Additives for asphalt concrete Performance documentation Wildlife conservation vs aircraft safety Literature cited Appendix A: Questionnaire and listing of airports contacted Appendix B: Summary listing of questionnaire responses Appendix C: Narrative summary of site visits
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  • 72
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/32
    In: CRREL Report, 83-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice forces on a bridge pier in the Ottauquechee River, in Quechee, Vermont, were measured by installing fourpanels-each capable of measuring forces in the normal and tangential direction - on both sides of a vertical V-shaped pier nose. The measured forces are presented for a short period during an ice run. After the ice run, the thickness and sizes of the ice floes were measured and the compressive strength of the ice was determined in the laboratory from the ice samples collected along the river banks. The water level measurements made at several locations along theriver are also presented for the period of the ice run.
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    Pages: ii, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-32
    Language: English
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  • 73
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/3
    In: CRREL Report, 84-3
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of resistance tests in level ice and broken ice channels are presented for two models of the WTGB 140-fticebreaker at scales of 1:10 and 1:24, respectively. No scale effect on the resistance in level ice could be detected between the two models. From the test results an empirical predictor equation for the full scale ice resistance is derived. Predicted resistance is compared against, and found to be 25 to 40% larger than, available full-scale values estimated from thrust measurements during full-scale trials of the Great Lakes icebreaker Katmai Bay.
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    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-3
    Language: English
    Note: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 74
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/9
    In: CRREL Report, 85-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Large temperature gradients applied to a snow cover drive water vapor upwards and result in rapid recrystallization of snow crystals. The same temperature gradients create gradients of air density that can cause flows of air through the snow cover. The formalism necessary to describe these flows I developed heroin an effort to include the convection of vapor in the understanding of snow metamorphism. The theory of convection through porous media is extended here to include the transport of water vapor, which is important because of its latent heat. Results are presented in terms of a Lewis number, defined as the ratio of thermal to mass diffusivities. For Lewis numbers greater than 1.0 phase change intensifies convection, and for Lewis numbers less than 1.0 phase change retards convection. Two boundary conditions of special interest in the study of snow, a constant heat flux bottom and a permeable top are investigated. Their influence on the transfer of heat is quantified, and it is found that heat transfer can be described as a linear function of the driving force for convection. Convection in sloped layers is quantified, and explained in a physically consistent manner. The effect of a permeable top on convection at low Rayleigh numbers is derived. Experiments are performed to measure the effects of convection on heat transfer through glass beads and snow. The model results using constant flux boundary conditions are confirmed by the experiments. Experiments show that convection can occur in snow, and that convection behaves in a manner consistent with our theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Some uncertainty exists about the permeability and thermal conductivity of snow and hence it is uncertain if thermal convection would occur for a given temperature gradient, density and thickness. Also, for a given convective intensity, there is much uncertainty about how much the rate of snow metamorphism is increased.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 70 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Snow metamorphism Mass transfer by diffusion in snow Heat transfer Background-porous media Structure of thermal convection Rayleigh number Onset problem Heat transfer attributable to thermal convection Layering and slope effects Studies of convection through snow Modeling Equation of motion Energy equation Finite difference methods Numerical solution Verification of the model Modeling results Effects of constant flux and permeable boundaries on convection in horizontal layers Effects of phase change on convection Convection in sloped layers Experiments Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental results and discussion Glass beads Snow Applications and conclusions Onset of Benard convection in seasonal snow covers Applications to snow metamorphism Summary Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of fmite difference formulae Appendix B: Computer programs Appendix C: Sample calculations
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  • 75
    Call number: ZSP-201-85/15
    In: CRREL Report, 85-15
    Description / Table of Contents: A method for the analysis of TNT, RDX and HMX explosives in soils and sediments has been developed. It consists of methanol extraction followed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography using 10% acetonitrile/40% methanol/50% water as the eluant. This method was used to study the effect of various drying techniques upon the recovery of TNT, RDX, and HMX from soil and sediment samples contaminated with high (%) and low (micron g/g) levels of these explosives. For highly contaminated samples, complete recovery of TNT and RDX was obtained using freeze drying while air drying at room temperature resulted in greater than 90% recovery for both explosives. Other techniques, such as oven drying at 105 C, oven drying at 45 C, microwave oven drying, and drying under infrared lamps, all resulted in greater losses, with TNT and RDX recoveries ranging from 76 to 90%. Drying losses were not due to simple volatilization containing low levels of TNT, RDX and HMX, recoveries of all three explosives were quantitative for all the above drying techniques.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-15
    Language: English
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  • 76
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/6
    In: CRREL Report, 87-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Two-phase dielectric mixing model results are presented showing the electromagnetic properties of sea ice versus depth. The modeled data are compared with field measurements and show comparable results. It is also shown how the model data can be used in support of impulse radar and airborne electromagnetic(AEM) remote sensing of sea ice. Examples of the remote measurement of sea ice thickness using impulse radar operating in the 80- to 300-MHz frequency band and low-frequency (500 to 30,000 Hz) sounding techniques are presented and discussed. Keywords: Polar regions; Radar pulses.
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    Pages: vii, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-6
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Sea ice growth and structure Model sea ice Brine salinity Seawater and model brine conductivity Complex dielectric constant of brine Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 MHz Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 and 500 MHz and 1 and 5 GHz Example of impulse radar sea ice profiling results Example of frequency-domain electromagnetic sea ice thickness sounding Concluding remarks Literature cited
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  • 77
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/13
    In: CRREL Report, 87-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions change rapidly below 25C, but these properties are seldom measured over the low temperature range (below 0C), even though some salt solutions can remain unfrozen to -50C. The heat capacities of concentrated solutions (0.5-0.6 molal) of NaC-H2O were measured from 25C to -40C as part of a study to provide thermodynamic data of salt solutions for use in cold regions chemical and geophysical studies. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure specific heat capacity from cooling scans as a function of temperature and concentration. The heat capacity data were fit to the equations of Pitzer and coworkers to obtain activity and osmotic coefficients of NaC and H2O, respectively, below o C. Supercooling of the solutions was encouraged by using a fast scan rate (10d2/minute) so that specific heat could be measured to lower temperatures than would be possible if the solutions were allowed to equilibrate with the solid phases. The solubility of ice was calculated and compared to the experiment freezing point of NaC solutions.
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    Pages: ii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-13
    Language: English
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  • 78
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/14
    In: CRREL Report, 87-14
    Description / Table of Contents: During February and March 1980 the physical properties of Weddell Sea pack ice were investigated via core drilling of 66 floes located along the transect of 600 nautical miles from 64°S to 74°S latitude at roughly 40°W longitude. These studies revealed widespread frazil ice in amounts not known to exist in Arctic sea ice of comparable age and thickness. It is estimated from structure studies of 62 of the 66 floes that 54% of the total ice production of the Weddell Sea is generated as frazil. The disposition and exceptional thickness of the frazil show that mechanisms other than surface turbulence effects are involved and imply that the circulation and structure of the water in the upper levels of the Weddell Sea are significantly different from those in the Arctic basin. Salinities of both first-year and multi-year floes are notably higher than those of their Arctic counterparts because summer surface melting is rare or absent in the Weddell Sea; in the Arctic, downward percolating meltwater flushes through the ice and lowers its salinity. Fluorescence was evaluated as a means of revealing biological activity in Weddell Sea pack ice. It proved useful as an index of combined living and dead material in the ice, but measurements failed to establish any consistent relationship between fluorescence and salinity as suggested be earlier work in the Weddell Sea.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 80 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sea ice structure and classification Logistics and field operations Analytical techniques Crystalline structure Fluorescence Results Salinity Crystalline structure Fluorescence Description of selected floes Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Floe descriptions
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  • 79
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/10
    In: CRREL Report, 87-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Uniaxial constant-stress and constant-strain-rate compression tests were conducted on more than 200 remolded, saturated, frozen specimens of Fairbanks silt under various conditions. A series of curves of stress vs strain rate for various temperatures of strain rates ranging from about 6x10-2 to 10-8s-1show a close strength correspondence between the constant-stress and-costant strain-rate tests. All of these "complete" stress vs strain rate curves could not be described by a single power law or exponential equation, indicating that different deformation mechanisms are dominant within different ranges of strainrate Two critical strain rates for distinguishing between the different deformation mechanisms were ob-served to be near 10- 3 and 10-6 s-1 for the medium-dense frozen Fairbanks silt. The former indicates the transition from ductile failure to moderate brittle fracture as strain rate increases, while the latter indicates the transition from dislocation creep to glide creep (by the authors' definition). Based on the change in flow law, two fundamental creeps were classified: short-term creep, which is governed by glide creep, and long-term creep, which is governed by dislocation creep. The failure criterion of frozen silt has a general form of em x tm = Ef, where m depends only on density, and tm is in minutes if m is not 1. The failure strain Ef was not sensitive to temperature and strain rate over a certain range of strain rates, but it was very sensitive to density. Assur's creep model (1980) for ice was used to fit the creep data in this study. It works well for short-term creep but does not fit as well for long-term creep. The rate process theory was applied to the creep data. A very high value of experimental activation energy was obtained for lower stresses, and a very high value of apparent activation energy was observed for higher temperatures. The peak compressive strength was very sensitive to temperature and strain rate but relatively insensitive to density. While the initial tangent modulus is not-sensitive to strain rate, it increases with decreasing temperature and density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-10
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Review of previous work Specimen preparation Material Molding Testing procedure and apparatus Test results Definition of strain and stress Definition of creep failure Definition of failure in constant-strain-rate tests Definition of initial yield strength Determination of initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Creep behavior General nature of the creep process and the failure mode Minimum creep rate Time to creep failure Relationship between t, and tm Creep failure strain and failure criterion Creep model and prediction of creep strain Strength behavior General stress-strain behavior and failure mode Peak compressive strength Initial yield strength Failure strain Initial yield strain Initial tangent modulus 50% peak strength modulus Correspondence between constant-stress tests and constant-strain-rate tests Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content data Appendix B: Physical properties of samples tested
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  • 80
    Call number: ZSP-980-70
    In: 2nd Working Meeting "Radioisotope Application and Radiation Processing in Industry", Part 2, 50 to 97
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 70
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 355 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 70
    Language: English
    Note: Contents of Part 2 Hecht, K. Gerber, R. Otto: Studies on the drying of paints by means of 14C-labelled compounds K. Wagner, F. Brutschin, I. Ritter, T. Gritsch, H. Zimmermann, H. Borchert: Investigations by the aid of radioisotope methods on the technology of the production of carbon and silicon carbide materials K. Gloe, P. Mühl: Determination of metal extraction process parameters using tracer technique W. Migdał, W. Łada, K. Malec-Czechowska: Studies on liquid-liquid extraction of noble metals using radiotracers L. Petryka, K. Przewłocki: Radiotracer investigations of benefication copper ore in the industrial flotation process Z. Bazaniak, J. Palige: Determination of Cu recovery degree from slags in shaft process by means of radiotracers R. Burek, J .K. Zurawicz: On the optimization of concentration measurements in heterogeneous materials based on β-backscatter measurements B. Heinrich: Analysis of carbon content in crude brown coal by inelastic scattering of neutrons and the method of time correlated associated particles P. Urbańaki, D. Wagner, M. Jankowska, E. Kowalska: Determination of calcium and iron and measurements of ash content in the brown coal H.-W. Thümmel: Some considerations relating to the prediction of the efficiency of radiometric methods for the continuous ash content determination of coal L. Wawrzonek: Monitor of ash content of coal with X-ray source I. Pavlicsek, V. Stenger, A. Veres: Apparatus for gamma activation analysis I. Végvári, I. Juhász: Determination of PbO content of lead-glass samples on the ground of gamma-absorption E. Schöntube, H.-J. Große: Aerosol ionization gas analysis as a monitoring for waste halothane in the atmosphere of operating theatre S. Mothes, P. Popp, G. Oppermann, W.-D. Herberg: Measurement of fluorocarbons with the ECD P. Popp, E. Schöntube, G. Oppermann: The usability of radiation ionization detectors for the determination of N2O concentrations in the air of operating theatres P. Popp, G. Arnold, G. Oppermann: A hydrocarbon-sensitized argon ionization detector for the detection of inorganic compounds R. Szepke, W. Lisieski, J. Harasimczuk: Automatic dust monitor AMIZ G. Vormum: Sealed sources - problems of design, measurement and quality control L. Gąsiorowski: New trends in developments of ratioisotope gauges in Poland G. Brunner: Direct chemical information from special radio tracers as well as from outer X-ray excitation J. Hirling: Experience and future trend in industrial application of nuclear methods in Hungary I. N. Ivanov, O. K. Nikolaenko, Yu. V. Phecktistov, V. L. Chulkin: Use of short-lived nuclides in activation analysis Kl.-P. Rudolph, J. Flachowsky, A. Lange: Trace element determination in semiconducter selenium by neutron activation analysis (NAA) W. Lisieski, J. Mirowicz: Some industrial applications of instruments with neutron sources R. Dybczyński, H. Maleszewaka, S. Sterliński, Z. Szopa, M. Wasek: Some problems in neutron activation determination of gold and silver in ores and concentrates of copper industry L. Jankowski: Cost-benefit aspects of radioisotope application in industry B. Manouchev, T. Boschkova, L. Tsankov, V. Gurev, I. Kojucharov, G. Grozev: On the possibilities of the direct gamma-spectremetry in natural waters P. Morgenstern, D. Müller, W. Riedel: A parallel grid proportional scintillation counter for the X-ray region from 3 to 20 keV with regard to high count rates N. A. Anders, V. S. Isaev, V. I. Filatov, B. E. Kolesnikov, D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, V. P. Varvaritsa: X-ray fluroescence analyzer of light elements with proportional scintillation counter D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, W. Warwariza, B. E. Kolesnikow, N. A. Anders, W. J. Filatov: General considerations concerning the use of the X-ray analyzer "RALE" in industry
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  • 81
    Call number: ZSP-980-69
    In: 2nd Working Meeting "Radioisotope Application and Radiation Processing in Industry", Part 1, 1 to 48
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 69
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 480 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 69
    Language: English
    Note: Contents of Part 1 S. Niese: Reactor neutron activation analysis of industrial materials R.P. Gardner, K. Verghese: Use of Monte Carlo methods in the calibration and design optimization of radiation gauges and analyzers R. Otto, P. Hecht: On labelling with generator nuclides M. Richter: Measurement of residence time distribution with radiotracers using periodic pseudo-random binary signal sequences J. Schoen: A computer code for tracer experiment data analysis H.-H. Deicke, J. Flachowsky, K.-P. Rudolph, N. Beiermann: Transit time measurements in technical plants by using a multichannel analyzer H. Bohne: Measurements of air currents L. Baranyai: Tracer study of simultaneous homogenization and segregation in industrial equipments N. Balabanov, N. Kapitanova: Application of radiotracer method for study of glass furnaces J. Thẏn: Evaluation of mixing particulate solids by radiotracer method H.-G. Koennecke, P. Kulicke, E. Antal, J. Jentzsch, H. Michael: Investigation of the mixing efficiency of kneading machines using radionuclides A.G. Belov, V.E. Zhuchko, Yu.S. Zamyatnin, Yu.G. Teterev, D. Rubio: Development of the nuclear-physical methods of analysis at the laboratory of nuclear reactions of the JINR R. Burek, K. Wojcik: A new concept for measuring of free moisture in solid materials N. Bachvarov, I. Georgiev, E. Manolov, P. Pavlov, H. Shukov, K. Tropolov: Process control system for fresh concrete preparation H. Baumbach: Investigation of moisture migration in the concrete of a special test construction under simulated load conditions A. Petrov, A. Sreno, H. Hristov, P. Penev, G. Georgiev: Beta-ray backscatter instruments for coating thickness measurements in electronic and electrotechnical industry W. Stuchlik, H. Kupsch: Radioactive level indicator for bulk materials in containers with calculation of the residual volume H. Baumbach, K. Fichtler, R. Melzer, D. Tietze, H. Ullrich: The determination of density variation in radiation protective walls of concrete by means of Bremsstrahlung of 1o MeV from linear accelerator D. Avramov: Modernized versions of mobile NDT laboratories V. Friedrich: Examples for radioisotope application in environment protection St. Szpilowski: Prediction of mixing length for transport of effluent in rivers A. Owczarczyk: The localization of the leakages through the dams and bottoms of large water reservoires W. Listwan: Progress in leak detection methods for underground pipelines and tanks J. Starẏ, A. Zeman, B. Havlik: Radionuclides in the investigation of the cumulation of toxic elements on alga and fish W. Richter, D. Kahl, H.-J. Grosse, F. Gleisberg: The use of an AIG-analyzer for the investigation of SO2-dispersion problems R. Goeldner, H.-J. Grosse, F. Gleisberg: Possibilities of the development of improved smoke detectors J. Adler, H.-R. Doering, H.-J. Grosse, F. Gleisberg: The use of the AIG in microelectronics P. Popp, R. Fahnert, S. Mothes, G. Oppermann: Methods for the determination of toxic compounds at work places H.-R. Doering. H.-J. Grosse: The detection of halocarbons by means of the aerosol ionization gas analyzer (AIG) E, Jaworska, I. Kaluska, G. Strzelczak: Crosslinking and free radical decay reactions in irradiated polyethylene in presence of additives J. Zahalka: Radiation modified materials in machine engineering W. Bobeth, R. Hanke, A. Heger, J. Morgenstern, H. Paessler: Technological aspects of planar structurizing on woven and knitted fabrics by localized radiation induced grafting B. Ihme, E. Maeder, A. Mally: Problems in the development of high-energy radiation processing of woven and knitted fabrics S. Nikolov. P, Panayotov, V. Diakova, M. Nikolova: Radiation modification of timber in people's republic of Bulgaria H. Dahlhelm. G. Matejko. G. Huebner: Experiments on sprouting inhibition in onions J. Thẏn: Process analysis with nuclear technique A. Merz: Axial dispersion and homogenization in chemical engineering systems A. Zeuner, F. Hartmann: Investigation of material transport in rotating dryers by aid of Lanthanum-140 D. Manr: Tracer research for modelling of Ion-exchange equipment
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  • 82
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-91/5
    In: CRREL Report, 91-5
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of the National Science Foundation's surface vehicle fleet in Antarctica is reported on here. Surface vehicle needs have been determined through interviews of vehicle users, managers and maintainers, and from direct on-site observation. An ideal grouping of vehicle categories is proposed that will address current needs and provide flexibility for the future. Ultimately, recommendations for streamlining and modernizing the NSF Antarctic vehicle fleet are made. Cargo transportation over snow was identified as being in a crisis state. Personnel movement functions for all but traversing are performed adequately at this time, although there is much room for improvement. Brands and models must be selected for some categories of recommended vehicle types. This will naturally follow a more in-depth analysis of candidates and discussions with NSF vehicle managers. A purchasing plan, including a time table, budget, and desired sequence of replacement, must then be formulated and executed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 71 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 91-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Executive summary Introduction Regional divisions Zone A - rock and ice roads Zone B - local ice Zone C - traverse Zone D - ice edge Zone E - remote field site Zone F - inland station Current transportation needs in Antarctica Future transportation needs Transportation analysis Personnel transport Cargo transport Summary of analysis Recommendations for changes to U.S. vehicle fleet Conclusions and summary of findings Literature cited Appendix A: Age distribution of NSF surface vehicles Abstract
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  • 83
    Call number: AWI SCAR-AR-19-92813
    In: National report to SCAR on Antarctic scientific activities for the years ... and planned program for ... : progress report, 41
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 25 Seiten
    Series Statement: National report to SCAR on Antarctic scientific activities for the years ... and planned program for ... : progress report 41
    Language: English
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  • 84
    Call number: AWI SCAR-IT-19-92821
    In: Italy antarctic research report to SCAR, June-1999
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 15, V Seiten
    Language: English
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  • 85
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/42
    In: CRREL Report, 76-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A study of arching of mixed, square fragmented ice floes at an opening in an ice boom is documented, using results from a model study in which two sizes of plastic blocks represented real ice. A power function, relating the upstream ice concentration to the ratio of a characteristic block dimension to the gap opening, is found adequate to distinguish between arching and nonarching events for block mixtures of two component sizes. It is demonstrated that when the respective total areas of the two block components are nearly equal, a minimum ice concentration initiates an arch across the opening. As the mixture of two sizes of blocks approaches a uniform (one-sized) mixture, a higher concentration of ice is needed to initiate the arch. When the ratio of the block dimension to the gap opening is equal to or less than 0.10, arching of the fragmented ice is not possible, even when the upstream ice discharge exceeds the maximum discharge of ice through a gap opening. The distribution of fragmented ice areas is an important parameter in establishing the minimum size of opening at which an ice boom will retain its arching capability.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-42
    Language: English
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  • 86
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/47
    In: CRREL Report, 76-47
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes two mechanical ice-cutting systems for the removal of ice collars at the high pool level on the Poe Lock of the St. Marys Falls Canal at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. One system was a narrow-kerf (3.25-in.-wide) coal-cutting chain saw mounted on a bar, driven by a 65-hp wheeled trencher. The other system was a lumber-cutting chain saw mounted on a bar, driven by a 30-hp wheeled soil trencher which cut a 0.56-in.-wide kerf. The lumber-cutting saw's bar was too flexible and the desired cutting traverse speed was not met. The coal-cutting saw cut 6-ft-deep ice collars at traverse speeds of up to 10 ft/min and is acceptable. With a few modifications, the coal-cutting saw would be operational.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-47
    Language: English
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  • 87
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-77/1
    In: CRREL Report, 77-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies of the growth history and structural characteristics of winter ice covers on two New Hampshire lakes are described. These investigations included measurements of ice cover thickness, characterization of the stratigraphic and crystalline structure of the ice, identification and classification of major ice types and measurements of electrolytic conductivity. The formation of cracks and flaws in the ice and their effects on the mechanical properties of the ice were also investigated. A method of correlating ice growth with surface wind and temperature measurement is described and the interrelationships of the various physical and mechanical properties of temperate lake ice covers are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Study areas Study methods Winter freeze-up Composition of ice cover Freezing degree day records and applications Evaluation of ice growth coefficient α Growth history and entrapped bubble stratigraphy Mechanical properties Electrolytic conductivity Literature cited
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  • 88
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-77/3
    In: CRREL Report, 77-3
    Description / Table of Contents: Tests were conducted in uniaxial compression and tension to determine the effect of temperature on the strength of frozen Fairbanks silt. Test temperatures ranged from 0 C to -56.7 C. Two machine speeds, 4.23 cm/sec and 0.0423 cm/sec, were used for the constant displacement rate tests. From the highest to the lowest temperature, the compressive strength increased up to about one order of magnitude and the tensile strength increased one-half an order of magnitude. Equations are presented which correlate strength with temperature at the strain rates obtained. The initial tangent and 50% strength moduli and the specific energy are given for each test. The mode of fracture and the effects of unfrozen water content and ice matrix strengthening are discussed, and the test results are compared with the data of other investigations.
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    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-3
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample preparation Apparatus and testing procedure Test results Discussion Compressive strength Tensile strength Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli Specific energy Mode of failure Strength as a function of unfrozen water Thermal activation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 89
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-77/6
    In: CRREL Report, 77-6
    Description / Table of Contents: It has been reported that small arms projectiles are inherently unstable in snow and that snow has an unexpectedly high ability to stop them and other fast-moving projectiles. Field tests showed that the typical subarctic snow of interior Alaska can be used effectively to provide protection from both rifle and machine gun fire. The undisturbed snow had an average density of 0.18 g/cu. cm., but simple processing, such as shoveling, increased the density to around 0.34 g/cu. cm. Further processing increased the density to above o.40 g/cm3 but densities much above that value were difficult to obtain with simple hand equipment. Tests of the M16 rifle and M60 and M2HB machine guns showed that bullet penetration was inversely related to density - the higher the density the lower the bullet penetration. Design values for the three weapons were determined. A number of types of snow trenches and structures were designed and tested. They were found to provide good protection, in part since bullets showed a strong tendency to ricochet from the snow surface when striking it at a low angle. Burlap bags were filled with snow to revet structures and worked very well. Several types of Russian defensive works of snow were tested but proved unsuitable in the light, weak subarctic snow. The times required for troops to build several types of structures using only shovels and scoops were recorded.
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    Pages: vi, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Background Objectives Subarctic snow General Snow processing Construction productivity Shovel capacity Snow piles Bullet behavior and penetration in snow Test procedure M16 M60 ball M60 tracers .50 caliber Tumbling Bullet deformation and breakage Design penetration values Defensive works of snow Revetments Snow bags The snow trench The hardened snow trench Breastworks and bunkers Evaluation of foreign technology Russian expedient snow trenches Snow blocks and block structures The snow arch An expedient shelter Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 90
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/8
    In: CRREL Report, 80-8
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the tests on the new U.S. Coast Guard 140-ft icebreaker Katmai Bay (WTGB-101) in the level plate ice and brash ice in Whitefish Bay and the St. Marys River. The results indicate that the vessel can penetrate 22 in. of level freshwater ice with 2-3 in. of snow cover. It can also penetrate up to 48 in. of brash ice in a continuous mode and at least 30 in. of plate ice by backing and ramming. The installed bubbler system decreased the required power of the vessel from 10 to 30% in brash ice and 25 to 35% in level ice. The low friction coating appears to be effective in decreasing the friction factor when it remains intact; when it peels off it appears to make conditions worse than plain paint. An average dynamic friction factor of 0.15 could be used over the entire hull for these tests.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Roughness and friction measurements Level plate ice performance Brash ice performance Ramming icebreaking performance Analysis of the data Propulsion efficiency in ice Regression analysis Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 91
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/19
    In: CRREL Report, 79-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The critical velocities of loads moving over floating ice plates have been determined by several authors. In all these analyses it was assumed that the in-plane force field in the ice cover is zero. However, due to constrained thermal strains, in-plane forces do occur in the field. The purpose of the present paper is to determine their effect upon the critical velocities of the moving loads. It is shown that a uniform compression force field reduces the critical velocity, whereas a tension force field has the opposite effect.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-19
    Language: English
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  • 92
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/18
    In: CRREL Report, 79-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperatures of the subgrade and of sulfur foam insulation test sections in an expedient road were monitored with thermocouples to document freezing and thawing conditions. Vehicular trafficking was conducted on a limited basis to determine the load supporting capabilities of the foam. The sulfur foam, placed directly under a prefabri­cated surface mat, was found to be unsuitable for use as an expedient thermal insulation and traffic load supporting material primarily because of its low tensile strength and high brittleness. The insulating value of sulfur foam pro­duced by the batch process in the field was about one-half that of extruded polystyrene, meaning double the thick­ness for equal protection against thaw.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Site preparation Sulfur foam application Sulfur foaming equipment Environmental aspects Traffic testing and test pad observations Field sampling and temperature readings during pouring Lab tests for physical properties Sulfur foam odor analysis Insulation costs Lab experiments with sulfur foam Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 93
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-79/17
    In: CRREL Report, 79-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Six test roofs of two different slopes — 16.3° and 39.8°, and three different roof coverings — asphalt shingles, cedar shingles, and corrugated aluminum sheeting, were constructed at USACRREL, Hanover, New Hampshire, and were instrumented with thermocouples, heat flow meters, and calibrated gutters. Measurements were recorded for the winters of 1971-72 and 1972-73. The degree of icing and the chronological changes in the snow cover were recorded on 35-mm Kodachrome slides. It was found that eave icing is a sensitive function of the slope, roof covering composi­tion, and solar radiation. The effects of wind were not investigated; the data were screened to remove all informa­tion corresponding to windspeeds over 8 km/h. In order of increasing tendency to form ice dams on the eaves, the roofs were high-slope asphalt, high-slope cedar, high-slope aluminum, low-slope asphalt, low-slope cedar, and low- slope aluminum.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Experimental procedure Description of roofs Meteorological data Procedure Analysis General Temperature profiles Temperature rankings Heat flow Snow depths and meltwater volumes Degree of icing Results and conclusions General Temperature profiles of the roofs Comparative temperatures of roofs by section — rankings Heat flow and accumulation Snow depth, coverage, and meltwater Degree of icing Discussion of the icing problem Literature cited
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  • 94
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    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-32
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 32
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Apparatus was built for deforming ice crystals under hydrostatic pressures up to 350 atmospheres. Single crystals were placed in the mounts in such a way that the deformation occurred by gliding on the basal glide plane. It was found that the shear strain rate increased as the pressure was increased at constant temperature, but that the rate is practically independent of hydrostatic pressure when the difference between the ice temperature and the melting point is kept constant.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 32
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Test apparatus and experimental procedures Experimental results Conclusions References
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  • 95
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-33
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 33
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A series of deformation measurements have been selected for preliminary studies on the plasticity of Greenland glacier ice. The measurements to be reported on were obtained in the Red Rock and TUTO tunnels in Northwest Greenland. Both tunnels were excavated during the summer of 1955 with some additional work done during the summer of 1956. Deformation measurements made up to the end of the 1956 summer season, therefore, are of limited reliability, but certain trends appearing in these data seem worth reporting. The topics discussed are (1) the shearing of an initially vertical peg system at Red Rock, (2) the deformation of core holes at TUTO, and (3) tunnel closure at both sites. These data are analyzed on the basis of laminar flow of the Nye type and certain conclusions are derived.
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    Pages: 6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 33
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental Analysis The shear of glaciers Tunnel closure Conclusions References
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  • 96
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    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-34
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 34
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The compressive strength of snow cylinders was investigated as a function of age of snow, snow-particle size, and age of the cylinders. The effect of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia on the strength of snow cylinders has also been studied. The experimental results show that the older the snow from which snow cylinders are made, the smaller the compressive strength. The compressive strength of cylinders decreases with the snow particle size. An equation describing the aging curves for snow cylinders is presented. Whereas carbon dioxide and methane in small quantities have no effect on the compressive strength, ammonia appreciably lowers the compressive strength of snow cylinders. All strength measurements were carried out at -10°C.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 34
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus and technique Preparation of snow fractions Experimental results Aging of snow cylinders Compressive strength as a function of particle size Mixture of fractions Influence of gases on the compressive strength of snow Discussion References
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  • 97
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    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-36
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 36
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Measurements were made with 22 more or less hydrophobic polymers and lacquers at intervals of 5 or 10 min for periods up to 1 hr. All surfaces were carefully cleaned, and some surfaces were baked. Highest initial (time 0) average contact angles ( 106° - 106.6°) were measured for Foster Snell rain repellant wax, Barrett 25-218 water repellant varnish (air-dried), and Cardolite NRL-7241. After 40 min, contact angles for these substances were 95.6°, 90.9°, and 91.0°. The measurement apparatus is illustrated, and data are tabulated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 36
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Apparatus Materials Procedure Experimental results References
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  • 98
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-41
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 41
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Laboratory experiments on the creep of sifted snow under uniaxial, hydrostatic, and confined-side compressive stresses are described, and the results are discussed on the basis of an additive theory for combined stresses. Stress (4-40 psi) and temperature (-3.6°C to -13.6°C) dependence was investigated for 35 samples (initial density = 0.4 g/cm^3) subjected to uniaxial and hydrostatic stress for 200-sec time increments. Another series of 104 samples (initial densities 0.36-0.63) was subjected to uniaxial, hydrostatic, and confined-side compressive stresses until an arbitrary change in density was reached. In all cases the applied stress ultimately became a shear stress acting between grains, the open structure reacting differently to combined stresses and separate uniaxial stresses. An activation energy of 13,400 cal/mol was obtained from the first group of tests.
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    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 41
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental General Apparatus Procedure Theoretical relations Additive theory Relationship between tests run for constant change in density and tests for constant time Results and discussion Group I experiments Group II experiments Stress dependence for group II tests Variability Time dependence Activation energy Relations between creep rates under different stress conditions Density dependence Lateral stress for confined-side tests Conclusions References
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  • 99
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-39
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 39
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: An analysis of snow-cover density, temperature, and hardness data, measured over a period of several years at five stations in Alaska and six stations in the Canadian Arctic, shows the snow cover in the Canadian Archipelago to be colder, denser, and harder than in the interior of Alaska. A series of nomographs were developed to estimate average monthly snow-cover density from mean monthly air temperature and wind velocity. The nomographs are applicable for the months November through March, for the Alaskan and Canadian area north of 62°N latitude, and for elevations below 1500 ft. A comparison of observed snow-cover densities with those derived from the nomographs indicates that the method will provide a reliable regional estimate of snow-cover density. Studies of the relation between snow-cover temperature and air temperature from November through March disclosed the snow to be on the average from 4°C to 9°C warmer than the air at the Alaskan stations and 4.5°C warmer at the Canadian Archipelago stations. An investigation of snow-cover hardness revealed regional variations similar to that for density. Measured snow hardness during the period of no melting was found to be related to densities between 0.15 and 0.36 g/cm^3.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 39
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Climatic parameters which may affect arctic snow-cover density Results of study Regional variations in snow-cover density Prediction of average monthly snow-cover density in the arctic from air temperature and wind velocity Comparison of observed snow-cover density with density computed from the nomographs Relation between snow-cover temperature and air temperature Relation between hardness and density of the snow cover References
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  • 100
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-37
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 37
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Laboratory experiments on the air permeability of various screened and natural snows are described, and, results are analyzed to determine whether the parameters obtained from the measurements could be used to define a snow type. The permeability of a snow sample of known porosity (calculated from density) was determined over a wide range of air velocities; the sample was then compacted artificially a few mm, its density was determined, and its permeability measured again. The procedure was used to obtain curves for several densities of the same sample. Air flow appeared laminar for velocities less than 5 cm/sec in fine-grained snow (less than 0.8 mm in diam.), 2 cm/sec in medium-grained snow (0.8-1.2 mm diam.), and 1 cm/sec in larger-grained snow. A formula is presented expressing all of the results obtained under laminar-flow conditions in a single relationship, and an equation for estimating grain size from initial permeability and initial porosity is suggested. Snow conversion tables and a discussion of the effect of varying sample porosity on its permeability are appended.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19, A2, B6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 37
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus and method Experimental results and discussion Historical background Range of Darcy's law Effect of porosity on the permeability of snow Bader's equation Conclusion References Appendix I. Snow conversion table: Density to absolute porosity Appendix II. Effect on permeability of varying porosity in the sample Porosity varies with length Porosity varies with cross section
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