ALBERT

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY OF RADIOANALYSIS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principles of radioanalysis 1.2.1 General 1.2.2 Glossary of basic terms and concepts 1.3 Scope and contents References 2 SAMPLING AND PRECONCENTRATION 2.1 Survey and principles 2.1.1 Sampling 2.1.2 From sample to aliquot 2.1.2 .1 General 2.1.2.2 Granular material 2.1.2.3 Water 2.2 Sampling procedures 2.2.1 Rocks 2.2.2 Sediments and pore water 2.2.2.1 Sediments 2.2.2.2 Pore water 2.2.3 Fresh and ground water and related particulate matter 2.2.3.1 Fresh water 2.2.3.2 Ground water 2.2.4 Sea- and estuarine water and related particulate matter and sediments 2.2.4.1 Water 2.2.4.2 Particulate matter 2.2.4.3 Sediment cores 2.2.5 Rainwater and dry deposition 2.2.5.1 Rainwater 2.2.5.2 Dry deposition 2.3 Preconcentration 2.3.1 General 2.3.2 Fresh water and rainwater 2.3.3 Seawater 2.3.3.1 Survey 2.3.3.2 Scavenging procedures 2.3.3.3 Ion-exchange and solvent extraction procedures for Th, U and Pu 2.4 Reference materials 2.4.1 Principle 2.4.2 Survey of reference materials and SRM's 2.4.3 Use of reference materials and SRM's 2.4.3.1 Reference materials 2.4.3.2 SRM's 2.4.4 Reference materials for environmental radioactivity and isotopic ratio measurements References 3 INSTRUMENTAL RADIOANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS 3.1 Survey 3.1.1 Activation analysis 3.1.2 Photon activation analysis 3.1.3 Charged particle activation analysis (CPAA and HIAA) 3.1.4 Prompt techniques 3.1.4.1 Neutron induced prompt capture y-ray measurement (PGAA) 3.1.4.2 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.2 Principles 3.2.1 Principles of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) 3.2.1.1 Activation 3.2.1.2 Standardization and flux monitoring 3.2.1.3 Count rate 3.2.1.4 Counting result 3.2.1.5 Sensitivity 3.2.1.6 Characteristic parameters of the three types of neutron activation 3.2.2 Delayed neutron counting 3.2.3 Activation analysis with high-energy photons 3.2.4 Principles of charged particle activation analysis (CPAA) 3.2.5 Principles of prompt techniques 3.2.5.1 Prompt capture gamma-ray measurements (PGAA) 3.2.5.2 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.3 Practical aspects of INAA, IPAA and PIXE 3.3.1 The radioanalytical laboratory 3.3.2 Irradiation facilities for NAA 3.3.2.1 Nuclear reactors 3.3.2.2 Rabbit systems 3.3.2.3 Epithermal activation 3.3.2.4 Neutron generators 3.3.2.5 Delayed neutron counting 3.3.3 Routing of INAA 3.3.4 Practical aspects of IPAA 3.3.5 Practical aspects of CPAA 3.3.6 Practical aspects of PGAA 3.3.7 Practical aspects of PIXE and PIGE 3.3.7.1 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.3.7.2 Proton induced prompt gamma emission (PIGE) 3.3.8 The error-budget 3.4 Multielement determination by INAA based on gamma-ray spectrometry 3.4.1 General 3.4.2 A practical procedure for INAA of silicates based on thermal neutrons 3.4.2.1 Preparation of sample and standards for irradiation 3.4.2.2 Irradiation and measurements 3.4.2.3 Conclusion 3.4.3 Rocks and ores 3.4.4 Meteorites 3.4.5 Sediments 3.4.6 Air-dust 3.4.7 Coal and ash 3.5 Instrumental neutron activation analysis of the lanthanides 3.6 Instrumental neutron activation analysis of uranium 3.7 Applications of instrumental neutron activation analysis with an isotopic neutron source and a 14.5 MeV neutron generator 3.7.1 Survey 3.7.2 INAA with isotopic neutron sources in the radiochemical laboratory 3.7.3 INAA with the neutron generator in the radiochemical laboratory 3.7.4. Conclusion 3.8 Applications of IPAA to silicates 3.9 Applications of IPAA to silicates 3.10 Applications of prompt techniques 3.10.1 Applications of PGAA and PIGE 3.10.2 Applications of PIXE References 4 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS INCLUDING CHEMICAL SEPARATION OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Dissolution procedures and separation schemes 4.3 Lanthanides 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Present procedures 4.4 Noble metals 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Separation schemes 4.4.3 Single element determinations 4.5 Uranium and thorium 4.5.1 General 4.5.2 Procedures 4.5.2.1 Uranium 4.5.2.2 Thorium 4.6 Other elements 4.6.1 General 4.6.2 Alkali metals 4.6.3 Earth alkali metals 4.6.4 Copper and zinc 4.6.5 Mercury 4.6.6 Indium 4.6.7 Thallium 4.6.8 Tin 4.6.9 Elements with volatile halides and hydrides: Ga, Ge, As, Se, Sb, Te 4.6.9.1 Survey 4.6.9.2 Procedures 4.6.10 Vanadium and tantalum 4.6.11 Chromium 4.6.12 Molybdenum andtungsten 4.6.13 Halogens References 5 RADIOANALYSIS OF WATER 5.1 Survey 5.2 Elemental analysis of fresh water 5.2.1 Survey 5.2.2 Routine elemental analysis of rainwater 5.2.2.1 Sampling and sample treatment 5.2.2.2 Irradiation and processing of aliquots 5.2.2.3 Results 5.2.3 Special elemental analysis of rainwater 5.2.3.1 Bromine and iodine by isotopic exchange 5.2.3.2 Iodate by anion-exchange 5,2.3.3 Silver by cation-exchange and subsequent INAA 5.2.4 Routine elemental analysis of surface and ground water 5.2.4,1 General 5.2.4.2 Routine procedures 5.3 Elemental analysis of seawater 5.3.1 Survey 5.3.2 Routine elemental analysis of seawater by preconcentration on a "Chelex"-column and INAA 5.3.3 Routine elemental analysis of seawater by preconcentration on active carbon 5.3.3,1 General 5.3.3.2 Arsenic and antimony 5,3.3.3 Vanadium, iodine, tellurium and uranium 5.3.3.4 Total antimony, molybdenum and tungsten 5,3.3.5 Chromate, cobalt, nickel and tetravalent selenium 5.3.3,6 Mercury 5.3.4 Special elemental analysis of seawater 5.3.4.1 General 5.3.4.2 Rubidium and cesium 5.3.4.3 Strontium 5.3.4.4 Manganese and zinc 5,3,4.5 Tin 5.3.4.6 Nickel 5.3.4.7 Noble metals 5.3.4.8 Mercury References 6 RADIOTRACER EXPERIMENTS IN THE LABORATORY 6.1 Survey 6.2 Basic equations of radiotracer experiments in closed systems 6.3 Isotopic exchange in solution 6.4 Isotopic exchange between a solution and a solid 6.5 Reactions in solution 6.6 Reaction between a solution and a solid 6.6.1 Dissolution 6.6. 2 Leaching 6.6.3 Diffusion from solids 6.6.4 Sorption 6.7 Migration studies in solid-liquid systems 6.7.1 General 6.7.2 The determina tion of distribution coefficients in seawater 6.7.3 Radioecological column experiments in the laboratory 6.7.4 Laboratory experiments on very slow migration; the case of the actinides References 7 RADIOTRACER EXPERIMENTS IN THE FIELD 7.1 Survey 7.2 Principles of (radio)tracer experiments in open systems with flow in one direction 7.2.1 Basic concepts 7.2.2 Measurement of linear velocity and flow rate 7.2.3 Measurement of axial dispersion 7.2.4 Measurement of sedimentation rates 7.2.4.1 General 7.2.4.2 Lead-210 7.2.4.3 Cesium-137 7.2.5 Measurement of the degree of sediment mixing 7.2.6 Measurement of filtration velocity in case of horizontal groundwater flow 7.2.7 Measurement of groundwater flow in the unsaturated zone by radiocarbon 7.3 Principles of (radio)tracer experiments in open systems with flow in various directions 7.3.1 Survey 7.3.2 Measurement of sand or silt flow rates on the sea floor 7.3.3 Radiotracer measurements in water movement in the saturated zone 7.3.4 Radiotracer measurement on water movement in the unsaturated zone 7.4 Practical aspects of radiotracer experiments in the field 7.4.1 Preparation 7.4.2 Performance 7.4.3 Calculations References 8 MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY 8.1 General 8.1.1 Survey 8.1.2 Concentrations 8.1.3 Detection by direct measurement ofradiation 8.1.3.1 In situ measurements of uranium and thorium 8.1.3.2 Laboratory measurements 8.1.4 Detection by secundary effects 8.2 Measurement of low-level gamma-activities 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 A low background system (LBS) 8.2.2.1 Set-up 8.2.2.2 Limits of detection and determination 8.2.2.3 Processing of data 8.2.3. Anti-coincidence (AC)-counting 8.3 Measurements in rocks and sediments 8.3.1 General 8.3.2 Radon measurements (emanometry) 8.3.3 Age dating by measurement of disequilibrium in the natural decay-series 8.3.3.1 General 8.3.3.2 234U-230Th 8.3.3.3 235U-231Pa 8.3.3.4 232Th-230Th 8.3.3.5 230Th-231Pa 8.3.4 Environmental laboratory measurements on naturally occurring radionucl

Note: Table of Contents: 1 The Solid Phase of Marine Sediments / DIETER K. FÜTTERER 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Sources and Components of Marine Sediments 1.2.1 Lithogenous Sediments 1.2.2 Biogenous Sediments 1.2.3 Hydrogenous Sediments 1.3 Classification of Marine Sediments 1.3.1 Terrigenous Sediments 1.3.2 Deep-Sea Sediments 1.4 Global Patterns of Sediment Distribution 1.4.1 Distribution Patterns of Shelf Sediments 1.4.2 Distribution Patterns of Deep-Sea Sediments 1.4.3 Distribution Patterns of Glay Minerals 1.4.4 Sedimentation Rates 2 Geophysical Perspectives in Marine Sediments 2.1 Physical Properties of Marine Sediments / MONIKA BREITZKE 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Porosity and Wet Bulk Density 2.1.2.1 Analysis by Weight and Volume 2.1.2.2 Gamma Ray Attenuation 2.1.2.3 Electrical Resistivity (Galvanic Method) 2.1.2.4 Electrical Resistivity (Inductive Method) 2.1.3 Permeability 2.1.4 Acoustic and Elastic Properties 2.1.4.1 Biot-Stoll Model 2.1.4.2 Full Waveform Ultrasonic Gore Logging 2.1.5 Sediment Classification 2.1.5.1 Full Waveform Gore Logs as Acoustic Images 2.1.5.2 P-and S-Wave Velocity, Attenuation, Elastic Moduli and Permeability 2.1.6 Sediment Echosounding 2.1.6.1 Synthetic Seismograms 2.1.6.2 Narrow-Beam Parasound Echosounder Recordings 2.2 Sedimentary Magnetism / ULRICH BLEIL 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Biogenie Magnetic Minerals in Marine Sediments 2.2.3 Reduction Diagenesis of Magnetic Minerals in Marine Environments 3 Quantification of Early Diagenesis: Dissolved Constituents in Marine Pore Water / HORST D. SCHULZ 3.1 Introduction: How to Read Pore Water Concentration Profiles 3.2 Calculation of Diffusive Fluxes and Diagenetic Reaction Rates 3.2.1 Steady State and Non-Steady State Situations 3.2.2 The Steady State Situation and Fick's First Law of Diffusion 3.2.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Steady State Concentration Profiles 3.2.4 The Non-Steady State Situation and Fick's Second Law of Diffusion 3.2.5 The Primary Redox-Reactions: Degradation of Organic Matter 3.3 Sampling of Pore Water for Ex-Situ Measurements 3.3.1 Obtaining Sampies of Sediment for the Analysis of Pore Water 3.3.2 Pore Water Extraction from the Sediment 3.3.3 Storage, Transport and Preservation of Pore Water 3.4 Analyzing Constituents in Pore Water, Typical Profiles 3.5 In-Situ Measurements 3.6 Influence of Bioturbation, Bioirrigation, and Advection 4 Organic Matter: The Driving Force for Early Diagenesis / JÜRGEN RULLKÖTTER 4.1 The Organic Carbon Cycle 4.2 Organic Matter Accumulation in Sediments 4.2.1 Productivity Versus Preservation 4.2.2 Primary Production of Organic Matter and Export to the Ocean Bottom 4.2.3 Transport of Organic Matter through the Water Column 4.2.4 The Influence of Sedimentation Rate on Organic Matter Burial 4.2.5 Allochthonous Organic Matter in Marine Sediments 4.3 Early Diagenesis 4.3.1 The Organic Carbon Content of Marine Sediments 4.3.2 Chemical Composition of Biomass 4.3.3 The Principle of Selective Preservation 4.3.4 The Formation of Fossil Organic Matter and its Bulk Composition 4.3.5 Early Diagenesis at the Molecular Level 4.3.6 Biological Markers (Molecular Fossils) 4.4 Organic Geochemical Proxies 4.4.1 Total Organic Carbon and Sulfur 4.4.2 Marine Versus Terrigenous Organic Matter 4.4.3 Molecular Paleo-Seawater Temperature and Climate Indicators 4.5 Analytical Techniques 4.5.1 Sam pie Requirements 4.5.2 Elemental and Bulk Isotope Analysis 4.5.3 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 4.5.4 Organic Petrography 4.5.5 Bitumen Analysis 4.6 The Future of Marine Geochemistry of Organic Matter 5 Bacteria and Marine Biogeochemistry / Bo BARKER JORGENSEN 5.1 Role of Microorganisms 5.1.1 From Geochemistry to Microbiology - and back 5.1.2 Approaches in Marine Biogeochemistry 5.2 Life and Environments at Small Scale 5.2.1 Hydrodynamics of Low Reynolds Numbers 5.2.2 Diffusion at Small Scale 5.2.3 Diffusive Boundary Layers 5.3 Regulation and Limits of Microbial Processes 5.3.1 Substrate Uptake by Microorganisms 5.3.2 Temperature as a Regulating Factor 5.3.3 Other Regulating Factors 5.4 Energy Metabolism of Prokaryotes 5.4.1 Free Energy 5.4.2 Reduction-Oxidation Processes 5.4.3 Relations to Oxygen 5.4.4 Definitions of Energy Metabolism 5.4.5 Energy Metabolism of Microorganisms 5.4.6 Chemolithotrophs 5.4.7 Respiration and Fermentation 5.5 Pathways of Organic Matter Degradation 5.5.1 Depolymerization of Macromolecules 5.5.2 Aerobic and Anaerobic Mineralization 5.5.3 Depth Zonation of Oxidants 5.6 Methods in Biogeochemistry 5.6.1 Incubation Experiments 5.6.2 Radioactive Tracers 5.6.3 Example: Sulfate Reduction 5.6.4 Specific Inhibitors 5.6.5 Other Methods 6 Early Diagenesis at the Benthic Boundary Layer: Oxygen and Nitrate in Marine Sediments / CHRISTIAN HENSEN AND MATTHIAS ZABEL 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Oxygen and Nitrate Distribution in Seawater 6.3 The Role of Oxygen and Nitrate in Marine Sediments 6.3.1 Respiration and Redox Processes 6.3.1.1 Nitrification and Denitrification 6.3.1.2 Coupling of Oxygen and Nitrate to other Redox Pathways 6.3.2 Determination of Consumption Rates and Senthic Fluxes 6.3.2.1 Fluxes and Concentration Profiles Determined by In-Situ Devices 6.3.2.2 Ex-Situ Pore Water Data from Deep-Sea Sediments 6.3.2.3 Determination of Denitrification Rates 6.3.3 Oxic Respiration, Nitrification and Denitrification in Different Marine Environments 6.3.3.1 Quantification of Rates and Fluxes 6.3.3.2 Variation in Different Marine Environments: Case Studies 6.4 Summary 7 The Reactivity of Iron / RALF R. HAESE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pathways of Iron Input to Marine Sediments 7.2.1 Fluvial Input 7.2.2 Aeolian Input 7.3 Iron as a Limiting Nutrient for Primary Productivity 7.4 The Early Diagenesis of Iron in Sediments 7.4.1 Dissimilatary Iran Reductian 7.4.2 Solid Phase Ferric Iron and its Bioavailability 7.4.2.1 Properties of Iron Oxides 7.4.2.2 Bioavailability of Iron Oxides 7.4.2.3 Bioavailability of Sheet Silicate Sound Ferric lron 7.4.3 Iron and Manganese Redax Cycles 7.4.4 Iron Reactivity towards S, O2, Mn, NO3, P, HCO3, and Si-AI 7.4.4.1 lron Reduction by HS and Ligands 7.4.4.2 Iron Oxidation by O2, NO3, and Mn4+ 7.4.4.3 Iron-Sound Phosphorus 7.4.4.4 The Formation of Siderite 7.4.4.5 The Formation of lron Searing Aluminosilicates 7.4.5 Discussion: The Importance of Fe-and Mn-Reactivity in Various Enyironments 7.5 The Assay for Ferric and Ferrous Iron 8 Sulfate Reduction in Marine Sediments / SABINE KASTEN AND BO BARKER JØRGENSEN 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sulfate Reduction and the Degradation of Organic Matter 8.3 Biotic and Abiotic Processes Coupled to Sulfate Reduction 8.3.1 Pyrite Formation 8.3.2 Effects of Sulfate Reduction on Sedimentary Solid Phases 8.4 Determination of Sulfate Reduction Rates 9 Marine Carbonates: Their Formation and Destruction / RALPH R. SCHNEIDER, HORST D. SCHULZ AND CHRISTIAN HENSEN 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Marine Environments of Carbonate Production and Accumulation 9.2.1 Shallow-Water Carbonates 9.2.2 Pelagic Calcareous Sediments 9.3 The Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Marine Aquatic Systems 9.3.1 Primary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium with Atmospheric Contact in Infinitely Diluted Solutions 9.3.2 Primary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium without Atmospheric Contact 9.3.3 Secondary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Seawater 9.3.4 Examples for Calculation of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Ocean Waters 9.4 Carbonate Reservoir Sizes and Fluxes between Particulate and Dissolved Reservoirs 9.4.1 Production Versus Dissolution of Pelagic Carbonates 9.4.2 Inorganic and Organic Carbon Release trom Deep-Sea Sediments 10 Influences of Geochemical Processes on Stable Isotope Distribution in Marine Sediments / TORSTEN SICKERT 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fundamentals 10.2.1 Principles of Isotopic Fractionation 10.2.2 Analytical Procedures 10.3 Geochemicallnfluences on 18O/16O Ratios 10.3.1 δ18O of Seawater 10.3.2 δ18O in Marine Carbonates 10.4 Geochemical Influences on 13C/12C Ratios 10.4.1

Note: Hydrocarbon systems, by nature, are a complex interplay of elements that must be spatially and temporally aligned to result in the generation and preservation of subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations. To meet the increasing challenges of discovering hydrocarbon resources, it is essential that we advance our understanding of these systems through new geochemical approaches and analytical developments. Such development requires that academic- and industry-led research efforts converge in ways that are unique to the geosciences. The aim of this volume is to bring together a multidisciplinary geochemical community from industry and academia working in hydrocarbon systems to publish recent advances and state-of-the-art approaches to resolve the many remaining questions in hydrocarbon systems analysis. From Source to Seep presents geochemical and isotopic studies that are grouped into three themes: (1) source-rock identification and the temperature/timing of hydrocarbon generation; (2) mechanisms and time-scales associated with hydrocarbon migration, trapping, storage and alteration; and (3) the impact of fluid flow on reservoir properties. | Contents: Geochemical applications in petroleum systems analysis: new constraints and the power of integration / M. Lawson, M. J. Formolo, L. Summa and J. M. Eiler / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 1-21, 19 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.6 --- Source-rock identification and the temperature/timing of hydrocarbon generation --- The utility of methane clumped isotopes to constrain the origins of methane in natural gas accumulations / Daniel A. Stolper, Michael Lawson, Michael J. Formolo, Cara L. Davis, Peter M. J. Douglas and John M. Eiler / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 23-52, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.3 --- The isotopic structures of geological organic compounds / John M. Eiler, Matthieu Clog, Michael Lawson, Max Lloyd, Alison Piasecki, Camilo Ponton and Hao Xie / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 53-81, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.4 --- Vanadium isotope composition of crude oil: effects of source, maturation and biodegradation / Yongjun Gao, John F. Casey, Luis M. Bernardo, Weihang Yang and K. K. (Adry) Bissada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 83-103, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.2 --- Carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes as a tool in petroleum exploration / Nikolai Pedentchouk and Courtney Turich / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 105-125, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.1 --- Mechanisms and time-scales associated with hydrocarbon migration, trapping, storage and alteration --- Noble gases in conventional and unconventional petroleum systems / David J. Byrne, P. H. Barry, M. Lawson and C. J. Ballentine / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 127-149, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.5 --- Differentiating between biogenic and thermogenic sources of natural gas in coalbed methane reservoirs from the Illinois Basin using noble gas and hydrocarbon geochemistry / Myles T. Moore, David S. Vinson, Colin J. Whyte, William K. Eymold, Talor B. Walsh and Thomas H. Darrah / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 151-188, 18 January 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.8 --- The impact of fluid flow on reservoir properties --- Testing clumped isotopes as a reservoir characterization tool: a comparison with fluid inclusions in a dolomitized sedimentary carbonate reservoir buried to 2–4 km / John M. MacDonald, Cédric M. John and Jean-Pierre Girard / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 189-202, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.7