ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The geology of Norway from its primeval origins to the present day. - The changing face of the EarthGeological processe. - The PrecambrianThe oldest rocks are formed. - Break-up of the Precambrian continent . - Late Precambrian, from Precambrian to Palaeozoic. - The Lower PalaeozoicCambrian, Ordovician and Silurian - the sea teems with life. - Creation of a mountain chain. The building up of the Caledonides. - The mountain chain rebounds and founders. - The Caledonides are worn down. - Volcanoes and faulting in an arid climate The Oslo Rift and North Sea in the Carboniferous and Permian. - Vast lowland plains, coal and salt . Carboniferous and Permian in the north. - From desert to alluvial plain -- from land to seaTriassic. - Norway encircled by coastal plains and deltas . Early and Middle Jurassic. - The source of Norway's oil wealth Late Jurassic -- a sea of islands emerges. - High seas and low horizonsThe Cretaceous. - Norway rises from the sea Palaeogene and Neogene (Cenozoic) - the modern continents take shape. - Glaciations come and goQuaternary to Holocene (Pleistocene). - The emergence of modern Norway The last 11,500 years - the Holocene. - What does the future hold? Geohazards, climate change and continental drift.

Description / Table of Contents: The Indian shield represents a vast repository of the Palaeoproterozoic geological record. Built over the four large amalgamated Archaean nuclei (Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum and Aravalli-Bundelkhand) the major and minor Palaeoproterozoic sedimentary basins and supracrustal sequences in India are comparable in scale, and perhaps also in development, to those of North America, Africa, Australia and Brazil. The deformation of these supracrustal sequences, attendant metamorphism and emplacement of plutonic bodies hold important clues to their connection with major orogenies. Research in these areas has led to investigations into global correlation, which in turn has had a direct bearing on refining models of Palaeoproterozoic supercontinent assembly and break-up. This book covers various aspects of regional geology as well as broader issues of the Indian Palaeoproterozoic geology and its global context. It is an outcome of the UNESCO-IGCP 509 Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinents and Global Evolution research project.

Description / Table of Contents: The Zagros fold-thrust belt (ZFTB) extends from Turkey to the Hormuz Strait, resulting from the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates during Cenozoic times, and separates the Arabian platform from the large plateaux of central Iran. To the east a pronounced syntaxis marks the transition between the Zagros collision belt and the Makran accretionary wedge. In the ZFTB, the Proterozoic to Recent stratigraphic succession pile is involved in huge folds, and offers the opportunity to study the stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of the Palaeo-Tethyan margin.Few recent data were widely available on the southern Tethys margin preserved in the Zagros Mountains. The Middle East Basins Evolution (MEBE) program was an excellent opportunity to go back to the field and to collect new data to better constrain the evolution of this margin. In this volume the structure of the Zagros Mountains is explored through different scales and using different methodologies.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume brings together a collection of papers that summarize current ideas and recent progress in the study of granite-related mineralization systems. They provide a combination of field, experimental and theoretical studies. Papers are grouped according to the main granite-related ore systems: granite-pegmatite, skarn and greisen-veins, porphyry, orogenic gold, intrusion-related, epithermal and porphyry-related gold and base metal, iron oxide copper gold (IOCG), and special case studies. The studies provide a broad spread in terms of both space and time, highlighting granite-related ore deposits from Europe (Russia, Sweden, Croatia and Turkey), the Middle East (Iran), Asia (Japan and China) and South America (Brazil and Argentina) and spanning rocks from Palaeoproterozoic to Miocene in age.

Description / Table of Contents: The African continent preserves a long geological record that covers almost 75% of Earth's history. The Pan-Africanorogeny (c.600-500 Ma) brought together old continental kernels (West Africa, Congo, Kalahari and Tanzania) to form Gondwana and subsequently the supercontinent Pangaea by the late Palaeozoic. The break-up of Pangaea since the Jurassic and Cretaceous, primarily through opening of the Central Atlantic, Indian, and South Atlantic oceans, in combination with the complicated subduction history to the north, gradually shaped the African continent. This volume contains 18 contributions that discuss the geology of Africa from the Archaean to the present day. It celebrates African geology in two ways: first, it highlights multidisciplinary Earth science research by viewing the formation and evolution of Africa from 18 different angles; second, it celebrates the work of Kevin Burke and Lewis Ashwal and portrays the wide range of interests and research angles that have characterized these two scientists throughout their careers, working in Africa, and studying African geology.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents:Crystal Structure - Species - Crystallisation.- Crystal Chemistry of Clay Minerals.- Energy Balances.- Isotopic Composition of Clay Minerals.- Surface Properties.- Clays in Soils and Weathered Rocks.- Clays in Sedimentary Environments.- Diagenesis and Very Low-Grade Metamorphism.- Hydrothermal Process- Thermal Metamorphism.- Clays Under Extreme Conditions

Description / Table of Contents: Geochemistry is a science that is based on an understanding of chemical processes in the earth. One of the principal tools available to the chemist for understanding systems at equilibrium is thermodynamics. The awareness and application of thermodynamic techniques has increased at a very fast pace in geosciences; in fact, one may be so bold as to say that thermodynamics in geology has reached the "mature" stage, although much future thermodynamic research is certainly needed. However, the natural processes in the earth are often sluggish enough that a particular system may not reach equilibrium. This observation is being supported constantly by new experimental and field data available to the geochemist e.g. the non-applicability of the phase rule in some assemblages, the compositional inhomogeneities of mineral grains, the partial reaction rims surrounding original minerals, the lack of isotopic equilibration or the absence of minerals (e.g. dolomite), which should be present according to thermodynamics. The need to apply kinetics has produced a large number of papers dealing with kinetics in geochemistry. As an initial response to this growing field, a conference on geochemical transport and kinetics was conducted at Airlie House, VA, in 1973, sponsored by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The papers there dealt with several kinetic topics including diffusion, exsolution, metasomatism and metamorphic layering. Since 1973 the number of kinetic papers has continued to increase greatly. Therefore, the time is ripe for a Short Course in Kinetics, which brings together the fundamentals needed to explain field observations using kinetic data. It is hoped that this book may serve, not only as a reference for researchers dealing with the rates of geochemical processes, but also as a text in courses on geochemical kinetics. One of us has found this need of a text in teaching a graduate course on geochemical kinetics at Harvard and at Penn State during the past several years. Finally, it is our hope that the book may itself further even more research into the rates of geochemical processes and into the quantification of geochemical observations. The book is organized with a rough temperature gradient in mind, i.e. low temperature kinetics at the beginning and igneous kinetics at the end (no prejudices are intended with this scheme!). However, the topics in each chapter are general enough that they can be applied often to any geochemical domain: sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous. The theory of kinetics operates at two complementary levels: the phenomenological and the atomistic. The former relies on macroscopic variables (e.g. temperature or concentrations) to describe the rates of reactions or the rates of transport; the latter relates the rates to the basic forces operating between the particular atomic or molecular species of any system. This book deals with both descriptions of the kinetics of geochemical processes. Chapter one sets the framework for the phenomenological theory of reaction rates. If any geochemical reaction is to be described quantitatively, the rate law must be experimentally obtained in a kinetically sound manner and the reaction mechanism must be understood. This applies to heterogeneous fluid-rock reactions such as those occurring during metamorphism, hydrothermal alteration or weathering as well as to homogeneous reactions. Chapter 2 extends the theory to the global kinetics of geochemical cycles. This enables the kinetic concepts of stability and feedback to be applied to the cycling of elements in the many reservoirs of the earth. Chapter 3 applies the phenomenological treatment of chapter 1 to diagenesis and weathering. The rate of dissolution of minerals as well as the chemical evolution of pore waters are discussed. The atomistic basis of rates of reaction, transition state theory, is introduced in Chapter 4. Transition state theory can be applied to relate the rate constants of geochemical reactions to the atomic processes taking place. This includes not only homogeneous reactions but also reactions that occur at the surface of minerals. Chapter 5 discusses the theory of irreversible thermodynamics and its application to petrology. The use of the second law of thermodynamics along with the expressions for the rate of entropy production in a system have been used successfully since 1935 to describe kinetic phenomena. The chapter applies the concepts to the growth of minerals during metamorphism as well as to the formation of differentiated layers (banding) in petrology. Chapter 6 describes the phenomenological theory of diffusion both in aqueous solutions and in minerals. In particular, the multicomponent nature of diffusion and its consequence in natural systems is elaborated. Chapter 7 provides the atomistic basis for the rates of reactions in minerals. Understanding of the rates of diffusion, conduction, order-disorder reactions or exsolution in minerals depends on proper description of the defects in the various mineral structures. Chapter 8 provides the kinetic theory of crystal nucleation and growth. While many of the concepts in the chapter can be applied to aqueous systems, the emphasis is on igneous processes occurring during crystallization of a melt. To fully understand both the mineral composition as well as the texture of igneous rocks, the processes whereby new crystals form and grow must be quantified by using kinetic theory. Due to space and time limitations (kinetics!) some topics have not been covered in detail. In particular, the mathematical solution of diffusion or conduction equations is discussed very well by Crank in his book, Mathematics of Diffusion, and so is not covered to a great extent here. The treatment of fluid flow (e.g. convection) is also not covered in the text.

Description / Table of Contents: Volume 13 of Reviews in Mineralogy presented much of our present-day knowledge of micas. At the time of that volume (1984), I mentioned that there was too much material available to attempt to cover all of the hydrous phyllosilicates in one volume. The micas were treated first because of their abundance in nature and the fact that more detailed studies had been carried out on them than on the rest of the phyllosilicates. The serpentines, kaolins, smectites, chlorites, etc. would have to wait their turn. Now, four years later, that tum has come. Hence the peculiar nature of the title of this volume. We know less about the rest of the phyllosilicates than we do about the micas, primarily because many of them are of finer grain sizes and lower crystallinities than most of the micas. As a result, we have been unable to determine as much detail regarding their structures, crystal chemistries, and origins. Nevertheless, there is a considerable body of literature about them, and this volume will attempt to collate and evaluate that literature. One compensating factor that has helped greatly in the accumulation of knowledge about these minerals is that some of them occur in large deposits that are of great economic value and thus stimulate interest. For this reason considerable emphasis in this volume will be related to the occurrence, origin, and petrology of the minerals. S. W. Bailey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA September 1,1988 The authors of this volume presented a short course by the same title to about 120 participants in Denver, Colorado, October 29-30,1988, just prior to the 100th anniversary meeting of the Geological Society of America. S. W. ("Bull") Bailey convened the course and edited this volume, his second for Reviews in Mineralogy. Because he is retiring at the end of this academic year after 38 years' teaching at the University of Wisconsin (Madison), his colleagues, friends and I (a diligent student of "Bull" thirty years ago) agreed that it would be appropriate to dedicate this volume to him, odd though it seems to have him editing a book honoring himself. He had no advance knowledge of this dedication.

Description / Table of Contents: The development of modern isotope geochemistry is without doubt attributed to the efforts, begun in the 1930's and 1940's, of Harold Urey (Columbia University and the University of Chicago) and Alfred O.C. Nier (University of Minnesota). Urey provided the ideas, theoretical foundation, the drive, and the enthusiasm, but none of this would have made a major impact on Earth Sciences without the marvelous instrument developed by Nier and later modified and improved upon by Urey, Epstein, McKinney, and McCrea at the University of Chicago. Harold Urey's interest in isotope chemistry goes back to the late 1920's when he and I.I. Rabi returned from Europe and established themselves at Columbia to introduce the then brand-new concepts of quantum mechanics to students in the United States. Urey, of course, rapidly made an impact with his discovery of deuterium in 1932, the 'magical' year in which the neutron and positron were also discovered. Urey followed up his initial important discovery with many other experimental and theoretical contributions to isotope chemistry. During this period, Al Nier developed the most sophisticated mass spectrometer then available anywhere in the world, and made a series of surveys of the isotopic ratios of as many elements as he could. Through these studies, which were carried out mainly to obtain accurate atomic weights of the various elements, Nier and his co-workers clearly demonstrated that there were some fairly large variations in the isotopic ratios of the lighter elements. However, the first inkling of a true application to the Earth Sciences didn't come until 1946 when Urey presented his Royal Society of London lecture on 'The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances' (now a classic paper referenced in most of the published papers on stable isotope geochemistry). With the information discovered by Nier and his co-workers that limestones were about 3 percent richer in 18O than ocean water, and with his calculations of the temperature coefficient for the isotope exchange reaction between CaCO3 and H2O, Urey realized that it might be possible to apply these concepts to determining the paleotemperatures of the oceans. Urey was never one to overlook important scientific problems, regardless of the field of scientific inquiry involved. In fact, he always admonished his students to 'work only on truly important problems!' Urey, then a Professor at the University of Chicago, decided to take a hard look into the experimental problems of developing an oxygen isotope paleotemperature scale. Although the necessary accuracy had not yet been attained, the design of the Nier instrument seemed to offer a good possibility, with suitable modifications, of making the kinds of precise measurements necessary for a sufficiently accurate determination of the 18O/16O ratios of both CaCO3 (limestone) and ocean water. Enormous efforts would be required to do this, because even if all the mass spectrometric problems could be solved, every analytical and experimental procedure would have to be invented from scratch, including the experimental calibration of the temperature coefficient of the equilibrium fractionation factor between calcite and water at low temperatures. To carry out this formidable study, Urey gathered around himself a remarkable group of students, postdoctoral fellows, and technicians, as well as his paleontologist colleague Heinz Lowenstam. With Sam Epstein at the center of the effort and acting as the principal driving force, the rest, as they say, 'is history.' The marvelous nature of the Nier-Urey mass spectrometer is attested to by the fact that the basic design is still being used, and that there are now hundreds of laboratories throughout the world where this kind of work is being done. For example, the original instrument built by Sam Epstein and Chuck McKinney at Caltech in 1953 is still in use and has to date produced more than 90,000 analyses. University, government, and industrial laboratories have found these instruments to be an indispensable tool. Enormous and widely varying application of the original concepts have been made throughout the whole panoply of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. In the present volume we concentrate on an important sub-field of this effort. That particular sub-field was inaugurated in Urey's laboratories at Chicago by Peter Baertschi and Sol Silverman, who developed the fluorination technique for extracting oxygen from silicate rocks and minerals. This technique was later refined and improved in the late 1950's by Sam Epstein, Hugh Taylor, Bob Clayton, and Toshiko Mayeda, and has become the prime analytical method for studying the oxygen isotope composition of rocks and minerals. The original concepts and potentialities of high-temperature oxygen isotope geochemistry were developed by Samuel Epstein and his first student, Bob Clayton. Also, Bob Clayton, A.E.J. Engel, and Sam Epstein carried out the first application of these techniques to the study of ore deposits. The first useful experimental calibrations of the high-temperature oxygen isotope geothermometers quartz-calcite-magnetite-H2O were carried out initially by Bob Clayton, and later with his first student Jim O'Neil. In the meantime, Sam Epstein and his second student, Hugh Taylor, had begun a systematic study of 18O/16O variations in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and were the first to point out the regular order of 18O/16O fractionations among coexisting minerals, as well as their potential use as geochemical tracers of petrologic processes. During this period, a parallel development of sulfur isotope geochemistry was being carried out by Harry Thode and his group at McMaster University in Canada. They developed all the mass spectrometric and extraction techniques for this element, and also provided the theoretical and experimental foundation for understanding the equilibrium and kinetic isotope chemistry of sulfur. Starting from these beginnings, most of which took place either at the University of Chicago, Caltech, or McMaster University (but also with important input from Irving Friedman's laboratory at the U.S. Geological Survey, from Athol Rafter's laboratory in New Zealand, and from Columbia, Penn State, and the Vernadsky Institute in Moscow), there followed during the decades of the late 60's, 70's, and early 80's the development and maturing of the sub-field of high-temperature stable isotope geochemistry. This discipline is now recognized as an indispensable adjunct to all studies of igneous and metamorphic rocks and meteorites, particularly in cases where fluid-rock interactions are a major focus of the study. The twin sciences of ore deposits and the study of hydrothermal systems, both largely concerned with such fluid-rock interactions, have been profoundly and completely transformed. Virtually no issue of Economic Geology now appears without 3 or 4 papers dealing with stable isotope variations. No one writes papers on the development of the hydrosphere, hydrothermal alteration, ore deposits, melt-fluid-solid interactions, etc. without taking into account the ideas and concepts of stable isotope geochemistry. Although the present volume represents only a first effort to fill the need for a general survey of this sub-field for students and for workers in other disciplines, and although it is still obviously not completely comprehensive, it should give the interested student an idea of the present 'state-of-the-art' in the field. It should also provide an entry into the pertinent literature, as well as some understanding of the basic concepts and potential applications. Some thought went into the arrangement and choice of chapters for this volume. The first three chapters focus on the theory and experimental data base for equilibrium, disequilibrium, and kinetics of stable isotope exchange reactions among geologically important minerals and fluids. The fourth chapter discusses the primordial oxygen isotope variations in the solar system prior to formation of the Earth, along with a discussion of isotopic anomalies in meteorites. The fifth chapter discusses isotopic variations in the Earth's mantle and the sixth chapter reviews the variations in the isotopic compositions of natural waters on our planet. In Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 10, these isotopic constraints and concepts are applied to various facets of the origin and evolution of igneous rocks, bringing in much material on radiogenic isotopes as well, because these problems require a multi-dimensional attack for their solution. In Chapters 11 and 12, the problems of hydrothermal alteration by meteoric waters and ocean water are considered, together with discussions of the physics and chemistry of hydrothermal systems and the 18O/16O history of ocean water. Finally, in Chapters 13 and 14, these concepts are applied to problems of metamorphic petrology and ore deposits, particularly with respect to the origins of the fluids involved in those processes. It seems clear to us (the editors) that this sub-field of stable isotope geochemistry can only grow and become even more pertinent and dominant in the future. One of the most fruitful areas to pursue is the development of microanalytical techniques so that isotopic analyses can be accurately determined on ever smaller and smaller samples. Such techniques would open up vast new territories for exploitation in every aspect of stable isotope geochemistry. Exciting new methods have recently been developed whereby a few micromoles of CO2 and SO2 can be liberated for isotopic analyses from polished sections of carbonates and sulfides by laser impact. There are also new developments in mass spectrometry like RIMS (resonance ionization mass spectrometry), Fourier transform mass spectrometry and the ion microprobe that offer considerable promise for these purposes. Stable isotope analyses of large-sized samples (even those that must be obtained by reactions of silicates with fluorinating reagents) have now become so routine and so rapid that they represent an 'easy' way to gather a lot of data in a hurry. In fact 'mass production' techniques for rapidly processing samples are starting to become prevalent, so much so that one of the biggest worries in the future may be that a flood of data will overwhelm us and outstrip our abilities to carefully define and carry out sampling strategies, as well as to think carefully and in depth about the data. An organized system of handling the D/H, 13C/12C, 15N/14N, 18O/16O, and 34S/32S data, and/or a computerized data base that could be manipulated and added to would be a useful path to follow in the future, particularly if it were integrated into a larger data base containing radiogenic isotope data, major- and trace-element analyses, electron microprobe data, x-ray crystallographic data, and petrographic data (particularly modal data on mineral abundances in the rocks).

Description / Table of Contents: Content: Intro & Welcome. - Introduction. - Campus Map. - Location & Dinner. - Excursions. - Natural and cultural heritage of Potsdam by bike / Bernhard Diekmann. - Quaternary geology and geomorphology by bus / Olaf Juschus. - Scientific programme. - Schedule - Overview. - Programme - Tuesday. - Programme - Thursday. - Programme - Friday. - Poster Session 1. - Sediment cores from innter Upernavik Isfjord: preliminary results / Amalie E. Cordua et al. - A younger dryas glacier readvance/retreat on Greenland's north coast, and notes on the ice sheet's response to YD cooling/warming / Svend Funder et al. - The Fast Full Stokes solver - an accurate, efficient and flexible tool for palaeo-ice sheet simulations / Josefin Ahlkrona et al. - Model of the late glacial Svalbard Ice Sheet using a coupled approximation of the full Stokes method / Evan James Gowan et al. - Numerically modelling the growth and collapse of the Barents Sea ice sheet / Henry Patton et al. - Late Weichselian and deglacial ice sheet configurations and dynamics inferred from submarine landforms and sediment cores in north-eastern Svalbard / Anne Elina Flink et al. - Ice stream dynamics and its implications on the sedimentary processes on the continental shelf edge and slope north of Nordaustlandes, Svalbard / Oscar Jacob Fransner. - Geomorphological reconstruction of the dynamics of a SW Greenland tidewater glacier through the Holocene / James Lea. - Modeling the response of two neighbouring Svalbard ice streams to similar climate forcing / James Lea et al. - Tentative age model of marine glacial landforms and related glaciations on the East Siberian and Chukchi margins / Frank Niessen et al. - Glacimarine sediment facies and morphology of the Disko Bugt trough Mouth fan, West Greenland / Colm O'Cofaigh et al. - A new quaternary sediment sequence from the eastern Mendeleev Ridge: preliminary stratigraphic subdivision based on IRD and microfossil records / Ekaterina Taldenkova et al. - A number of several warmer spells noted on eastern Svalbard during Younger Dryas - a bidecadal resolution of paleoceanographic record of Atlantic Water variability / Magdalena Lacka et al. - Quantitative micropalaeontological and sedimentary facies analysis of surface samples from the Lomonosov Ridge / Mike Marcell Zwick et al. - Specificities of sea surface evolution across the last two interglacial cycles in the southwestern Nordic Seas - a comparison / Anastasia Zhuravleva et al. - Early Holocene Atlantic Water advection and ice coverage in the Arctic Gateway / Robert F. Spielhagen et al. - Mid to late Holocene palaeoceanographic evolution of the East Greenland Current based on foraminiferal assemblage data / Kerstin Perner et al. - Past environmental variability in the eastern Fram Strait from the early deglaciation to the early Holocene reconstructed from benthic microfossils and IRD records / Yaroslav Ovsepyan. - Present and past flow regime on contourite drifts west of Spitsbergen: preliminary results from Eurofleet 2 PREPARED cruise (June 2014) / Renata G. Lucchi. - Late Quaternary central Arctic Ocean sea-ice variability: First results from biomarker studies of RV Polarstern Cruise PS87 sediment cores / Anne Kremer et al. - Mid to Late Holocene evolution of sea ice distribution and primary production on the East Greenland Shelf and the NW Fram Strait / Henriette Kolling et al. - The western Laptev Sea: High-resolution sea ice distribution and river run-off variability from post-glacial to present / Tanja Hörner et al. - Holocene modulations in the Earth's largest ice and freshwater pathway - the East Greenland Current / Christian Valdemar Dylmer et al. - Late Quaternary sediment supply variability at the Mendeleev Ridge (Arctic Ocean): Insights from grain-size distribution and ice-rafted debris composition / Evgenia Bazhenova et al. - First insights into pre-glacial Pleistocene environments in the Arctic Ocean / Leonid Polyak et al. - Poster Session 2. - Analysis of radiocarbon dates collected from the Holocene raised beach sequences on Svalbard and Franz Josef Land / Michail Anisimov et al. -Reconstruction of postglacial environmental changes at the eastern Laptev Sea continental margin / Nataliya Chistyakova et al. -Late Holocene environmental ice core record from Akademii Nauk ice cap (Severnaya Zemlya) / Diedrich Fritzsche et al. -K Fjord-head delta progradation and permafrost aggradation interpreted from a 60 m frozen sediment core, Adventdalen, Svalbard / Graham Lewis Gilbert et al. -Geochronologic challenges related to spatial and temporal discontinuities of sediments in permafrost environments: the case of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky, Siberian Arctic / Margret Christine Fuchs et al. -Late Pleistocene and Holocene ice-rich permafrost in the Colville River valley, northern Alaska / Guido Grosse et al. -Biomarker records from the eastern continental margin off Kamchatka Peninsula and Eastern Siberia on deglacial variations in sea surface temperature, air temperature, provenance and terrestrial residence times of terrigenous organic matter in Beringia / Vera Meyer et al. -Validity of the MIS 2 glacial border in the NW Canadian Arctic based on comparing the on- and off-shore clay mineral composition / Georg Schwamborn et al. -Summer and winter proxy data from Ice Complex features in East Siberia dating back to 200 kyr / Sebastian Wetterich et al. -Thermokarst lake history and stable tundra vegetation since the 18th century in a Low Arctic setting, Yukon Territory, Canada / Juliane Wolter et al. -International Permafrost Association / Karina Schollaen et al. -Paleogeographical investigations along the Yukon Coast / Hugues Lantuit et al. - Abstracts & Adresses. - Abstracts. - The fast full stokes solver - an accurate, efficient and flexible tool for palaeo-ice sheet simulations / J. Ahlkrona et al. - Lagoons, beaches and sea-level change on NW Svalbard / H. Alexanderson et al. - Analysis of radiocarbon dates collected from the Holocene raised beach sequences on Svalbard and Franz Josef Land / M. Anisimov et al. - Late Quaternary glaciation of arctic and subarctic Urals / V. Astakhov. - Spatial shifts in North Eurasian ice sheet extent since the Middle Pleistocene / H. A. Bauch et al. - Late Quaternary sediment supply variability at the Mendeleev Ridge (Arctic Ocean): Insights from grain-size distribution and ice-rafted debris composition / E. Bazhenova et al. - Environmental variability in northeastern Siberia inferred from lake sediment records / B. K. Biskaborn et al. - The influence of subglacial hydrology on glacial dynamics during deglaciation of the central Barents Sea / L. R. Bjarnadottir et al. - Reconstruction of postglacial environmental changes at the eastern Laptev Sea continental margin / N. Chistyakova et al. - Sediment cores from inner Upernaviklsfjord: preliminary results / A. E. Cordua et al. - Arctic productivity and orbital climate cycles / T. M. Cronin et al. - Variability of the northward flux of North Atlantic waters though Fram Strait during the Holocene / A. de Vernal et al. - Applications of cavity ring-down spectroscopy to paleoclimate, including high-precision analysis of the triple oxygen isotopes in water and water vapor / K. J. Dennis et al. - Holocene modulations in the earth's largest ice and freshwater pathway - the East Greenland Current / C. Dylmer et al. - Late Weichselian and deglacial ice sheet configurations and dynamics inferred from submarine landforms and sediment cores in north-eastern Svalbard / A. E. Flink et al. - Ice stream dynamics and its implications on the sedimentary processes on the continental shelf edge and slope north of Nordaustlandes, Svalbard / O. Fransner et al. - Ice wedge polygon development on different temporal and spatial scales in the northern Yukon, Canada / M. Fritz et al. - Late Holocene environmental ice core record from Akademii Nauk ice cap (Severnaya Zemlya) / D. Fritzsche et al. - Geochronologic challenges related to spatial and temporal discontinuities of sediments in permafrost environments: the case of Bol'shoy Lyakhosky, Siberian Arctic / M. C. Fuchs et al. - A younger dryas glacier readvance/retreat on Greenland's north coast, and notes on the ice sheet's response to YD cooling/warming / S. Funder et al. - Fjord-head delta progradation and permafrost aggradation interpreted from a 60 m frozen sediment core, Adventdalen, Svalbard / G. L. Gilbert et al. - Model of the late glacial Svalbard Ice Sheet using a coupled approximation of the full Stokes method / E. J. Gowan et al. - Late Pleistocene and Holocene ice-rich permafrost in the Colville River valley, northern Alaska / G. Grosse et al. - The Batagay mega thaw slump, Yana Uplands, Yakutia, Russia: permafrost thaw dynamics on decadal time scale / F. Günther et al. - The western Laptev Sea: High-resolution sea ice distribution and river run-off variability from post-glacial to present / T. Hörner et al. - Deglaciation of the last Scandinavian-Barents ice sheet and variations in the Atlantic water inflow into the Barents Sea / E. Ivanova et al. - Onland deglaciation and provenance changes in SW Barents Sea sediments over the Late Glacial-Holocene / E. Kaparulina et al. - Climate controlled variability of an Arctic sea ice fabric / J. Knies et al. - Mid to Late Holocene evolution of sea ice distribution and primary production on the East Greenland Shelf and the NW Fram Strait / H. Kolling et al. - Late Quaternary central Arctic Ocean sea-ice variability: first results from biomarker studies of RV Polarstern Cruise PS87 sediment cores / A. Kremer et al. - Pleistocene-Holocene terrestrial palaeoenvironmental changes at the New Siberian Islands and adjacent areas (Arctic Siberia) / T. V. Kuznetsova et al. - A number of several warmer spells noted on eastern Svalbard during Younger Dryas - a bidecadal resolution of paleoceanographic record of Atlantic Water variability / M. Lacka et al. - Paleogeographical investigations along the Yukon Coast / H. Lantuit et al. - Modelling the response of two neighbouring Svalbard ice streams to similar climate forcing / J. M. Lea et al. - Geomorphological reconstruction of the dynamics of a SW Greenland tidewater glacier through the Holocene / J. M. Lea. - Past landscape and permafrost dynamics in Arctic Alaska based on sedimentary records / J. Lenz et al. - Present and past flow regime on contourite drifts west of Spitzbergen: preliminary results from Eurofleet 2 PREPARED cruise (June 2014) / R. G. Lucchi et al. - Evidence of the deep marine record of the MWP-1a on the NW-Barents Sea continental margin: Support from palaeomagnetic data / R. G. Lucchi. - Ice stream dynamics during deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet / M. Margold et al. - Biomarker records from the eastern continental margin off Kamchatka Peninsula and Eastern Siberia on deglacial variations in sea surface temperature, aire temperature, provenance and terrestrial residence times of terrigenous organic matter in Beringia / V. D. Meyer et al. - Permafrost history and environmental change at the margin of Beringia and the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, western Arctic Canada / J. Murton. - Postglacial environments of Nettilling Lake basin (Baffin Island, Canada) inferred by the geochemical and biological proxies / B. Narancic et al. - Tentative age model of marine glacial landforms and related glaciations on the East Siberian and Chukchi margins / F. Niessen et al. - Deglaciation of the Svalbard-Barents Sea ice sheet in the northern Barents Sea, East of Svalbard / R. Noormets et al. - The appearance of pollen on the archipelago Franz-Josef Land of the Arctic Ocean / E. Nosevich et al. - Glacimarine sediment facies and morphology of the Disko Bugt trough Mouth Fan, West Greenland / C. O'Cofaigh et al. - Ice-wedge record of Arctic winter temperatures over the past two millennia - long-term and recent warming in the Siberian Laptev Sea region / T. Opel et al. - Past environmental variability in the eastern Fram Strait from the early deglaciation to the early Holocene reconstructed from benthic microfossils and IRD records / Ya. Ovsepyan et al. - Numerically modelling the growth and collapse of the Barents Sea ice sheet / H. Patton et al. - Mid to late Holocene palaeoceanographic evolution of the East Greenland current based on foraminiferal assemblage data / K. Perner et al. - First insights into pre-glacial Pleistocene environments in the Arctic Ocean / L. Polyak et al. - Future priorities for Arctic Research / V. Rachold. - Early thinning and recession of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in southernmost Norway - new chronological constraints from cosmogenic 10Be-dates / A. Romundset et al. - The International Permafrost Association: current initiatives for cryospheric research / K. Schollaen et al. - Validity of the MIS 2 glacial border in the NW Canadian Arctic based on comparing the on- and offshore clay mineral composition / G. Schwamborn et al. - Variability of late Holocene ocean and atmosphere circulation in the Labrador Sea and North Atlantic region - or why that which does not fit, fits extra well! / M.-S. Seidenkrantz et al. - Early Holocene atlantic water advection and ice coverage in the Arctic Gateway / R. F. Spielhagen et al.

Description / Table of Contents: The geomorphological and sedimentary record of the Holocene evolution of Jakobshavn Ibrae in Disko Bay, West Greenland / K. Streuff et al. - Catastrophic events shaping Arctic coasts - impact of tsunamis and ice-berg roll waves on coastal evolution in Greenland / M. C. Strzelecki et al. - A new Quaternary sediment sequence from the eastern Mendeleev Ridge: preliminary stratigraphic subdivision based on IRD and microfossil records / E. Taldenkova et al. - Timing and frequency of glacigenic debris flows on the Bear Island Fan - implications for the growth and decay of the Barents ice sheet / E. Pope et al. - The last northern hemispheric deglaciation: missing ice, data / model challenges, and opportunities / T. Tarasov. - Development of northern Nordic Seas deep convection during the Holocene - implications from surface and bottom water foraminiferal [Delta]13C records / M. M. Telesinski et al. - Summer and winter proxy data from ice complex features in East Siberia dating back to 200 kyr / S. Wetterich et al. - Thermokarst lake history and stable tundra vegetation since the 18th century in a low Arctic setting, Yukon territory, Canada / J. Wolter et al. - Specificites of sea surface evolution across the last two interglacial cycles in the southwestern Nordic Seas - a comparison / A. Zhuravleva et al. - Quantitative micropalaeontological and sedimentary facies analysis of surface samples from the Lomonosov Ridge / M. Zwick et al. - Index of authors. - List of participants.

Description / Table of Contents: PAST Gateways (Past Spatial and Temporal Gateways) is an IASC-endorsed network, with the scientific goal to understand and reconstruct Arctic environmental changes during the period preceding instrumental records and across decadal to millennial timescales. The focus of the six-year programme is on the nature and significance of Arctic spatial and temporal gateways, with an emphasis on the transistions between major Late Cenozoic climate events such as interglacial to full glacial and full glacial to deglacial states, as well as more recent Holocene fluctuations.

Description / Table of Contents: "In this well-illustrated book, Hildebrand expands upon his model for the development of the North American Cordillera detailed in Special paper 457. Starting with an overview of Cordilleran geology he goes on to provide an in depth look at how the Rubian ribbon continent was assembled. He integrates the complex geology of the Cordillera into an actualistic model involving arc magmatism, arc-continent collision, slab failure magmatism, and transcurrent motion in both Rubia and the western North American margin. While much of the focus is on the assembly of the Rubian ribbon continent, Hildebrand explores its interactions with North America during the Sevier and Laramide events and concludes that North America was the lower plate in both"...Provided by publisher

Description / Table of Contents: Although it includes some discussion of chemically complex reactions and the chemographic relationships among amphiboles and other rockforming minerals, most of Volume 9A of Reviews in Mineralogy treats amphiboles and other hydrous pyriboles as isolated systems. In contrast, Volume 9B is dedicated more to an exploration of the social life of amphiboles and the amphibole personality in real rocks and in the experimental petrology laboratory. The chemical complexity of amphibole, which Robinson et al., refer to as "a mineralogical shark in a sea of unsuspecting elements," permits amphiboles to occur in a very wide variety of rock types, under a large range of pressure and temperature conditions, and in association with an impressive number of other minerals. The description of amphibole petrology and of petrologists' attempts to understand amphibole phase relations are therefore not simple matters, as the length of this volume suggests. Although they do not cover every type of amphibole occurrence, it is hoped that the papers in this volume will provide the amphibole student and researcher with an up-to-date summary of the most important aspects of amphibole petrology. Volume 9B, Amphiboles: Petrology and Experimental Phase Relations, was begun in 1981 in preparation for the Short Course on Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles presented at Erlanger, Kentucky, October 29 - November 1, 1981, prior to the annual meetings of the Geological Society of America and associated societies. Unfortunately, only the first chapter was in manuscript form at the time of the short course, and publication was delayed by one year.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is written with two goals in mind. The first is to derive the 32 crystallographic point groups, the 14 Bravais lattice types and the 230 crystallographic space group types. The second is to develop the mathematical tools necessary for these derivations in such a manner as to lay the mathematical foundation needed to solve numerous basic problems in crystallography and to avoid extraneous discourses. To demonstrate how these tools can be employed, a large number of examples are solved and problems are given. The book is, by and large, self-contained. In particular, topics usually omitted from the traditional courses in mathematics that are essential to the study of crystallography are discussed. For example, the techniques needed to work in vector spaces with noncartesian bases are developed. Unlike the traditional group-theoretical approach, isomorphism is not the essential ingredient in crystallographic classification schemes. Because alternative classification schemes must be used, the notions of equivalence relations and classes which are fundamental to such schemes are defined, discussed and illustrated. For example, we will find that the classification of the crystallographic space groups into the traditional 230 types is defined in terms of their matrix representations. Therefore, the derivation of these groups from the point groups will be conducted using the 37 distinct matrix groups rather than the 32 point groups they represent. We have been greatly influenced by two beautiful books. Hermann Heyl's book entitled Symmetry based on his lectures at Princeton University gives a wonderful development of the point groups as well as an elegant exposition of symmetry in art and nature. Fredrik W. H. Zachariasen's book entitled Theory of X-ray Diffraction in Crystals presents important insights on the derivation of the Bravais lattice types and the crystallographic space groups. These two books provided the basis for many of the ideas developed in this book. The theorems, examples, definitions and corollaries are labelled sequentially as a group whereas the problems are labelled separately as a group as are the equations. The manner in which these are labelled is self-explanatory. For example, T4.15 refers to Theorem (T) 15 in Chapter 4 while DAl.l refers to Definition (D) 1 in Appendix (A) 1. We have strived to write this book so that it is self-teaching. The reader is encouraged to attempt to solve the examples before appealing to the solution presented and to work all of the problems. Preface to the Revised Edition of Mathematical Crystallography In the Revised Edition we have corrected the errors, misprints and omissions that we have found and our students and other users have kindly pointed out to us. The Revised Edition also includes a more comprehensive index and a set of solutions for all of the problems presented in the book.

Description / Table of Contents: The role of Antarctica in global geodynamics continues to be critical not only to understanding major processes of supercontinent assembly and dispersal, but also for assessing the implications of these processes in determining global change through time. What is the history of the Antarctic ice volume? How does ice volume relate to ocean characteristics and sea-level changes? What are the major sediment sources on the Antarctic continental margins? Was Antarctica a key place for evolution of biotas? These, among others, are key questions to which many Antarctic studies are presently adressed, and no one now doubts the crucial importance of the Antarctic ice, and of sediments on the continent and the surrounding sea floor, as archives of past and recent global climatic change. This volume contains over 160 peer-reviewed papers representative more than 400 contributions presented during VII International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences, held in Siena (Italy) from 10 to 15 September 1995. As the title of the volume, "The Antarctic Region: geological evolution and processes", emphasizes, its content extends geographically beyond the area of the continent to include the peri-Antarctic seas and the surrounding oceanic regions. Marine, terrestrial, glaciological and atmospheric realms are all addressed, and the role of Antarctica in the global system, from Archean through Holocene time is considered. Beside the classical themes of geological and geophysical exploration of the continent, new topics concerning the 'soft' geological materials are subjects of hot debate in this volume.

Description / Table of Contents: Oxygen and silicon are the two most common elements in the earth's crust, together constituting an estimated 74.32 weight % and 83.77 atom % of crustal rocks (Mason and Moore, 1982). Thus, it is not surprising that SiO2 or silica, is the most abundant oxide on the earth's surface. In his widely cited survey, Clarke (1904) calculated that quartz alone comprises 12.0% of the crust by volume, ranking behind the mineral groups that include feldspar (59.5%) and amphibole/pyroxene (16.8%). Consequently, research into the silica system is motivated foremost by the prevalence of silica in man's immediate environment. The ubiquity of silica in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks has led earth scientists to seek its uses as an indicator of large-scale geological processes, ranging from mountain-building to meteorite impacts. In industry, quartz has long played a prosaic but essential role as an inexpensive and relatively inert constituent of concrete aggregates, and modern electronics technology still relies on quartz oscillators. Silica phases also have played a prominent role in our understanding of the solid state. Physicists first discovered optical activity in crystals and the existence of soft modes during their investigations of quartz. Many scientists have written substantial reviews documenting the importance of silica in the earth, materials, and physical sciences. Notable among these are Robert Sosman, who followed his Properties of Silica (1927) with The Phases of Silica (1965), and Clifford Frondel, who devoted the third volume of Dana's System of Mineralogy (1962) exclusively to the silica minerals. These treatises continue to serve as encyclopedic resources for those interested in silica, and their historical analyses and descriptions of mineral varieties, morphologies, and localities will remain forever useful. Nevertheless, the past three decades have witnessed a first-order expansion of our knowledge of the silica system, and it is time to provide an updated silica review. The present volume focuses on the most recent developments, and it is intended to supplement rather than replace the earlier works of Sosman and Frondel. The contributions to this volume cover silica chemistry in the following fashion: Chapters 1 through 3 describe the crystal structures and phase transitions of silica and its stuffed derivatives. Recent studies of the low-pressure polymorphs quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite have demonstrated unusual superperiodic phases and other anomalies associated with structural transformations (Chapter 1). Spectacular progress in multianvil and diamond cell technologies has made the high-pressure regime accessible, revealing new transitions in the coesite and stishovite systems as well as the phenomenon of pressureinduced amorphization (Chapter 2). Stoichiometric substitution of cations within the frameworks of both low- and high-pressure polymorphs produces a dizzying variety of derivative compounds that are of geological and industrial importance (Chapter 3). Chapters 4 through 9 bridge the relationship between the microstructural character of real silica minerals and the behavior of silica in the geological environment. Incorporation of small amounts of H dramatically weakens quartz exposed to stress (Chapter 4). Consequently, tectonic pressures may lead not to brittle fracture but to the production of high densities of dislocations and preferred orientation in polycrystalline quartz (Chapter 5). The low pressures and temperatures in sedimentary settings may promote the crystallization of highly defective silica phases that are frequently metastable (Chapter 6); through diagenetic processes, these minerals anneal to macrocrystalline quartz (Chapter 7). The nature of the surface structure of quartz strongly influences the mechanisms and kinetics of silica dissolution in aqueous fluids (Chapter 8). Chapters 9 through 13 treat the basic physical properties of the phases of silica. Recent calorimetric studies of some of the more unusual silica compounds have added insight into the stability of the silica framework (Chapter 9). Quantum mechanical considerations of the Si-O bond have yielded a fundamental understanding of the bond lengths and angles within the polymorphous silica system (Chapter 10). Calculations based upon first-principles theory have achieved significant success in explaining and predicting silica transitions at high temperatures and pressures (Chapter 11). Spectroscopic analyses of silica (Chapters 12 and 13) have revealed vibrational behaviors in response to variations in temperature, pressure, and composition that have deepened our understanding of the dynamic interactions within the silica structure. Chapters 14 through 16 detail the uses of silica for industrial purposes. For instance, doping silica with other cations produces ceramics with low expansion on heating (Chapter 14), and high-silica zeolites are being explored for their properties as catalysts and molecular sieves (Chapter 15). High concentrations of silica dust in the workplace long have been linked with the incidence of respiratory diseases, such as silicosis, and recent evidence suggests that crystalline silica may be carcinogenic (Chapter 16).