ALBERT

Note: Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.

Note: Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.

Note: Aus dem Russ. übers.

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Some terminology 1.3 Electrical analogues 1.4 State determined systems 1.5 Simulation languages 2 Exponential growth 2.1 Analytical and numerical integration 2.2 Simulation 2.3 Time constant and time interval of integration 2.4 Integration method and time interval 3 The growth of yeast 3.1 Description of the system 3.2 Relational diagrams 3.3 Simulation 3.4 Logistic growth 4 Interference of plants 4.1 Replacement series 4.2 Density of sowing 4.3 Simulation of plant interference 4.4 Further modelling aspects 4.4.1 The INDEX and MACRO feature 4.4.2 The INITIAL and DYNAMIC section 5 Growth and competition of Paramecium 5.1 Description of the system 5.2 A simulation program 5.3 Preliminary estimation of parameters 5.4 Final determination of parameters 5.5 Stochastic aspects 5.6 The programming of probability functions 6 Modelling of development, dispersion and diffusion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physiological age and development stage 6.3 Demographic models 6.3.1 Age-classes 6.3.2 Errors of approximation 6.3.3 The matrix method 6.4 Germination models 6.4.1 Boxcar train without dispersion 6.4.2 Boxcar train with constant relative dispersion 6.4.3 Boxcar train with controlled dispersion 6.4.4 Refinements 6.5 The flow of heat in soils 7 Growth and development of Helminthosporium maydis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The weather 7.3 Appearance and growth of lesions 7.4 Sporophore or stalk formation 7.5 Sporulation of green stalks 7.6 Sporulation of dried stalks 7.7 Dispersal of spores 7.8 Germination of spores and penetration of germtubes 7.9 Timing, initialization and output organization 7.10 Results and sensitivity analyses 8 Population models for fruit-tree red spider miteand predatory mites 8.1 Fruit-tree red spider mite 8.2 Predatory mite, Amblyseius potentillae 8.3 Relations between predator and prey 8.4 Preference as a competitive process 8.5 Verification 9 Solutions of the exercises References Appendix A Appendix B Index

Note: Contents 1 Some Basic Relations 1.1 Natural Parameters and Observables 1.2 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 1.3 Waves at Boundaries Between Different Media 2 Spectral Lines of Atmospheric Gases 2.1 Resonant Frequencies of Molecules 2.2 Widths of Spectral Lines 2.3 Applications to the Earth's Atmosphere 3 Spectral Properties of Condensed Matter 3.1 Elementary Theory of Organic Dyes 3.2 Chlorophyll and Spectral Properties of Plants 3.3 Polarization of the Media and Dispersion of Radiation 4 Scattering of Radiation 4.1 Light Scattering by Molecules 4.2 Scattering of Radiation by Macroscopic Particles 4.3 Backscattering from Rough Surfaces 5 Transport of Radiation 5.1 The Equation of Radiative Transfer 5.2 Kirchhoff's Law and Radiometry 5.3 Radiometric Observation of Atmospheric Parameters and the Inversion of Remotely Sensed Data References Subject Index

Note: CONTENTS: PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. - SECTION I. FUNDAMENTALS. - 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEA-WATER / BY N. P. FOFONOFF. - 1. The equilibrium thermodynamic state. - 2. Equation of state for sea-water. - 3. Entropy. - 4. Chemical potential difference. - 5. The non-equilibrium state. - 6. Other physical properties of sea-water. - 2. THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF SEA-WATER / BY CARL ECKART. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Thermodynamics. - 3. Hydrodynamics. - 4. The irreversible processes. - 5. Transformation of the equation. - 6. The zeroth approximation. - 7. The first approximation. - 8. Definitions related to convective motion. - 9. The field equations. - SECTION II. INTERCHANGE OF PROPERTIES BETWEEN SEA AND AIR. - 3. SMALL-SCALE INTERACTIONS / BY E. L. DEACON AND E. K. WEBB. - 1. General considerations of transfer. - 2. Momentum transfer and the wind-profile. - 3. Drag coefficients of the sea surface. - 4. Transfer of heat and water vapour. - 4. LARGE-SCALE INTERACTIONS / BY JOANNE S. MALKUS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. How the whole system works. - 3. Determination of air-sea fluxes. - 4. Climatology of energy exchange and the global heat and water budgets. - 5. Heat and water exchange and its role in tropical circulations. - 6. Large-scale momentum relations. - 7. Exchange mechanisms and fluctuations. - 8. Exchange fluctuations in mid-latitudes and long-period interaction anomalies. - 9. Concluding remarks. - 5. INSOLUBLES / BY R. W. REX AND E. D. GOLDBERG. - 1. Meteorology of transport. - 2. Eolian materials in marine sediments. - 6. SOLUBLES / BY A. H. WOODCOCK. - 7. GASES / BY R. REVELLE AND H. E. SUESS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Oxygen and nitrogen. - 3. Rare gases. - 4. Carbon dioxide. - SECTION III. DYNAMICS OF OCEAN CURRENTS / BY N. P. FOFONOFF. - 1. Conservation equations for momentum and mass. - 2. Separation into steady and time-dependent motion. - 3. Magnitude of forces. - 4. Steady-state circulation. - 5. Steady inertial circulation. - 6. Convective circulation. - 7. Time-dependent motion. - SECTION IV. TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY WITHIN THE SEA. - 8. LIGHT / BY J. E. TYLER AND R. W. PREISENDORFER. - 1. Physical constructs. - 2. Instrumentation for the measurement of the underwater light field and the determination of the optical properties of the sea. - 3. Radiance distribution. - 4. Attenuation coefficient. - 5. Volume scattering functions and total scattering coefficient. - 6. Irradiance. - 7. Diffuse attenuation function and reflectance function. - 8. Scalar irradiance (spherical irradiance). - 9. Absorption coefficient. - 10. Path function. - 11. Data. - 12. Applications. - 13. List of symbols. - 9. UNDERWATER VISIBILITY / BY S. Q. DUNTLEY. - 1. Image transmission. - 2. Inherent contrast. - 3. Sighting range. - 10. LIGHT AND ANIMAL LIFE / BY G. L. CLARKE AND E. J. DENTON. - 11. OTHER ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION / BY L. N. LIEBERMANN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Electromagnetic properties of sea-water. - 3. Propagation through sea-water. - 4. The effect of the sea-surface on electromagnetic propagation. - 5. Natural electromagnetic radiation or "noise" in the sea. - 12. SOUND IN THE SEA / BY P. VIGOUREUX and J. B. HERSEY. - 1. The nature of sound. - 2. Propagation of sound in water. - 3. Noise. - 4. Instruments and applications of sound to oceanography. - 13. SOUND SCATTERING BY MARINE ORGANISMS / BY J. B. HERSEY AND R. H. BACKUS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Occurrence and description of scattering layers. - 3. Identification of sound scatterers. - 4. Sound-scattering theory. - 5. Sound-scattering observations. - 6. What is "the deep scattering layer"?. - 7. Ideas and miscellaneous observations. - 14. SOUND PRODUCTION BY MARINE ANIMALS / BY W. E. SCHEVILL, R. H. BACKUS, AND J. B. HERSEY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History. - 3. Instrumentation. - 4. Identification of source. - 5. Purposeful and adventitious sounds. - 6. Sound-producing mechanisms. - 7. Spectra of sounds. - 8. Functions of sound. - 9. Hearing as related to sound production. - 10. Eliciting and suppressing marine animal sounds. - 11. Exploitation of marine animal sounds by the oceanographer. - SECTION V. WAVES. - 15. ANALYSIS AND STATISTICS / BY D. E. CARTWRIGHT. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Fundamental equations of wave motion. - 3. Statistical formulation. - 4. Properties of a wave system in terms of its directional energy spectrum. - 5. Estimating the directional energy spectrum. - 6. Waves recorded by a single detector. - 7. Spectral measurement. - 8. Second-order approximations to energy spectra. - 16. LONG-TERM VARIATIONS IN SEA-LEVEL / BY J. R. ROSSITER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The determination of mean sea-level. - 3. Causes of variations in sea-level. - 4. The analysis of observations. - 5. Some geophysical implications of long-term variations in sea-level. - 6. Conclusion. - 17. SURGES / BY P. GROEN AND G. W. GROVES. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Description. - 3. Dynamics and forecasting. - 18. LONG OCEAN WAVES / BY W. H. MUNK. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The instruments. - 3. The spectrum. - 4. Surf beat. - 5. Shelf waves. - 6. Tsunamis. - 19. WIND WAVES / BY N. F. BARBER AND M. J. TUCKER. - 1. Kinematics of waves. - 2. The description of a complicated wave pattern: the wave spectrum. - 3. Theories of wave generation by wind. - 4. Wave prediction. - 5. Waves from distant storms. - 6. Waves approaching the shore. - 7. The surf zone. - 8. Ships and waves. - 9. Methods of observation and analysis-methods taking no account of direction of travel. - 10. Methods of observation and analysis - the directional power spectrum. - 20. MICROSEISMS / BY J. DARBYSHIRE. - 1. Relation between sea waves and microseisms. - 2. The nature of microseisms. - 3. Refraction of microseisms. - 4. Storm tracking and estimation of the direction of approach of microseisms. - 5. Estimation of direction from the nature of microseisms. - 6. Instruments. - 7. Other work. - 21. RIPPLES / BY C. S. COX. - 1. Spectrum and mean square slope. - 2. Effect of slicks. - 3. Shape of a rippled water surface. - 4. Growth of ripples. - 22. INTERNAL WAVES : Part I / BY E. C. LAFOND. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Measurements. - 3. Observed relations. - 22. INTERNAL WAVES : Part II / BY C. S. COX. - 4. Differential equations. - 5. Spectrum. - 6. Internal waves and turbulence. - 23. TIDES / BY W. HANSEN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The hydrodynamic equations and their application to tidal problems. - 3. Tidal observation. - 4. Tidal charts. - 5. Classical theory. - 6. Numerical methods for ascef!.aining the tides and tidal currents. Boundary-value problems. - 7. The application of difference methods to initial-boundary problems. - 8. Numerical solutions of initial-boundary-value problems of tides in one and two dimensions. - 9. Internal tides. - SECTION VI. TURBULENCE / BY K. F. BOWDEN. - 1. General properties of turbulence. - 2. Turbulence in the sea. - 3. Turbulent fluctuations and turbulent transports. - 4. Vertical turbulence. - 5. Horizontal turbulence. - SECTION VII. THE PHYSICS OF SEA-ICE / BY E. R. POUNDER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Mechanical properties. - 3. Thermal properties. - 4. Electrical properties. - 5. Growth and disintegration of an ice cover. - 6. Theory of sea-ice structure and properties. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Contents Foreword xi OPENING ADDRESSES Professor G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, World Meteorological Organization Dr M.K. Tolba, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme Dr F. Mayor, Director General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Professor M.G.K. Menon, President, International Council of Scientific Unions Dr H. de Haen, Assistant Director General, Food and Agriculture Organization SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SESSIONS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE IPCC ASSESSMENT The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) / B. Bolin Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: Summary of the IPCC Working Group I Report / J.T. Houghton Greenhouse Gases and Other Climate Forcing Agents / U. Siegenthaler and E. Sanhueza Climate Change Prediction / J. F. B. Mitchell and Zeng Qingcun Climate Trends and Variability / M. Coughian and B.S. Nyenzi Climate Change Impact Studies: The IPCC Working Group II Report / Yu. Izrael Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources / H.E. Lins, I.A. Shiklomanov and E.Z. Stakhiv Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture, A Critical Assessment / S.K. Sinha Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Human Settlements, the Energy, Transport and Industrial Sectors; Human Health and Air Quality / M. Hashimoto and S. Nishioka The Response Strategies Working Group of the IPCC / F. Bernthal The Greenhouse Marathon: Proposal for a Global Strategy / P. Vellinga and R.J. Swart Adaptation Measures / K.M. Sarma Limitation Strategies / K. Yokobori Report of the IPCC Special Committee on the Participation of Developing Countries / J. Ripert OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME The World Climate Programme: Achievements and Challenges / J.P, Bruce Modern Data and Applications: World Climate Data Programme, World Climate Applications Programme / V.G. Boldirev Overview of the World Climate Research Programme / P. Morel World Climate Impact Studies Programme / J.C.I. Dooge CLIMATE RESEARCH Global Climate, Energy and Water Cycle / G.A. McBean Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change: Water Cycle and Energy Budget / H. Grassl World Ocean Circulation and Climate Change: Research Programmes and a Global Observing System / D.J. Baker Short Term Climate Variability and Predictions / J. Shukia Paleodata, Paleoclimates and the Greenhouse Effect / H. Oeschger Climate Prediction Based on Past and Current Analogues / M.I. Budyko Detection of the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect on Climate / T.M.L. Wigley and S.C.B. Raper CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Water Climate, Water and Development / J. Sircoulon Drought Issues for the 1990s / M.H. Glantz and W. Degefu Agriculture and Food Agriculture and Food Systems / M.S. Swaminathan The Potential Effect of Climate Changes on Agriculture / M. Parry and Zhang Jiachen Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Effects of Global Climatic Change on Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries / T. Kawasaki Sea Level Rise and Coastal Zone Management / E.M. Eid and C.H. Huisbergen Energy Beginning to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions need not be Expensive: Examples from the Energy Sector / E. Mills, D. Wilson and TB. Johansson Land Use and Urban Planning Climate and Land Use in North Africa / M. Kassas Climate and Urban Planning / R. Taesler Human Dimensions Human Well-being, Diseases and Climate / W.H. Weihe and R. Mertens Population and Global Climate Change / D. Norse Public Information and Attitudes / R. Lamb Environment and Development Climate, Environment and Ecology / W.H. Schlesinger Climate, Tropical Ecosystems and the Survivability of Species / P. Olindo Some Possible Impacts of Climate Change on African Ecosystems / C.H.D. Magadza Forests Forests: Their Role in Global Change, with Special Reference to the Brazilian Amazon / E. Salati, R.L. Victoria, L.A. Martinelli and J. E. Richey Integrated Studies Climate Change and Risk Management / K. Turner, T. ORiordan and R. Kemp Climate, Climate Change, and the Economy / N.S. Jodha and W.J. Maunder Assessing the Regional Implications of Climate Variability and Change / W.E. Riebsame and A. Magalhaes SPECIAL PRESENTATION Climate Change and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development / M.F. Strong TASK GROUPS AND CONSULTATION GROUP REPORTS Task Group I Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources Task Group 2 Agriculture and Food Task Group 3 Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Task Group 4 Energy Task Group 5 Land Use and Urban Planning Task Group 6 Human Dimensions of Climate Change Task Group 7 Environment and Development Task Group 8 Forests Task Group 9 WCP Overview Task Group 10 The World Climate Programme: Overview and Future Task Group 11 Scientific Components of International Agreements Task Group 12 Synthesis Consultation Group on the Special Needs of Developing Countries SUMMARIES OF PANEL DISCUSSIONS Global Climate Analogues and Global Climate Models Climate and Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development Industry's Response Co-operation in International Research Programmes CONFERENCE STATEMENT MINISTERIAL SESSIONS OPENING CEREMONY Introduction by Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, WMO H.E. Mr. Arnold Koller, President of the Swiss Confederation His Majesty King Hussein Bin Talal, of the Royal Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Rt. Hon. Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland H.E. Mr. Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France The Rt. Hon. Edward Fenech-Adami, Prime Minister of Malta The Rt. Hon. Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime Minister of Tuvalu Statement by Dr. E. Saouma, Director General, FAO CLOSING CEREMONY Statement by Dr. F. Mayor, Director General, UNESCO MINISTERIAL DECLARATION Appendix 1 SWCC Inter-Agency Committees Appendix 2 Poster Session Papers Appendix 3 Statement by Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 4 Participants at the Scientific/Technical Sessions Appendix 5 Countries and Organizations Represented at the Ministerial Sessions Appendix 6 Participating Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 7 Acronyms Appendix 8 Units

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassungen in englischer Sprache , Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Table 1 Daily records Table 2 Extreme temperatures Table 3 Montly means Table 4 Mean temperature in the years 1775-1975 Table 5 Daily means of extreme temperatures Table 6 Relative frequency of daily maximum temperature in months Table 7 Relative frequency of daily minimum temperature Table 8 Relative frequency of relative humidity Table 9 Relative frequency of pressure Table 10 Relative frequency of wind Table 11 Relative frequency of cloud amount Table 12 Relative frequency of daily rainfall Table 13 Statistical characteristics of daily observations Table 14 Monthly means in 5 years periods Table 15 Monthly means in 10 years periods Table 16 Monthly means in 50 years periods Table 17 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in the years 1776-1975 Table 18 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 5 years periods Table 19 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 10 years periods Table 20 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 50 years periods Table 21 Mean daily temperature corresponding to the percent of the exceeding probability , In tschechischer, russischer und englischer Sprache

Note: In pol., russ. und engl. Sprache

Note: In engl., span. und franz. Sprache

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Contents: Abbreviations. - Partial List of Symbols. - 1 THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS. - 1-1 Introduction. - 1-2 Equation of Motion. - 1-3 Continuity Equation. - 1-4. - Equation of State. - 1-5 First Law of Thermodynamics. - 1-6 The Complete System of Equations. - 1-7 Coordinate Systems. - 1-8 Map Projections. - 1-8-1 Polar Stereographic Projection. - 1-8-2 Mercator Projection. - 1-8-3 Lambert Conformal Projection. - 1-8-4 Additional Remarks. - 1-9 Alternate Vertical Coordinates. - 1-9-1 Pressure Vertical Coordinate. - 1-9-2 Isentropic Vertical Coordinate Θ. - 1-10 Some Energy Relations. - 1-10-1 Kinetic Energy. - 1-10-2 Potential Energy. - 1-11 Available Potential Energy. - 1-12 Vorticity and Divergence Equations. - 1-12-1 Divergence Equations. - 2 WAVE MOTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE: PART 1. - 2-1 Introduction. - 2-2 Linearized Equations. - 2-3 Pure Sound Waves. - 2-4 Sound Waves and Internal Gravity Waves. - 2-5 Surface Gravity Waves. - 2-6 Inertial Gravity Waves and Rossby Waves. - 2-7 Response to Initial Conditions. - 2-8 Geostrophic Adiustment. - 3 SCALE ANALYSIS. - 3-1 Introduction. - 3-2 Shallow-Water Equations. - 3-3 Baroclinic Equations. - 3-4 Midlatitude Analysis. - 3-5 Tropics. - 3-6 Planetary Scale. - 3-7 Balance System. - 4 ATMOSPHERIC WAVES: PART. - 4-1 Introduction. - 4-2 Rossby Waves. - 4-3 Conditions for Barotropic Instability. - 4-4 Some Unstable Profiles. - 4-5 Linear Shear. - 4-6 Barotropic Effects in the Atmosphere. - 4-7 Baroclinic Instability. - 4-8 Baroclinic Instability with Linear Shear. - 4-9 Two-Level Model. - 4-10 Wave Structure. - 4-11 Vertical Energy Propagation. - 4-12 Barotropic Equatorial Waves. - 4-13 Vertical Structure of Equatorial Waves. - 5 NUMERICAL METHODS. - 5-1 Introduction. - 5-2 Finite Difference Methods. - 5-3 The Advection Equation. - 5-4 Some Basic Concepts. - 5-5 Stability Analysis. - 5-5-1 The Matrix Method. - 5-5-2 Von Neumann Method. - 5-5-3 The Energy Method. - 5-6 Examples of the Von Neumann Method. - 5-6-1 Euler Scheme. - 5-6-2 Uncentered Differencing, Von Neumann Method. - 5-6-3 Trapezoidal Implicit Scheme. - 5-6-4 Euler Backward Scheme. - 5-6-5 Fourth-Order Space Differencing. - 5-6-6 Oscillation Equation. - 5-6-7 Two-Dimensional Advection Equation. - 5-6-8 External Gravity Waves, Leapfrog Scheme. - 5-6-9 Staggered Grid. - 5-7 Forward-Backward Scheme, Pressure Averaging, and Semi-Implicit Methods. - 5-7-1 Forward-Backward Scheme. - 5-7-2 Pressure Averaging. - 5-7-3 Time Averaging. - 5-7-4 Semi-Implicit Method. - 5-7-5 Lax Wendroff Scheme. - 5-8 A Summary of Some Difference Schemes. - 5-9 Parabolic Equations. - 5-10 Elliptic Equations. - 5-10-1 Relaxation Method. - 5-10-2 Direct Methods. - 5-10-3 Gaussian Elimination. - 5-10-4 Buneman Variant. - 5-10-5 Helmholtz Equation on a Sphere. - 5-10-6 Reduction of a Three-Dimensional Elliptic Equation to Two-Dimensional Equations. - 5-11 Nonlinear Instability and Aliasing. - 5-11-1 Discrete Mesh. - 5-11-2 Primitive Equations Considerations. - 6 GALERKIN METHODS. - 6-1 Introduction. - 6-2 Example with Spectral and Finite Element Methods. - 6-3 Time Dependence. - 6-4 Barotropic Vorticity Equation with Fourier Basis Functions. - 6-5 Transform Method. - 6-6 Spectral Model of Shallow-Water Equations. - 6-7 Advection Equation with Finite Elements. - 6-8 Barotropic Vorticity Equation with Finite Elements. - 7 NUMERICAL PREDICTION MODELS. - 7-1 Filtered Models. - 7-1-1 Quasi-Geostrophic Equivalent Barotropic Model. - 7-1-1-1 Energetics of the Barotropic Model. - 7-1-2 Quasi-Geostrophic Multilevel Baroclinic Model. - 7-1-3 Linear Balanced Model. - 7-1-4 Nonlinear Balanced Model. - 7-2 Primitive Equation Models. - 7-2-1 Constraints from Continuous Equations. - 7-2-2 Vertical Differencing. - 7-3 Staggered Grid Systems. - 7-4 Example of a Staggered Primitive Equation Model. - 7-4-1 Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates. - 7-4-2 Horizontal Differencing. - 7-4-3 Energy Conservation. - 7-5 Potential Enstrophy Conserving Scheme. - 7-5-1 Continuous Integral Constraints. - 7-5-2 Difference Equations. - 7-5-3 Constraints Enforced. - 7-6 Spherical Grids. - 7-7 Fine Mesh Modeling. - 7-7-1 One-Way Influence. - 7-7-2 Boundary Conditions. - 7-7-3 Two-Way Interaction. - 7-7-4 Initialization on a Bounded Region. - 7-8 Baroclinic Spectral Models. - 7-9 Isentropic Coordinate Models. - 7-10 Upper Boundary Conditions. - 7-11 Mountain Effects. - 8 BOUNDARY LAYER REPRESENTATIONS. - 8-1 Introduction. - 8-2 Reynolds Equations. - 8-3 Bulk Formulas. - 8-4 Eddy Viscosity, K-Theory. - 8-5 Combined Prandtl and Ekman Layers. - 8-5-1 Prandtl Layer (Neutral Stratification). - 8-5-2 Ekman Layer. - 8-6 Nonneutral Surface Layer. - 8-6-1 Matching Ekman Spiral. - 8-7 Similarity Solutions for the Entire PBL. - 8-7-1 Deardorff Mixed Layer Model. - 8-7-2 Surface Layer. - 8-7-3 Matching Solutions for the Surface and Mixed Layers. - 8-7-4 Surface Wind Direction. - 8-7-5 Modified Transfer Coefficients. - 8-8 A Prediction Equation for h. - 8-8-1 Further Comments on PBL Parameterization. - 8-9 High-Resolution Model. - 8-9-1 The Coefficient of Eddy Viscosity. - 8-9-2 Surface Temperature. - 8-9-3 Some Prediction Model Details. - 8-10 Mean Turbulent Field Closure Models (Second-Order Closure). - 9 INCLUSION OF MOISTURE. - 9-1 Moisture Conservation Equation. - 9-1-1 Modified Thermodynamic Equation. - 9-1-2 Equivalent Potential Temperature and Static Energy. - 9-2 Convective Adjustment. - 9-2-1 Case A. Dry Convection, q 〈 qs. - 9-2-2 Case B. Moist Adjustment q ≥ qs. - 9-3 Modeling Cloud Processes. - 9-3-1 Nonconvective Condensation. - 9-4 Cumulus Parameterization. - 9-4-1 Introduction. - 9-4-2 Kuo Method. - 9-5 Parameterizations Involving Cloud Models. - 9-6 Arakawa and Schubert Model. - 9-6-1 Large-Scale Budget Equations. - 9-6-2 Cloud Budget Equations. - 10 RADIATION PARAMETERIZATION. - 10-1 Terrestrial Radiation. - 10-2 Absorbing Substances. - 10-3 Simplified Transmission Functions. - 10-4 Discretization, Long-Wave Radiation. - 10-4-1 Clear Sky. - 10-4-2 Cloudy Sky. - 10-5 Solar Radiation. - 10-5-1 Clear Sky. - 10-5-2 Cloudy Sky, One Cloud Layer. - 10-5-3 Two Contiguous Cloud Layers. - 10-5-4 Two Separated Cloud Layers. - 10-6 Miscellany. - 11 OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS AND INITIALIZATION. - 11-1 Introduction. - 11-2 A Three-Dimensional Analysis. - 11-3 Statistical Methods, Multivariate Analysis. - 11-4 Initialization. - 11-4-1 Introduction. - 11-4-2 Damping Techniques. - 11-4-3 Static Initialization. - 11-4-4 Variational Method. - 11-4-5 Normal Mode Expansions. - 11-4-6 Variational Normal Mode Initialization. - 11-5 Dynamic Balancing. - 11-6 Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation. - 11-7 Newtonian Relaxation or "Nudging". - 11-8 Smoothing and Filtering. - 11-8-1 Two-Dimensional Smoothers. - 11-8-2 Bandpass Filters. - 11-8-3 Boundary Effects. - 12 OCEAN DYNAMICS AND MODELING. - 12-1 Introduction. - 12-2 Wind-Driven Barotropic Models. - 12-3 Nonlinear Effects. - 12-4 Barotropic Numerical Models. - 12-5 Simple Thermohaline Models. - 12-6 Baroclinic Numerical Models. - 12-7 Bottom Topography Effects. - 12-8 Synoptic Scale Eddies. - 12-9 Mixed Layer Models. - 12-10 Problems in Ocean Modeling. - 13 WEATHER AND CLIMATE PREDICTION. - 13-1 Introduction. - 13-2 Current Forecasting Skill. - 13-2-1 Short Range. - 13-2-2 Medium and Longer Ranges. - 13-2-3 Additional Comments on Forecasting. - 13-3 Predictability of the Atmosphere. - 13-4 Statistical-Dynamical Prediction. - 13-4-1 Simple Empirical Corrections. - 13-4-2 Stochastic-Dynamical Prediction. - 13-5 Climate and Climate Prediction. - Appendix Mathematical Relations. - References. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents: COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. - The Composition of Atmospheric Air / by E. Glueckauf. - RADIATION. - Solar Radiant Energy and Its Modification by the Earth and Its Atmosphere / by Sigmund Fritz. - Long-Wave Radiation / by Fritz Möller. - Actinometric Measurements / by Anders Ångström. - METEOROLOGICAL OPTICS - General Meteorological Optics / by Hans Neuberger. - Polarization of Skylight / by Zdeněk Sekera. - Visibility in Meteorology / by W. E. Knowles Middleton. - ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY. - Universal Aspects of Atmospheric Electricity / by O. H. Gish. - Ions in the Atmosphere / by G. R. Wait and W. D. Parkinson. - Precipitation Electricity / by Ross Gunn. - The Lightning Discharge / by J. H. Hagenguth. - Instruments and Methods for the Measurement of Atmospheric Electricity / by H. Israël. - Radioactivity of the Atmosphere / by H. Israël. - CLOUD PHYSICS. - On the Physics of Clouds and Precipitation / by Henry G. Houghton. - Nuclei of Atmospheric Condensation / by Christian Junge. - The Physics of Ice Clouds and Mixed Clouds / by F. H. Ludlam. - Thermodynamics of Clouds / by Fritz Möller. - The Formation of Ice Crystals / by Ukichiro Nakaya. - Snow and Its Relationship to Experimental Meteorology / by Vincent J. Schaefer. - Relation of Artificial Cloud-Modification to the Production of Precipitation / by Richard D. Coons and Ross Gunn. - THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. - General Aspects of Upper Atmospheric Physics / by S. K. Mitra. - Photochemical Processes in the Upper Atmosphere and Resultant Composition / by Sidney Chapman. - Ozone in the Atmosphere by F. W. Paul Götz. - Radiative Temperature Changes in the Ozone Layer / by Richard A. Craig. - Temperatures and Pressures in the Upper Atmosphere / by Homer E. Newell, Jr. - Water Vapour in the Upper Air / by G. M. B. Dobson and A. W. Brewer. - Diffusion in the Upper Atmosphere / by Heinz Lettau. - The Ionosphere / by S. L. Seaton. - Night-Sky Radiations from the Upper Atmosphere / by E. O. Hulburt. - Aurorae and Magnetic Storms / by L. Harang. - Meteors as Probes of the Upper Atmosphere / by Fred L. Whipple. - Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere / by B. Gutenberg. - COSMICAL METEOROLOGY. - Solar Energy Variations As a Possible Cause of Anomalous Weather Changes / by Richard A. Craig and H. C. Willett. - The Atmospheres of the Other Planets / by S. L. Hess and H. A. Panofsky. - DYNAMICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE. - The Perturbation Equations in Meteorology / by B. Haurwitz. - The Solution of Nonlinear Meteorological Problems by the Method of Characteristics / by John C. Freeman. - Hydrodynamic Instability / by Jacques M. Van Mieghem. - Stability Properties of Large-Scale Atmospheric Disturbances / by R. Fjørtoft. - The Quantitative Theory of Cyclone Development / by E. T. Eady. - Dynamic Forecasting by Numerical Process / by J. G. Charney. - Energy Equations / by James E. Miller. - Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion / by O. G. Sutton. - Atmospheric Tides and Oscillations / by Sydney Chapman. - Application of the Thermodynamics of Open Systems to Meteorology / by Jacques M. Van Mieghem. - THE GENERAL CIRCULATION. - The Physical Basis for the General Circulation / by Victor P. Starr. - Observational Studies of General Circulation Patterns / by Jerome Namias and Philip F. Clapp. - Applications of Energy Principles to the General Circulation / by Victor P. Starr. - MECHANICS OF PRESSURE SYSTEMS. - Extratropical Cyclones / by J. Bjerknes. - The Aerology of Extratropical Disturbances / by E. Palmén. - Anticyclones / by H. Wexler. - Mechanism of Pressure Change / by James M. Austin. - Large-Scale Vertical Velocity and Divergence / by H. A. Panofsky. - The Instability Line / by J. R. Fulks. - LOCAL CIRCULATIONS. - Local Winds / by Friedrich Defant. - Tornadoes and Related Phenomena / by Edward M. Brooks. - Thunderstorms / by Horace R. Byers. - Cumulus Convection and Entrainment / by James M. Austin. - OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS. - World Weather Network / by Athelstan F. Spilhaus. - Models and Techniques of Synoptic Representation / by John C. Bellamy. - Meteorological Analysis in the Middle Latitudes / by V. J. Oliver and M. B. Oliver. - WEATHER FORECASTING. - The Forecast Problem / by H. C. Willett. - Short-Range Weather Forecasting / by Gordon E. Dunn. - A Procedure of Short-Range Weather Forecasting / by Robert C. Bundgaard. - Objective Weather Forecasting / by R. A. Allen and E. M. Vernon. - General Aspects of Extended-Range Forecasting / by Jerome Namias. - Extended-Range Weather Forecasting / by Franz Baur. - Extended-Range Forecasting by Weather Types / by Robert D. Elliott. - Verification of Weather Forecasts / by Glenn W. Brier and Roger A. Allen. - Application of Statistical Methods to Weather Forecasting / by George P. Wadsworth. - TROPICAL METEOROLOGY. - Tropical Meteorology / by C. E. Palmer. - Equatorial Meteorology / by A. Grimes. - Tropical Cyclones / by Gordon E. Dunn. - Aerology of Tropical Storms / by Herbert Riehl. - POLAR METEOROLOGY. - Antarctic Atmospheric Circulation / by Arnold Court. - Arctic Meteorology / by Herbert G. Dorsey, Jr. - Some Climatological Problems of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic / by F. Kenneth Hare. - CLIMATOLOGY. - Climate - The Synthesis of Weather / by C. S. Durst. - Applied Climatology / by Helmut E. Landsberg and Woodrow C. Jacobs. - Microclimatology / by Rudolf Geiger. - Geological and Historical Aspects of Climatic Change / by C. E. P. Brooks. - Climatic Implications of Glacier Research / by Richard Foster Flint. - Tree-Ring Indices of Rainfall, Temperature, and River Flow / by Edmund Schulman. - HYDROMETEOROLOGY. - Hydrometeorology in the United States / by Robert D. Fletcher. - The Hydrologic Cycle and Its Relation to Meteorology - River Forecasting / by Ray K. Linsley. - MARINE METEOROLOGY. - Large-Scale Aspects of Energy Transformation over the Oceans / by Woodrow C. Jacobs. - Evaporation from the Oceans / by H. U. Sverdrup. - Forecasting Ocean Waves / by W. H. Munk and R. S. Arthur. - Ocean Waves as a Meteorological Tool / by W. H. Munk. - BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL METEOROLOGY. - Aerobiology / by Woodrow C. Jacobs. - Physical Aspects of Human Bioclimatology / by Konrad J. K. Buettner. - Some Problems of Atmospheric Chemistry / by H. Cauer. - ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. - Atmospheric Pollution / by E. Wendell Hewson. - CLOUDS, FOG, AND AIRCRAFT ICING. - The Classification of Cloud Forms / by Wallace E. Howell. - The Use of Clouds in Forecasting / by Charles F. Brooks. - Fog / by Joseph J. George. - Physical and Operational Aspects of Aircraft Icing / by Lewis A. Rodert. - Meteorological Aspects of Aircraft Icing / by William Lewis. - METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS. - Instruments and Techniques for Meteorological Measurements / by Michael Ference, Jr. - Aircraft Meteorological Instruments / by Alan C. Bemis. - LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS. - Experimental Analogies to Atmospheric Motions / by Dave Fultz. - Model Techniques in Meteorological Research / by Hunter Rouse. - Experimental Cloud Formation / by Sir David Brunt. - RADIOMETEOROLOGY. - Radar Storm Observation / by Myron G. H. Ligda. - Theory and Observation of Radar Storm Detection / by Raymond Wexler. - Meteorological Aspects of Propagation Problems / by H. G. Booker. - Sferics / by R. C. Wanta. - MICROSEISMS. - Observations and Theory of Microseisms / by B. Gutenberg. - Practical Application of Microseisms to Forecasting / by James B. Macelwane, S. J. CORRIGENDA. - INDEX.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents Inhalt = Contents Vorwort = Foreword A. Seismologie = A. Seismology B. Physik des oberen Erdmantels = B. Physics of the Upper Mantle of the Earth C. Gravimetrie, Geodäsie, Erdgezeiten und rezente Erdkrustenbewegungen = C. Gravimetry, Geodesy, Tides of the Earth and Recent Movements of the Earth' s Crust. D. Magnetismus = D. Magnetism E. Theorie und Berechnungsanlagen = E. Theory and· Computers F. Tiefbohrungen für wissenschaftliche Zwecke = F. Deep Drilling for Scientific Purposes G. Petrologie = G. Petrology H. Tektonik = H. Tectonics J. Geochemie = J. Geochemistry , Text deutsch und englisch

Note: Contents 1. Introductory Remarks on Remote Sensing / E. SCHANDA 1.1 Application Areas of Remote Sensing 1.2 Sensing Systems 1.3 Remote Sensing and Spectral Constraints 2. Aerospace Photography / A. E. SALERNO 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Characteristics of Photographic Process 2.2.1 Sensitometry General 2.2.2 The Characteristic Curve 2.2.3 Development Control 2.2.4 Exposure Control 2.2.5 Film Speed 2.2.6 Reciprocity Law Anomalies 2.2.7 Density Measurement 2.2.8 Measurement of Color 2.2.9 Tone Reproduction Theory 2.2.10 Spectral Sensitivity 2.2.11 Resolution 2.2.12 Granularity 2.2.13 Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties 2.3 Cameras and Films 2.3.1 Cameras (General) 2.3.2 Aerial Cameras — Common Features 2.3.3 Optical System 2.3.4 Calibration 2.3.5 Image Motion 2.3.6 Hand Held Cameras 2.3.7 Special Cameras 2.3.8 Film (General) 2.3.9 Aerial Photographic Materials 2.3.10 Black-and-White Camera Films 2.3.11 Color Camera Films 2.4 Photographic Attributes of Earth Sciences 2.4.1 Agriculture 2.4.2 Geography and Geology 2.4.3 Hydrology and Oceanography 2.4.4 Anomalies, Atmospheric 2.4.5 Factors Affecting the Photo Image 2.4.6 Image Formation on Color Film 2.4.7 Processing of Color Film 2.4.8 Photo Systems, Choice 2.4.9 Image Enhancement Procedure Bibliography 3. Infrared Sensing Methods / P. W. SCHAPER 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Infrared Radiation Field 3.3 Fundamentals of Measurement 3.4 Methods of Measurement 3.4.1 The Single Element Radiometer 3.4.2 Imaging Radiometers 3.4.3 Multi Wavelength Channel Radiometers 3.4.4 Spectrometers 3.4.5 Interferometers 3.5 Applications 3.6 Data Interpretation Error Sources 3.7 Expectations of the Near Future References 4. Laser Applications in Remote Sensing / R.T.H. COLLIS and P. B. RUSSELL 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Scope and Definitions 4.1.2 Technical Approaches 4.2 Fundamentals of Physical Processes Involved 4.2.1 Specular Reflection and Elastic (Non-resonant) Scattering 4.2.2 Inelastic and Resonant Scattering 4.2.3 Resonant Absorption 4.2.4 Doppler Effects 4.2.5 Polarization 4.3 Instrumentation 4.3.1 System Concepts 4.3.2 System Configuration 4.3.3 Lasers 4.3.4 Photodetection 4.3.5 Eye Safety 4.3.6 Viewpoint of Remote Sensing 4.4 Applications 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Backscattering Techniques - Non-resonant Elastic Scattering 4.4.3 Inelastic and Resonant Backscattering 4.4.4 Resonant Absorption 4.4.5 Doppler Techniques 4.4.6 Polarization References 5. Radar Methods / G.P. DE LOOR 5.1 General Aspects 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Resolution 5.1.3 Image Build-up; Flight Procedure 5.1.4 Parallax 5.1.5 Image Correction 5.1.6 Registration of the Radar Signals 5.2 Backgrounds 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 The Radar Equation 5.2.3 Ground Returns 5.3 Applications 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Geography 5.3.3 Geology 5.3.4 Vegetation Studies 5.3.5 Sea, Coastal and Oceanographic Studies 5.4 Conclusion References 6. Passive Microwave Sensing / E. SCHANDA 6.1 Principles of Passive Microwave Remote Sensing 6.1.1 Physical Fundamentals of Microwave Radiometry 6.1.2 Semitransparent Media 6.1.3 The Effects of the Atmosphere 6.2 Instrumental Aspects of Microwave Radiometry 6.2.1 The Sensitivity of a Microwave Radiometer 6.2.2 Other Types of Radiometers 6.2.3 Angular Resolution and Range of Passive Microwave Sensing 6.2.4 Realisations of Microwave Radiometers 6.3 Emissive Properties of Materials on the Surface of the Earth 6.3.1 Plane Surfaces of Homogeneous Materials 6.3.2 Heterogeneous Media 6.3.3 Rough Surfaces 6.3.4 Various Investigations on Emissivities 6.4 Remote Determination of Atmospheric Constituents by Their Micro-wave Spectra 6.4.1 The Absorption Coefficients of the Line Spectra 6.4.2 Determinations of Height Profiles 6.5 Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Water, Ice and Snow 6.5.1 Investigations of Water Surfaces 6.5.2 Investigations of Ice and Snow 6.6 Investigations of the Soil, Vegetation and Geological Features 6.7 Investigations of the Atmosphere and of Meteorological Features 6.7.1 Sounding of Atmospheric Constituents from Molecular Line Radiation 6.7.2 Observation of Meteorological Features References 7. Applications of Gamma Radiation in Remote Sensing / R.L. GRASTY 7.1 The Natural Gamma-radiation Field 7.2 Gamma-ray Detector Systems 7.3 Operational Procedures 7.3.1 Background Radiation 7.3.2 Height Correction 7.3.3 Calibration and Spectral Stripping 7.4 Applications 7.4.1 Mineral Exploration 7.4.2 Geological Mapping 7.4.3 Water-equivalent Snow Measurements 7.4.4 Soil Moisture Measurement 7.4.5 Monitoring Nuclear Facilities 7.5 Future Prospects References 8. Sonar Methods / D.J. CREASEY 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Propagation of Acoustic Energy 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 Absorption Losses in Water 8.2.3 Beam Bending in Water 8.2.4 Propagation in Air 8.3 The Sonar Equation 8.3.1 Transducers and Arrays 8.3.2 Noise and Reverberation 8.3.3 Signal to Noise Ratio and Signal to Reverberation Ratio 8.3.4 Interference Signals in Air 8.4 Factors Affecting Resolution in a Sonar System 8.4.1 General 8.4.2 Range Resolution 8.4.3 Bearing Resolution 8.4.4 Doppler Effect in Sonar 8.5 Applications 8.5.1 Echo Sounding 8.5.2 Sonars with Fixed Beams 8.5.3 Mechanically Rotated Sonar Array Systems 8.5.4 Side-scan Sonars 8.5.5 Sub-bottom Profiling Systems 8.5.6 Sonars with Sectors Scanned Electronically 8.5.7 Remote Sensing Application of Sonar in Air References 9. Digital Picture Processing / PH. HARTL 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 General Remarks 9.1.2 Relation between Image and Real Scene 9.1.3 Enhancement and Filtering 9.2 The Elements of an Image Data Processing and Analysis System 9.2.1 Data Acquisition Subsystem 9.2.2 Data Handling Subsystem 9.2.3 Data Preprocessing Subsystem 9.2.4 Data Storage and Retrieval Subsystem 9.3 Geometric Corrections 9.3.1 Linear Transformations 9.3.2 Quadratic and Higher Order Transformations 9.3.3 Reference Marks 9.3.4 Image Gridding 9.3.5 Image Registration 9.3.6 Geometric Correction Concepts 9.4 Image Enhancement and Filtering Processes 9.4.1 Enhancement Processes 9.4.2 Image Smoothing 9.4.3 Image Sharpening 9.4.4 Matched Filters 9.4.5 Ratio Mapping and Generalization of Image Combination Procedures 9.4.6 Pseudocolor Transformation 9.5 Feature Extraction and Classification 9.5.1 Spectral Features 9.5.2 Spatial Features 9.5.3 The Decision Process 9.5.4 The Decision Criteria 9.5.5 Unsupervised Classification 9.5.6 Recognizing of Bridges, Rivers, Lakes, and Islands 9.6 Appendix 1: The Image Signal in Spatial and Frequency Domain 9.6.1 Signals in the Spatial Domain 9.6.2 Signals in the Frequency Domain 9.7 Appendix 2: Numerical Example for Texture-context Features References Subject Index Color Plates

Note: Preliminary remarks Papers of the Plenary Sessions Kautzleben, Heinz: Some Actual Problems in the Interpretation of Geodynamic Processes Massevitsch, A. G.: Results of Co-Operation in Section 6 of the Intercosmos Program Chovitz, Bernard H.: Monitoring Geodetic Networks by Space Techniques Mather, R. S.: Some Possibilities for Recovering Oceanographic Information from the SEASAT Missions Burša, Milan: Some Problems on the Dynamics of the Earth-Moon-System Treder, Hans-Jürgen: Nach-Newtonsche Korrekturen zur Dynamik des Systems Erde - Mond und ihre Bedeutung für die relativistischen Gravitationstheorien Eržanov, Z. S.: Secular Polar Motion of the Earth and its Parameters Computation from Artificial Satellites Observations Pellinen, L. P.: 1 Recent Possibilities for the Determination of the Geopotential from Terrestrial and Satellite Data Vyskočil, Pavel: Some Relationships between Vertical Recent Movements of the Earth's Surface and Deep Crustal Structure Bulygina, O. M.; Surnin, Ju. V.; Tatevjan, S. K.: Использование Метода "Коротких Дуг" для Опредения Координат Наземных Станций Montag, Horst; Gendt, Gerd: Coordinate Determination of Stations of the "Large Chords" Project by the Semidynamic Method Balmino, Georges; Reigber, Christoph; Moynot, Bernard: Further Evaluation of the GRIM 2 Earth Gravity Field Model

Note: Content: Improvement of the coulometric measurement of ozone in the near-ground layer of the atmosphere / W. Warmbt. - Some experimental data on the variability of the ozone density at different level of the lowest atmosphere / A. G. Amiranashvili ; T. G. Gzirishvili ; A. I. Kartsivadse ; A. M. Okudjava ; D. F. Kharchilava ; K. H. Grasnick. - Report on the intercomparison of instruments measuring ozone near the ground at the Hohenpeissenberg Observatory / W. Warmbt. - Some results of ozone-sonde ascents in the CSSR / J. Picha. - A system of monitoring the observation and calibration qualities of Dobson spectrophotometerswithin the Regional Association VI / P. Plessing. - Vertical ozone distribution over Lindenberg (52.22°N, 14.12°E), 1975 - 1982 / U. Feister ; P. Plessing ; K. H. Grasnick. - Correlations of the total ozone with thermal and dynamic processes in the atmosphere / M. Frimescu ; L. Manea. - Numerical simulation of seasonal-latitudinal and 11-year variations in ozonosphere composition based on the two-dimensional photochemical model / I. G. Dyominov ; A. M. Zadorozhny. - Ozone content variation over central Europe and stratospheric dynamics in late winter / G. Entzian ; K. H. Grasnick. - Long-term ozone variation / G. Entzian ; K. H. Grasnick.

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Berge der Deutsch-Sowjetischen Freundschaft : Antarktika Enderby-Land = Gory Nemecko-Sovetskoj Družby : Antarktika Zemlja Ėnderbi 〈1 : 10 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Rezjume Abstract Teil I: Allgemeiner Teil 1. Arbeitsprogramm und Arbeitsgebiet (S. MEIER) 1.1. Arbeitsprogramm 1.2. Meßmethoden 1.3. Hauptarbeitsgebiet Hays-Gletscher 1.4. Lokale Eiskappe von Molodežnaja 1.5. Vergleichsobjekt Campbell-Gletscher 2. Expeditionsverlauf (K. DRESZLER) 3. Ausrüstung (K. DRESZLER) 4. Klimatische Bedingungen (K. DRESZLER) Teil II: Meßverfahren und -ergebnisse 1. Geodätische und kartographische Grundlagen 1.1. Festpunkte (R. EGER) 1.2. Kartenunterlagen (K. DRESZLER) 2. Geodätisch-glaziologische Traverse 2.1. Erkundung und Signalisierung (S. MEIER} 2.1.1. Verlauf der Traverse 2.1.2. Erkundung, Punktabstand 2.1.3. Signalisierung 2.2. Lagemessung und trigonometrische Höhenübertragung 2.2.1. Streckenmessung 2.2.2. Winkelmessung 2.2.3. Technologischer Ablauf 2.2.4. Auswertung der Messungsergebnisse 2.3. Astronomische Beobachtungen (R. DIETRICH) 2.4. Deformationsraten (S. MEIER) 2.5. Barometrisches Höhenprofil (R. DIETRICH) 2.5.1. Zielstellung 2.5.2. Das Meßverfahren 2.5.3. Diskussion der Fehlereinflüsse 2.5.3.1. Fehler im angenommenen theoretischen Modell 2.5.3.2. Fehler bei der praktischen Messung 2.5.4. Ergebnisse 2.6. Oberflächenneigungen (S. MEIER) 2.7. Photogrammetrische Geländeaufnahmen (K. DRESZLER) 2.7.1. Zunge des Hays-Gletschers 2.7. 2. Einzugsgebiet des Hays-Gletschers 2.8. Glaziologische Arbeiten (S. MEIER) 2.8.1. Ziel der Feldarbeiten 2.8.2. Pegelablesungen 2.8.3. Überblick über Firnaufgrabungen. Firnschichtung 2.8.4. Dichtemessungen 2.8.5. Firntemperaturmessungen 2.8.6. Akkumulationsraten und -profile 2.8.7. Oberflächenbeobachtungen 3. Bewegungsmessungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher 3.1. Photogrammetrjsche Bewegungsmessungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher (K. DRESZLER) 3.2. Auswertung photogrammetrischer Bewegungsmessungen (S. MEIER) 3.2.1. Auswerteziel 3.2.2. Auswertefolge 3.2.3. Besonderheiten 3.2.4. Ergebnisse 3.2.5. Meßfehler 3.3. Trigonometrische Bewegungsmessungen am Campbell-Gletscher (R. EGER) 4. Eisdickenmessungen und Meereslotungen 4.1. Ergebnisse von Radarsondierungen (Messung V. I. CUDAKOV) G. W. TREPOV, Bearbeitung S. MEIER) 4.2. Ergebnisse von Gravimetermessungen (Messung N.D. TRETJAKOV, Bearbeitung C. OELSRER) 4.3. Drahtlotung Spooner-Bucht (S. MEIER) 5. Sonderarbeiten 5.1. Results of meteorological Observations at Camp Abendberg and during the oversnow traverses (E. KAUP) 5.1.1. Meteorological observations at Camp Abendberg 5.1.2. Meteorological Observations during the oversnow traverses 5.2. Küstennahe Ablation und temperierte Firnschicht (S. MEIER) 5.3. Analyse der Sedimentprobe vom Boden der Spooner-Bucht (J. ELIDBERG, F. FALK) 5.4. Refraktionsbeobachtungen (R. EGER) 5.4.1. Beobachtungsprogramm 5.4.2. Beobachtungsergebnisse 5.5. Untersuchungen zur barometrischen Höhenbestimmung von Einzelpunkten (R. DIETRICH) 5.5.1. Einführung 5.5.2. Beobachtungsverfahren und -geräte 5.5.3. Auswertungsmethode 5.5.4. Ergebnisse 5.5.5. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen 5.6. Topographische Aufnahme der Berge der Deutsch-Sowjetischen Freundschaft (K. DRESZLER) 5.6.1. Allgemeine Beschreibung 5.6.2. Topographische Aufnahme 5.6.3. Photogrammetrische Auswertung 5.6.4. Kartographische Arbeiten (H. BRUNNER) 5.6.5. Ergebnis Teil IIIa Glaziologische Ergebnisse der Feldarbeiten (S. MEIER) 1. Topographie und Orographie 1.1. Topographie der Eisoberfläche 1.2. Topographie des Felsuntergrundes. Eisdicken 1.3. Abflußgebiete. Gletschergrenzen 1.4. Frontlagen und -höhen 2. Eisbewegung und Deformation 2.1. Frühere Beobachtungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher 2.2. Geschwindigkeitsfeld Hays-Gletscher 2.3. Querkontraktion und Längsdilatation 2.4. Zeitliche Bewegungsschwankungen 2.5. Bewegung der schwimmenden Zunge und Kalbungsrhythmus 2.6. Geschwindigkeit und Kalbungsrhythmus des Campbell-Gletschers 3. Eigenschaften des Oberflächenfirns 3.1. Temperaturen und Temperaturgradienten 3.2. Dichte, Härte, Schichtung 3.3. Vorherrschende Winde und Schneedrift 4. Komponenten des Massenhaushalts 4.1. Schneeakkumulation 1972 4.2. Schneeablation 1972/73 4.3. Eisausstoß 5. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen Literatur Anlagen Kartenbeilage , Zusammenfassung in russischer Sprache , Text teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Autorenverzeichnis Vorwort Gol'dštejn, R. V.; Osipenko, N. M.: Formirovanie struktur pri razrušenii gornych porod i vozmožnyj mechanizm očaga zemletrijasenija Klima, K.; Ruprechtová, L.: Cross-Correlation Approach to the Estimation of Reliability of Focal Mechanism Determination for Some Friuli Aftershocks Kol'cov, A. V.; Stachovskaja, Z. I.: Issledovanie predvestnikov makrorazrušenija vysokoplaetičnych materialov pri složnom naprijazennom Mikaeljan, A. O.: Nekotorye osobennosti vlijanija vnutriporovogo davlenija na skorosti uprugich voln i elektrosoprotivlenie izvestnjakov v uslovijach gidrostatičeskogo sžatija Plomerová, J.; Babuška, V.: Influence of Subduction Zones on P-Wave Magnitude Corrections Poppitz, R.; Grosser, H.; Knoll, P.: Zum Problem des Herdmechanismus seismischer Ereignisse in Bergbaugebieten Procházková, D.: Determination of Source Parameters using Spectra of Earthquake Sources Savarenskij, E. F.; Fedorov, S. A.; El' chašab, Ch.; Kalinin, N. I.: Model'nye issledovanija releevskich voln v neodnorodnom sloe na poluprostranstve Šamina, O. G.: Metod sejsmičeskogo prosvečivanija v laboratornych issledovanijach fiziki očaga Schenk, V.; Schenkova, Z.: Ocenka periodičnosti pojavlenija zemletrijasenij s pomošč'ju avtokorreljacionnych funkcij vremennych rjadov Schön, J.: Bemerkungen zum Verhalten von Geschwindigkeiten seismischer Wellen und elektrischem Widerstand bei Bruchvorgängen Škljar, G. P.: Svjaz' mechanizma očagov s geologičeskimi osobennostjami rajona Sobolev, G. A.: Izučenie obrazovanija i predvestnikov razryva sdvigovogo tipa v laboratornych uslovijach Teisseyre, R.: Some Remarks on Physical Processes in an Earthquake Source Wolter, J.: Zur Entwicklung eines mobilen digitalen seismischen Registriersystems Zacharova, A. I.,. Starovojt, O. E., Čepkunas, L. S.: Sejsmičeskij moment i razmery očagov sil'nych zemletrjasenij , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer und teilweise in russischer Sprache , Text überwiegend in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Volume II: Glaciology & Periglacial Processes. - Soviet-French cooperation on the isotopic research of cores from Dome B - Vostok - Komsomolskaya - Mirny ice taverse, East Antarctica / C. Lorius ; Ye. S. Korotkevich ; N. I. Barkov ; V. N. Petrov. - On the genesis of the Shackleton Ice Shelf according to oxygen-isotope data / L. Savatyugin; R. Vaikmäe. - G.D.R isotope research in Queen Maud Land (Abstract) / R. Haberlandt. - Isotope data from ice-cored moraines suggest a higher ice sheet surface in Central Queen Maud Land (Antarctica) during cold stages / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - An oxygen-18 thermometer from snow of Northern Queen Maud Land / Antarctica / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - Initial processes of pedogenesis in the Schirmacher Oasis (Abstract) / W. Krüger ; J. Balke. - Periglacial of Antarctic continent as a source of paleoglacial information / V. I. Bardin. - Sea Ice Analysis. - The major features of ice conditions in the Bellingshausen Sea / V. V. Yevsyeyev. - The duration of the cycle of the Atlantic ice massif existence and typification of the processes causing its isolation / A. M. Kozlovsky. - Hydrology. - The hydrography of the Schirmacher Oasis (Abstract) / W. Richter. - Meteorological and hydrological conditions of meltwater genesis and distribution in Antarctica / A. Loopmann. - Hydrochemical and isotope hydrological investigations in the Bunger Oasis / E. Kaup ; V. Klokov ; R. Vaikmäe ; D. Haendel ; R. Zierath. - Extremely C-13 enriched biomass in a freshwater environment: examples from Antarctic lakes / U. Wand ; K. Mühle. - Biology & Human Biology. - Das Meereis als Lebensraum / G.Hernpel Das biologische Programm "Bellingshausen" - Bericht über die vergangenen 10 Jahre und die Konzeption künftiger Forschungsarbeit / H.Oehme. - Ecological studies in the southern gigant petrel Macronectes giganteus on southwestern parts of King George Island / H.-U. Peter ; M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer. - Development, torpor and energy balance of black-bellied storm-petrel chicks (Fregatta tropica) (Abstract) / T. Nadler ; H. Mix. - Morphometrical and ecological differences between south polar and brown skuas of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands / H.-U. Peter ; M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer. - Behavioural biology of the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) / A. Gebauer ; M. Kaiser ; H.-U. Peter. - Thermoregulation in the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) / M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer ; H.-U. Peter. - Parasitiological studies in the Antarctic by scientists from the G.D.R / K. Feiler. - New Amphipods from the sublittoral of King George Island - Faunistic contribution to ecological investigations / M. Rauschert. - The freshwater algae of the Schirmacher Oasis - Queen Maud Land / H. Pankow ; D. Haendel ; H. Richter. - The lichens of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter. - The bryoflora of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) in relations to hydrosphere and cryosphere / W. Richter. - The animals of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter ; D. Haendel ; P. Junghans. - Indoor climate and long-time-stays in Arctic and Antarctic regions (Abstract) / W. Bischof ; G. Schrader ; L. Banhidi. - Do psychical factors have an influence on the immunofunction of polar researchers and how could objective evidence be obtained? / F. Wietschel ; G. Schrader.

Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer, russischer und spanischer Sprache

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents: Foreword. - Summaries. - Zwei Jahrzehnte Forschungsarbeiten der Geowissenschaftler der DDR auf Expeditionen = Two decades of expeditionary research work of geoscientists of the GDR / H. PESCHEL. - Methodische Aspekte der geologischen Erkundung des Subglazials am Beispiel des Hays-Gletschers = Methodological aspects of the geological investigation of the subglacial demonstrated by example of the Hays Glacier / H. DIETRICH. - Geodätisch-glaziologische Arbeiten in der Ostantarktis (1962 -1978) = Geodetic-glaciological activities carried out in East Antarctica between 1962 and 1978 / S. MEIER. - Geodätisch-glaziologische Wiederholungsmessungen am Hays-Gletscher 1977/78 = Geodetic-glaciological repetition measurements at the Hays Glacier /R. HOYER. - Gravimetrische Messungen und Erdgezeitenuntersuchungen in Antarktika = Gravimetric measurements and studies of earth tides in Antarctica / Cl. ELSTNER ; M. M. SCHNEIDER; H. WIRTH. - Vertikale Erdkrustenbewegungen und Potentialänderungen bei wechselnden Eis-Auflasten = Vertical earth crustal movements and variations in gravity potential related to changing ice load / R. DIETRICH. - Geodätisch-astronomische Arbeiten während der 8. und 17. SAE = Geodetic-astronomical activities during the 8th and 17th SAE / J. LIEBERT. - Zur Geologie der Gebirge in der Umrandung des Filchner-Eisschelfes = Geology of the mountain ranges surrounding the Filchner shelf ice / H. J. PAECH; J. HOFMANN; A. FRISCHBUTTER. - Tektonische Untersuchungen in der Gebirgsumrandung des Lambert-Gletschers, Ostantarktis = Tectonic investigations in the mountain ranges surrounding the Lambert Glacier, East Antarctica / J. HOFMANN. - Meteorologische Prozesse in der antarktischen Atmosphäre = Meteorological processes in the antarctic atmosphere / A. HELBIG. - Wettersatellitenbeobachtungen im Südpolargebiet = Weather satellite Observations in the south-polar region / H. GERNANDT. - Untersuchungen zur terrestrischen Refraktion und der thermischen Struktur der eisnahen Luftschicht in der Kilstenzone des Enderby-Landes/Antarktis (Kurzfassung) = Investigations of the terrestrial refraction and thermal structure of the near-ice air layer in the coastal zone of Enderby Land, Antarctica / G. DITTRICH; A. HELBIG. - Ergebnisse ionosphärischer Beobachtungen in hohen südlichen Breiten als Beitrag zur globalen Untersuchung der Hochatmosphäre = Results of ionospheric observations in high southern latitudes as a contribution to global investigations of the upper atmosphere / H. GERNANDT. - Forschungen mit Umweltnukliden in der Antarktis = Research with environmental nuclides in Antarctica / K. FRÖHLICH; H. SCHÜTZE. - Bioklimatisch-physiologische Untersuchungen einer DDR-Gruppe während der 20. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition = Bioklimatic-physiological investigations of a group of GDR-participants during the 20th Soviet Antarctic expedition / L. KLINKER; W. SPANGENBERG. - Untersuchungen zur biologischen Langzeitrhytmik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung cirkaseptaner Variationen = Investigations of the biological long-term rhythmic with particular emphasis on 7-day variations / M. TÖPFER. - Körperliche Belastung und Sauerstoffverbrauch - Untersuchungsergebnisse von der 20. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition = Physical stress and Oxygen consumption - results of investigations during the 20th SAE / G. SCHRADER; L. KLINKER. - Umweltuntersuchungen während der 20. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition zum Vorkommen von resistenten Clostridienstämmen im Boden und zur Verbreitung von DDT in der Fauna der Antarktis = Environmental investigations during the 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition (SAE) relating to occurence in the soil of resistent phylla of clostridia and to the distribution of DDT in the antarctic fauna / G. SCHRADER. - Ergebnisse und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der geoelektromagnetischen und technischen Untersuchungen auf Spitzbergen = Results and possibilities for application of geo-electromagnetic and technical investigations at Spitsbergen / V. AUSTER; K. LENGNING. - Tritium- und 14C-Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Antarktisforschung der DDR = Tritium and 14C investigations in the framewerk of GDR research activities in Antarctica /D. HEBERT; K. FRÖHLICH; M. M. SCHNEIDER. - Autorenverzeichnis. , Zusammenfassungen in englischer Sprache