ALBERT

Note: IntroductionScience in Society -- Knowing and Acting -- Trans-disciplinary Deliberation -- Conclusions/Recommandations..

Note: Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung 1 Motivation 2 Introduction 2.1 Arctic climate changes and their impacts on Coastal processes 2.2 Shoreline retreat along Arctic coasts 2.3 Impacts of Coastal erosion 2.3.1 Material fluxes 2.3.2 Retrogressive thaw slumps 2.3.3 Socio-economic impacts 2.4 Objectives 2.5 Study area 2.6 Thesis structure 2.7 Authors’ contributions 3 Variability in rates of Coastal change along the Yukon coast, 1951 to 2015 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Study Area 3.3 Data and Methods 3.3.1 Remote sensing data 3.3.2 Field survey data 3.3.3 Classification of shoreline 3.3.4 Transect-wise analyses of shoreline movements through time 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Temporal variations in shoreline change rates 3.4.2 Alongshore rates of change 3.4.3 Shoreline dynamics along field sites 3.4.4 Dynamics of lagoons, barrier Islands and spits (gravel features) 3.4.5 Yukon Territory land loss 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Temporal variations in shoreline change rates 3.5.2 Alongshore rates of change 3.5.3 Dynamics of lagoons, barrier Islands, and spits (gravel features) 3.5.4 Expected shoreline changes as a consequence of future climate warming 3.6 Conclusions Context 4 Coastal erosion of permafrost Solls along the Yukon Coastal Plain and Kuxes oforganic carbon to the Canadian Beaufort Sea 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Study Area 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Sample collection and laboratory analyses 4.3.2 Soll organic carbon determinations 4.3.3 Flux of organic soil carbon and Sediments 4.3.4 Fate of the eroded soil organic carbon 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Ground lce 4.4.2 Organic carbon contents 4.4.3 Material fluxes 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Ground lce 4.5.2 Organic carbon contents 4.5.3 Material fluxes 4.5.4 Organic carbon in nearshore Sediments 4.6 Conclusion Context 5 Terrain Controls on the occurrence of Coastal retrogressive thaw slumpsalong the Yukon Coast, Canada 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Study Area 5.3 Methods 5.3.1 Mapping of RTSs and landform Classification 5.3.2 Environmental variables 5.3.3 Univariate regression trees 5.4 Results 5.4.1 Characteristics of RTS along the coast 5.4.2 Density and areal coverage od RTSs along the Yukon Coast 5.5 Discussion 5.5.1 Characteristics and distribution of RTSs along the Yukon Coast 5.5.2 Terrain factors explaining RTS occurrence 5.5.3 Coastal processes 5.6 Conclusions Context 6 Impacts of past and fiiture Coastal changes on the Yukon coast - threats forcultural sites, infrastructure and travel routes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Study Area 6.3 Methods 6.3.1 Data for shoreline projections 6.3.2 Shoreline projection for the conservative scenario (S1) 6.3.3 Shoreline Projection for the dynamic scenario (S2) 6.3.4 Positioning and characterizing of cultural sites 6.3.5 Calculation of losses under the S1 and S2 scenarios 6.3.6 Estimation of future dynamics in very dynamic areas 6.4 Results and discussion 6.4.1 Past and future shoreline change rates 6.4.2 Cultural sites 6.4.3 Infrastructure and travel routes 6.5 Conclusions 7 Discussion 7.1 The importance of understanding climatic drivers of Coastal changes 7.2 The influence of shoreline change rates on retrogressive thaw slump activity 7.3 On the calculation of carbon fluxes from Coastal erosion along the Yukon coast 7.4 Impacts of present and future Coastal erosion on the natural and human environment 7.5 Synthesis 8 Summary and Conclusions Bibliography Supporting Material Data Set ds01 Table S1 Table S3 Abbreviations and Nomendature Acknowledgements

Note: IntroductionMain Assumptions of the Assignment Process -- Definition of Collapse -- Proposing a Range for Fatality Rates in a Collapsed Building -- Assignments of judgment-based fatality rates -- Conclusions. ..

Note: Introduction -- Statistical Preliminaries -- Information Theory -- Transfer Entropy -- Information Transfer in Canonical Systems -- Information Transfer in Financial Markets -- Miscellaneous Applications of Transfer Entropy -- Concluding Remarks

Note: Methodology of Lithium Analytical Chemistry and Isotopic MeasurementsCosmochemistry of Lithium -- Li Partitioning, Diffusion and Associated Isotopic Fractionation: Theoretical and Experimental Insights -- Lithium in the Deep Earth: Mantle and Crustal Systems -- The Surficial Realm: Low Temperature Geochemistry of Lithium..

Note: Introduction -- Time and frequency metrology in the context of relativistic geodesy -- Chronometric geodesy: methods and applications -- Measuring the gravitational field in General Relativity: From deviation equations and the gravitational compass to relativistic clock gradiometry -- A Snapshot of J. L. Synge -- General Relativistic Gravity Gradiometry -- Reference-ellipsoid and normal gravity field in post-Newtonian geodesy -- Anholonomity in Pre and Relativistic Geodesy -- Epistemic relativity: An experimental approach to physics -- Use of geodesy and geophysics measurements to probe the gravitational interaction -- Operationalization of basic relativistic measurements -- Can spacetime curvature be used in future navigation systems? -- World-line perturbation theory -- On the applicability of the geodesic deviation equation in General Relativity -- Measurement of frame dragging with geodetic satellites based on gravity field models from CHAMP, GRACE and beyond -- Tests of General Relativity with the LARES Satellites

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: - The First Geometric POD of LEO Satellites - a Piece of History - Reference Frame From the Combination of a LEO Satellite with GPS Constellation and Ground Network of GPS Stations - Geometrical Model of the Earth’s Geo center Based on Temporal Gravity Field Maps - First Phase Clocks and Frequency Transfer - First Geometric POD of GPS and Galileo Satellites - Kinematics of IGS Stations - Reduced-Kinematic POD - First GPS Baseline in Space - the GRACE Mission - Geometrical Modeling of the Ionosphere and the Troposphere with LEO Orbit - Aerodynamics in Low LEO: A Novel Approach to Modeling Air Density Based on IGS TEC Maps - GPS Single-Frequency: From First cm-POD to Single Frequency GNSS-RO/R - Absolute Code Biases Based on the Ambiguity-Free Linear Combination - DCBs without TEC - LEO Near-Field Multipath and Antenna Effects - Probing the Flyby Anomaly Using Kinematic POD - Exotic Applications of Kinematic POD - Galileo-2: A Highly Accurate Dynamical GEO Reference Frame to Complement the TRF - Geometrical Representation of Gravity Field Determination

Note: Contents Summary 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Precipitation changes 1.1.2 Large-scale atmospheric patterns 1.2 Objectives and research questions 1.3 Thesis outline and author contribution High spatial and temporal organization of changes inprecipitation over Germany for 1951–2006 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Threshold between wet and dry days 2.3.2 Derivation of time series of precipitation characteristics 2.3.3 Trend analyses under consideration of temporal and spatial correlation 2.3.4 Visualization of results 2.4 Results and discussion 2.4.1 Changes in total precipitation 2.4.2 Changes in mean, variability, and heavy precipitation indicators 2.4.3 Transition probabilities 2.4.4 Seven-day precipitation amount with return period 100 years 2.5 Conclusions Can local climate variability be explained by weatherpatterns? A multi-station evaluation for the Rhine basin 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Weather pattern classification 3.3.2 Finding optimal classification parameters 3.3.3 Evaluation of classifications 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Stratification of local climate variables 3.4.2 Performance of GCMs 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 On the optimal classification 3.5.2 On the skill of GCMs 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Data availability 3.A Appendix Do changing weather types explain observed climatictrends in the Rhine basin? An analysis of within andbetween-type changes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Data and weather pattern classification 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Relationship of WPs and large-scale circulation modes 4.3.2 Trend detection methods 4.3.3 Relative share of between- and within-type changes 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Attribution of WPs to large-scale circulation modes 4.4. 2Between-Type Changes 4.4.3 Within-Type Changes 4.4.4 Relative share of between- and within-type changes 4.5 Discussion and conclusions 4.A Appendix 4.S Supplementary Discussion and conclusions 5.1 Main results 5.2 Discussion and directions for further research 5.2.1 Weather pattern classification for downscaling 5.2.2 Limitations for downscaling 5.3 Concluding remarks Bibliography

Note: Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations and Nomenclature 1. Introduction 1.1 Scientific Background 1.1.1 Climate and Permafrost 1.1.2 Remote Sensing 1.1.3 Research Questions 1.2 General Approach 1.3 Thesis Structure 1.4 Author’ s contributions 1.4.1 Chapter 2 1.4.2 Chapter 3 1.4.3 Chapter 4 1.4.4 Chapter 5 1.4.5 Appendix Paper 1 2. Detection of landscape dynamics in the Arctic Lena Delta withtemporally dense Landsat time-series Stacks 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study Area and Data 2.3.1 Study Area 2.3.2 Data 2.3.3 Methods/processing 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Regional Scale changes 2.4.2 Local scale changes 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Regional scale changes 2.5.2 Local scale changes 2.5.3 Data quality 2.5.4 Data usage and outlook 2.6 Conclusion 2.7 Data Archive 2.8 Acknowledgements 2.9 Appendix A. Supplementary Data 3. Landsat-Based Trend Analysis of Lake Dynamics across NorthernPermafrost Regions 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study Sites 3.3.1 Alaska North Slope (NSL) 3.3.2 Alaska Kobuk-Selawik Lowlands (AKS) 3.3.3 Central Yakutia (CYA) 3.3.4 Kolyma Lowland (KOL) 3.4 Data and Methods 3.4.1 Data and Trend Analysis 3.4.2 Pixel-Based Machine-Leaming Classification 3.4.3 Object-Based Image Analysis 3.4.4 Data Quality and Post-Processing 3.4.5 Calculation of Lake Change Statistics 3.5 Results 3.5.1 NSL (Alaska North Slope) 3.5.2 AKS (Alaska Kobuk-Selawik Lowlands) 3.5.3 CYA (Central Yakutia) 3.5.4 KOL (Kolyma Lowland) 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Data Analysis 3.6.2 Comparison of Sites and Prior Studies 3.7 Conclusions 3.8 Supplementary Materials 3.9 Acknowledgements 3.10 Appendix A 4. Remotely sensing recent permafrost region disturbances across Arcticto Subarctic transects 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Lakes 4.3.2 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 4.3.3 Wildfire 4.4 Discussion 4.5 Methods 4.5.1 Remote Sensing Data Processing 4.5.2 Auxiliary Data Sources 5. Tundra landform and Vegetation productivity trend maps for theArctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Background & Summary 5.3 Methods 5.3.1 Polygonal tundra geomorphology mapping 5.3.2 Image processing 5.3.3 Image Classification 5.3.4 Decadal scale NDVI trend analysis 5.4 Data Records 5.5 Technical Validation 5.5.1 Tundra Geomorphology Map 5.5.2 NDVI Trend Map 5.6 Data Citation 6. Discussion/Synthesis 6.1 Landsat-based trend analysis 6.1.1 Spatial Scale 6.1.2 Time series analysis 6.1.3 Model complexity 6.2 Mapping of permafrost landscape dynamics 6.2.1 Lake dynamics 6.2.2 Wildfire 6.2.3 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 6.3 Pan-arctic scale distribution and consequences of changes inpermafrost 6.4 Outlook Bibliography A-1. Appendix: Reduced arctic tundra productivity linked with landform and climate change interactions A-1.1 Abstract A-1.2 Introduction A-1.3 Methods A-1.4 Results A-1.5 Discussion Danksagung/Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: The present and future of rock testing: highlighting the ISRM suggested methods Laboratory testing Suggested method for determination of the Schmidt Hammer rebound hardness: revised version Suggested methods for determining the dynamic strength parameters and mode-I fracture toughness of rock materials Suggested method for the determination of mode II fracture toughness Suggested method for reporting rock laboratory test data in electronic format Upgraded suggested method for determining sound velocity by ultrasonic pulse transmission technique Suggested method for determining the abrasivity of rock by the Cerchar Abrasivity test Suggested method for determining the mode I static fracture toughness using semi-circular bend specimen Suggested methods for determining the creep characteristics of rock Suggested method for laboratory determination of the shear strength of rock joints: revised version Suggested method for the needle penetration test Field testing Suggested method for rock fractures observations using a borehole digital optical televiewer Suggested method for measuring rock mass displacement using a sliding micrometer Suggested method for step-rate injection method for fracture in-situ properties (SIMFIP): Using a 3-Components Borehole Deformation Sensor Suggested Methods for rock stress estimation—Establishing a model for the in situ stress at a given site Monitoring Suggested method for monitoring rock displacements using the global positioning system (GPS) Suggested methods for rock failure criteria: general introduction Introduction to suggested methods for failure criteria Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion The Hoek–Brown failure criterion Three-dimensional failure criteria based on the Hoek–Brown criterion Drucker-Prager criterion Lade and modified Lade 3D rock strength criteria A failure criterion for rocks based on true triaxial testing A survey of 3D laser scanning techniques for application to rock mechanics and rock engineering

Note: Contents 1 Specific Features of Estuaries, Lagoons, Limans: Concepts and Terms / Petr Brovko and Ruben Kosyan 2 Estuaries and Lagoons of the Russian Arctic Seas / Vyacheslav Krylenko 3 Estuaries, Lagoons, and Limans of the Marginal Seas of Northeast Asia / Petr Brovko, Yuri Mikishin, and Tamara Ponomareva 4 Lagoons of the Black Sea / Vyacheslav Krylenko and Marina Krylenko 5 Lagoons of the Smallest Russian Sea / Marina Krylenko, Ruben Kosyan, and Vyacheslav Krylenko 6 Transboundary Lagoons of the Baltic Sea / Boris Chubarenko, Dmitriy Domnin, Svetlana Navrotskaya, Zhanna Stont, Vladimir Chechko, Valentina Bobykina, Vasiliy Pilipchuk, Konstantin Karmanov, Anastasea Domnina, Tatiana Bukanova, Victoria Topchaya, and Alexander Kileso 7 Neva Bay: A Technogenic Lagoon of the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) / Daria Ryabchuk, Vladimir Zhamoida, Marina Orlova, Alexander Sergeev, Julia Bublichenko, Andrey Bublichenko, and Leontina Sukhacheva 8 The White Sea as an Estuarine System / Evgeniy Ignatov, Oleksiy Kalynychenko, and Anatoliy Pantiulin 9 The Diversity of Russian Estuaries / Ruben Kosyan, Petr Brovko, and Jean-Paul Ducrotoy Index

Note: Contents: Part 1: Introduction to Spreading in Social Systems ; Complex Contagions: A Decade in Review ; A Simple Person’s Approach to Understanding the Contagion Condition for Spreading Processes on Generalized Random Networks ; Challenges to Estimating Contagion Effects from Observational Data ; Part 2: Models and Theories ; Slightly Generalized Contagion: Unifying Simple Models of Biological and Social Spreading ; Message-Passing Methods for Complex Contagions ; Optimal Modularity in Complex Contagion ; Probing Empirical Contact Networks by Simulation of Spreading Dynamics ; Theories for Influencer Identification in Complex Networks ; Part 3: Observational Studies ; Service Adoption Spreading in Online Social Networks ; Misinformation Spreading on Facebook ; Scalable Detection of Viral Memes from Diffusion Patterns ; Attention on Weak Ties in Social and Communication Networks ; Measuring Social Spam and the Effect of Bots on Information Diffusion in Social Media ; Network Happiness: How Online Social Interactions Relate to Our Well Being ; Information Spreading During Emergencies and Anomalous Events ; Part 4: Controlled Studies ; Randomized Experiments to Detect and Estimate Social Influence in Networks ; The Rippling Effect of Social Influence via Phone Communication Network ; Network Experiments Through Academic-Industry Collaboration ; Spreading in Social Systems: Reflections

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2019 , Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere 1.1.2 The permafrost carbon climate feedback 1.1.3 Rapidly changing, deep permafrost environments 1.2 Aims of this dissertation 1.3 Investigated study areas 1.4 Basic method overview 1.4.1 Field work in the Arctic 1.4.2 Laboratory procedure 1.4.3 Analysis ofl andscape-scale carbon and nitrogen stocks 1.5 Thesis organization 1.6 Overview of publications 1.6.1 Publication#1 - Yedoma landscape publication 1.6.2 Publication#2 - Thermokarst lake sequence publication 1.6.3 Publication#3 - North Alaska Arctic river delta publication 1.6.4 Extended Abstract - Western Alaska river delta study 1.6.5 Appendices - Supplementary material and paper in preparation II Carbon and nitrogen pools in thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes in Arctic Siberia 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Material and methods 2.3.1 Study area 2.3.2 Field Work 2.3.3 Laboratory analysis 2.3.4 Landform classification and upscaling C and N pools 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Sedimentological results 2.4.2 Sampling site SOC and N stocks 2.4.3 Upscaling: Landscape SOC and N stocks 2.4.4 Radiocarbon dates 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Site specific soil organic C and N stock characteristics 2.5.2 Upscaling of C and N pools 2.5.3 Sediment and organic C accumulation rates 2.5.4 Characterizing soil organic carbon 2.5.5 The fate of organic carbon in thermokarst-affected yedoma in Siberia 2.6 Conclusions III Impacts of successive thermokarst lake stages on soil organic matter, Arctic Alaska 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Plain language summary 3.3 Introduction 3.4 Study site 3.5 Methods 3.5.1 Core collection 3.5.2 Biogeochemical analyses 3.5.3 Study area OC and N calculation 3.6 Results 3.6.1 Biogeochemistry 3.6.2 Sediment organic carbon and nitrogen stocks 3.6.3 Radiocarbon dates and carbon accumulation rates 3.6.4 Landscape C and N budget 3.7 Discussion 3.7.1 Impact of thermokarst lake dynamics on organic matter storage 3.7.2 High organic C and N stocks on the ACP 3.7.3 Landscape chronology 3.7.4 Organic matter accumulation 3.7.5 Future development 3.8 Conclusions IV Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of two small permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas in northern Alaska 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Study area 4.4 Material and Methods 4.4.1 Soil organic carbon and soil nitrogen storage 4.4.2 Radiocarbon dating and organic carbon accumulation rates 4.4.3 Grain size distribution 4.4.4 Scaling carbon and nitrogen contents to landscape level 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Carbon and nitrogen contents 4.5.2 Radiocarbon dates and accumulation rates 4.5.3 Grain size distribution 4.5.4 Arctic river delta carbon and nitrogen storage 4.6. Discussion 4.6.1 Significance of carbon and nitrogen stocks in Arctic river deltas 4.6.2 SOC and SN distribution with depth 4.6.3 Sedimentary characteristics 4.6.3.1 Accumulation rates 4.6.3.2 Sediment distribution 4.6.4 Impacts of future changes 4.6.5 Significance of remotely sensed upscaling results 4.7 Conclusions V Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in Arctic river deltas - New data for three Western Alaskan deltas 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Study sites 5.4 Methods 5.5 Results and discussion 5.5 Conclusions VI Discussion 6.1 Interregional comparison 6.2 Changing thermokarst landscapes and their global impact 6.3 A growing C and N data base 6.4 Outlook - potential follow-up projects VII Synthesis VIII References Appendix A Synthesis of SOC and N inventories Appendix B Supplementary material to Chapter II Appendix C Supplementary material to Chapter III Appendix D Supplementary material to Chapter IV Appendix E Supplementary material to Chapter V Appendix F Arctic river delta data set - Version 1.0 Acknowledgements - Danksagung

Note: Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations and nomenclatureI 1. Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Permafrost and ground ice 1.1.2 Organic carbon pools and fluxes into the Arctic Ocean 1.1.3 Climate warming and permafrost thaw 1.1.4 Permafrost degradation and coastal erosion 1.1.5 Study area Yukon coast and Qikiqtaruk 1.2 Knowledge gaps 1.3 Aims and objectives 1.4 Thesis structure and author's contribution 2. Eroding permafrost coasts release low amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from ground ice into the nearshore zone of the Arctic Ocean 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study area 2.4 Methods 2.4.1 Field work 2.4.2 DOC concentration 2.4.3 DOC flux estimation 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Segmentation of the coast - literature synthesis 2.5.2 DOC concentration 2.5.3 DOC stocks and fluxes 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 DOC concentrations in ground ice 2.6.2 DOC fluxes from the YC 2.6.3 DOC fluxes and the Arctic carbon budget 2.7 Conclusion and Outlook 2.8 Acknowledgements 3.Transformation of terrestrial organic matter along thermokarst-affected permafrost coasts in the Arctic 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study area 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Field work 3.3.2 Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and vegetation 3.3.3 Organic matter 3.3.4 Statistics 3.3.5 Transformation of organic matter 3.3.6 Fate of organic matter in the nearshore zone 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and vegetation 3.4.2 Organic matter 3.4.3 C/N-ratios and δ13C 3.4.4 Biomarkers 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Transformation of organic matter in the disturbed zone 3.5.2 Fate of organic matter in the nearshore zone 3.5.3 Environmental impact of the RTS 3.6 Conclusion 3.7 Acknowledgements 4. Rapid greenhouse gas release from eroding permafrost coasts 4.1 Summary 4.2 Background 4.3 Study site 4.4 Sampling and incubation setup 4.5 Findings and discussion 4.6 Conclusion 4.7 Methods 4.7.1 Incubation conditions 4.7.2 Gas measurements 4.7.3 Geo- and hydrochemical analysis 4.8 Acknowledgements 5. Synthesis 5.1 Mobilization of permafrost OC pools by coastal erosion 5.2 Transformation of permafrost OM on transit from land to sea 5.3 Fate and pathways of permafrost OC in the nearshore zone 5.4 Conclusion and outlook References Appendix I: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Arctic ground ice I-1 Abstract I-2 Introduction I-3 Study area and study sites I-4 Material and methods I-4-1 Laboratory analyses I-4-2 Statistical methods I-5 Results I-5-1 DOC and DIC concentrations I-5-2 Correlation matrix I-5-3 Principal components I-5-4 Univariate Tree Model (UTM) I-6 Discussion I-6-1 DOC stocks in ground ice and relevance to carbon cycling I-6-2 Carbon sequestration and origin in relation to inorganic geochemistry I-6-3 DOC mobility and quality upon permafrost degradation I-7 Conclusions and outlook I-8 Acknowledgements Appendix II: Supplementary material for Chapter 2 II-1 Supplementary table - Ground ice and geochemical data II-2 Supplementary table - Coastal segments and DOC flux Appendix III: Supplementary material for Chapter 3 III-1 Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index map III-2 Photograph of a massive ice bed in a RTS III-3 Calculation of biomarker proxies III-4 Supplementary table - Summary of geochemical data III-5 Supplementary table - Summary of statistical analysis AppendixI V: Supplementary material for Chapter 4 IV-1 Design of the incubation experiment IV-2 Photograph of a standard incubation setup IV-3 Conversion of gas amounts into mass IV-4 Total and daily aerobic CH4 production IV-5 Histogram summarizing OC losses and CO2 emissions IV-6 Supplementary table - Summary of TOC, DOC, and pH data IV-7 Supplementary table - Summary of TN, TOC/TN, and δ13C-TOC data IV-8 Supplementary table - Summary of total CO2 and CH4 production data IV-9 Supplementary table - Comparison of incubation setups IV-10 Supplementary table - Summary of daily CO2 production data IV-11 Supplementary table - Summary of daily CH4 production data Acknowledgements-Danksagung

Note: Contents 1 The Conifers Conifer Taxonomy Geographic Distribution and Biogeography Life History Ecological Tolerance Conifer Mating System, Life Cycle, and Reproduction The Largest, Tallest, and Oldest Organisms on the Planet Genetic Diversity Summary Part I Genomes 2 Genomes: Classical Era The Beginnings of Genome Research in Conifers Chromosome Number and Polyploidy Genome Size Karyotype Analysis Genome Content Organelle Genomes: Chloroplast and Mitochondria Size and Structure Gene Content Inheritance Variation Summary 3 Gene and Genome Sequencing in Conifers: Modern Era A Short History of DNA Sequencing in Conifers Expressed Sequence Tag Sequencing Gene Discovery Using Next-Generation Sequencing Conifer Reference Genome Sequences Sequencing, Assembly, and Annotation Strategies Summary Statistics of Published Conifer Genome Sequences Discovery of the Noncoding DNA Content of Conifer Genomes Discovery of the Number and Types of Coding Genes in Conifers Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing Summary 4 Noncoding and Repetitive DNA Introduction Ribosomal DNA Tandem Repeats: Satellite, Minisatellite, and Microsatellite DNA Transposons and Retrotransposons Pseudogenes Summary 5 Gene Structure and Gene Families A Short History of Early Conifer Gene Sequencing Wood-Forming Genes Vegetative Growth Genes Floral Genes Light-Regulated Genes Defense-Related Genes Disease-Resistant Genes Summary 6 Gene Expression and the Transcriptome A Short History of Gene Expression Studies in Conifers Wood Formation Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Seasonal Patterns Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression Summary 7 Proteomics and Metabolomics A Short History of Proteomic and Metabolomic Research in Conifers Wood Formation Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Seed Development and Somatic Embryogenesis Summary Part II Variation 8 Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations Introduction Definitions Terms for Describing the Identity of Experimental Plant Materials: Provenance, Population, Seed Source, and Accession Terms for Describing Patterns of Genetic Variation on the Natural Landscape: Cline, Race, and Ecotype Historical Perspectives Application of Common Garden Experiments Experimental Approaches and Analytical Methods Experimental Approaches Analytical Methods Dependent and Independent Variables Common Garden Testing Literature Amount, Distribution, and Pattern of Genetic Variation in Phenotypic Traits of Conifers Amount and Distribution of Genetic Variation Patterns of Variation Are Local Sources Best? Case Studies Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) Pinus Summary 9 Neutral Genetic Variation Introduction and Background Molecular Markers Used in the Study of Neutral Variation Three Conifer Genomes Purpose and Applications of Neutral Genetic Variation Studies General Diversity Results: Allozymes Variation Within Species Variation Within Populations Distribution of Variation Among Populations (Based on Polymorphic Loci only) Differences in Measures of Diversity Among Conifer Genera and Families Allozyme Summary General Diversity Results: Molecular Markers Organelle Markers Nuclear Markers Population Differentiation Factors Affecting Amount and Distribution of Genetic Variation Mating Systems Gene Flow Genetic Drift Case Studies Diversity, Population Structure, and Biogeography Conservation and Mating Systems Effects of Forest Management and Tree Improvement on Genetic Diversity Summary 10 Adaptive Genetic Variation A Short History of Adaptive Genetic Variation in Conifers General Trends in Patterns of Adaptive Genetic Diversity in Conifers Observed from Neutrality and FST Outlier Tests Detection of Nonneutral Genes in a Few Conifer Species Pinus taeda Pinus sylvestris Pinus mugo, P. uncinata, and P. uliginosa Pinus pinaster and P. halepensis Pinus radiata Pinus contorta Pinus massoniana and P. hwangshanensis Pinus lambertiana and Other Subgenus Strobus Species Pseudotsuga menziesii Larix Species Abies Species Picea Species Cryptomeria japonica and Taxodium distichum Summary 11 Quantitative Trait Dissection A Short History of Complex Trait Dissection in Conifers Pinus taeda Pinus elliottii Pinus radiata Pinus sylvestris Pinus pinaster Pinus contorta Pseudotsuga menziesii Picea ssp. Larix ssp. Cryptomeria japonica Summary 12 Landscape Genomics A Short History of Landscape Genomics Studies in Conifers Pinus Subgenus Pinus Pinus Subgenus Strobus Picea Abies and Larix Summary 13 Conservation Genetics A Brief Introduction to Conservation Genetics in Forestry Fragmentation Habitat Loss Forest Practice Disease Insects Climate Change Summary 14 Forest Health Introduction The Growing Relevance of Forest Health Genetic Variation in Forest Health Traits Insects and Disease Abiotic Stress Mechanisms of Resistance and Tolerance Case Studies Resistance to Pissodes strobi (White Pine Weevil) Found in Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) Resistance to an Introduced Pathogen (Phytophthora lateralis) in Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar) Resistance to Stem Rusts in North American White Pines and Southern Yellow Pines Summary Part III Evolution 15 Hybridization and Introgression Introduction Definitions and Background Definitions Background Approaches to Identifying Hybrids and Quantifying Levels of Introgression Evolving Insights Case Studies of Introgressive Hybridization in Conifers Pinus contorta (Lodgepole Pine) x P. banksiana (Jack Pine) Picea sitchensis (Sitka Spruce) x P. glauca (White Spruce) and P. engelmannii (Engelmann Spruce) x P. glauca Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine) x P. echinata (Shortleaf Pine) Hybrid Speciation Artificial Hybrids Summary 16 Paleobotany, Taxonomic Classification, and Phylogenetics Introduction Paleobotany Taxonomic Classification Cupressus Pinus Phylogenetics Character Selection The Conifers and Related Gymnosperms Araucariaceae Cupressaceae Pinaceae Podocarpaceae Sciadopityaceae Taxaceae Summary 17 Comparative Genomics Introduction to Comparative Genomics Comparative Mapping Comparative Gene Content and Transcriptomics Comparative Genome Sequences Summary 18 Historical Perspective and Future Directions in Forest Genetics and Genomics Historical Perspective Current Situation Future Directions Primary Commercial Species (Group A) Appendix 1 Appendix 2 References Index

Note: Contents: Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Symbols -- Scalars -- Functions -- Indices -- Vectors, Matrices, Etc. -- Symbols Related to Poverty and Inequality -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objective and Research Question -- 1.2 Structure of Thesis -- References -- 2 The Normative Argument for an Unconditional Basic Income -- 2.1 Van Parijs' Concept of Freedom -- 2.1.1 Alternative Concepts of Freedom -- 2.1.2 The Concept of Real Freedom -- 2.2 From Real Freedom to Basic Income -- 2.2.1 The Resource Egalitarianism Approach -- 2.2.2 Ambition-Sensitivity and Endowment-Insensitivity -- 2.2.3 The Value of the Basic Income -- 2.3 The Concept of the Basic Income in Detail -- 2.4 Common Objections Against an Unconditional BasicIncome -- 2.4.1 Exploitation and Reciprocity -- 2.4.2 Measuring of Real Freedom -- 2.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Implementation of a Basic Income by a Negative Income Tax -- 3.1 The Concept of a Negative Income Tax -- 3.1.1 Definition and Classification -- 3.1.2 Economic Aspects -- 3.1.3 Comparison of an Unconditional Basic Income with a Negative Income Tax -- 3.2 Different Types of Negative Income Tax Plans -- 3.2.1 Minimum Income Guarantee -- 3.2.2 Social-Dividend Type -- 3.2.3 Poverty-Gap Type -- 3.2.4 Comparison of NIT-Types -- 3.3 Empirical Studies on Negative Income Tax Plans -- References -- 4 A Negative Income Tax Proposal for Germany -- 4.1 The Subsistence Level as Lower Limit of Welfare Payments in Germany -- 4.2 The Negative Income Tax Proposal in Detail -- 4.2.1 General Concept -- 4.2.2 The Build-In Option in Detail -- 4.2.3 Child Support -- 4.3 Comparison with Germany's Status Quo of 2010 -- 4.4 Critical Remarks -- References -- 5 Modeling Political Reforms: The Discrete Approach to Labor Supply -- 5.1 Economic Simulations ; 5.1.1 General Overview -- 5.1.2 Micro Simulations in Detail -- 5.1.3 Construction of a New Tax-and-TransferMicro Simulation -- 5.2 The Discrete Approach to Labor Supply -- 5.2.1 The Discrete Framework -- 5.2.2 Additive Random Utility -- 5.2.3 Specification of the Utility Function -- 5.2.4 Behavioral Changes -- References -- 6 Implications on the Proposed Basic Income Reform -- 6.1 Data -- 6.1.1 General Information on the GSOEP -- 6.1.2 Imputation and Non-responses -- 6.1.3 The Household Concept of the GSOEP -- 6.1.4 Income and Working Hours Distributions -- 6.2 Sample Selection Estimations for Expected Wage Rates -- 6.3 Calibration of the Multinomial Logit Regression Model -- 6.3.1 Estimation Results -- 6.3.2 Modeling the Status Quo -- 6.4 Allocation Effects of the Basic Income Schemeand its Feasibility -- 6.4.1 Expected Changes in Household Labor Supply -- 6.4.2 Feasibility of the Proposed Tax-and-TransferScheme -- 6.5 Distributional Effects of the Basic Income Scheme -- 6.5.1 Estimated Changes in Poverty -- 6.5.2 Implications on Income Inequality -- 6.6 Critical Remarks -- References -- 7 Conclusion and Outlook -- A Efficient Wage Hypothesis -- References -- B Social Insurance Contributions in Germany -- C Calculations -- C.1 Multinomial Logit Estimation -- C.2 Translog Utility -- C.2.1 Married Couples -- C.2.2 One-Adult Households -- C.3 Constant Relative Inequality Aversion -- Reference -- D Descriptive Statistics -- E Social Security Parameters of 2010 (Germany) -- F GSOEP Questions

Note: Contents: 1 General introduction. - 1.1 Challenges of isotope-based temperature reconstructions. - 1.2 Thesis overview. - 1.3 Author contributions. - 2 Theoretical background. - 2.1 The isotopic composition of firn and ice. - 2.1.1 Fractionation of water isotopologues. - 2.1.2 Relationship with temperature. - 2.1.3 Measuring of the isotopic composition. - 2.2 Processes within the firn column. - 2.2.1 The firn column of polar ice sheets. - 2.2.2 The density of firn. - 2.2.3 The temperature profile of firn. - 2.2.4 Vapour diffusion in firn. - 2.3 Internal climate variability. - 3 Regional climate signal vs.local noise: a two-dimensional view of water isotopes. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Data and methods. - 3.3 Results. - 3.3.1 Trench isotope records. - 3.3.2 Single-profile representativity. - 3.3.3 Mean trench profiles. - 3.3.4 Spatial correlation structure. - 3.3.5 Statistical noise model. - 3.4 Discussion. - 3.4.1 Local noise vs. regional climate signal. - 3.4.2 Representativity of isotope signals. - 3.4.3 Implications. - 3.5 Conclusions. - 3.6 Appendix A: Derivation of noise model. - 3.6.1 Definitions. - 3.6.2 Derivation of model correlations. - 3.6.3 Estimation of parameters. - 3.7 Appendix B: Noise level after diffusion. - 4 Constraints on post-depositional isotope modifications in east antarctic firn. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Data and methods. - 4.2.1 Sampling and measurements. - 4.2.2 Trench depth scale. - 4.2.3 Spatial variability of trench profiles. - 4.2.4 Quantification of downward advection, densification and diffusion. - 4.2.5 Statistical tests. - 4.3 Results. - 4.3.1 Comparison of T15 and T13 isotope data. - 4.3.2 Expected isotope profile changes. - 4.3.3 Temporal vs. spatial variability. - 4.4 Discussion. - 4.4.1 Densification, diffusion and stratigraphic noise. - 4.4.2 Additional post-depositional modifications. - 4.5 Conclusions. - 5 On the similarity and apparent cycles of isotope variations. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Data and Methods. - 5.2.1 Data. - 5.2.2 Spectral analysis. - 5.2.3 Rice’s formula. - 5.2.4 Cycle length and amplitude estimation. - 5.2.5 Model for vertical isotope profiles. - 5.3 Results. - 5.3.1 Spectral analysis of isotope profiles. - 5.3.2 Theoretical and observed cycle length. - 5.3.3 Illustrative examples. - 5.3.4 Depth dependency of cycle length. - 5.3.5 Simulated vs. observed isotope variations. - 5.4 Discussion and summary. - 5.5 Conclusions. - 5.6 Appendix A: Input sensitivity. - 5.7 Appendix B: Additional results. - 5.8 Appendix C: Spectral significance testing. - 6 Timescale-dependency of antarctic isotope variations. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Data and methods. - 6.2.1 DML and WAIS isotope records. - 6.2.2 Spectral model. - 6.2.3 Timescale-dependent signal-to-noise ratio. - 6.2.4 Effects of diffusion and time uncertainty. - 6.2.5 Present-day temperature decorrelation. - 6.3 Results. - 6.3.1 Illustration of model approach. - 6.3.2 DML and WAIS isotope variability. - 6.4 Discussion. - 6.4.1 Interpretation of noise spectra. - 6.4.2 Interpretation of signal spectra. - 6.4.3 Signal-to-noise ratios. - 6.4.4 Differences between DML and WAIS. - 6.5 Conclusions. - 7 Declining temperature variability from LGM to holocene. - 8 General discussion and conclusions. - 8.1 Short-scale spatial and temporal isotope variability. - 8.1.1 Local spatial variability. - 8.1.2 Seasonal to interannual variability. - 8.1.3 Spatial vs. temporal variability. - 8.2 Extension to longer scales. - 8.2.1 Spatial vs. temporal variability on interannual timescales. - 8.2.2 Holocene and longer timescales. - 8.3 Concluding remarks and outlook. - Bibliography. - A Methods to: declining temperature variability from lgm to holocene. - A.1 Temperature proxy data. - A.2 Model-based temperature and variability change. - A.3 Temperature recalibration of proxy records. - A.3.1 Recalibration of ice-core records. - A.3.2 Recalibration of marine records. - A.4 Variance and variance ratio estimation. - A.5 Noise correction. - A.5.1 Testing effect of noise correction. - A.6 Effect of ecological adaption and bioturbation. - A.7 Effect of proxy sampling locations. - B Layering of surface snow and firn: noise or seasonal signal?. - B.1 Introduction. - B.2 Materials and methods. - B.2.1 Firn-core density profiles. - B.2.2 Trench density profiles. - B.2.3 Dielectric profiling and density estimates. - B.2.4 Comparison of DEP and CT density. - B.2.5 Ion measurements. - B.3 Results. - B.3.1 2-D trench density data. - B.3.2 Spatial correlation structure. - B.3.3 Comparison of mean density, isotope and impurity profiles. - B.3.4 Spectral analysis of vertical density data. - B.4 Discussion. - B.4.1 Spatial variability. - B.4.2 Representativeness of single profiles. - B.4.3 Seasonal cycle in snow density. - B.4.4 Density layering in firn and impurities. - B.5 Conclusions. - Acknowledgements - Danksagung.

Note: Contents: The Risk to Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services: A Framework for the Atlas of Ecosystem Services ; The Ecosystem Service Concept: Linking Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing ; The Link Between Diversity, Ecosystem Functions, and Ecosystem Services ; Embracing Community Resilience in Ecosystem Management and Research ; Risk and Uncertainty as Sources of Economic Value of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ; Taking Social Responsibility in Using Ecosystem Services Concepts: Ethical Issues of Linking Ecosystems and Human Well-Being ; Introduction to Part II: Drivers and Their Risks for Ecosystems, Their Functions, and Services ; Scaling Sensitivity of Drivers ; The Evidence for Genetic Diversity Effects on Ecosystem Services ; Using Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) for Projecting Ecosystem Services at Regional Scales ; Remote Sensing Measurements of Forest Structure Types for Ecosystem Service Mapping ; Mapping Land System Archetypes to Understand Drivers of Ecosystem Service Risks ; Assessment of Soil Functions Affected by Soil Management ; Mediterranean Wetlands: A Gradient from Natural Resilience to a Fragile Social-Ecosystem ; Vulnerability of Ecosystem Services in Farmland Depends on Landscape Management ; Provisioning Ecosystem Services at Risk: Pollination Benefits and Pollination Dependency of Cropping Systems at the Global Scale ; Minimising Risks of Global Change by Enhancing Resilience of Pollinators in Agricultural Systems ; Drivers of Risks for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Biogas Plants Development in Germany ; European Energy Governance Landscapes: Energy-Related Pressures on Ecosystem Services ; Wind Power Deployment as a Stressor for Ecosystem Services: A Comparative Case Study from Germany and Sweden ; Selected Trade-Offs and Risks Associated with Land Use Transitions in Central Germany ; New EU-Level Scenarios on the Future of Ecosystem Services ; The Rural-to-Urban Gradient and Ecosystem Services ; How to Reconcile the Ecosystem Service of Regulating the Microclimate with Urban Planning Projects on Brownfields? The Case Study Bayerischer Bahnhof in Leipzig, Germany ; Urban Green Infrastructure in Support of Ecosystem Services in a Highly Dynamic South American City: A Multi-Scale Assessment of Santiago de Chile ; Climate Regulation by Diverse Urban Green Spaces: Risks and Opportunities Related to Climate and Land Use Change ; Climate Change as Driver for Ecosystem Services Risk and Opportunities ; Capacity of Ecosystems to Degrade Anthropogenic Chemicals ; Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Forest Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity ; Ecosystem Services from Inland Waters and Their Aquatic Ecosystems ; Groundwater Ecosystems and Their Services: Current Status and Potential Risks ; Drinking Water Quality at Risk: A European Perspective ; Pesticide Effects on Stream Ecosystems ; How Good Are Bad Species? ; Alien Planktonic Species in the Marine Realm: What Do They Mean for Ecosystem Services Provision? ; Invasion of the Wadden Sea by the Pacific Oyster (Magallana gigas): A Risk to Ecosystem Services? ; International Trade and Global Flows of Ecosystem Services ; Introduction to Part III: Trade-Offs and Synergies Among Ecosystem Services ; Trade-Offs and Synergies Between Biodiversity Conservation and Productivity in the Context of Increasing Demands on Landscapes ; Climate Change Induced Carbon Competition: Bioenergy Versus Soil Organic Matter Reproduction ; Removal of Agricultural Residues from Conventional Cropping Systems ; Shrinking Cities and Ecosystem Services: Opportunities, Planning, Challenges, and Risks ; Spatial Patterns of Ecosystem Service Bundles in Germany ; Indicators of Ecosystem Services for Policy Makers in the Netherlands ; The Montérégie Connection: Understanding How Ecosystems Can Provide Resilience to the Risk of Ecosystem Service Change ; Synchronized Peak Rate Years of Global Resources Use Imply Critical Trade-Offs in Appropriation of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services

Note: Table of Contents Abstract Kurzfassung Abbreviations and nomenclature 1. Introduction 2. Scientific Background 2.1. Permafrost 2.2.Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 2.3. Inputs of Freshwater, Sediment and Carbon into the Canadian Beaufort Sea 3. Study Area 3.1. Regional Setting: Yukon Coast and Herschel Island 3.2. Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 4. Material and Methods 4.1. Field Work 4.1.1. Terrain Photography 4.1.2. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) 4.1.3. Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 4.1.4. Micrometeorology 4.1.5. Discharge Measurement 4.1.6. Multiple Regression-Statistical Relationships between Micrometeorological Variables and Discharge 4.1.7. Sampling 4.2. Laboratory Analyses 4.2.1. Sedimentological Analyses 4.2.2. Hydrochemical Analyses 4.3. Fluxes of Sediment and (In-) Organic Matter 5. Results 5.1. Field Work 5.1.1. Terrain Photography 5.1.2. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) 5.1.3. Light Detecting And Ranging (LiDAR) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 5.1.4. Micrometeorology 5.1.5. Discharge 5.1.6. Multiple Regression - Statistical Relationships between Micrometeorology and Discharge 5.2. Laboratory Analyses 5.2.1. Sedimentological Analyses 5.2.2. Hydrochemical Analyses 5.3. Fluxes of Sediment-meltwater 6. Discussion 6.1. Microclimatological and Geomorphological Factors Controlling Discharge 6.1.1. Diurnal Variations 6.1.2. Seasonal Variations 6.2. Contribution of Retrogressive Thaw Slumps to the Sediment Budget of the Yukon Coast 6.2.1. Origin of Outflow Material 6.2.2. Slump D in the Regional Context 6.2.3. Seasonal Sediment Budget Compilation for Slump D 6.2.4. Retrogressive Thaw Slump Occurrence along the Yukon Coast 6.2.5. Input to the Beaufort Sea 6.3. Projected Climatic Change and its Impact on Retrogressive Thaw Slump Outflow 6.4. Uncertainties and Limitations 6.5. Future Research 7. Conclusion 8. Appendix 8.1. Field Work 8.1.1. Slump D's northern headwall profile 8.1.2. Collinson Head slump 8.1.3. Herschel Island West Coast slump 8.1.4. Roland Bay slump 8.1.5. Kay Point slump 8.2. Laboratory Work 8.2.1. Volumetric Ice Content 8.2.2. Grain Size 8.3. Evolution of Slump D 8.3.1. Geo Eye satellite of Slump D 8.3.2. Aerial Oblique Photography of Slump D 8.3.3. LiDAR of Slump D 8.3.4. Time Lapse Photography of Slump D's Headwall 9. References 10. Financial and technical support 11. Acknowledgement - Danksagung

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1Wissenschaftliche Zielsetzung 2 Grundlagen 2.1 Grundgleichungen 2.2 Potentielle Vorticity 2.3 Planetare Wellen 2.4 Atmosphärische Instabilität 2.5 Grenzschicht 2.6 Kopplung von Tropo- und Stratosphäre 3 Daten und Methoden 3.1 N-ICE2015 3.1.1 Expeditionsbeschreibung 3.1.2 Ziele der Expedition 3.2 Daten 3.2.1 Beobachtungsdaten 3.2.2 ERA-Interim Reanalyse 3.2.3 Das HIRHAM5 Modell 3.3 Analysemethoden 3.3.1 Temperaturinversionen 3.3.2 Vertikale Stabilität 3.3.3 Grenzschichthöhe 3.3.4 Eady Growth Rate 3.3.5 2d-Skalenfilterung und -Pattern-Korrelation 3.3.6 Nudging Experiment 4 Analyse der N-ICE2015 Radiosonden 4.1 Blick auf die Troposphäre 4.2 Fallstudie zum M2-Sturm: A 4.3 Zyklonencharakteristika 4.4 Temperaturinversionen und Stabilität 4.5 Vergleich mit ERA-Interim, SHEBA und Ny-Ålesund 4.6 Résumé der Expeditionsdaten 5 Nudging Studien mit HIRHAM5 5.1 Vergleich mit ERA-Interim 5.2 Vergleich der Simulationen 5.3 Fallstudie zum M2-Sturm: B 5.3.1 Synoptische Aktivität 5.4 Statistischer Vergleich 6 Einfluss der Stratosphäre 6.1 Stratosphäre im Winter 2014/2015 6.2 Fallstudie zum M2-Sturm: C 6.3 PV als Ladung 6.4 Résumé der Beobachtungen 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A Zusätztliche Abbildungen B Literaturverzeichnis

Note: Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung List of Figures List of Tables 1. Introduction 1.1 Scientific Background 1.1.1 Arctic Climate Change 1.1.2 Permafrost Degradation 1.1.3 The Arctic Freshwater System and its Biogeochemistry 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Study Region and Methods 1.3.1 Study Area 1.3.2 Field Sampling and Measurements 1.3.3 Geochemical Analyses 1.3.4 Data Processing 1.4 Thesis Structure 1.5 Author Contributions 2. Spatial Variability of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Solutes and Suspended Sediment in Disturbed Low Arctic Coastal Watersheds 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study Site 2.4 Methods 2.4.1 Stream Monitoring 2.4.2 Mapping of Disturbances 2.4.3 Flux Estimates and Statistics 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Catchment Disturbance 2.5.2 Runoff and Hydrochemistry 2.5.3 Lateral Transport of Stream Water 2.5.4 Hydrochemical Composition and Fluxes in Nearby Streams 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 Total Runoff and Water Quality 2.6.2 Water Quality Changes from Headwaters to Downstream 2.6.3 Changes in Hydrochemistry and Isotopic Composition over Time 2.6.4 Importance of Disturbances for Hydrochemistry 2.7 Conclusions 2.8 Supplementary Material 3. Terrestrial Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (cDOM) in Arctic Catchments - Characterizing Organic Matter Composition Across the Arctic 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Study Area 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Field Methods and Hydrochemistry 3.3.2 Statistical Analyses 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Meteorological Conditions and General Hydrochemistry 3.4.2 DOC and cDOM Absorption Characteristics 3.4.3 Downstream Patterns of DOC and cDOM Along Longitudinal Transects 3.4.4 Temporal Trends ofDOC and cDOM with Changing Meteorological Conditions 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Limitations of cDOM Measurements from Terrestrial Sources 3.5.2 Catchment Processes and Biogeochemical Cycling 3.5.2.1 Regional Catchment Properties 3.5.2.2 Rainfall Events 3.5.2.3 Downstream Patterns and Impact of Permafrost Disturbance 3.5.3 Nature of cDOM-DOC Across the Terrestrial Arctic 3.6 Conclusion 3.7 Supplementary Material 4. Summer Rainfall DOC, Solute and Sediment Fluxes in a Small Arctic Coastal Catchment on Herschel Island (Yukon Territory, Canada) 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Study Site 4.4 Methodology 4.4.1 Weather data 4.4.2 Hydrology 4.4.3 Suspended Sediment and Hydrochemistry 4.4.4 Flux Estimates and Statistics 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Meteorological Conditions 4.5.2 Streamflow and Electrical Conductivity 4.5.3 Transport of Suspended Sediment and Organic Matter 4.5.4 Solute Transport 4.5.5 Alluvial Fan Sampling 4.6 Discussion 4.6.1 Hydrological Response 4.6.2 Water Quality and Fluxes 4.6.3 Rainfall Response and Flow Pathways 4.7 Conclusions 4.8 Supplementary Material 5. Synthesis 5.1 Impacts of Permafrost Degradation on Stream Biogeochemistry 5.2 Controls on DOM Quality across the Arctic 5.3 Biogeochemical Fluxes from Small Coastal Catchments to the Arctic Ocean 5.4 Challenges 5.5 Outlook Acronyms Bibliography Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2017 , Table of Contents I. Abstract II. Deutsche Zusammenfassung 0 Challenge 1 Introduction 1.1 The treeline ecotone 1.2 Stand structure drivers in the treeline ecotone 1.3 Climate change and recent treeline changes 1.4 Methods for treeline studies 1.4.1 Overview 1.4.2 Field-based treeline studies 1.4.3 Modelling treeline dynamics 1.5 Study Area 1.6 The Siberian treeline ecotone 1.7 Larix as study Species 1.8 Objectives of this thesis 1.9 Thesis outline 1.10 Contribution of the authors 1.10.1 Manuscript!- published 1.10.2 Manuscript II - submitted 1.10.3 Manuscript III-in preparation 1.10.4 Manuscript IV-submitted 2 Manuscript I Treeline dynamics in Siberia under changing climates as inferred from an individual-based model for Larix 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Reference sites 2.3.2 Description of the model LAVESI 2.3.3 The ODD-Protocol for LAVESI 2.3.4 Parameterization 2.3.5 Khatanga climate time-series 2.3.6 Sensitivity analysis 2.3.7 Model experiments 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Sensitivity analysis 2.4.2 Taymyr treeline application 2.4.3 Temperature experiments 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Assessment of LAVESI sensitivity 2.5.2 Larix stand simulation under the Taymyr Peninsula weather 2.5.3 Transient Larix response to hypothetical future temperature changes 2.5.4 Conclusions 2.6 Acknowledgements 3 Manuscript II Dissimilar responses of larch stands in northern Siberia to increasing temperatures - a field and simulation based study 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Study area 3.3.2 Field-based approach 3.3.3 Age analyses 3.3.4 Stand structure analyses 3.3.5 Seed analyses 3.3.6 Establishment history 3.3.7 Modelling approach 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Field data 3.4.2 Simulation study 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Data acquisition 3.5.2 Larch-stand patterns across the Siberian treeline ecotone 3.5.3 Warming causes densification in the forest-tundra 3.5.4 Intra-specific competition inhibits densification in the closed forest 3.5.5 Recruitment limitation decelerates densification and northward expansion ofthe single-tree tundra 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Acknowledgements 4 Manuscript III Spatial patterns and growth sensitivity of larch stands in the Taimyr Depression 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Study Area 4.3.2 Field data collection 4.3.3 Spatial point patterns 4.3.4 Dendrological approach 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Spatial patterns 4.4.2 Tree growth 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Spatial patterns 4.5.2 Tree chronology characteristics 4.6 Conclusion 5 Manuscript IV Patterns of larch stands under different disturbance regimes in the lower Kolyma River area (Russian Far East) 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Methods 5.3.1 Study area and field data collection 5.3.2 Site description 5.3.3 Dendrochronological approach 5.3.4 Statistical analyses 5.4 Results 5.4.1 General stand characteristics and age structure 5.4.2 Spatial patterns 5.5 Discussion 5.5.1 Fire related disturbances 5.5.2 Water-related disturbances: lake drainage, flooding, polygon development 5.5.3 Implications and conclusion 6 Synthesis and Discussion 6.1 Assessment of applied methods 6.1.1 Field-based observations: 6.1.2 Modelling 6.2 Overview of larch stand structures and spatial pattern on different spatial scales 6.2.1 Recent stand structures 6.2.2 Spatial Patterns 6.3 Stand structure drivers and treeline changes 6.3.1 Climate change 6.3.2 Disturbances 6.3.3 Autecology 6.4 Conclusion 6.5 Outlook 7 Appendix 7.1 Supplementary information for Manuscript I 7.2 Supplementary information for Manuscript II 7.2.1 Manuscript II: Appendix 1. Climatic information for the study region 7.2.2 Manuscript II: Appendix 2. Plot-specific values and krummholz appearance 7.2.3 Manuscript II: Appendix 3. Regression analysis for age data 7.2.4 Manuscript II: Appendix 4. Model description 7.3 Supplementary information for Manuscript III 7.4 Supplementary information for Manuscript IV 7.5 Supplementary information 8 References Danksagung Eidesstattliche Erklärung