ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Multi-Objective Optimization. - Classical Methods. - Evolutionary Algorithms. - Non-Elitist Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Elitist Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Constrained Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Salient Issues of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms. - Applications of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. Basic Concepts from Economics ; 3. Markets for Electrical Energy ; 4. Participating in Markets for Electrical Energy ; 5. System Security and Ancillary Services ; 6. Transmission Networks and Electricity Markets ; 7. Investing in Generation ; 8. Investing in Transmission ; Appendix: Answers to Selected Problems.

Description / Table of Contents: The special nature and distinctiveness of mountains; mountain geoecology; weathering and mass movement; mountain hydrology and river processes; slope form and evolution; glaciation of mountains; volcanoes as mountains; mountain hazards - applied physical geography; integration of spatial and temporal mountain systems.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Individual and Organizational Problem Construction ; System Dynamics: Problem Identification and System Conceptualization ; System Dynamics: Model Formulation and Analysis ; Designing Group Model-Building Projects ; Facilitating Group Model-Building Sessions ; Group Model-Building in Action: Qualitative System Dynamics ; Group Model-Building in Action: Quantitative System Dynamics ; Analysis of the Housing Association Model ; Summary and Reflections ; Appendices.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I: Common Methodological Framework. 1. Introducing the common methodological framework. 2. Positing of the case studies. Part II: Case Studies. 3. CO2 emissions: estimating uncertainties in practice for power plants. 4. Hydrocarbon exploration: decision-support through uncertainty treatment. 5. Determination of the risk due to personal electronic devices (PEDs) carried out on radio-navigation systems aboard aircraft. 6. Safety assessment of a radioactive high-level waste repository - comparison of dose and peak dose. 7. A cash flow statistical model for airframe accessory maintenance contracts. 8. Uncertainty and reliability study of a creep law to assess the fuel cladding behaviour of PWR spent fuel assemblies during interim dry storage. 9. Radiological protection and maintenance. 10. Partial safety factors to deal with uncertainties in slope stability of river dykes. 11. Probabilistic assessment of fatigue life. 12. Reliability modelling in early design stages using the Dempster-Shafer theory of Evidence. Part III: Methodological Review and Recommendations. 13. What does uncertainty management mean in an industrial context? 14. Uncertainty settings and natures uncertainty. 15. Overall approach. 16. Uncertainty modelling methods. 17. Uncertainty propagation methods. 18. Sensitivity analysis methods. 19. Presentation in a deterministic format. 20. Recommendations the overall process in practice. Conclusion. Appendices.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction. 1. The Basics. 2. Structure, Operation and Management of the Electricity Supply Chain. 3. Policy - Issues, Priorities. Stakeholders, Influencers. 4. Liberalisation, Deregulation and Regulation. 5. Market Structures for Electricity. 6. Power Capacity. 7. Location. 8. Environment, Amenity, Corporate Responsibility. 9. Price and Derivatives Modelling. 10. Economic Principles in Relation to the ESI. 11. Financial Modelling of Power Plant. 12. Security of Supply.Appendix. References. Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction to Material Instabilities in Solids (E. van der Giessen & R. de Borst). - Stability of Layered Geological Structures: An Asymptotic Solution (Y. Leroy & N. Triantafyllidis). - Analysis of Shear Failure in Concrete Materials (K. William, et al.). - On the Effects of Inertial Coupling on the Wave-Speeds of Elastic-Plastic Fluid-Saturated Porous Media (B. Loret & E. Rizzi). - Microstructured Solids: Non-Linear Model and Analysis of Magneto-Elastic Wave Processes (V. Erofeyev & S. Kovalev). - Thermodynamics of Crystal Viscoplasticity and Instability Phenomena (P. Perzyna). - Instability Issues in Single Crystal Plasticity (P. Steinmann). - On the Use of Strain-Softening Models for the Simulation of Strong Discontinuities in Solids (J. Oliver, et al.). - Thermomechanics Based Theory and Analysis of Cracking Localization in Concrete Dam under Earthquake Excitation (H. Horii, et al.). - Localisation Patterns in Ductile and Brittle Geomaterials (J. Desrues).In-Plane Crushing of a Polymeric Honeycomb (S. Papka & S. Kyriakides). - Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Size Scale Effects in Concrete Fracture (M. van Vliet & J. van Mier). - Post-Peak Behaviour of Rocks and Natural Building Stones in Uniaxial Compression (I. Vardoulakis, et al.). - Inelastic Deformation of F.C.C. Single Crystals by Slip and Twinning (A. Staroselsky & L. Anand). - Effects of Strain Paths on Sheet Metal Limit Strains (P. Wu, et al.). - Three-Dimensional Analysis of Localized Necking (A. Benallal). - Effects of Heterogeneities and Localization on Polymer Deformation and Recovery (M. Boyce & C. Chui). - Strain Localization and Void Growth in Polymers (A. Steenbrink & E. van der Giessen). - Nonaffine Network Model for Glassy Polymer and Prediction of Instability Propagation (Y. Tomita & T. Adachi). - Damage Localisation in Short Fibre Cementitious Composites (B. Karihaloo & J. Wang). - Fracture Instabilities in Heterogeneous Materials: Brittleness, Size Effects and Fractality (A. Carpinteri). - Compression Fracture-Mechanics of Damage Localization and Size Effect (Z. Bazant). - Nonlinear Modelling of Geomaterials and Self-Organization Phenomena (V. Nikolaevskiy). - Quasi-Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Strain Gradient Dependent Non-Local Constitutive Models (F. Oka, et al.). - Higher-Order Damage Models for the Analysis of Fracture in Quasi-Brittle Materials (M. Geers, et al.). - On Gradient Regularization for Numerical Analyses in the Presence of Damage (C. Comi & L. Driemeier). - Localisation of Damage in Quasi-Brittle Materials and Influence of Chemically Activated Damage (G. Pijaudier-Cabot, et al.). - Nonlocal Damage Effects on Plastic Flow Localization under Dynamic Loading (V. Tvergaard & A. Needleman). - Instabilities and Size Effects in Plasticity: Continuum and Dislocation Approaches (H. Zbib). - Macroscopic Modelling of Stationary and Propagative Instabilities (L. Sluys & W. Wang). - A Discussion of Strain Gradient Plasticity Theories and Application to Shear Bands (N. Fleck & J. Hutchinson). - A Beam Theory for Gradient Continua (H.-B. Mühlhaus & P. Hornby). - Recent Progress on Gradient Theory and Applications (E. Aifantis).

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Mechanics of Saturated and Partially Saturated Porous Media. Numerical Soluti for Isothermal Consolidation. Solid-Phase Constitutive Relationships, Variable Permeabilities and Solution Procedures. Verification of Elastic and Elastoplastic Consolidation Programs. Modelling Subsidence: Numerical Aspects and Problems of Regional Scale. Modelling Subsidence: Case Studies. Modelling Three-Phase Flow in Deforming Saturated Oil Reservoirs. Fractured Reservoir Simulation. Heat and Fluid Flow in Deforming Porous Media. Secondary Consolidation Creep in Solids. Soil-Structure Interaction. Back Analysis in Consolidation. Large-Strain Quasi-Static and Dynamic Soil Behaviour. Subject Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: INTRODUCTION TO KARST. - THE KARST ROCKS. - DISSOLUTION: CHEMICAL AND KINETIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE KARST ROCKS. - DISTRIBUTION AND RATE OF KARST DENUDATION. - KARST HYDROLOGY. - ANALYSIS OF KARST DRAINAGE SYSTEMS. - SPELEOGENESIS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAVE SYSTEMS. - CAVE INTERIOR DEPOSITS. - KARST LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT IN HUMID REGIONS. - THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE, CLIMATIC CHANGE AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON KARST DEVELOPMENT. - KARST WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. - HUMAN IMPACTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION.

Description / Table of Contents: enth.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I - Social, Economic and Scientific Background ; Forest Growth ; Part II - Water Use Studies

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Foreword. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction: The Essentials of Environmental Physics. - 1.1 The Economic System. - 1.2 Living in the Greenhouse. - 1.3 Enjoying the Sun. - 1.4 Transport of Matter, Energy and Momentum. - 1.5 The Social and Political Context. - 6 References. - 2 Basic Environmental Spectroscopy. - 2.1 Introduction to the Solar Spectrum. - 2.1.1 Black Body Radiation. - 2.1.2 The Emission Spectrum of the Sun. - 2.2 Interaction of Light with Matter. - 2.2.1 The Transition Electric Dipole Moment. - 2.2.2 The Einstein Coefficients. - 2.2.3 Lambert-Beer's Law. - 2.3 Biomolecules, Ozone and UV Light. - 2.3.1 The Spectroscopy of Biomolecules. - 2.3.2 Solar UV and Life. - 2.3.3 The Ozone Filter. - Exercises. - References. - 3 The Global Climate. - 3.1 The Energy Balance: A Zero-Dimensional Greenhouse Model.- 3.2 Elements of Weather and Climate. - 3.3 Climate Variations and Modelling. - Excursion ??.Two Simple Examples of Chaos. - Exercises. - References. - 4 Energy for Human Use. - 4.1 Heat Transfer. - 634.2 Energy from (mainly) Fossil Fuels. - 4.2.1 Thermodynamic Variables. - 4.2.2 Conversion of Heat into Work and Vice Versa; Available Work. - Excursion 4A. Efficiency of a 'Real' Heat Engine. - Excursion 4B. Loss of Exergy in Combustion. - 4.2.3 Heat Engines: Conversion of Heat into Work. - 4.2.4 Internal Combustion Engines: Conversion of Chemical Energy into Work. - 4.2.5 Heat Pipes. - 4.2.6 Electricity. - 4.2.7 Energy storage and energy transport. - 4.2.8. Reducing pollution. - Excursion 4C. Energy Savings by Co-generation. - 4.2.9 Refrigeration. - 4.2.10 Transportation. - 4.3 The Price of Energy Conversion. - 4.4 Renewable Energy Sources. - 4.4.1 Solar Heat and Solar Electricity. - Excursion 4D. The Grätzel Cell. - 4.4.2 Wind Energy. - 4.4.3 Waves. - 4.4.4 Bioenergy. - 4.4.5 Hydropower and Fuel Cells. - 4.5 Nuclear Energy. - 4.5.1 Power from Nuclear Fission. - 4.5.2 Power by Nuclear Fusion. - 4.5.3 Radiation and Safety. - Excursion 4E. Electromagnetic Radiation and Health. - 4.5.4 Managing the Fuel Cycle ; Waste. - Exercises. - References. - 5 Transport of Pollutants. - 5.1 Diffusion. - Excursion 5A. Conservation of Mass. - 5.2 Flow in Rivers. - 5.3 Ground Water Flow. - 5.4 The Equations of Fluid Dynamics. - 5.5 Turbulence. - Excursion 5B. Turbulent Diffusion. - 5.6 Gaussian Plumes in the Air. - 5.7 Turbulent Jets and Plumes. - 5.8 Particle Physics. - Exercises. - References. - 6 Noise. - 6.1 Basic Acoustics. - 6.2 Human Perceptions and Noise Criteria. - 6.3 Reducing the Transmission of Sound. - 6.4 Active Control of Sound. - Exercises. - References. - 7 Spectra and Examples of Environmental Spectroscopy. - 7.1 Overview of Spectroscopy. - 7.1.1 Population of Energy Levels and Intensity. - 7.1.2 The Transition Dipole Moment: Selection Rules. - 7.1.3 Line Widths. - 7.2 Atomic Spectra. - 7.2.1One-Electron Atoms. - 7.2.2 Many-Electron Atoms. - 7.3 Molecular Spectra. - 7.3.1 Rotational Transitions. - 7.3.2 Vibrational Transitions. - 7.3.3 Electronic Transitions in Molecules. - 7.4 Scattering. - 7.4.1 Raman Scattering. - Excursion 7A. Resonance Raman Scattering. - 7.4.2 Rayleigh Scattering. - 7.4.3 Mie Scattering. - 7.5 Spectroscopy of the Inner Electrons of Atoms and Molecules. - 7.5.1 X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy. - 7.5.2 X-Ray Absorption Spectra. - 7.5.3 The Auger Effect. - 7.5.4 Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS and XPS). - 7.6 Examples of Environmental Analysis. - 7.6.1 Monitoring Pollution of the Upper Atmosphere with Satellites. - 7.6.2 Lidar: A Technique to Measure the Location of Atmospheric Pollution. - Excursion 7B. Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone. - Excursion 7C. Aerosol Concentrations in the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland. - 7.6.3 Energy-Selective Spectroscopy o fMolecules. - 7.6.4 Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). - Exercises. - References. - 8 The Context of Society. - 8.1 Risk Estimation. - 8.2 Limits on Cheap Resources. - 8.3 Saving Energy Resources and Nature. - 8.4 Reviewing Our Thinking. - Excursion 8A. Self-Organized Criticality. - Exercises. - Essay Questions. - References. - Appendix A Gauss, Delta and Error Functions. - Appendix ? Some Vector Differentiations. - Appendix ? Physical and Numerical Constants. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Environmental physics, second edition presents a broad discussion of the physics which is used to analyse, prevent or reduce environmental problems. Both experimental and theoretical techniques are covered, including environmental spectroscopy, the generation of energy for human use, the transport of pollutants and the study of noise. Importantly, the final chapter places these issues firmly in the context of human society. New features: excursions on special topics such as the Grätzel solar cell, co-generation of heat and power, chaos, self-organized criticality; greater emphasis on the interpretation of spectra; more student exercises and more information to help the reader solve them; a manual with worked-out exercises is available for instructors. Environmental physics, second edition is a highly topical and timely textbook which will be invaluable to all students of environmental physics or environmental science, at both the undergraduate and postgraduate level. Environmental scientists who need to know how physical methods can be used to help their work, will also find this book extremely useful.

Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this volume is to provide the practising analyst with a basic introduction to the principles and theory of mass spectral analysis. The contents include the basic theory of ion formation and behaviour, instrumentation and the interpretation of the spectra of organic molecules. The book is very practically orientated, and deals not only with basic mass spectrometry, but also with the major areas of application. The important hybrid techniques of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry are highlighted in particular.

Description / Table of Contents: Every year a landslide disaster occurs somewhere in Europe. Destructive events are fortunately infrequent but when they do occur they are often tragic in their effects. Europe is heavily populated and development is expanding into areas where natural events are more likely to happen. Landslide Recognition is written by specialists from several European institutions and is designed to portray the diagnostic features of landslides as they would appear in the field, on maps or in photographs. Brief descriptions are provided and some guidance is given in the area in which different landslide types might be expected. This book will assist planners, developers, engineers and earth scientists to recognise where a problem may exist and to diagnose what type of failure may occur. The correct investigations and remedial measures may then be applied.

Description / Table of Contents: Increasingly, gravel-bed rivers are being developed for a variety of purposes: water resources, flood control, land drainage, navigation and power production. It is essential, therefore, that they are sympathetically managed in order to maintain their natural stability and character. This book reports recent research relating to the dynamics of sediment transport, modelling morphological change and the impact of engineering works and catchment development on sediment transport and channel stability. The emphasis on river dynamics reflects the need for a better understanding of adjustment mechanisms in order to develop appropriate mathematical models of channel change for scientific and engineering application. Each section consists of two invited papers which are arranged to form coherent chapters plus shorter discussion papers and a closure by the main authors. Theoretical, laboratory and field studies are included together with applied engineering case studies. The book is based on material presented at the 3rd International Workshop on Gravel-bed Rivers held in Florence in September 1990.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction. - Entrainment and movement at low transport rates. - Equal mobility or selective transport?. - Transport of graded material. - Bedload transport rates. - Armouring processes. - Bar forms, armouring and transport processes. - Selective transport of fine material. - Downstram fining. - Modelling sediment transport. - Bedform dynamics. - Meander channel dynamics. - Braided channel dynamics. - Alluvial fan and steep stream dynamics. - Historical changes. - Impact of engineering works. - Impact of Catchment development. - Index

Description / Table of Contents: Periglacial geomorphology is concerned with the landforms and processes occurring in cold non-glacial regions. In addition to their scientific interest, these regions are becoming increasingly important in periglacial terms, due to their natural resources. This book presents a series of state-of-the-art reviews on selected processes and landforms, improving our understanding of periglacial regions and assisting in Quaternary palaeo-environmental reconstruction. International cooperation has produced representative examples of achievements in both North America and Europe over the last decade. Many controversial issues are addressed, and the priorities for future research are identified. Themes covered include weathering and sediment transport, active layer processes, process-form relationships, and broad aspects of the periglacial system. The book will be of use to geomorphologists, physical geographers, geologists and Quaternary scientists.

Description / Table of Contents: Kin recognition - detected by an animal's differential treatment of kin and non-kin - has captured the interest of numerous researchers and is currently one of the most rapidly developing topics in modern biology. The ability to recognize kin, as well as to recognize individuals, may not seem so surprising for vertebrates, but even invertebrates, such as insects and crustaceans, are able to recognize their relatives, mates, or other associates, and in some cases they even distinguish siblings from half-siblings from cousins, etc. These forms of social behaviour appear to enhance an animal's ability to favour its close relatives and thus to promote the survival and multiplication of genes like its own. Moreover, such behaviour may enable an animal to select unrelated individuals or individuals of optimal relationships as mates. Thus kin recognition is of both evolutionary and sociological interest. Research on this subject is necessarily widely spread across many taxa and many disciplines. This edited collection of papers from leading academics gives an overview of the whole field, presenting (in some cases, original) research on all the major animal groups which have been studied. It pays particular attention to general methodology and to the specific methods employed in experimental work, but its main strength concerns its treatment of concepts. These are clearly presented and are evaluated from the different points of view of various contributors. Some concepts, especially that of nepotism (the favouring of kin), emerge with greatly enhanced significance.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - Workshop Participants and Contributors to this Volume. - 1 Sulphur Isotopes in Nature and the Environment: An Overview. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Theory and measurement of isotope effects. - 1.2.1 Equilibrium isotope effects. - 1.2.2 Kinetic isotope effects-isotope fractionation in unidirectional process. - 1.2.3 Fractionation factors. - 1.3 Sulphur isotope variations in nature. - 1.3.1 Biological sulphur cycle. - 1.3.1.1 Isotope fractionation by assimilatory reduction of sulphate. - 1.3.1.2 Isotope effects in the dissimilatory reduction of sulphate. - 1.3.1.3 Isotope fractionation during oxidation of sulphide. - 1.3.2 The marine sedimentary cycle. - 1.3 .3 Fossil fuels. - 1.4 Sulphur isotopes in the atmosphere. - 1.5 Rain water. - 1.5 .1 Ocean sulphate in rain water. - 1.6 Lakes and rivers. - 1.7 Vegetation. - 1.8 Applications. - 2 Oxygen Isotope Fractionation for Understanding the Sulphur Cycle. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Bases for the use of oxygen isotopy. - 2.2.1 Sulphate-water isotope exchange. - 2.2.2 SO2- water isotope exchange. - 2.2.2.1 Aqueous systems. - 2.2.2.2 Systems with no liquid water. - 2.2.3 [Delta]18O values of SO2 oxidants and of associated water. - 2.2.4 Rapid hydration of SO3. - 2.2.5 Sulphide oxidation. - 2.2.6 Bacterial SO4^-2. - 2.2. 7 Sulphate crystallization. - 2.3 Applications of 18^O studies to environmental sulphates. - 2.3.1 Atmosphere. - 2.3 .1.1 Precipitation sulphates. - 2.3 .1.2 Aerosol sulphates. - 2.3.1.3 Sulphur dioxide. - 2.3.2 Hydrosphere. - 2.3.2.1 Oceans. - 2.3.2.2 Streams and lakes. - 2.3.2.3 Ground waters. - 2.3.3 Lithosphere. - 2.4 Conclusions. - 3 The Isotopic Analysis of Sulphur and Oxygen. - 3.1 The isotopic analysis of sulphur. - 3.1.1 Introduction. - 3.1.2 The chemical pretreatment of sulphur samples. - 3.1.2.1 Introduction. - 3.1.2.2 The conversion of barium sulphate to silver sulphide. - 3.1.2.3 Sulphur in the atmosphere and in water. - 3.1.2.4 Sulphur in vegetation, soils, and sediments. - 3.1.2.5 Sulphur in petroleum, coal, and sulphurores. - 3.1.3 The preparation of sulphur samples for mass spectrometry. - 3.1.3.1 lntroduction. - 3.1.3.2 Combustion of sulphides in oxygen. - 3.1.3.3 Oxidation of sulphides using a solid oxygen donor. - 3.1.3.4 Direct conversion of barium sulphate to sulphur dioxide. - 3.1.3.5 The purification and storage of sulphur dioxide. - 3.1.3.6 The preparation of sulphur hexafluoride. - 3 .1.4 The mass spectrometric analysis of sulphur. - 3.2 Oxygen isotopes. - 3.2.1 lntroduction. - 3.2.2 Sampie collection. - 3.2.3 Sampie preparation. - 3.2.3.1 Introduction. - 3.2.3.2 Sulphate. - 3.2.3.3 Water. - 3.2.3.4 SO2 and O2. - 3.2.4 The mass spectrometric analysis of oxygen. - 4 Lithospheric Sources of Sulphur. - 4.1 Sulphur in the cosmos and the crust-mantle system. - 4.2 Sulphur and oxygen isotope composition of marine evaporite and barite strata. - 4.2.1 Introduction. - 4.2.2 Compilation of [Delta]^34S and [Delta]^18O data for marine evaporites. - 4.2.2.1 General remarks on the data. - 4.2.2.2 Description of the [Delta]^34S- and [Delta]^18O- age curves. - 4.2.2.3 Minima and abrupt rises in the [Delta]^34S-age curve. - 4.2.2.4 Non-marine evaporites. - 4.2.3 Data from marine barites. - 4.2.4 Reservoir of evaporite sulphur. - 4.3 Isotopic composition of sulphur in sulphide ores. - 4.4 Native eiemental sulphur deposits. - 4.5 Sulphur isotope composition of fossil fuels. - 4. 5.1 Peat and Iignite. - 4.5.2 Coal. - 4.5.3 Oil. - 4.5.3.1 Introduction. - 4.5.3.2 Summary of [Delta]^34S data for oil. - 4.5.3.3 Estimate of the mean [Delta]^34S value of oil. - 4.5.3.4 Use of sulphur isotope analyses to determine petroleum contamination in sediments. - 4.5.4 H2S in hydrocarbon deposits. - 4.6 Flux of volcanogenic sulphur to the atmosphere and isotopic composition of total sulphur. - 4.6.1 Volcanogenic sulphur flux to the atmosphere. - 4.6.2 Isotopic composition of volcanogenic sulphur. - 4.6.2.1 Isotopic composition of gases emitted to the atmosphere during eruption. - 4.6.2.2 Isotopic composition of ash emitted to the atmosphere during eruptions. - 4.6.2.3 The sulphur isotope composition of gaseous emissions from fumaroles and solfataras. - 4.6.3 The isotopic composition of total volcanic sulphur entering the atmosphere. - 5 Sulphur Isotope Variations in the Atmosphere. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Sulphur species in the atmosphere. - 5.2.1 Atmospheric S compounds and their concentrations. - 5.2.2 The atmospheric chemistry of sulphur. - 5.2.2.1 H2S oxidation . - 5.2.2.2 S^O dust. - 5.2.2.3 SO2 chemistry. - 5.3 Analytical techniques. - 5.3.1 Sampling of atmospheric S compounds. - 5.3.2 Further characterization of atmospheric compounds for sulphur isotope analyses. - 5.3.2.1 Wind direction. - 5.3.2.2 Particle size. - 5.3.2.3 Photographic examination of particles. - 5.3.2.4 Endogenous versus adsorbed sulphur. - 5.3.3 The use of sulphur isotope data from vegetation and soils. - 5.4 Sulphur isotope abundance variations in atmospheric compounds. - 5.4.1 Fractionation of sulphur isotopes during transformations of atmospheric sulphur compounds. - 5.4.2 Natural sources. - 5.4.2.1 Sea spray and marine aerosols. - 5.4.2.2 Biogenic emissions. - 5.4.2.3 Volcanic activity. - 5.4.3 Anthropogenic sources. - 5.4.3.1 Combustion of coal. - 5.4.3.2 Combustion and refining of oil and gas. - 5.4.3.3 Sulphide ores. - 5.4.3.4 Gypsum mining and processing. - 5.4.4 Summary. - 5.5 Delineation of anthropogenic and natural fluxes of atmospheric S compounds. - 5.5.1 Use of [Delta]^34S and concentration data to identify sources of atmospheric gases. - 5.5.2 Use of [Delta]^34S and concentration data to identify sources of SO4^2- in precipitation. - 5.5.3 Use of [Delta]^18O and concentration data to identify sources of So4^2- in precipitation. - 5.5.4 lsotopic delineation of sources of sulphur emissions in local situations. - 5.5.5 Construction of regional balances of atmospheric sulphur. - 5.5.6 Estimate of the isotopic composition of biogenic sulphur in the atmosphere. - 5.6 Potential of using enriched sulphur isotopes for studying transport, transformations, and removal of atmospheric sulphur. - 5.6.1 Introduction. - 5.6.2 Background fluctuations. - 5.6.3 Dispersion and dilution. - 5.6.4 Economic evaluation. - 6 Hydrosphere. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Oceans. - 6.2.1 Dissolved sulphate. - 6.2.2 Sulphur of aquatic organisms. - 6.3 Modern world sediments. - 6.3.1 Intensity of sulphate reduction. - 6.3.2 Rate of bacterial sulphate reduction and other factors influencing the distribution of sulphur compounds and their [Delta]^34S values in recent sediments. - 6.3.3 Mass and isotopic balance of sulphur in recent sediments. - 6.3.4 Inftuence of the rate of sulphate reduction on sulphide mineral formation. - 6.4 Lakes. - 6.4.1 Lakes: water column. - 6.4.1.1 Isotopic changes due to Iake pollution. - 6.4.1.2 Oligotrophic lakes. - 6.4.1.3 Eutrophic lakes. - 6.4.1.4 Meromictic lakes. - 6.4.2 Lakes: sediments. - 6.4.2.1 Anthropogenic inftuence on the isotopic composition of sulphur in Iake sediments of eastern North America. - 6.5 Isotopic composition of sulphur in continental seas. - 6.5.1 The Black Sea. - 6.5.2 The Azov Sea. - 6.5.3 The Caspian Sea. - 6.5.4 The Baltic Sea. - 6.5.5 The Red Sea . - 6.5 .6 Conclusion. - 6.6 Rivers. - 6.7 Ground water. - 6. 7.1 Introduction. - 6.7.2 The recharge environment. - 6.7.3 Ground water. - 6.8 Isotopic composition of sulphate in gas- and oilfield formation waters. - 6.9 Geothermal areas. - 6.10 Warm and cold springs. - 6.10.1 Introduction. - 6.10.2 Springs containing primarily dissolved sulphate. - 6.10.3 Springs containing primarily dissolved sulphide. - 6.10.4 Sulphur geochemistry of springs in relation to anthropogenic sulphur. - 6.11 Summary and key areas for further research. - 7 Pedosphere and Biosphere. - 7.1 Pedosphere. - 7.1.1 Forms of sulphur in soil. - 7.1.1.1 Inorganic sulphur. - 7.1.1.2 Organic sulphur. - 7.1.1.3 Transformations of sulphur in soils. - 7 .1.2 Sources of sulphur compounds in soil. - 7.1.3 Sulphur and oxygen isotope variations in soil. - 7.1.4 Relationships among [Delta]^34S values of different soil extracts.- 7.1.5 Transfer of sulphur into the soil as revealed by sulphur isotope data. - 7.2 Vegetation. - 7.2.1 Forms of sulphur in vegetation. - 7 .2.2 Sulphur isotope distribution in vegetation. - 7.2.3 Assimilation of sulphate by plants and algae. - 7.2.4 Uptake of sulphide by plants and algae. - 7.2.5 Relative incorporation of soil and atmospheric sulphur by vegetation. - 7.2.6 The influence of biological parameters on the sulphur isotope composition of plants. - 7.2.7 Emission of reduced sulphur compounds by vegetation. - 7.3 Food webs and higher animals. - 8 Case Studies and Potential Applications. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Sulphur isotope tracing of the fate of emissions from sour gas processing in Alberta, Canada. - 8.2.1 Overview. - 8.2.2 The sour gas industry of Alberta. - 8.2.3 Sulphur isotope composition of the atmosphere in Alberta. - 8.2.3.1 Regional pattern. - 8.2.3.2 Relationship of [Delta]^34S to concentrations of atmospheric S compounds. - 8.2.3.3 Dependence of [Delta]^34S values of atmospheric S on wind direction. - 8.2.3.4 Isotopic composition of atmospheric particulate matter. - 8.2.4 Sulphur isotope composition of surface waters. - 8.2.5 Sulphur isotope abundances in soils and vegetation of Alberta. - 8.2.6 Isotopic modelling of uptake of industrial S by the environment near sour gas processing plants in Alberta. - 8.2.7 Discussion and recommendations. - 8.3 The isotopic composition and content of sulphur in soils of Kansk-Achinsk fuel power generation complex. - 8.3.1 lntroduction. - 8.3.2 Results. - 8.3.3 Conclusion. - 8.4 Sulphur isotope measurements relevant to power plant emissions in the northeastern United States. - 8.4.1 Introduction. - 8.4.2 Fuels in use. - 8.4.3 Sulphur isotope compositions of ambient ground-level SO2 and sulphate. - 8.4.4 Available fuels and other sources. - 8.4.5 Conclusions. - 8.5 Environmental sulphur isotope studies in Japan. - 8.5 .1 Introduction. - 8.5.2 The quantity and sulphur isotopic composition of hydrogen sulphide released from tidal flats. - 8.5.2.1 Sampling. - 8.5.2.2 Observations and discussion. - 8.5.3 Secondary production in sulphuric acid from volcanic ash in surface water after a volcanic eruption. - 8.5.3.1 Introduction. - 8.5.3.2 Results and discussion. - 8.5.4 Sources of atmospheric sulphur compounds based on the sulphur isotopic composition of SO4^2- in precipitation in Japan, 1960-79. - 8.5.4.1 Introduction. - 8.5.4.2 Atmospheric SO2 and H2S and pH of precipitation in Japan. - 8.5.4.3 Sulphur isotopic composition of SO4^2- in rain and snow in Japan. - 8.5 .5 Estimation of the contribution of anthropogenic sulphur to the atmosphere in Japan. - 8.6 The use of sulphur and other stable isotopes in environmental studies of regional groundwater flow and sulphate mineral formation in Kuwait. - 8.6.1 Introduction. - 8.6.2 Geological setting. - 8.6.3 Sampling and analytical techniques. - 8.6.4 Isotopic composition of the waters. - 8.6.5 Isotopic composition of the sulphate. - 8.6.6 Conclusions. - 8.7 Natural sulphur isotope distributions for sulphate and sulphides in semi-arid, marginal marine environments in Australia. - 8.7.1 Introduction. - 8.7.2 Study sites. - 8.7.2.1 Spencer Gulf, South Australia. - 8.7.2.2 Shark Bay, Western Australia. - 8. 7.3 Isotope data for water and sulphates. - 8.7.3.1 Continental waters, Spencer Gulf. - 8.7.3.2 Pertidal waters, Spencer Gulf. - 8.7.3.3 Shark Bay. - 8.7.4 Isotope distribution in peritidal sulphides. - 8.7.5 Summary. - 8.8 Contributions to sulphur to the atmosphere from utilization of fossil fuels, Australia. - 8.8.1 Coals. - 8.8.2 Crudes and condensates. - 8.8.3 Natural gases. - 8.8.4 Oil shales. - 8.8.5 Isotopic composition and fate of sulphur mined in Australia with copper, Iead, zinc, and nickel ores. - 8.9 Sulphur isotope studies of atmospheric S and the corrosion of monuments in Prague, Czechoslovakia. - 8.9.1 Introduction. - 8.9.2 Analytical. - 8.9.3 Results and discussion. - 8.9.3.1 Atmospheric studies. - 8.9.3.2 Stone monuments. - 8.10 Determination of total sulphur [Delta]^34S values in ore deposits of the Precambrian of India. - 8.10.1 Overview. - 8.10.2 Introduction. - 8.10.3 Sulphur isotope data and estimation of ore solution parameters. - 8.10.4 Trace elements in the evaluation of [Delta]^34Stotal. - 8.10.5 Conclusions. - 8.11 Potential research areas for sulphur isotope geochemistry in Nigeria. - 8.11.1 Introduction. - 8.11.2 Research areas in Nigeria. - 8.11. 3 Stable sulphur isotopes in basic geochemical research. - 8.11.3.1 Basement complex rocks. - 8.11.3.2 Lead-zinc mineralization and salt deposits. - 8.11.3.3 Agulu-Nanka gully complex sulphur deposits. - 8.11.4 Fossil fuel deposits. - 8.11.4.1 Coal and mine drainage. - 8.11.4.2 Petroleum and natural gas. - 8.11.4.3 Oil shales and tar sands. - 8.11.5 Emission of sulphur. - 8.11.6 Other research areas. - Appendix. - 9 Summary. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: This book addresses the important question of differentiating natural and anthropogenic sulphur in the environment. International experts explain how stable isotopes of sulphur and oxygen have been used to study the origin and transformations of sulphur in ecosystems. The topic is treated in logical sequence with the first two chapters providing an overview of the basic principles of sulphur and oxygen isotope research. The third chapter reviews experimental techniques. Subsequent chapters are devoted to the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and biosphere. In the final chapter, investigators relate how they have successfully applied, or plan to apply, stable isotope techniques to study sulphur in a variety of ecological systems throughout the world. Therefore this SCOPE report provides comprehensive coverage of both basic concepts and first hand experiences of practising scientists. The book is the outcome of a workshop of the Sulphur Unit of the United Nations Environmental Program.