ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: The volume highlights developments in our understanding of the palaeogeographical, palaeobiological, palaeoclimatic and cryospheric evolution of Antarctica. It focuses on the sedimentary record from the Devonian to the Quaternary Period. It features tectonic evolution and stratigraphy, as well as processes taking place adjacent to, beneath and beyond the ice-sheet margin, including the continental shelf.The contributions in this volume include several invited review papers, as well as original research papers arising from the International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences in Edinburgh, in July 2011. These papers demonstrate a remarkable diversity of Earth science interests in the Antarctic. Following international trends, there is particular emphasis on the Cenozoic Era, reflecting the increasing emphasis on the documentation and understanding of the past record of ice-sheet fluctuations. Furthermore, Antarctic Earth history is providing us with important information about potential future trends, as the impact of global warming is increasingly felt on the continent and its ocean.

Description / Table of Contents: Content: Intro & Welcome. - Introduction. - Campus Map. - Location & Dinner. - Excursions. - Natural and cultural heritage of Potsdam by bike / Bernhard Diekmann. - Quaternary geology and geomorphology by bus / Olaf Juschus. - Scientific programme. - Schedule - Overview. - Programme - Tuesday. - Programme - Thursday. - Programme - Friday. - Poster Session 1. - Sediment cores from innter Upernavik Isfjord: preliminary results / Amalie E. Cordua et al. - A younger dryas glacier readvance/retreat on Greenland's north coast, and notes on the ice sheet's response to YD cooling/warming / Svend Funder et al. - The Fast Full Stokes solver - an accurate, efficient and flexible tool for palaeo-ice sheet simulations / Josefin Ahlkrona et al. - Model of the late glacial Svalbard Ice Sheet using a coupled approximation of the full Stokes method / Evan James Gowan et al. - Numerically modelling the growth and collapse of the Barents Sea ice sheet / Henry Patton et al. - Late Weichselian and deglacial ice sheet configurations and dynamics inferred from submarine landforms and sediment cores in north-eastern Svalbard / Anne Elina Flink et al. - Ice stream dynamics and its implications on the sedimentary processes on the continental shelf edge and slope north of Nordaustlandes, Svalbard / Oscar Jacob Fransner. - Geomorphological reconstruction of the dynamics of a SW Greenland tidewater glacier through the Holocene / James Lea. - Modeling the response of two neighbouring Svalbard ice streams to similar climate forcing / James Lea et al. - Tentative age model of marine glacial landforms and related glaciations on the East Siberian and Chukchi margins / Frank Niessen et al. - Glacimarine sediment facies and morphology of the Disko Bugt trough Mouth fan, West Greenland / Colm O'Cofaigh et al. - A new quaternary sediment sequence from the eastern Mendeleev Ridge: preliminary stratigraphic subdivision based on IRD and microfossil records / Ekaterina Taldenkova et al. - A number of several warmer spells noted on eastern Svalbard during Younger Dryas - a bidecadal resolution of paleoceanographic record of Atlantic Water variability / Magdalena Lacka et al. - Quantitative micropalaeontological and sedimentary facies analysis of surface samples from the Lomonosov Ridge / Mike Marcell Zwick et al. - Specificities of sea surface evolution across the last two interglacial cycles in the southwestern Nordic Seas - a comparison / Anastasia Zhuravleva et al. - Early Holocene Atlantic Water advection and ice coverage in the Arctic Gateway / Robert F. Spielhagen et al. - Mid to late Holocene palaeoceanographic evolution of the East Greenland Current based on foraminiferal assemblage data / Kerstin Perner et al. - Past environmental variability in the eastern Fram Strait from the early deglaciation to the early Holocene reconstructed from benthic microfossils and IRD records / Yaroslav Ovsepyan. - Present and past flow regime on contourite drifts west of Spitsbergen: preliminary results from Eurofleet 2 PREPARED cruise (June 2014) / Renata G. Lucchi. - Late Quaternary central Arctic Ocean sea-ice variability: First results from biomarker studies of RV Polarstern Cruise PS87 sediment cores / Anne Kremer et al. - Mid to Late Holocene evolution of sea ice distribution and primary production on the East Greenland Shelf and the NW Fram Strait / Henriette Kolling et al. - The western Laptev Sea: High-resolution sea ice distribution and river run-off variability from post-glacial to present / Tanja Hörner et al. - Holocene modulations in the Earth's largest ice and freshwater pathway - the East Greenland Current / Christian Valdemar Dylmer et al. - Late Quaternary sediment supply variability at the Mendeleev Ridge (Arctic Ocean): Insights from grain-size distribution and ice-rafted debris composition / Evgenia Bazhenova et al. - First insights into pre-glacial Pleistocene environments in the Arctic Ocean / Leonid Polyak et al. - Poster Session 2. - Analysis of radiocarbon dates collected from the Holocene raised beach sequences on Svalbard and Franz Josef Land / Michail Anisimov et al. -Reconstruction of postglacial environmental changes at the eastern Laptev Sea continental margin / Nataliya Chistyakova et al. -Late Holocene environmental ice core record from Akademii Nauk ice cap (Severnaya Zemlya) / Diedrich Fritzsche et al. -K Fjord-head delta progradation and permafrost aggradation interpreted from a 60 m frozen sediment core, Adventdalen, Svalbard / Graham Lewis Gilbert et al. -Geochronologic challenges related to spatial and temporal discontinuities of sediments in permafrost environments: the case of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky, Siberian Arctic / Margret Christine Fuchs et al. -Late Pleistocene and Holocene ice-rich permafrost in the Colville River valley, northern Alaska / Guido Grosse et al. -Biomarker records from the eastern continental margin off Kamchatka Peninsula and Eastern Siberia on deglacial variations in sea surface temperature, air temperature, provenance and terrestrial residence times of terrigenous organic matter in Beringia / Vera Meyer et al. -Validity of the MIS 2 glacial border in the NW Canadian Arctic based on comparing the on- and off-shore clay mineral composition / Georg Schwamborn et al. -Summer and winter proxy data from Ice Complex features in East Siberia dating back to 200 kyr / Sebastian Wetterich et al. -Thermokarst lake history and stable tundra vegetation since the 18th century in a Low Arctic setting, Yukon Territory, Canada / Juliane Wolter et al. -International Permafrost Association / Karina Schollaen et al. -Paleogeographical investigations along the Yukon Coast / Hugues Lantuit et al. - Abstracts & Adresses. - Abstracts. - The fast full stokes solver - an accurate, efficient and flexible tool for palaeo-ice sheet simulations / J. Ahlkrona et al. - Lagoons, beaches and sea-level change on NW Svalbard / H. Alexanderson et al. - Analysis of radiocarbon dates collected from the Holocene raised beach sequences on Svalbard and Franz Josef Land / M. Anisimov et al. - Late Quaternary glaciation of arctic and subarctic Urals / V. Astakhov. - Spatial shifts in North Eurasian ice sheet extent since the Middle Pleistocene / H. A. Bauch et al. - Late Quaternary sediment supply variability at the Mendeleev Ridge (Arctic Ocean): Insights from grain-size distribution and ice-rafted debris composition / E. Bazhenova et al. - Environmental variability in northeastern Siberia inferred from lake sediment records / B. K. Biskaborn et al. - The influence of subglacial hydrology on glacial dynamics during deglaciation of the central Barents Sea / L. R. Bjarnadottir et al. - Reconstruction of postglacial environmental changes at the eastern Laptev Sea continental margin / N. Chistyakova et al. - Sediment cores from inner Upernaviklsfjord: preliminary results / A. E. Cordua et al. - Arctic productivity and orbital climate cycles / T. M. Cronin et al. - Variability of the northward flux of North Atlantic waters though Fram Strait during the Holocene / A. de Vernal et al. - Applications of cavity ring-down spectroscopy to paleoclimate, including high-precision analysis of the triple oxygen isotopes in water and water vapor / K. J. Dennis et al. - Holocene modulations in the earth's largest ice and freshwater pathway - the East Greenland Current / C. Dylmer et al. - Late Weichselian and deglacial ice sheet configurations and dynamics inferred from submarine landforms and sediment cores in north-eastern Svalbard / A. E. Flink et al. - Ice stream dynamics and its implications on the sedimentary processes on the continental shelf edge and slope north of Nordaustlandes, Svalbard / O. Fransner et al. - Ice wedge polygon development on different temporal and spatial scales in the northern Yukon, Canada / M. Fritz et al. - Late Holocene environmental ice core record from Akademii Nauk ice cap (Severnaya Zemlya) / D. Fritzsche et al. - Geochronologic challenges related to spatial and temporal discontinuities of sediments in permafrost environments: the case of Bol'shoy Lyakhosky, Siberian Arctic / M. C. Fuchs et al. - A younger dryas glacier readvance/retreat on Greenland's north coast, and notes on the ice sheet's response to YD cooling/warming / S. Funder et al. - Fjord-head delta progradation and permafrost aggradation interpreted from a 60 m frozen sediment core, Adventdalen, Svalbard / G. L. Gilbert et al. - Model of the late glacial Svalbard Ice Sheet using a coupled approximation of the full Stokes method / E. J. Gowan et al. - Late Pleistocene and Holocene ice-rich permafrost in the Colville River valley, northern Alaska / G. Grosse et al. - The Batagay mega thaw slump, Yana Uplands, Yakutia, Russia: permafrost thaw dynamics on decadal time scale / F. Günther et al. - The western Laptev Sea: High-resolution sea ice distribution and river run-off variability from post-glacial to present / T. Hörner et al. - Deglaciation of the last Scandinavian-Barents ice sheet and variations in the Atlantic water inflow into the Barents Sea / E. Ivanova et al. - Onland deglaciation and provenance changes in SW Barents Sea sediments over the Late Glacial-Holocene / E. Kaparulina et al. - Climate controlled variability of an Arctic sea ice fabric / J. Knies et al. - Mid to Late Holocene evolution of sea ice distribution and primary production on the East Greenland Shelf and the NW Fram Strait / H. Kolling et al. - Late Quaternary central Arctic Ocean sea-ice variability: first results from biomarker studies of RV Polarstern Cruise PS87 sediment cores / A. Kremer et al. - Pleistocene-Holocene terrestrial palaeoenvironmental changes at the New Siberian Islands and adjacent areas (Arctic Siberia) / T. V. Kuznetsova et al. - A number of several warmer spells noted on eastern Svalbard during Younger Dryas - a bidecadal resolution of paleoceanographic record of Atlantic Water variability / M. Lacka et al. - Paleogeographical investigations along the Yukon Coast / H. Lantuit et al. - Modelling the response of two neighbouring Svalbard ice streams to similar climate forcing / J. M. Lea et al. - Geomorphological reconstruction of the dynamics of a SW Greenland tidewater glacier through the Holocene / J. M. Lea. - Past landscape and permafrost dynamics in Arctic Alaska based on sedimentary records / J. Lenz et al. - Present and past flow regime on contourite drifts west of Spitzbergen: preliminary results from Eurofleet 2 PREPARED cruise (June 2014) / R. G. Lucchi et al. - Evidence of the deep marine record of the MWP-1a on the NW-Barents Sea continental margin: Support from palaeomagnetic data / R. G. Lucchi. - Ice stream dynamics during deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet / M. Margold et al. - Biomarker records from the eastern continental margin off Kamchatka Peninsula and Eastern Siberia on deglacial variations in sea surface temperature, aire temperature, provenance and terrestrial residence times of terrigenous organic matter in Beringia / V. D. Meyer et al. - Permafrost history and environmental change at the margin of Beringia and the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, western Arctic Canada / J. Murton. - Postglacial environments of Nettilling Lake basin (Baffin Island, Canada) inferred by the geochemical and biological proxies / B. Narancic et al. - Tentative age model of marine glacial landforms and related glaciations on the East Siberian and Chukchi margins / F. Niessen et al. - Deglaciation of the Svalbard-Barents Sea ice sheet in the northern Barents Sea, East of Svalbard / R. Noormets et al. - The appearance of pollen on the archipelago Franz-Josef Land of the Arctic Ocean / E. Nosevich et al. - Glacimarine sediment facies and morphology of the Disko Bugt trough Mouth Fan, West Greenland / C. O'Cofaigh et al. - Ice-wedge record of Arctic winter temperatures over the past two millennia - long-term and recent warming in the Siberian Laptev Sea region / T. Opel et al. - Past environmental variability in the eastern Fram Strait from the early deglaciation to the early Holocene reconstructed from benthic microfossils and IRD records / Ya. Ovsepyan et al. - Numerically modelling the growth and collapse of the Barents Sea ice sheet / H. Patton et al. - Mid to late Holocene palaeoceanographic evolution of the East Greenland current based on foraminiferal assemblage data / K. Perner et al. - First insights into pre-glacial Pleistocene environments in the Arctic Ocean / L. Polyak et al. - Future priorities for Arctic Research / V. Rachold. - Early thinning and recession of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in southernmost Norway - new chronological constraints from cosmogenic 10Be-dates / A. Romundset et al. - The International Permafrost Association: current initiatives for cryospheric research / K. Schollaen et al. - Validity of the MIS 2 glacial border in the NW Canadian Arctic based on comparing the on- and offshore clay mineral composition / G. Schwamborn et al. - Variability of late Holocene ocean and atmosphere circulation in the Labrador Sea and North Atlantic region - or why that which does not fit, fits extra well! / M.-S. Seidenkrantz et al. - Early Holocene atlantic water advection and ice coverage in the Arctic Gateway / R. F. Spielhagen et al.

Description / Table of Contents: The geomorphological and sedimentary record of the Holocene evolution of Jakobshavn Ibrae in Disko Bay, West Greenland / K. Streuff et al. - Catastrophic events shaping Arctic coasts - impact of tsunamis and ice-berg roll waves on coastal evolution in Greenland / M. C. Strzelecki et al. - A new Quaternary sediment sequence from the eastern Mendeleev Ridge: preliminary stratigraphic subdivision based on IRD and microfossil records / E. Taldenkova et al. - Timing and frequency of glacigenic debris flows on the Bear Island Fan - implications for the growth and decay of the Barents ice sheet / E. Pope et al. - The last northern hemispheric deglaciation: missing ice, data / model challenges, and opportunities / T. Tarasov. - Development of northern Nordic Seas deep convection during the Holocene - implications from surface and bottom water foraminiferal [Delta]13C records / M. M. Telesinski et al. - Summer and winter proxy data from ice complex features in East Siberia dating back to 200 kyr / S. Wetterich et al. - Thermokarst lake history and stable tundra vegetation since the 18th century in a low Arctic setting, Yukon territory, Canada / J. Wolter et al. - Specificites of sea surface evolution across the last two interglacial cycles in the southwestern Nordic Seas - a comparison / A. Zhuravleva et al. - Quantitative micropalaeontological and sedimentary facies analysis of surface samples from the Lomonosov Ridge / M. Zwick et al. - Index of authors. - List of participants.

Description / Table of Contents: PAST Gateways (Past Spatial and Temporal Gateways) is an IASC-endorsed network, with the scientific goal to understand and reconstruct Arctic environmental changes during the period preceding instrumental records and across decadal to millennial timescales. The focus of the six-year programme is on the nature and significance of Arctic spatial and temporal gateways, with an emphasis on the transistions between major Late Cenozoic climate events such as interglacial to full glacial and full glacial to deglacial states, as well as more recent Holocene fluctuations.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume presents results of a variety of case studies documenting the Late Palaeozoic climate changes and cyclicity of deposition. The collected papers cover many aspects related to palaeoenvironmental analysis with sedimentological, stratigraphic, palaeobiological, geochemical, and palaeomagnetic studies of the fossil record around the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age and soon after. They span a stratigraphic interval from Carboniferous to Permian-Triassic transition around the world.This book comprising results for a range of disciplines, is a valuable source for not only researchers who are actively working on specific aspects of the Late Palaeozoic and looking for an up-to-date reference on this inhospitable time in the Earth's history. It is also of interest to climate modellers and the wider scientific community with an interest in the latest research on the decline of the Palaeozoic World.

Description / Table of Contents: Humankind has pervasively influenced the Earth's atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere, arguably to the point of fashioning a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. To constrain the Anthropocene as a potential formal unit within the Geological Time Scale, a spectrum of indicators of anthropogenically-induced environmental change is considered, and shown as stratigraphical signals that may be used to characterize an Anthropocene unit, and to recognize its base. This volume describes a range of evidence that may help to define this potential new time unit and details key signatures that could be used in its definition. These signatures include lithostratigraphical (novel deposits, minerals and mineral magnetism), biostratigraphical (macro- and micro-palaeontological successions and human-induced trace fossils) and chemostratigraphical (organic, inorganic and radiogenic signatures in deposits, speleothems and ice and volcanic eruptions). We include, finally, the suggestion that humans have created a further sphere, the technosphere, that drives global change.

Description / Table of Contents: Decoding the complete history of Earth and our solar system requires the placing of the scattered pages of Earth history in a precise chronological order, and the 40Ar/39Ar dating technique is one of the most trusteddating techniques to do that. The 40Ar/39Ar method has been in use for more than 40 years, and has constantlyevolved since then. The steady improvement of the technique is largely due to a better understandingof the K/Ar system, an appreciation of the subtleties of geological material and a continuous refinement ofthe analytical tools used for isotope extraction and counting. The 40Ar/39Ar method is also one of the mostversatile techniques with countless applications in archaeology, tectonics, structural geology, orogenic processesand provenance studies, ore and petroleum genesis, volcanology, weathering processes and climate,and planetary geology. This volume is the first of its kind and covers methodological developments, modelling,data handling, and direct applications of the 40Ar/39Ar technique.

Description / Table of Contents: "In this well-illustrated book, Hildebrand expands upon his model for the development of the North American Cordillera detailed in Special paper 457. Starting with an overview of Cordilleran geology he goes on to provide an in depth look at how the Rubian ribbon continent was assembled. He integrates the complex geology of the Cordillera into an actualistic model involving arc magmatism, arc-continent collision, slab failure magmatism, and transcurrent motion in both Rubia and the western North American margin. While much of the focus is on the assembly of the Rubian ribbon continent, Hildebrand explores its interactions with North America during the Sevier and Laramide events and concludes that North America was the lower plate in both"...Provided by publisher

Description / Table of Contents: An entry point to the rapidly expanding field of paleoclimatology - the study of climates of the past. Highly interdisciplinary in nature, paleoclimatology integrates information from a broad array of disciplines in the geosciences.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: High-resolution Paleoclimatology - R. Bradley What is high-resolution paleoclimatology? What are its major achievements? What opportunities and challenges does it now face? What should dendroclimatology's role be in this? Chapter 2: Dendroclimatology in high-resolution Paleoclimatology - M. K. Hughes, H. F. Diaz and Th. W. Swetnam An overview of the development of dendroclimatology and an introduction to the questions posed in this book. Scientific bases of dendroclimatology Chapter 3: How well understood are the processes that create tree-ring records? - G. Vaganov Starting at the most basic level of the environmental control of tree-ring formation, do we have the necessary biological and ecophysiological understanding of this to support inferences about climate variability from tree rings? What are the weak points of this understanding and how might they be strengthened? Chapter 4: The state of the art of quantitative methods in dendroclimatology - E. Cook How sound are the quantitative techniques commonly used in dendroclimatology, in chronology building, identification and reconstruction of climate variables and the checking of these reconstructions? Are they appropriate to the material being analyzed and to the climatological problems being addressed? How might they be improved? Chapter 5: Detecting low-frequency change using tree rings - K. Briffa What limits the ability of tree-ring records to faithfully record climate variability at low frequencies (multi-centennial to millennial)? How might those limitations be overcome, if at all? What are the advantages and limitations of older and more novel approaches? What are the implications of these limitations? Reconstruction of climate patterns and values relative to today's climate Chapter 6: Dendroclimatology at regional and continental scales - R. Villalba What have been the major contributions of dendroclimatology to climatology so far? In what regions and for which climate problems is exciting progress now being made? What next? Chapter 7: Dendroclimatology at hemispheric and global scales - M. K. Hughes and M. Mann What are the achievements of dendroclimatology as applied at hemispheric and global scales climate patterns, circulation indices and large-scale means? What are the limitations of this approach? How might they be overcome? How might dendroclimatology contribute to the study of central pressing problems such as "How big is climate sensitivity? How has the last century, and especially recent decades, compared with earlier centuries? How faithful a representation of variability in recent centuries does the 20th century instrumental record give? Particular attention will be given to: a) identifying the most robust findings; and b) the most serious limitations. Chapter 8: Dendroclimatology, dendrohydrology and water resources management - C. Woodhouse and D. Meko How may dendroclimatology contribute to the study of water resources? How may it be used to inform modern public and decision-maker expectations of climate variability? Chapter 9: Dendroclimatology and the ecosystem impacts of climate - Th. W. SwetnamHow has dendroclimatology contributed to disturbance ecology? What is the significance of the recent changes in tree-growth-climate relationships observed in some regions, not only for dendroclimatology, but also for the understanding of the impacts of climate variability and change on ecosystems? Chapter 10: Dendroclimatology and the understanding of the interactions between climate variability and ancient human societies - D. Stahle and J. DeanHow has dendroclimatology contributed to understanding of the relationships between climate variability and societies in ancient times? Chapter 11: Tree rings and climate- sharpening the focus - M. K. Hughes, H. F. Diaz and Th. W. Swetnam What has been learned, using tree rings, about natural climate variability and its environmental and social impacts? What are the most significant strengths and weaknesses of dendroclimatology and the needs of, and opportunities for, future work.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume presents an overview of the current state of dendroclimatology, its contributions over the last 30 years, and its future potential. The material included is useful not only to those who generate tree-ring records of past climate-dendroclimatologists, but also to users of their results - climatologists, hydrologists, ecologists and archeologists.

Description / Table of Contents: The Zagros fold-thrust belt (ZFTB) extends from Turkey to the Hormuz Strait, resulting from the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates during Cenozoic times, and separates the Arabian platform from the large plateaux of central Iran. To the east a pronounced syntaxis marks the transition between the Zagros collision belt and the Makran accretionary wedge. In the ZFTB, the Proterozoic to Recent stratigraphic succession pile is involved in huge folds, and offers the opportunity to study the stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of the Palaeo-Tethyan margin.Few recent data were widely available on the southern Tethys margin preserved in the Zagros Mountains. The Middle East Basins Evolution (MEBE) program was an excellent opportunity to go back to the field and to collect new data to better constrain the evolution of this margin. In this volume the structure of the Zagros Mountains is explored through different scales and using different methodologies.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents:Crystal Structure - Species - Crystallisation.- Crystal Chemistry of Clay Minerals.- Energy Balances.- Isotopic Composition of Clay Minerals.- Surface Properties.- Clays in Soils and Weathered Rocks.- Clays in Sedimentary Environments.- Diagenesis and Very Low-Grade Metamorphism.- Hydrothermal Process- Thermal Metamorphism.- Clays Under Extreme Conditions

Description / Table of Contents: This volume brings together a collection of papers that summarize current ideas and recent progress in the study of granite-related mineralization systems. They provide a combination of field, experimental and theoretical studies. Papers are grouped according to the main granite-related ore systems: granite-pegmatite, skarn and greisen-veins, porphyry, orogenic gold, intrusion-related, epithermal and porphyry-related gold and base metal, iron oxide copper gold (IOCG), and special case studies. The studies provide a broad spread in terms of both space and time, highlighting granite-related ore deposits from Europe (Russia, Sweden, Croatia and Turkey), the Middle East (Iran), Asia (Japan and China) and South America (Brazil and Argentina) and spanning rocks from Palaeoproterozoic to Miocene in age.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Biogeohistory and the development of classical biostratigraphy; 2. The biostratigraphy of fossil microplankton; 3. Biostratigraphy: its integration into modern geochronology; 4. Biostratigraphy and biohistorical theory I: evolution and correlation; 5. Systemic stratigraphy: beyond classical biostratigraphy; 6. Biostratigraphy and biohistorical theory II: carving nature at the joints; 7. Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphic classification; 8. On biostratigraphy and biogeohistory

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction to Quaternary Dating. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 The development of Quaternary dating. 1.3 Precision and accuracy in dating. 1.4 Atomic structure, radioactivity and radiometric dating. 1.5 The Quaternary: stratigraphic framework and terminology. 1.6 The scope and content of the book. Notes. 2 Radiometric Dating 1: Radiocarbon Dating. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Basic principles. 2.3 Radiocarbon measurement. 2.4 Sources of error in radiocarbon dating. 2.5 Some problematic dating materials. 2.6 Calibration of the radiocarbon timescale. 2.7 Applications of radiocarbon dating. Notes. 3 Radiometric Dating 2: Dating using Long-lived and Short-lived Isotopes. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Potassium argon and Argon argon dating. 3.3 Uranium series dating. 3.4 Cosmogenic nuclide dating. 3.5 Dating using short-lived isotopes. Notes. 4 Radiometric Dating 3: Radiation Exposure Dating. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Luminescence dating. 4.3 Electron spin resonance dating. 4.4 Fission track dating.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The geology of Norway from its primeval origins to the present day. - The changing face of the EarthGeological processe. - The PrecambrianThe oldest rocks are formed. - Break-up of the Precambrian continent . - Late Precambrian, from Precambrian to Palaeozoic. - The Lower PalaeozoicCambrian, Ordovician and Silurian - the sea teems with life. - Creation of a mountain chain. The building up of the Caledonides. - The mountain chain rebounds and founders. - The Caledonides are worn down. - Volcanoes and faulting in an arid climate The Oslo Rift and North Sea in the Carboniferous and Permian. - Vast lowland plains, coal and salt . Carboniferous and Permian in the north. - From desert to alluvial plain -- from land to seaTriassic. - Norway encircled by coastal plains and deltas . Early and Middle Jurassic. - The source of Norway's oil wealth Late Jurassic -- a sea of islands emerges. - High seas and low horizonsThe Cretaceous. - Norway rises from the sea Palaeogene and Neogene (Cenozoic) - the modern continents take shape. - Glaciations come and goQuaternary to Holocene (Pleistocene). - The emergence of modern Norway The last 11,500 years - the Holocene. - What does the future hold? Geohazards, climate change and continental drift.