ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: The Microbial Turnover of Carbon in the Deep-Sea Environment / H. W. Jannasch / pp. 1-11 --- The Role of the Anthropogenic Nutrient Input in the Carbon Fixation of the Coastal Ocean Yellow Sea: A Preliminary Study / G. H. Hong, S. H. Kim, C. S. Chung and S. J. Pae / pp. 13-22 --- The Role of the Pacific Ocean as a Regulator of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations / C.-T. A. Chen / pp. 23-34 --- CO2 Hydrate Formation and Inversion of Density between Liquid CO2 and H2O in Deep Sea: Experimental Study Using Submersible "Shinkai 6500" / M. Honda, J. Hashimoto, J. Naka and H. Hotta / pp. 35-43 --- Physical Data of CO2 Hydrate / T. Uchida, T. Hondoh, S. Mae and J. Kawabata / pp. 45-61 --- Discussion on the Direct Ocean Disposal of CO2 / N. Handa, H. Ishitani, H. Sakai, M. Takahashi and T. Ohsumi / pp. 63-82 --- The Second International Workshop on Interaction between CO2 and Ocean 1-2 June, 1993 / Tsukuba Center for Institutes, Tsukuba, Japan --- Disposal Options in View of Geochemical Cycle of Carbon / T. Ohsumi / pp. 83-88 --- Developing the Concept of Ocean Disposal Of CO2 within the Framework of an International Agreement / W. G. Ormerod, I. C. Webster, H. Audus and P. W. F. Riemer / pp. 89-101 --- Fate and Effects of Disposed CO2 for Scenarios in the North Pacific Ocean / C. S. Wong and R. Matear / pp. 103-122 --- Disposal Options in View of Ocean Circulation / P. M. Haugan and H. Drange / pp. 123-141 --- The Capacity of the Deep Oceans to Absorb Carbon Dioxide / K. H. Cole, G. R. Stegen and D. Spencer / pp. 143-152 --- Confined Release of CO2 into Shallow Seawater / E. E. Adams, D. Golomb, X. Y. Zhang and H. J. Herzog / pp. 153-164 --- Physical Behavior of Liquid CO2 in the Ocean / Y. Kobayashi / pp. 165-181 --- Technical View on CO2 Transportation onto the Deep Ocean Floor and Dispersion at Intermediate Depths / N. Nakashiki, T. Ohsumi and N. Katano / pp. 183-193 --- Thermodynamics of Multi-Phase Equilibria in the CO2-Seawater System / M. W. Wadsley / pp. 195-216 --- Formation and Stability of CO2 Hydrate / Y. Shindo, Y. Fujioka, Y. Yanagisawa, T. Hakuta and H. Komiyama / pp. 217-231 --- Dissolution Test of a CO2 Droplet through Clathrate Film at High Pressure / I. Aya / pp. 233-238 --- Laboratory Experiments of CO2 Injection into the Ocean / S. M. Masutani, C. M. Kinoshita, G. C. Nihous, H. Teng, L. A. Vega and S. K. Sharma / pp. 239-252 --- Current Status of Dee -Sea Biology in Relation to the CO2 Disposal / Y. Shirayama / pp. 253-264 --- Summary of Discussion on the Direct Ocean Disposal of CO2 / N. Handa, K. Yamada, H. Sakai, M. Takahashi and T. Ohsumi / pp. 265-266

Description / Table of Contents: Part 1 / THE NATURE OF TROPOCHEMICAL CELL-TWINNING / Progress of study of known examples of homologous series based on the TCT mechanism --- Chapter 1 / INTRODUCTION / pp. 1-9 --- Chapter 2 / HETEROVALENT VACANCY-COUPLED SUBSTITUTION / pp. 11-13 --- Chapter 3 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES IN THE PbS - Bi2S3 SYSTEM AND EXTENDED LILLIANITE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES / pp. 15-57 --- Chapter 4 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES IN THE MnS - Y2S3 SYSTEM / pp. 59-62 --- Chapter 5 / THE ENSTATITE-IV HOMOLOGOUS SERIES, Me~x/3Mg~2/3Si(x-4)/3Ox or Me~x/3Li~4/3 Si(x-4)/3Ox,WITH Me = Mg, Sc and x = 88, 100, 112 or 124 / pp. 63-111 --- Chapter 6 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF OXYBORATES RELATED TO PINAKIOLITE, (Mg, Mn2+, Fe3+) 1.9Mn3+O2[BO3] / pp. 113-159 --- Part II / NEW EXAMPLES OF HOMOLOGOUS SERIES / Based on the TCT mechanism --- Chapter 7 / THE PLAGIONITE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES, Pb3+2xSb8S15+2x, with x = 0, 1, 2, or 3 / pp. 161-213 --- Chapter 8 / HIGH- TEMPERATURE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF LEAD SULFANTIMONITES, xPbS·Sb2S3, WITH x = 2 or 3 / pp. 215-226 --- SUMMARY AND COMMENTS / pp. 227-231 --- APPENDICES --- 1. Contracted twins / pp. 233-234 --- 2. Characterization of distorted coordination polyhedra / pp. 235-251 --- 3. A collection of papers concerning new structure data of the crystalline phases cited or related to those in the text / pp. 253-314

Description / Table of Contents: Part I: Outline of the physical processes within mangrove systems --- Chapter 1: Introduction --- Chapter 2: Present state of mangrove studies from a physical viewpoint --- Chapter 3: Physical factors that shape mangrove environments --- Chapter 4: Hydrodynamics and physics that support the mangrove environment --- Chapter 5: Feedback processes that maintain the mangrove environment --- Chapter 6: Research technology --- Chapter 7: Modeling of mangrove systems --- Chapter 8: Future studies in the context of the preservation and utilization of mangroves

Description / Table of Contents: Towards State-of-the-Art Dynamical Modelling and Risk Assessment of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Global Environment / T. Kawai and I. C. Handoh / pp. 1-9 --- Teasing out the Non-Linearity in the POPs-Phytoplankton Bioconcentration Processes / M. Seto and I. C. Handoh / pp. 11-19 --- Comprehensive Assessment of Dioxin Contamination in Da Nang Airbase and Its Vicinities: Environmental Levels, Human Exposure and Options for Mitigating Impacts / N. H. Minh, T. Boivin, P. N. Canh and L. K. Son / pp. 21-29 --- Contamination Status of Dioxins in Sediments from Saigon River Estuary, Vietnam / A. Shiozaki, M. Someya, T. Kunisue, S. Takahashi, B. C. Tuyen, H. Takada and S. Tanabe / pp. 31-45 --- Bioaccumulation of Dioxins in the Benthic Fish from Hiroshima Bay / H. Tanaka, K. Kono and D. Ueno / pp. 47-54 --- Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Blood of Cetaceans Stranded along the Japanese Coast / S. Murata, K. Nomiyama, T. Kunisue, S. Takahashi, T. K. Yamada and S. Tanabe / pp. 55-66 --- Contamination Status of Organohalogen Compounds in Deep-Sea Fishes in Northwest Pacific Ocean, Off-Tohoku, Japan / T. Oshihoi, T. Isobe, S. Takahashi, T. Kubodera and S. Tanabe / pp. 67-72 --- Temporal Variation of Persistent Organochlorine Residues in Soils from Vietnam / V. D. Thao, V. D. Toan and M. Kawano / pp. 73-82 --- Organochlorines and Brominated Flame Retardants in Deep-Sea Ecosystem of Sagami Bay / S. Toyoshima, T. Isobe, K. Ramu, H. Miyasaka, K. Omori, S. Takahashi, S. Nishida and S. Tanabe / pp. 83-90 --- Contamination by PCBs and BFRs in Vietnamese Human Milk Associated with Recycling of E-waste / N. M. Tue, A. Sudaryanto, B. H. Nhat, S. Takahashi, P. H. Viet and S. Tanabe / pp. 91-97 --- Ecological Risk Assessment Using High Resolution Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) / N. Kannan and G. Petrick / pp. 99-109 --- Residue Levels of OH-PCBs and PCBs in the Blood of Baikal Seals (Pusa sibirica) / D. Imaeda, K. Nomiyama, T. Kunisue, H. Iwata, O. Tsydenova, S. Takahashi, M. Amano, E. A. Petrov, V. B. Batoev and S. Tanabe / pp. 111-117 --- Contamination Status of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in Baikal Seals (Pusa sibirica) / T. Isobe, Y. Ochi, D. Imaeda, H. Sakai, S. Hirakawa, O. Tsydenova, M. Amano, E. Petrov, V. Batoev, H. Iwata, S. Takahashi and S. Tanabe / pp. 119-124 --- Levels of Brominated Flame Retardants in Sediments and Their Bioaccumulation Potential in Biota from Jakarta Bay and Its Surroundings, Indonesia / A. Sudaryanto, I. E. Setiawan, M. Ilyas, E. Soeyanto, A. S. Riadi, T. Isobe, S. Takahashi and S. Tanabe / pp. 125-131 --- Characterization of Brominated Flame Retardants in House Dust and Their Role as Non-Dietary Source for Human in Indonesia / A. Sudaryanto, T. Isobe, G. Suzuki, I. E. Setiawan, M. Ilyas, A. S. Riyadi, S. Takahashi and S. Tanabe / pp. 133-141 --- Contamination by Brominated Flame Retardants in Soil Samples from Open Dumping Sites of Asian Developing Countries / A. Eguchi, T. Isobe, A. Subramanian, A. Sudaryanto, K. Ramu, T. B. Minh, P. Chakraborty, N. H. Minh, T. S. Tana, P. H. Viet, S. Takahashi and S. Tanabe / pp. 143-151 --- Contamination and Accumulation Feature of Organotin Compounds in Common Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Lake Biwa, Japan / H. Mizukawa, S. Takahashi, K. Nakayama, A. Sudo and S. Tanabe / pp. 153-161 --- Quantitative Analysis of Expression of Tributyltin (TBT)-Regulated Genes in TBT-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa 25W / K. Fukushima, S. K. Dubey and S. Suzuki / pp. 163-166 --- Monitoring Trace Elements in Coastal Waters Using Sardine as a Bioindicator / D. Hayase, S. Horai, T. Isobe, T. W. Miller, S. Takahashi, K. Omori and S. Tanabe / pp. 167-175 --- Mass Mortality and Trace Element Residues in Isaza (Gymnogobius isaza) Collected from Lake Biwa, Japan / S. Horai, D. Hayase, S. Takahashi, T. Ishikawa, M. Kumagai and S. Tanabe / pp. 177-183 --- Is Arsenic a Potential Threat for Human Health in Indonesia? / M. Ilyas, A. Sudaryanto, Y. Anantasena, S. Takahashi and S. Tanabe / pp. 185-189 --- Genetic Polymorphism Influencing Arsenic Metabolism in Human / H. Takeshita, J. Fujihara, T. Agusa, S. Takahashi, H. Iwata and S. Tanabe / pp. 191-195 --- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Gene Expression by Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cross-Talk with Estrogen Receptors / H. Sakakibara, T. Ohura, M. Morita, S. Hirabayashi, R. Kuruto-Niwa, T. Amagai and K. Shimoi / pp. 197-202 --- Characterization of the Organohalogen Compounds Which Affect Gene Expressions Mediated by Thyroid Hormone Receptors / H. Sakai, A. Kawashima, Y. Kashima and T. Yamada-Okabe / pp. 203-210 --- Abnormal Response Induced by Pesticides on Mammalian Immune System / S. Nishimoto, K. Kanda, M. Okabe, K. Akiyama, Y. Kakinuma and T. Sugahara / pp. 211-217 --- Paraquat Modulates the Differentiation of C2C12 Cells to Myotube / M. Okabe, K. Akiyama, S. Nishimoto, T. Sugahara and Y. Kakinuma / pp. 219-225 --- Diet as a Modifier of Benzo(a)pyrene Metabolism and Benzo(a)pyrene—Induced Colon Tumors in ApcMin mice / D. L. Harris, M. S. Niaz, J. D. Morrow, M. K. Washington and A. Ramesh / pp. 227-238 --- Occurrence and Concentrations of Persistent Personal Care Products, Organic UV Filters, in the Marine Environment / H. Nakata, S. Murata, R. Shinohara, J. Filatreau, T. Isobe, S. Takahashi and S. Tanabe / pp. 239-246 --- Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Human Breast Milk and Adipose Tissue from Japan / D. Ueno, M. Moribe, K. Inoue, T. Someya, N. Ryuda, M. Ichiba, T. Miyajima, T. Kunisue, H. In, K. Maruo and H. Nakata / pp. 247-252 --- Status of Environmental Contamination in Ghana, the Perspective of a Research Scientist / K. A. Asante and W. J. Ntow / pp. 253-260 --- Pollution Study in Manila Bay: Eutrophication and Its Impact on Plankton Community / K.-H. Chang, A. Amano, T. W. Miller, T. Isobe, R. Maneja, F. P. Siringan, H. Imai and S. Nakano / pp. 261-267 --- Growth Responses of Harmful Algal Species Microcystis (Cyanophyceae) under Various Environmental Conditions / H. Imai, K.-H. Chang and S. Nakano / pp. 269-275 --- Biodegradation of Microcystin-LR by Natural Bacterial Populations / P. M. Manage, C. Edwards and L. A. Lawton / pp. 277-285 --- Changes in Proteolytic Activities in Stored Seawater and Bacterial Isolates / C. W. Bong, Y. Obayashi and S. Suzuki / pp. 287-291 --- Identification of Phenanthrene Metabolites Produced by Polyporus sp. S133 / T. Hadibarata and S. Tachibana / pp. 293-299 --- Enhanced Chrysene Biodegradation in Presence of a Synthetic Surfactant / T. Hadibarata and S. Tachibana / pp. 301-308 --- Oxidative Degradation of Benzo[a]pyrene by the Ligninolytic Fungi / T. Hadibarata / pp. 309-316 --- Microbial Degradation of Crude Oil by Fungi Pre-Grown on Wood Meal / T. Hadibarata and S. Tachibana / pp. 317-322 --- Microbial Degradation of n-Eicosane by Filamentous Fungi / T. Hadibarata and S. Tachibana / pp. 323-329 --- Validity of the New Method for Imogolite Synthesis and Its Genetic Implication / Z. Abidin, N. Matsue and T. Henmi / pp. 331-341

Description / Table of Contents: The Beyond Kyoto conference in Aarhus March 2009 was organised in collaboration with other knowledge institutions, businesses and authorities. It brought together leading scientists, policy-makers, authorities, intergovernmental organisations, NGO's, business stakeholders and business organisations. The conference was a joint interdisciplinary project involving many academic areas and disciplines. These conference proceedings are organised in central and recurring themes that cut across many debates on climate change, the climatic challenges as well as the solutions. In the front there is a short presentation of the conference concept. Part I of the proceedings focuses on issues related to the society – covering climate policy, law, market based instruments, financial structure, behaviour and consumption, public participation, media communication and response from indigenous peoples etc. Part II of the proceedings concerns the scientific knowledge base on climate related issues – covering climate change processes per se, the potential impacts of projected climate change on biodiversity and adaptation possibilities, the interplay between climate, agriculture and biodiversity, emissions, agricultural systems, increasing pressure on the functioning of agriculture and natural areas, vulnerability to extreme weather events and risks in respect to sea-level rise etc...

Description / Table of Contents: Glycostructures play a pivotal and crucial role in a myriad of organisms and important systems in biology, physiology, medicine, bioengineering and technology. Within recent years tools have been developed to promote the understanding of their highly complex functions and the associated chemistry and chemical biology, however, many facts still remain undiscovered. These days the area is experiencing a “quantum jump”. Therefore the Editors in collaboration with six responsible Section Editors completely revised and updated the 1st edition to give up-to-date information on glycostructures, their chemistry and chemical biology, and present them in the form of a comprehensive and strictly systematic survey. The texts are furnished by more than 2500 figures, chemical structures and reaction schemes (including more than 12,000 individual chemical reactions), and more than 9,000 references. In concept and content this Major Reference Work received an essential improvement and expansion. Whereas chapter 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 are updated, expanded and rearranged versions of the 1st edition, many new subchapters are included in the chapters on monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The importance of the saccharide metabolism as well as the involvement of complex glycostructures in biologically and medically relevant processes are considered by addition of two large totally newly conceived chapters. Further, another novel chapter featuring key technologies and tools for functional glycobiology is incorporated. Responsible for this major update are the Section Editors who solicited a large number of highly reputed new authors to cover the changes in the content and to write the major supplements.

Description / Table of Contents: Global warming and changes in climate will have severe and lasting impacts on national efforts to alleviate poverty and promote sustainable development. Some of the world s poorest countries and communities are the most vulnerable and are already suffering the consequences. Yet often these countries are rich in natural capital, ecosystems, and biodiversity that can contribute to solutions as they can to climate change. Biodiversity is the foundation and mainstay of agriculture, forests, and fisheries. Biological resources provide the raw materials for livelihoods, agriculture, medicines, trade, tourism, and industry. Forests, grasslands, freshwater, and marine and other natural ecosystems provide a range of services, often not recognized in national economic accounts but vital to human welfare: regulating water flows and water quality, flood control, pollination, decontamination, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and nutrient and hydrological cycling. Current efforts to address climate change focus mainly on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly through cleaner energy strategies, and on attempting to reduce vulnerability of the communities at risk by improving infrastructure to meet new energy and water needs. This book book sets out a compelling argument for including ecosystem-based approaches to mitigation and adaptation as a third essential pillar in national strategies to address climate change. Such ecosystem-based strategies can offer cost-effective, proven and sustainable solutions contributing to, and complementing, other national and regional adaptation strategies.

Description / Table of Contents: Industry and government decision makers and others with a stake in the energy sector all need WEO-2012. It presents authoritative projections of energy trends through to 2035 and insights into what they mean for energy security, environmental sustainability and economic development. Oil, coal, natural gas, renewables and nuclear power are all covered, together with an update on climate change issues. Global energy demand, production, trade, investment and carbon-dioxide emissions are broken down by region or country, by fuel and by sector. Special strategic analyses cover: - What unlocking the purely economic potential for energy efficiency could do, country-by-country and sector-by-sector, for energy markets, the economy and the environment. - The Iraqi energy sector, examining both its importance in satisfying the country’s own needs and its crucial role in meeting global oil and gas demand. - The water-energy nexus, as water resources become increasingly stressed and access more contentious. - Measures of progress towards providing universal access to modern energy services. There are many uncertainties; but many decisions cannot wait. The insights of WEO-2012 are invaluable to those who must shape our energy future.

Description / Table of Contents: For decades gas chromatography has been and will remain an irreplaceable analytical technique in many research areas for both quantitative analysis and qualitative characterization/identification, which is still supplementary with HPLC. This book highlights a few areas where significant advances have been reported recently and/or a revisit of basic concepts is deserved. It provides an overview of instrumental developments, frontline and modern research as well as practical industrial applications. The topics include GC-based metabolomics in biomedical, plant and microbial research, natural products as well as characterization of aging of synthetic materials and industrial monitoring, which are contributions of several experts from different disciplines. It also contains best hand-on practices of sample preparation (derivatization) and data processing in daily research. This book is recommended to both basic and experienced researchers in gas chromatography.

Description / Table of Contents: Managing Environmental Risks and Promoting Sustainability: Science Advancement and Leadership Development --- Biodiversity Agriculture Supports Human Populations --- Conservation and Sustainable Management of Soil Biodiversity for Agricultural Productivity --- Conservation Tillage Assessment For Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emission In Rainfed Agro-Ecosystem --- Improving Biodiversity in Rice Paddy Fields to Promote Land Sustainability --- Agroforestry Models for Promoting Effective Risk Management and Building Sustainable Communities --- Managing Environmental Risks and Promoting Sustainability: Conservation of Forest Resources in Madagascar --- Community-Based Mangrove Forest Management in Thailand: Key Lesson Learned for Environmental Risk Management --- Necessity of Adaptive Risk Management for Fisheries and Wildlife --- Valuation of Non-Marketed Agricultural Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Southeast Asia --- Emerging Socio-Economic and Environmental Issues Affecting Food Security: A Case Study of Silang-Santa Rosa Subwatershed --- Strengthening the Capacity of Flood-Affected Rural Communities in Padang Terap, State of Kedah, Malaysia --- Mitigating Coastal Erosion in Fort Dauphin, Madagascar --- Risk Management of Chemical Pollution: Principles from the Japanese Experience --- Research on the Sod Between Chlorophyll-a and Organic Matter BOD, COD, Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen in Stagnant Lake Basins --- Managing Construction Development Risks to the Environment --- Ecosystem Restoration Using the Near-Natural Method in Shanghai --- Sustainable Management of Urban Green Environments: Challenges and Opportunities --- Environment and Social Capacity Assessment for Sustainability Promotion and Risk Management --- Rural Landscape Conservation in Japan: Lessons from the Satoyama Conservation Program in Kanagawa Prefecture --- Enhancing Students’ Ecological Thinking to Improve Understanding of Environmental Risk --- Interactive Multimedia Education System (IMES) as a International Education Platform

Description / Table of Contents: This book covers essential aspects of transmutation technologies, highlighting especially the advances in Japan. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) has caused us to focus attention on a large amount of spent nuclear fuels stored in NPPs. In addition, public anxiety regarding the treatment and disposal of high-level radioactive wastes that require long-term control is growing. The Japanese policy on the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle is still unpredictable in the aftermath of the accident. Therefore, research and development for enhancing the safety of various processes involved in nuclear energy production are being actively pursued worldwide. In particular, nuclear transmutation technology has been drawing significant attention after the accident. This publication is timely with the following highlights: 1) Development of accelerator-driven systems (ADSs), which is a brand-new reactor concept for transmutation of highly radioactive wastes; 2) Nuclear reactor systems from the point of view of the nuclear fuel cycle. How to reduce nuclear wastes or how to treat them including the debris from TEPCO’s Fukushima nuclear power stations is discussed; and 3) Environmental radioactivity, radioactive waste treatment, and geological disposal policy. State-of-the-art technologies for overall back-end issues of the nuclear fuel cycle as well as the technologies of transmutation are presented here. The chapter authors are actively involved in the development of ADSs and transmutation-related technologies. The future of the back-end issues in Japan is very uncertain after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP, and this book provides an opportunity for readers to consider the future direction of those issues

Description / Table of Contents: Since 2005, the OECD and IEA have been examining the possibility to expand international carbon markets by granting broader access to developing countries. This note summarises key elements in this area, drawing on earlier publications done under the aegis of the Annex I Expert Group on the UNFCCC (AIXG).

Description / Table of Contents: The transport sector is currently responsible for 23% of energy-related CO2 emissions, and transport associated CO2 emissions will more than double by 2050. This working paper evaluates the potential costs and benefits of using natural gas as a vehicle fuel for road transportation, as well as the policy related to its market development.

Description / Table of Contents: Due to its clean burning properties, low investment costs and flexibility in production, natural gas is often put forward as the ideal partner fuel for wind power and other renewable sources of electricity generation with strongly variable output. This working paper examines three vital questions associated with this premise: 1) Is natural gas indeed the best partner fuel for wind power? 2) If so, to what extent will an increasing market share of wind power in European electricity generation affect demand for natural gas in the power sector? and 3) Considering the existing European natural gas markets, is natural gas capable of fulfilling this role of partner for renewable sources of electricity?

Description / Table of Contents: The world’s largest gas producer and exporter, Russia has an enormous energy saving potential. At least 30 billion cubic meters – a fifth of Russian exports to European OECD countries - could be saved every year by enhanced technology or energy efficiency. As the era of cheap gas in Russia comes to an end, this potential saving is increasingly important for Russians and importing countries. And as domestic gas prices increase, efficiency investments will become increasingly economic – not to mention the incentive for Gazprom to enhance its efficiency against a backdrop of high European gas prices. Optimising Russian Natural Gas: Reform and Climate Policy analyses and estimates the potential savings and the associated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the oil extraction (flaring), gas transmission and distribution sectors. Achieving these savings will require linking long-standing energy efficiency goals with energy sector reforms, as well as climate policy objectives. The book also describes Russia’s emerging climate policy and institutional framework, including work still ahead before the country is eligible for the Kyoto Protocol’s flexibility mechanisms and can attract financing for greenhouse gas reductions. Optimising Russian Natural Gas: Reform and Climate Policy stresses the need for Russia to tap the full potential of energy savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions through a more competitive environment in the gas sector to attract timely investments.

Description / Table of Contents: As demonstrated by the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami-triggered blackouts in Japan, electricity shortfalls can happen anytime and anywhere. Countries can minimise the negative economic, social and environmental impacts of such electricity shortfalls by developing emergency energy-saving strategies before a crisis occurs. This new IEA report Saving Electricity in a Hurry: Update 2011 highlights preliminary findings and conclusions from electricity shortfalls in Japan, the United States, New Zealand, South Africa and Chile. It draws on recent analysis to: - reinforce well-established guidelines on diagnosing electricity shortfalls, identifying energy-saving opportunities and selecting a package of energy-saving measures; and - highlight proven practice for implementing emergency energy-saving programmes. This paper will be valuable to government, academic, private-sector and civil-society stakeholders who inform, develop and implement electricity policy in general, and emergency energy-saving programmes in particular.

Description / Table of Contents: Increased focus has been placed on the issues of energy access and energy poverty over the last number of years, most notably indicated by the United Nations (UN) declaring 2012 as the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for All”. Although attention in these topics has increased, incorrect assumptions and misunderstandings still arise in both the literature and dialogues. Access to energy does not only include electricity, does not only include cook stoves, but must include access to all types of energy that form the overall energy system. This paper chooses to examine this energy system using a typology that breaks it into 3 primary energy subsystems: heat energy, electricity and transportation. Describing the global energy system using these three subsystems provides a way to articulate the differences and similarities for each system’s required investments needs by the private and public sectors.

Description / Table of Contents: Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) is the International Energy Agency’s most ambitious publication on new developments in energy technology. It demonstrates how technologies – from electric vehicles to smart grids – can make a decisive difference in achieving the objective of limiting the global temperature rise to 2°C and enhancing energy security. ETP 2012 presents scenarios and strategies to 2050, with the aim of guiding decision makers on energy trends and what needs to be done to build a clean, secure and competitive energy future. ETP 2012 shows: • Current progress on clean energy deployment, and what can be done to accelerate it • How energy security and low carbon energy are linked • How energy systems will become more complex in the future, why systems integration is beneficial and how it can be achieved • How demand for heating and cooling will evolve dramatically and which solutions will satisfy it • Why flexible electricity systems are increasingly important, and how a system with smarter grids, energy storage and flexible generation can work • Why hydrogen could play a big role in the energy system of the future • Why fossil fuels will not disappear but will see their roles change, and what it means for the energy system as a whole • What is needed to realise the potential of carbon capture and storage (CCS) • Whether available technologies can allow the world to have zero energy related emissions by 2075 – which seems a necessary condition for the world to meet the 2°C target

Description / Table of Contents: Electricity use is growing worldwide, providing a range of energy services: lighting, heating and cooling, specific industrial uses, entertainment, information technologies, and mobility. Because its generation remains largely based on fossil fuels, electricity is also the largest and the fastest-growing source of energy-related CO2 emissions, the primary cause of human-induced climate change. Forecasts from the IEA and others show that “decarbonising” electricity and enhancing end-use efficiency can make major contributions to the fight against climate change. Global and regional trends on electricity supply and demand indicate the magnitude of the decarbonisation challenge ahead. As climate concerns become an essential component of energy policy-making, the generation and use of electricity will be subject to increasingly strong policy actions by governments to reduce their associated CO2 emissions. Despite these actions, and despite very rapid growth in renewable energy generation, significant technology and policy challenges remain if this unprecedented essential transition is to be achieved. The IEA Climate and Electricity Annual 2011 provides an authoritative resource on progress to date in this area, with statistics related to CO2 and the electricity sector across ten regions of the world. It also presents topical analyses on meeting the challenge of rapidly curbing CO2 emissions from electricity, from both a policy and technology perspective.

Description / Table of Contents: Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. What are the likely future trends in energy use and CO2 emissions from industry? What impact could the application of best available technologies have on these trends? Which new technologies are needed if these sectors are to fully play their role in a more secure and sustainable energy future? Energy Technology Transitions for Industry addresses these questions through detailed sectoral and regional analyses, building on the insights of crucial IEA findings, such as Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. It contains new indicators and methodologies as well as scenario results for the following sectors: iron and steel, cement, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminium sectors. The report discusses the prospects for new low-carbon technologies and outlines potential technology transition paths for the most important industrial sectors. This publication is one of three new end-use studies, together with transport and buildings, which look at the role of technologies in transforming the way energy is used in these sectors.

Description / Table of Contents: This report explores the effects of the EU emissions trading scheme on the aluminium sector (i.e. competitiveness loss and carbon leakage). With its very high electricity intensity, primary aluminium stands out in the heavy industry picture: a sector whose emissions are not capped in the present EU ETS, European aluminium smelters still stand to lose profit margins and, possibly, market shares, as electricity prices increase following CO2 caps on generators’ emissions - the famous pass-through of CO2 prices into electricity prices. The analysis includes a method of quantification of this issue, based on two indicators: profit margins and trade flows. As the EU is at the forefront of such policy, the paper provides policy messages to all countries on how trade exposed energy-intensive industries can be ‘moved’ by carbon constraint. This also is a contentious topic in Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and the US, where ambitious climate policies – including cap-and-trade systems – are currently debated.

Description / Table of Contents: Brazil, China, India and South Africa have each worked to improve access to electricity services. While many of the challenges faced by these countries are similar, the means of addressing them varied in their application and effectiveness. This report analyses the four country profiles, determining the pre-requisites to successful rural electrification policies.

Description / Table of Contents: A key issue for policy makers is how to choose a climate change policy that recognises the uncertainties in the costs and benefits of abatement actions. This paper reviews the economic literature relative to the choice of the economic instruments that could be used to mitigate climate change. Because climate change is driven by the slow build-up of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, flexible instruments would be more economically efficient than fixed quotas. They may help engage a broader set of countries into a common framework for mitigating climate change, and may facilitate the adoption of relatively more ambitious policies. The certainty of achieving at least some precise levels of emissions would decrease, but the probability of bettering these levels would increase.

Description / Table of Contents: CDM

Description / Table of Contents: Modern biomass, and the resulting useful forms of bioenergy produced from it, are anticipated by many advocates to provide a significant contribution to the global primary energy supply of many IEA member countries during the coming decades. For non-member countries, particularly those wishing to achieve economic growth as well as meet the goals for sustainable development, the deployment of modern bioenergy projects and the growing international trade in biomass-based energy carriers offer potential opportunities.

Description / Table of Contents: The purpose of this report is to help EE practitioners, government officials and stakeholders to establish the most effective EE governance structures, given their specific country context. It also aims to provide readers with relevant and accessible information to support the development of comprehensive and effective governance mechanisms. The International Energy Agency (IEA) conducted a global review of many elements of EE governance,including legal frameworks, institutional frameworks, funding mechanisms, co-ordination mechanisms and accountability arrangements, such as evaluation and oversight. The research tools included a survey of over 500 EE experts in 110 countries, follow-up interviews of over 120 experts in 27 countries and extensive desk study and literature searches on good EE governance.

Description / Table of Contents: How much can technology contribute to securing adequate and affordable energy supplies and lower CO2 emissions? What energy technologies hold the most promise? How long will it take? At their 2005 summit in Gleneagles, G-8 leaders confronted these questions and decided to act with resolve and urgency. They called upon the International Energy Agency to provide advice on scenarios and strategies for a clean and secure energy future. Energy Technology Perspectives is a response to the G8 request. This innovative work demonstrates how energy technologies can make a difference in a series of global scenarios to 2050. It reviews in detail the status and prospects of key energy technologies in electricity generation, buildings, industry and transport. It assesses ways the world can enhance energy security and contain growth in CO2 emissions by using a portfolio of current and emerging technologies. Major strategic elements of a successful portfolio are energy efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, renewables and nuclear power. While technology does hold great promise for the future, we must act now if we are to unlock the potential of current and emerging technologies and reduce the impact of fossil fuel dependence on energy security and the environment. Energy Technology Perspectives provides detailed technology and policy insights to help policy makers craft sustainable solutions.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper has been produced as part of the work programme in support of the Gleneagles Plan of Action (GPOA), where the IEA was requested to “undertake a study to review existing global appliance standards and codes”. In accordance with the G8 request, this study investigates the coverage and impact of forms of minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) and comparative energy labelling programmes; which comprise the cornerstone of most IEA countries national energy efficiency strategy. This scope also reflects governments’ aspirations to achieve ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, this study does not address endorsement labelling and associated voluntary programmes, although these are also important policy tools for national energy efficiency strategies.

Description / Table of Contents: Energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are set to double by 2050 unless decisive action is taken. International Energy Agency (IEA) analysis demonstrates, however, that it is possible – in the same timeframe to 2050 – to reduce projected greenhouse-gas emissions to half 2005 levels, but this will require an energy technology revolution, involving the aggressive deployment of a portfolio of low-carbon energy technologies.

Description / Table of Contents: The International Energy Agency (IEA) considers carbon capture and storage (CCS) a crucial part of efforts to limit global warming by reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. The IEA estimates that carbon dioxide emissions could be reduced to a level that would limit long‐term global temperature increases to 2°C through broad deployment of low‐carbon energy technologies, including CCS. In the IEA’s Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 2°C Scenario (2DS), CCS contributes about one‐seventh of cumulative emissions reductions from a business‐as-usual scenario through 2050. Achieving this contribution requires appropriate policy frameworks to both promote demonstration and deployment of CCS and ensure it is undertaken in a safe and environmentally responsible manner. The IEA Carbon Capture and Storage Legal and Regulatory Review aims to help countries develop their own regulatory frameworks by documenting and analysing recent CCS legal and regulatory developments from around the world. It was first published in 2010, and a new edition is released annually to provide an up‐to‐date snapshot of global CCS regulatory developments. Each edition includes short contributions from national, regional, state and provincial governments that review recent and anticipated CCS regulatory developments and highlight a particular, pre-nominated regulatory theme. To introduce each edition, the IEA provides a brief analysis of key advances and trends, based on the contributions submitted. The theme for this fourth edition of the CCS Review is policy measures to promote CCS demonstration and deployment. Other issues that have been highlighted include storage assessment and the Alberta Regulator Framework Assessment (RFA) process. Contributions from 22 governments and 6 international CCS organisations are presented in the fourth edition.

Description / Table of Contents: When William Shakepeare wrote Love’s Labour’s Lost he would have used light from tallow candles at a cost (today) of £12,000 per million-lumen hours. The same amount of light from electric lamps now costs only £2! But today’s low-cost illumination still has a dark side. Globally, lighting consumes more electricity than is produced by either hydro or nuclear power and results in CO2 emissions equivalent to two thirds of the world’s cars. A standard incandescent lamp may be much more efficient than a tallow candle, but it is far less efficient than a high-pressure sodium lamp. Were inefficient light sources to be replaced by the equivalent efficient ones, global lighting energy demand would be up to 40% less at a lower overall cost. Larger savings still could be realised through the intelligent use of controls, lighting levels and daylight. But achieving efficient lighting is not just a question of technology; it requires policies to transform current practice. This book documents the broad range of policy measures to stimulate efficient lighting that have already been implemented around the world and suggests new ways these could be strengthened to prevent light’s labour’s from being lost.

Description / Table of Contents: Russia is a key energy producer and exporter. IEA co-operation with the Russian Ministry of Energy dates back to the early 1990s; a Memorandum of Understanding was signed in 1994. To date, the co-operation has focused largely on gas supply security, energy efficiency, the investment framework and energy sector transparency. Recent developments in Russia’s energy policy have demonstrated an increased interest in renewable energy sources. This publication is intended to support Russian-IEA co-operation by analyzing the prospects for developing a renewable energy market in Russia. By contributing to the evolving discussions on Russian policy in the sphere of renewable energy, this study supplements the “Russian Energy Survey” released by the IEA in March 2002.

Description / Table of Contents: Timely and effective deployment of demand response could greatly increase power system flexibility, electricity security and market efficiency. Considerable progress has been made in recent years to harness demand response. However, most of this potential remains to be developed. The paper draws from IEA experience to identify barriers to demand response, and possible enablers that can encourage more timely and effective demand response including cost reflective pricing, retail market reform, and improved load control and metering equipment. Governments have a key role to play in developing and implementing the policy, legal, regulatory and market frameworks needed to empower customer choice and accelerate the development and deployment of cost-effective demand response.

Description / Table of Contents: As we move from the era of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) it is important to consider how development agendas are set, the progress that has been made over the past 15 years, and how current debates are shaping global development efforts for the next 15. This book was, produced as part of a University College London-London International Development Centre research collaboration entitled, "Thinking Beyond Sectors for Sustainable Development". The aim of the book is to provide a concise introduction to the debates in a number of vital development sectors, review progress made in each sector, and to consider how looking beyond sectors might open new opportunities for inclusive, sustainable development. Each chapter in this book was produced collaboratively by academics from a wide number of disciplines. As such, it represents a truly interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral effort, of the kind that will be necessary for successful development and implementation of future international development goals.

Description / Table of Contents: Biochemistry laboratory manual for undergraduates – an inquiry based approach by Gerczei and Pattison is the first textbook on the market that uses a highly relevant model, antibiotic resistance, to teach seminal topics of biochemistry and molecular biology while incorporating the blossoming field of bioinformatics. The novelty of this manual is the incorporation of a student-driven real real-life research project into the undergraduate curriculum. Since students test their own mutant design, even the most experienced students remain engaged with the process, while the less experienced ones get their first taste of biochemistry research. Inclusion of a research project does not entail a limitation: this manual includes all classic biochemistry techniques such as HPLC or enzyme kinetics and is complete with numerous problem sets relating to each topic.

Description / Table of Contents: 1988: coming to grips with a terrifying global experiment. The Toronto conference statement made it clear that climate change would affect everyone. It called greenhouse gas atmospheric pollution an ‘uncontrolled, globally pervasive experiment whose ultimate consequences could be second only to nuclear war’. World governments were urged to swiftly develop emission reduction targets (The changing atmosphere: implications for global security, 1988). Relevant to both Australian and overseas audiences, here is the untold story of how Australia buried its knowledge on climate change science and response options during the 1990s — going from clarity to confusion and doubt after arguably leading the world in citizen understanding and a political will to act in the late 1980s. ‘What happened and why’ is a fascinating exploration drawing on the public record of how a society revised its good understanding on a critical issue affecting every citizen. It happened through political and media communication, regardless of international scientific assessments that have remained consistent in ascribing causes and risks since 1990. How could this happen? The author examines the major influences, with lessons for the present, on how the story was reframed. Key have been values and beliefs, including economic beliefs, that trumped the science, the ability of changing political leaders and the mass media to set the story for the public, as well as the role of scientists’ own communication over time and the use and misuse of uncertainty.

Description / Table of Contents: Preface --- Acknowledgements --- Chapter 1 – Natural Heritage at Risk by Climate Change --- Chapter 2 – Climate Change in Central and Eastern Europe --- Chapter 3 – Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrological Cycle in Central and Eastern Europe --- Chapter 4 – Potential impacts of climate change on protected habitats --- Chapter 5 – Climate Change impact modelling cascade - Benefits and limitations for --- Chapter 6 – Indicators for Monitoring Climate Change-Induced Effects on Habitats – a --- Chapter 7 – Remote Sensing-based Monitoring of Potential Climate-induced Impacts on Habitats --- Chapter 8 – Assessment of Climate-induced Impacts on Habitats --- Chapter 9 – Legal Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation --- Chapter 10 – A Methodical Framework for Climate Change-Adapted Management in Protected Areas --- Chapter 11 – Monitoring concept of climate-induced impacts on peat bog vegetation in Pokljuka plateau in Triglav National Park, Slovenia --- Chapter 12 – Concept for the monitoring of climate induced impacts on rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) in Triglav National Park, Slovenia --- Chapter 13 – Suggested management measures for Natura 2000 Habitats in Körös-Maros National Park, Hungary --- Chapter 14 – Climate-induced challenges for wetlands: revealing the background for the adaptive ecosystem management in the Biebrza Valley, Poland --- Chapter 15 – Habitat changes caused by sea level rise, driven by climate change in the Northern Adriatic coastal wetlands, Slovenia --- Chapter 16 – Potential impacts of climate change on forest habitats in the Biosphere Reserve Vessertal-Thuringian Forest in Germany --- Chapter 17 – Potential Impact of Climate Change on Alpine Habitats from Bucegi Natural Park, Romania --- Chapter 18 – Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Habitats and their Effects on Invasive Plant Species in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania --- Chapter 19 - Reproduction biology of an alien invasive plant: a case of drought-tolerant Aster squamatus on the Northern Adriatic seacoast, Slovenia --- Chapter 20 – Conclusions and Recommendations for Adapting Conservation Management in the Face of Climate Change --- Index

Description / Table of Contents: Aerosols have a significant impact on technological processes and human activities. In many cases, aerosols are at the core of human health, environmental and technological problems (climate change and air quality). However, aerosols can be successfully used in industry and technology (new materials, fire suppression and fuel delivery). The current scientific status of aerosol modelling and simulation and measurements and some advances in computational techniques, particle measurement technologies and practical applications of aerosols are reviewed and considered in this book. This book also includes a number of case studies focused on analysis of optical thickness and air quality in various regions.

Description / Table of Contents: Addressing the matter of air quality in a collection of focused scientific topic chapters is timely as a contribution to the international discussion and challenges of global warming and climate change. This book engages with the debate by considering some of the social, public health, economic and scientific issues that relate to the contribution made by airborne pollutants to the observable trending variances in weather, climate and atmospheric conditions. From a wide range of submissions for inclusion in the book, there are seven carefully selected chapters that individually relate to air sampling and analysis: the monitoring, measurement and modelling of air quality. The authors come from a range of academic and scientific disciplines, and each is internationally credited in his/her field. This book will appeal to scholars, to students and generally to those interested in the following contemporary thought in the matter of environment pollution, air quality and the issues of climate and atmosphere the world is facing today.

Description / Table of Contents: Part I: Context and Objective --- Introduction: A Critical Appraisal of Major Water Engineering Projects and the Need for Interdisciplinary Approaches --- Water Ethics – Orientation for Water Conflicts as Part of Inter- and Transdisciplinary Deliberation --- Part II: Major Water Engineering Projects – Challenges, Problems, Opportunities.- Major Water Engineering Projects: Definitions, Framework Conditions, Systemic Effects --- A Global View on Future Major Water Engineering Projects --- Neglected Values of Major Water Engineering Projects: Ecosystem Services, Social Impacts and Economic Valuation --- Water Governance: A Systemic Approach --- Research in two Case Studies: Irrigation and Land Use in the Fergana Valley and Water Management in the Lower Jordan Valley --- Part III: The Fergana Valley – Uzbekistan’s Hydro-Agricultural System between Inertia and Change --- Between Multiple Transformations and Systemic Path Dependencies --- From Upscaling to Rescaling – Transforming the Fergana from Tsarist Irrigation to Water Management for an Independent Uzbekistan --- Irrigation Infrastructure in Fergana Today: Ecological Implications –Economic Necessities --- Where Water Meets Agriculture: The Ambivalent Role of the Water Users Associations --- Theory, the Market and the State: Agricultural Reforms in Post Socialist Uzbekistan between Economic Incentives and Institutional Obstacles --- Part IV: The Lower Jordan Valley – The Red Sea-Dead Sea Conveyance Project and its Complex History --- Water Resources, Cooperation and Power Asymmetries in the Water Management of the Lower Jordan Valley – The Situation Today and the Path that has led there --- Reclaiming the Dead Sea: Alternatives for Action --- Jordan’s Shadow State and Water Management: Prospects for Water Security will depend on Politics and Regional Cooperation --- Technologies, Incentives and Cost Recovery: Is there an Israeli Role Model? --- Part V: Outlook and Options for Action --- Lessons Learnt, Open Research Questions and Recommendations

Description / Table of Contents: Addressing climate change requires nothing short of an energy revolution. Electricity, mostly generated from fossil fuels, is at the core of this challenge, accounting for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Addressing climate change requires nothing short of an energy revolution. Electricity, mostly generated from fossil fuels, is at the core of this challenge, accounting for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Sectoral Approaches in Electricity – Building Bridges to a Safe Climate shows how the international climate policy framework could effectively support a transition towards low-CO2 electricity systems in developing countries. Sectoral approaches are intended to address sectors that require urgent actions, without waiting for countries to take nation-wide commitments. Once built, power generation capacity lasts for decades. Investing massively in CO2-intensive technologies to meet surging electricity demand will either make it impossible or overly costly to stabilise CO2 concentrations at sustainable levels. The technology mix needed to avoid such a development is clear: higher generation efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, nuclear and renewables. Earlier IEA publications have extensively reviewed developed countries’ efforts to steer generation away from carbon-intensive production modes, from dedicated support to low-carbon technologies to, increasingly, the reliance on CO2 pricing via emissions trading. Following the same logic, there are proposals seeking to use the international carbon market to drive changes at sectoral level in developing countries. This publication illustrates the pros and cons of such an approach in a few key emerging economies. It also asks how international climate policy could support and enhance ongoing efforts on end-use energy efficiency - an essential piece of the climate change/electricity puzzle.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper explores sectoral approaches as a new set of options to enhance the effectiveness of greenhouse gas reduction policies and to engage emerging economies on a lower emission path. It surveys existing literature and recent policy trends in international climate change discussions, and provides an overview of sectoral approaches and related issues for trade-exposed, greenhouse-gas intensive industries (cement, iron and steel and aluminium). It is also based on interviews conducted by the IEA Secretariat in Australia, China, Europe, Japan, and the United States. Sectoral approaches were also discussed during workshops on technology and energy efficiency policies in industry, following the IEA’s mandate under the Gleneagles Plan of Action.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper examines what “sustainable development policies and measures” (SD-PAMs) could be, and how they could be implemented and could fit into a post-2012 climate regime. This paper assumes that the option to implement SD-PAMs instead of quantified GHG emission commitments post-2012 is an option that would be likely to be only open to non-Annex I countries. There are several key, but unanswered, questions related to SD-PAMs. These include policy-related issues such as which countries could take on commitments to implement SD-PAMs (rather than quantified emission commitments)? Why would particular countries decide to take on such commitments? They also include questions related to how SD-PAMs could be implemented. For many other options for possible post-2012 GHG mitigation actions, including by non-Annex I countries, have also been proposed. However, this paper focuses solely on SD-PAMs.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper assesses the policy questions as highlighted in the relevant COP/MOP 2 decision, particularly leaks (or seepage) and permanence for geological storage, project boundaries and liability issues, and leakage, as well as a few others raised by some Parties. Since any emissions or leaks during the separation, capture and transport phases would occur during the crediting period of the project (and would therefore be accounted for as project emissions), the paper focuses its analyses for leaks and liability on storage, as it is in this part of the CCS process that long-term leaks could occur.

Description / Table of Contents: The pollution of soil and groundwater by heavy metals and other chemicals is becoming a serious issue in many countries. However, the current bioremediation processes do not often achieve sufficient remediation, and more effective processes are desired. This book deals with advances in the bioremediation of polluted soil and groundwater. In the former chapters of this book, respected researchers in this field describe how the optimization of microorganisms, enzymes, absorbents, additives and injection procedures can help to realize excellent bioremediation. In the latter chapters, other researchers introduce bioremediation processes that have been performed in the field and novel bioremediation processes. Thus, the readers will be able to obtain new ideas about effective bioremediation as well as important information about recent advances in bioremediation.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Earth's Climate System --- Chapter 2. Forecasting Global Warming --- Chapter 3. Paris INDCs --- Chapter 4. Implementation.

Description / Table of Contents: From the Contents: Overview concepts, approaches and challenges of integrated groundwater management --- Disentangling the complexity of a groundwater dependent socio-ecological system --- The scale of the groundwater issue internationally --- Groundwater law --- Groundwater regulation and integrated water planning

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction to the Assessment --- Past and Current Climate Change --- Past and Current Changes in the North Sea (and interface regions) --- Climate Change Projections --- Impacts of Current and Future Climate Change in Ecosystems --- Climate Impacts on Socio-economy

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction --- The Jordan Valley --- Projections And Objectives --- Meeting The Strategic Planning Objectives --- The Year 2050 --- Final Conclusions And Recommendations --- Colophon.

Description / Table of Contents: The CleanEra project was initiated with the goal of developing revolutionary ideas for civil aviation. These ideas were to offer solutions which would limit and reduce some of the negative aspects of aviation, namely: emissions and the use of resources. This book presents you with the highlights of this journey in search of new technologies for a revolutionary aircraft; an aircraft that not only offers a future of comfortable air travel for the passenger, but a future of sustainable aviation for the planet as well.

Description / Table of Contents: Part I Wind Turbine Blades --- Part II Enabling Technologies for Drivetrain and Gearbox Analysis --- Part III Tower and Support Structure --- Part IV Reliability and Preventive Maintenance of Offshore Wind Turbines --- Part V CFD Analysis of a Complete Offshore Wind Turbine --- Part VI Offshore Wind Farm Design --- Part VII Offshore Wind Decommissioning