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  • 1
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    16S rDNA-based phylogeny of sulfur-oxidizing bacterial endosymbionts in marine bivalves from cold-seep habitats (2003)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 249 . pp. 39-51.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-30
    Description: The phylogenetic relationship of sulphur-oxidising endosymbiotic bacteria from bivalves of the families Vesicomyidae (Calyptogena sp. C1, Calyptogena sp. C3), Solemyidae (Acharax sp.) and Thyasiridae (Conchocele sp.) from cold-seep habitats were determined by 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence analyses. The endosymbiotic bacteria form distinct groups within the gamma-Proteobacteria and are well separated from each other and from free-living sulphur-oxidising bacteria of the genera Beggiatoa, Halothiobacillus and Thiomicrospira. The endosymbiotic bacteria of Acharax sp. from cold seeps off Oregon, Indonesia and Pakistan have sequences highly similar to each other but quite distinct from other thiotrophic endosymbionts. This includes endosymbionts from Solemya spp., to which they are distantly related. Symbiotic bacteria of Conchocele sp. from a cold seep in the Sea of Okhotsk are similar to those of Bathymodiolus thermophilus and related species, as shown by their overall sequence similarity and by signature sequences. The endosymbiotic bacteria of Calyptogena spp. from cold seeps off Oregon and Pakistan are closely related to those of other vesicomyids. Endosymbiont species found off Oregon corresponded to 2 different clusters of Calyptogena spp. symbionts in the same samples. The results corroborate the hypothesis of a monophyletic origin of the symbionts in vesicomyid clams, and support the existence of deeply branching groups in solemyid symbionts and of divergent lines and distribution for thyasirid symbionts. The results also indicate that certain symbiont species cluster according to the depth distribution of their hosts, and that in consequence host species together with their symbionts may have undergone depth-specific adaptation and evolution.
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  • 2
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    2. German Future Earth Summit - Conference Summary Report Berlin, 28th & 29th of January 2016 (2016)
    DKN Future Earth
    In:  DKN Future Earth, Stuttgart / Kiel, 69 pp. ISBN 978-3-9813068-4-2
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-05
    Description: At the 2nd German Future Earth Summit (28 to 29 January 2016) scientists from various disciplines and institutions as well as political and societal actors came together in Berlin ​to exchange views about pressing issues in global sustainability research. Main topics discussed at this 2nd Summit were cross-cutting capabilities in Future Earth: Observing, monitoring and data systems, Earth system modeling and social macrodynamics, Metrics and evaluation for human wellbeing and sustainable development, Theory and method development and Science-society interface. The conference summary report includes all outcomes of the different sessions as well as the results of numerous other events organised by the German academic community to further develop research in the context of Future Earth and WCRP.
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  • 3
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    2. Wochenbericht SO234/2 (2014)
    In:  UNSPECIFIED, 2 pp.
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-25
    Description: Wochenbericht vom 14.07.-20.07.2014 (Port Louis/Mauritius)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 4
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    A chemical definition of the boundary of the Antarctic ozone hole (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A program designed to study the Antarctic ozone hole using ER-2 high-altitude and DC-8 aircraft was conducted out of Punta Arenas, Chile during August 17-September 22, 1987. Graphs are presented of ozone and chlorine monoxide when crossing the boundary of the chemically perturbed region on August 23 and on September 21. Interpretations of ClO, H2O, and N2O measurements are presented, indicating ongoing diabetic cooling and advective poleward transport across the boundary.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11437-11
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  • 5
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    A climate index collection based on model data (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Machine learning (ML) and in particular deep learning (DL) methods push state-of-the-art solutions for many hard problems, for example, image classification, speech recognition, or time series forecasting. In the domain of climate science, ML and DL are known to be effective for identifying causally linked modes of climate variability as key to understand the climate system and to improve the predictive skills of forecast systems. To attribute climate events in a data-driven way, we need sufficient training data, which is often limited for real-world measurements. The data science community provides standard data sets for many applications. As a new data set, we introduce a consistent and comprehensive collection of climate indices typically used to describe Earth System dynamics. Therefore, we use 1000-year control simulations from Earth System Models. The data set is provided as an open-source framework that can be extended and customized to individual needs. It allows users to develop new ML methodologies and to compare results to existing methods and models as benchmark. For example, we use the data set to predict rainfall in the African Sahel region and El Niño Southern Oscillation with various ML models. Our aim is to build a bridge between the data science community and researchers and practitioners from the domain of climate science to jointly improve our understanding of the climate system.
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  • 6
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    A comparative analysis of the ontogeny of syngnathids (pipefishes and seahorses) reveals how heterochrony contributed to their diversification (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Background: Syngnathids are a highly derived and diverse fish clade comprising the pipefishes, pipe-horses, and seahorses. They are characterized by a plethora of iconic traits that increasingly capture the attention of biologists, including geneticists, ecologists, and developmental biologists. The current understanding of the origins of their derived body plan is, however, hampered by incomplete and limited descriptions of the early syngnathid ontogeny. Results: We provide a comprehensive description of the development of Nerophis ophidion, Syngnathus typhle, and Hippocampus erectus from early cleavage stages to release from the male brooding organ and beyond, including juvenile development. We comparatively describe skeletogenesis with a particular focus on dermal bony plates, the snout-like jaw morphology, and appendages. Conclusions: This most comprehensive and detailed account of syngnathid development to date suggests that convergent phenotypes (e.g., reduction and loss of the caudal fins), likely arose by distinct ontogenetic means in pipefishes and seahorses. Comparison of the ontogenetic trajectories of S. typhle and H. erectus provides indications that characteristic features of the seahorse body plan result from developmental truncation. Altogether, this work provides a valuable resource and framework for future research to understand the evolution of the outlandish syngnathid morphology from a developmental perspective.
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  • 7
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    A data-driven approach to identify controls on global fire activity from satellite and climate observations (SOFIA V1) (2017)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Vegetation fires affect human infrastructures, ecosystems, global vegetation distribution, and atmospheric composition. However, the climatic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors that control global fire activity in vegetation are only poorly understood, and in various complexities and formulations are represented in global process-oriented vegetation-fire models. Data-driven model approaches such as machine learning algorithms have successfully been used to identify and better understand controlling factors for fire activity. However, such machine learning models cannot be easily adapted or even implemented within process-oriented global vegetation-fire models. To overcome this gap between machine learning-based approaches and process-oriented global fire models, we introduce a new flexible data-driven fire modelling approach here (Satellite Observations to predict FIre Activity, SOFIA approach version 1). SOFIA models can use several predictor variables and functional relationships to estimate burned area that can be easily adapted with more complex process-oriented vegetation-fire models. We created an ensemble of SOFIA models to test the importance of several predictor variables. SOFIA models result in the highest performance in predicting burned area if they account for a direct restriction of fire activity under wet conditions and if they include a land cover-dependent restriction or allowance of fire activity by vegetation density and biomass. The use of vegetation optical depth data from microwave satellite observations, a proxy for vegetation biomass and water content, reaches higher model performance than commonly used vegetation variables from optical sensors. We further analyse spatial patterns of the sensitivity between anthropogenic, climate, and vegetation predictor variables and burned area. We finally discuss how multiple observational datasets on climate, hydrological, vegetation, and socioeconomic variables together with data-driven modelling and model–data integration approaches can guide the future development of global process-oriented vegetation-fire models.
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  • 8
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    A decade of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) measurements in the southwestern Baltic Sea (2021)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were measured at the Boknis Eck Time Series Station (BE, Eckernförde Bay, SW Baltic Sea) during the period February 2009–December 2018. Our results show considerable interannual and seasonal variabilities in the mixed-layer concentrations of DMS, total DMSP (DMSPt) and total DMSO (DMSOt). Positive correlations were found between particulate DMSP (DMSPp) and particulate DMSO (DMSOp) as well as DMSPt and DMSOt in the mixed layer, suggesting a similar source for both compounds. The decreasing long-term trends, observed for DMSPt and DMS in the mixed layer, were linked to the concurrent trend of the sum of 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin and 19′-butanoyloxy-fucoxanthin, which are the marker pigments of prymnesiophytes and chrysophytes, respectively. Major Baltic inflow (MBI) events influenced the distribution of sulfur compounds due to phytoplankton community changes, and sediment might be a potential source for DMS in the bottom layer during seasonal hypoxia/anoxia at BE. A modified algorithm based on the phytoplankton pigments reproduces the DMSPp : Chl a ratios well during this study and could be used to estimate future surface (5 m) DMSPp concentrations at BE.
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  • 9
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    A decade of methane measurements at the Boknis Eck Time Series Station in Eckernförde Bay (southwestern Baltic Sea) (2020)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Coastal areas contribute significantly to the emissions of methane (CH4) from the ocean. In order to decipher its temporal variability in the whole water column, dissolved CH4 was measured on a monthly basis at the Boknis Eck Time-series Station (BE) located in the Eckernförde Bay (SW Baltic Sea) from 2006 to 2017. BE has a water depth of about 28 m and dissolved CH4 was measured at six water depths ranging from 0 to 25 m. In general CH4 concentrations increased with depth, indicating a sedimentary release of CH4. Pronounced enhancement of the CH4 concentrations in the bottom layer (15–25 m) was found during February, May–June and October. CH4 was not correlated with Chlorophyll a or O2 over the measurement period. Unusually high CH4 concentrations (of up to 696 nM) were sporadically observed in the upper layer (0–10 m) (e.g. in November 2013 and December 2014) and were coinciding with Major Baltic Inflow (MBI) events. Surface CH4 concentrations were always supersaturated throughout the monitoring period, indicating that the Eckernförde Bay is an intense but highly variable source of atmospheric CH4. We did not detect significant temporal trends in CH4 concentrations or emissions, despite of ongoing environmental changes such as warming and deoxygenation in the Eckernförde Bay. Overall, the CH4 variability at BE is driven by a complex interplay of various biological and physical processes.
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  • 10
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    A deep-learning automated image recognition method for measuring pore patterns in closely related bolivinids and calibration for quantitative nitrate paleo-reconstructions (2023)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Eutrophication is accelerating the recent expansion of oxygen-depleted coastal marine environments. Several bolivinid foraminifera are abundant in these oxygen-depleted settings, and take up nitrate through the pores in their shells for denitrification. This makes their pore density a possible nitrate proxy. This study documents three aspects related to the porosity of bolivinids. 1. A new automated image analysis technique to determine the number of pores in bolivinids is tested. 2. The pore patterns of Bolivina spissa from five different ocean settings are analysed. The relationship between porosity, pore density and mean pore size significantly differs between the studied locations. Their porosity is mainly controlled by the size of the pores at the Gulf of Guayaquil (Peru), but by the number of pores at other studied locations. This might be related to the presence of a different cryptic Bolivina species in the Gulf of Guayaquil. 3. The pore densities of closely related bolivinids in core-top samples are calibrated as a bottom-water nitrate proxy. Bolivina spissa and Bolivina subadvena showed the same correlation between pore density and bottom-water nitrate concentrations, while the pore density of Bolivina argentea and Bolivina subadvena accumeata is much higher.
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  • 11
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    A framework for the cross-sectoral integration of multi-model impact projections: land use decisions under climate impacts uncertainties (2015)
    In:  Earth System Dynamics
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 12
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    A genomic view of the microbiome of coral reef demosponges (2021)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Sponges underpin the productivity of coral reefs, yet few of their microbial symbionts have been functionally characterised. Here we present an analysis of ~1200 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) spanning seven sponge species and 25 microbial phyla. Compared to MAGs derived from reef seawater, sponge-associated MAGs were enriched in glycosyl hydrolases targeting components of sponge tissue, coral mucus and macroalgae, revealing a critical role for sponge symbionts in cycling reef organic matter. Further, visualisation of the distribution of these genes amongst symbiont taxa uncovered functional guilds for reef organic matter degradation. Genes for the utilisation of sialic acids and glycosaminoglycans present in sponge tissue were found in specific microbial lineages that also encoded genes for attachment to sponge-derived fibronectins and cadherins, suggesting these lineages can utilise specific structural elements of sponge tissue. Further, genes encoding CRISPR and restriction-modification systems used in defence against mobile genetic elements were enriched in sponge symbionts, along with eukaryote-like gene motifs thought to be involved in maintaining host association. Finally, we provide evidence that many of these sponge-enriched genes are laterally transferred between microbial taxa, suggesting they confer a selective advantage within the sponge niche and therefore play a critical role in host ecology and evolution.
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  • 13
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    A history of violence: magma incubation, timing and tephra distribution of the Los Chocoyos supereruption (Atitlán Caldera, Guatemala) (2021)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The climactic Los Chocoyos (LCY) eruption from Atitlán caldera (Guatemala) is a key chronostratigraphic marker for the Quaternary period given the extensive distribution of its deposits that reached both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Despite LCY tephra being an important marker horizon, a radioisotopic age for this eruption has remained elusive. Using zircon (U–Th)/He geochronology, we present the first radioisotopically determined eruption age for the LCY of 75 ± 2 ka. Additionally, the youngest zircon crystallization 238U–230Th rim ages in their respective samples constrain eruption age maxima for two other tephra units that erupted from Atitlán caldera, W-Fall (130 +16/−14 ka) and I-Fall eruptions (56 +8.2/−7.7 ka), which under- and overlie LCY tephra, respectively. Moreover, rim and interior zircon dating and glass chemistry suggest that before eruption silicic magma was stored for 〉80 kyr, with magma accumulation peaking within ca. 35 kyr before the LCY eruption during which the system may have developed into a vertically zoned magma chamber. Based on an updated distribution of LCY pyroclastic deposits, a new conservatively estimated volume of ~1220 ± 150 km3 is obtained (volcanic explosivity index VEI 〉 8), which confirms the LCY eruption as the first-ever recognized supereruption in Central America.
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  • 14
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    A hydrogen‐oxidizing bacterium enriched from the open ocean resembling a symbiont (2020)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: A new autotrophic hydrogen‐oxidizing Chromatiaceae bacterium, namely bacterium CTD079, was enriched from a water column sample at 1500 m water depth in the southern Pacific Ocean. Based on the phylogeny of 16S rRNA genes it was closely related to a scaly snail endosymbiont (99.2% DNA sequence identity) whose host so far is only known to colonize hydrothermal vents along the Indian ridge. The average nucleotide identity between the genomes of CTD079 and the snail endosymbiont was 91%. The observed differences likely reflect adaptations to their specific habitats. For example, CTD079 encodes additional enzymes like the formate dehydrogenase increasing the organism's spectrum of energy generation pathways. Other additional physiological features of CTD079 included the increase of viral defense strategies, secretion systems and specific transporters for essential elements. These important genome characteristics suggest an adaptation to life in the open ocean.
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  • 15
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    A Knowledge-Based European Perspective on Sustainable Land Management: Conceptual Approach and Overview of Chapters (2021)
    In:  Sustainable Land Management in a European Context | Human-Environment Interactions
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: This introductory chapter, written by the editors, provides an overview of their conceptual approach, the book’s line of argumentation, and an insight into the different chapters of the book “Sustainable Land Management in a European Context—a co-design approach”. The synopsis highlights the various approaches and possible applications of a co-design approach.
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  • 16
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    A method for validation of GIA models using sea-level data with applications to Hudson Bay and SW Fennoscandia (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is the ongoing response of the viscoelastic solid Earth, oceans and the gravitational field to the previous burden of the ice loads. The Earth’s surface was once covered with massive ice sheets, and melting of these ice sheets is still reshaping coastlines and affecting sea-level. To reconstruct former sea level and be able to predict future changes, it is necessary to constrain the rheological properties of the Earth’s structure. Widely used data to constrain Earth’s interior are sea-level indicators. In the first part of the thesis, we propose a statistical method that quantifies a relationship between the sea-level indicator and a relative sea level in order to compare it to GIA predictions. A statistical method is based on consideration of spatial and temporal probability density functions, derived from the age and elevation of each indicator. This method allows a more rigorous approach to validation with sea-level data and possibility to include low-quality data. We verified method performance in the Hudson Bay, Canada as a test run before applying it to the SW Fennoscandia. SW Fennoscandia identifies as an area where lateral heterogeneity is likely to exist. The south-western part of Fennoscandia lies on the crustal boundary called the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ), or the Tornquist Zone. GIA models have two representations of Earth’s structure; radially symmetric (1D), where the rheology only varies vertically, and lateral or 3D variations of viscosity structure. In this thesis, we compare glacial isostatic adjustment reconstructions with both representations of the rheology. Results from the 1D model show variations in the viscosity structure between the area near to the centre of the former ice sheet and the areas at the margin of the ice sheet. Hence, we verify the importance of including lateral variations in GIA models in this region. Application of 3D models displays the sensitivity of model parameters to crustal deformation. German Baltic coast yields thinner lithosphere than TESZ region and near-centre region. Additionally, in the TESZ region, we notice a steep increase in viscosity of the asthenosphere and upper-mantle. Furthermore, we compared two different global ice histories (ICE5G and ICE6G_C) and concluded that the marginal areas are more sensitive to different deglaciations, and we propose to use regional ice histories to constrain GIA models better. Apart from the new statistical method, this study sets a ground for future GIA studies in complex tectonic regions and demonstrates the importance of including laterally heterogeneous Earth structure in GIA models.
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  • 17
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    A multi-model intercomparison of halogenated very short-lived substances (TransCom-VSLS): linking oceanic emissions and tropospheric transport for a reconciled estimate of the stratospheric source gas injection of bromine (2016)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16 (14). pp. 9163-9187.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The first concerted multi-model intercomparison of halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) has been performed, within the framework of the ongoing Atmospheric Tracer Transport Model Intercomparison Project (TransCom). Eleven global models or model variants participated, simulating the major natural bromine VSLS, bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), over a 20-year period (1993-2012). The overarching goal of TransCom-VSLS was to provide a reconciled model estimate of the stratospheric source gas injection (SGI) of bromine from these gases, to constrain the current measurement-derived range, and to investigate inter-model differences due to emissions and transport processes.Models ran with standardised idealised chemistry, to isolate differences due to transport, and we investigated the sensitivity of results to a range of VSLS emission inventories. Models were tested in their ability to reproduce the observed seasonal and spatial distribution of VSLS at the surface, using measurements from NOAA’s long-term global monitoring network, and in the tropical troposphere, using recent aircraft measurements - including high altitude observations from the NASA Global Hawk platform. The models generally capture the seasonal cycle of surface CHBr3 and CH2Br2 well, with a strong model-measurement correlation (r ≥ 0.7) and a low sensitivity to the choice of emission inventory, at most sites. In a given model, the absolute model-measurement agreement is highly sensitive to the choice of emissions and inter-model differences are also apparent, even when using the same inventory, highlighting the challenges faced in evaluating such inventories at the global scale. Across the ensemble, most consistency is found within the tropics where most of the models (8 out of 11) achieve optimal agreement to surface CHBr3 observations using the lowest of the three CHBr3 emission inventories tested (similarly, 8 out of 11 models for CH2 Br2). In general, the models are able to reproduce well observations of CHBr3 and CH2 Br2 obtained in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) at various locations throughout the Pacific. Zonal variability in VSLS loading in the TTL is generally consistent among models, with CHBr3 (and to a lesser extent CH2 Br2) most elevated over the tropical West Pacific during boreal winter. The models also indicate the Asian Monsoon during boreal summer to be an important pathway for VSLS reaching the stratosphere, though the strength of this signal varies considerably among models. We derive an ensemble climatological mean estimate of the stratospheric bromine SGI from CHBr3 and CH2 Br2 of 2.0 (1.2-2.5) ppt, ≫ 57% larger than the best estimate from the most recent World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Ozone Assessment Report. We find no evidence for a long-term, transport-driven trend in the stratospheric SGI of bromine over the simulation period. However, transport-driven inter-annual variability in the annual mean bromine SGI is of the order of a ±5%, with SGI exhibiting a strong positive correlation with ENSO in the East Pacific.
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  • 18
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    A multi-year observation of nitrous oxide at the Boknis Eck Time-Series Station in the Eckernförde Bay (southwestern Baltic Sea) (2019)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
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    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and it is involved in stratospheric ozone depletion. Its oceanic production is mainly influenced by dissolved nutrient and oxygen (O2) concentrations in the water column. Here we examined the seasonal and annual variations in dissolved N2O at the Boknis Eck (BE) Time Series Station located in Eckernförde Bay (southwestern Baltic Sea). Monthly measurements of N2O started in July 2005. We found a pronounced seasonal pattern for N2O with high concentrations (supersaturations) in winter and early spring and low concentrations (undersaturations) in autumn when hypoxic or anoxic conditions prevail. Unusually low N2O concentrations were observed during October 2016–April 2017, which was presumably a result of prolonged anoxia and the subsequent nutrient deficiency. Unusually high N2O concentrations were found in November 2017 and this event was linked to the occurrence of upwelling which interrupted N2O consumption via denitrification and potentially promoted ammonium oxidation (nitrification) at the oxic–anoxic interface. Nutrient concentrations (such as nitrate, nitrite and phosphate) at BE have been decreasing since the 1980s, but oxygen concentrations in the water column are still decreasing. Our results indicate a close coupling of N2O anomalies to O2 concentration, nutrients, and stratification. Given the long-term trends of declining nutrient and oxygen concentrations at BE, a decrease in N2O concentration, and thus emissions, seems likely due to an increasing number of events with low N2O concentrations.
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  • 19
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    A new seepage site south of Svalbard? Results from Eurofleets-2 BURSTER cruise (2017)
    In:  [Talk] In: EGU General Assembly 2017, 23.-28.04.2017, Vienna, Austria .
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
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  • 20
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    A New Volcanic Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Forcing Emulator (EVA_H): Comparison With Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Models (2020)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Idealized models or emulators of volcanic aerosol forcing have been widely used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of past volcanic forcing. However, existing models, including the most recently developed Easy Volcanic Aerosol (EVA; Toohey et al., doi: 10.5194/gmd‐2016‐83), (i) do not account for the height of injection of volcanic SO urn:x-wiley:jgrd:media:jgrd55987:jgrd55987-math-0001; (ii) prescribe a vertical structure for the forcing; and (iii) are often calibrated against a single eruption. We present a new idealized model, EVA_H, that addresses these limitations. Compared to EVA, EVA_H makes predictions of the global mean stratospheric aerosol optical depth that are (i) similar for the 1979–1998 period characterized by the large and high‐altitude tropical SO urn:x-wiley:jgrd:media:jgrd55987:jgrd55987-math-0002 injections of El Chichón (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991); (ii) significantly improved for the 1998–2015 period characterized by smaller eruptions with a large variety of injection latitudes and heights. Compared to EVA, the sensitivity of volcanic forcing to injection latitude and height in EVA_H is much more consistent with results from climate models that include interactive aerosol chemistry and microphysics, even though EVA_H remains less sensitive to eruption latitude than the latter models. We apply EVA_H to investigate potential biases and uncertainties in EVA‐based volcanic forcing data sets from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). EVA and EVA_H forcing reconstructions do not significantly differ for tropical high‐altitude volcanic injections. However, for high‐latitude or low‐altitude injections, our reconstructed forcing is significantly lower. This suggests that volcanic forcing in CMIP6 last millenium experiments may be overestimated for such eruptions.
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    A potential marine source for stratospheric sulphur? (2016)
    In:  [Talk] In: SSIRC Workshop, 26.04.2016, Potsdam, Germany .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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    A simple equation for the melt elevation feedback of ice sheets (2016)
    In:  The Cryosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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    A two-component parameterization of marine ice-nucleating particles based on seawater biology and sea spray aerosol measurements in the Mediterranean Sea (2021)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have a large impact on the climate-relevant properties of clouds over the oceans. Studies have shown that sea spray aerosols (SSAs), produced upon bursting of bubbles at the ocean surface, can be an important source of marine INPs, particularly during periods of enhanced biological productivity. Recent mesocosm experiments using natural seawater spiked with nutrients have revealed that marine INPs are derived from two separate classes of organic matter in SSAs. Despite this finding, existing parameterizations for marine INP abundance are based solely on single variables such as SSA organic carbon (OC) or SSA surface area, which may mask specific trends in the separate classes of INP. The goal of this paper is to improve the understanding of the connection between ocean biology and marine INP abundance by reporting results from a field study and proposing a new parameterization of marine INPs that accounts for the two associated classes of organic matter. The PEACETIME cruise took place from 10 May to 10 June 2017 in the Mediterranean Sea. Throughout the cruise, INP concentrations in the surface microlayer (INPSML) and in SSAs (INPSSA) produced using a plunging aquarium apparatus were continuously monitored while surface seawater (SSW) and SML biological properties were measured in parallel. The organic content of artificially generated SSAs was also evaluated. INPSML concentrations were found to be lower than those reported in the literature, presumably due to the oligotrophic nature of the Mediterranean Sea. A dust wet deposition event that occurred during the cruise increased the INP concentrations measured in the SML by an order of magnitude, in line with increases in iron in the SML and bacterial abundances. Increases in INPSSA were not observed until after a delay of 3 days compared to increases in the SML and are likely a result of a strong influence of bulk SSW INPs for the temperatures investigated (T=−18 ∘C for SSAs, T=−15 ∘C for SSW). Results confirmed that INPSSA are divided into two classes depending on their associated organic matter. Here we find that warm (T≥−22 ∘C) INPSSA concentrations are correlated with water-soluble organic matter (WSOC) in the SSAs, but also with SSW parameters (particulate organic carbon, POCSSW and INPSSW,−16C) while cold INPSSA (T〈−22 ∘C) are correlated with SSA water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) and SML dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. A relationship was also found between cold INPSSA and SSW nano- and microphytoplankton cell abundances, indicating that these species might be a source of water-insoluble organic matter with surfactant properties and specific IN activities. Guided by these results, we formulated and tested multiple parameterizations for the abundance of INPs in marine SSAs, including a single-component model based on POCSSW and a two-component model based on SSA WIOC and OC. We also altered a previous model based on OCSSA content to account for oligotrophy of the Mediterranean Sea. We then compared this formulation with the previous models. This new parameterization should improve attempts to incorporate marine INP emissions into numerical models.
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    A two-decade analysis of the spatial and temporal variations in burned areas across Zimbabwe (2024)
    In:  PLOS Climate
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: Understanding wildfire dynamics in space and over time is critical for wildfire control and management. In this study, fire data from European Space Agency (ESA) MODIS fire product (ESA/CCI/FireCCI/5_1) with ≥ 70% confidence level was used to characterise spatial and temporal variation in fire frequency in Zimbabwe between 2001 and 2020. Results showed that burned area increased by 16% from 3,689 km2 in 2001 to 6,130 km2 in 2011 and decreased in subsequent years reaching its lowest in 2020 (1,161km2). Over, the 20-year period, an average of 40,086.56 km2 of land was burned annually across the country. In addition, results of the regression analysis based on Generalised Linear Model illustrated that soil moisture, wind speed and temperature significantly explained variation in burned area. Moreover, the four-year lagged annual rainfall was positively related with burned area suggesting that some parts in the country (southern and western) are characterised by limited herbaceous production thereby increasing the time required for the accumulation of sufficient fuel load. The study identified major fire hotspots in Zimbabwe through the integration of remotely sensed fire data within a spatially analytical framework. This can provide useful insights into fire evolution which can be used to guide wildfire control and management in fire prone ecosystems. Moreover, resource allocation for fire management and mitigation can be optimised through targeting areas most affected by wildfires especially during the dry season where wildfire activity is at its peak.
    Language: English
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    A Winter-to-Summer Transition of Bacterial and Archaeal Communities in Arctic Sea Ice (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The Arctic is warming 2–3 times faster than the global average, leading to a decrease in Arctic sea ice extent, thickness, and associated changes in sea ice structure. These changes impact sea ice habitat properties and the ice-associated ecosystems. Sea-ice algal blooms provide various algal-derived carbon sources for the bacterial and archaeal communities within the sea ice. Here, we detail the transition of these communities from winter through spring to early summer during the Norwegian young sea ICE (N-ICE2015) expedition. The winter community was dominated by the archaeon Candidatus Nitrosopumilus and bacteria belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria (Colwellia, Kangiellaceae, and Nitrinocolaceae), indicating that nitrogen-based metabolisms, particularly ammonia oxidation to nitrite by Cand. Nitrosopumilus was prevalent. At the onset of the vernal sea-ice algae bloom, the community shifted to the dominance of Gammaproteobacteria (Kangiellaceae, Nitrinocolaceae) and Bacteroidia (Polaribacter), while Cand. Nitrosopumilus almost disappeared. The bioinformatically predicted carbohydrate-active enzymes increased during spring and summer, indicating that sea-ice algae-derived carbon sources are a strong driver of bacterial and archaeal community succession in Arctic sea ice during the change of seasons. This implies a succession from a nitrogen metabolism-based winter community to an algal-derived carbon metabolism-based spring/ summer community.
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    Abschlußbericht des Vorhabens 03G0190A und B "SINDBAD I und II" : Vorhabenbezeichnung: SO 190 SINDBAD 1 & 2 ; Laufzeit des Vorhabens: 01.09.2006 bis 31.12.2008 (IFM-GEOMAR), 01.08.2006 bis 30.11.2008 (BGR) ; Berichtszeitraum: 01.08.2006 bis 31.05.2009 (2009)
    In:  UNSPECIFIED, 130 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-06
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Abundance, distribution and potential activity of methane oxidizing bacteria in permafrost soils from the Lena Delta, Siberia (2007)
    Wiley
    In:  Environmental Microbiology, 9 (1). pp. 107-117.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-01
    Description: The methane oxidation potential of active layer profiles of permafrost soils from the Lena Delta, Siberia, was studied with regard to its respond to temperature, and abundance and distribution of type I and type II methanotrophs. Our results indicate vertical shifts within the optimal methane oxidation temperature and within the distribution of type I and type II methanotrophs. In the upper active layer, maximum methane oxidation potentials were detected at 21°C. Deep active layer zones that are constantly exposed to temperatures below 2°C showed a maximum potential to oxidize methane at 4°C. Our results indicate a dominance of psychrophilic methanotrophs close to the permafrost table. Type I methanotrophs dominated throughout the active layer profiles but their number strongly fluctuated with depth. In contrast, type II methanotrophs were constantly abundant through the whole active layer and displaced type I methanotrophs close to the permafrost table. No correlation between in situ temperatures and the distribution of type I and type II methanotrophs was found. However, the distribution of type I and type II methanotrophs correlated significantly with in situ methane concentrations. Beside vertical fluctuations, the abundance of methane oxidizers also fluctuated according to different geomorphic units. Similar methanotroph cell counts were detected in samples of a flood plain and a polygon rim, whereas cell counts in samples of a polygon centre were up to 100 times lower.
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    Action needed for staple crops in the Andean-Amazon foothills because of climate change (2020)
    In:  Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-13
    Description: The Andean-Amazon foothills region, shaped by Andean moist forests and Amazon forests in southwestern Colombia, Napo province in Ecuador, and Ucayali Province and Napo Basin in Peru, provides local and global ecosystem services as food, water, world climate regulation, water purification, and carbon absorption. However, it faces major problems of land-use change that are exacerbated by climate change that affects these ecosystem services. For instance, conventional agriculture contribute to deforestation, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss, which might be further aggravated by climate change–induced droughts, thus reducing staple crop production and, consequently, food security. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), maize (Zea mays L.), and plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) are major staple crops in the region. They play a key role for food security and local farmers’ income but are highly exposed to climate risks. This article aims to quantify the level of exposure to climate change (measured as climatic suitability) of these crops in the Andean-Amazon foothills by using the EcoCrop model by the 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s under Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios. EcoCrop results showed that, whereas cassava will not lose climatic suitability, maize will lose more than half of its current suitable area, and plantain will gain and lose area, which would affect local food security. Globally, these results are important in highlighting adaptive and cost-effective strategies in agriculture and suggest that agricultural crop diversification may improve resilience by promoting the use of local crops varieties.
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    ADEOS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User's Guide (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: Two data products from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (ADEOS/TOMS) have been archived at the Distributed Active Archive Center, in the form of Hierarchical Data Format files. The ADEOS/ TOMS began taking measurements on September 11, 1996, and ended on June 29, 1997. The instrument measured backscattered Earth radiance and incoming solar irradiance; their ratio was used in ozone retrievals. Changes in the reflectivity of the solar diffuser used for the irradiance measurement were monitored using a carousel of three diffusers, each exposed to the degrading effects of solar irradiation at different rates. The algorithm to retrieve total column ozone compares measured Earth radiances at sets of three wavelengths with radiances calculated for different total ozone values, solar zenith angles, and optical paths. The initial error in the absolute scale for TOMS total ozone is 3 percent, the one standard deviation random error is 2 percent, and the drift is less than 0.5 percent over the 9-month data record. The Level 2 product contains the measured radiances, the derived total ozone amount, and reflectivity information for each scan position. The Level 3 product contains daily total ozone and reflectivity in a 1-degree latitude by 1.25 degrees longitude grid. The Level 3 files containing estimates of UVB at the Earth surface and tropospheric aerosol information will also be available. Detailed descriptions of both HDF data files and the CDROM product are provided.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/TP-1998-206857 , Rept-98B00044 , NAS 1.60:206857
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    Adolf Remane (1898-1976) und die Gründung des Instituts für Meereskunde der Kieler Universität (1937) : Vor hundert Jahren wurde Adolf Remane geboren: Festkolloquium in Kiel (1998)
    Deutsche Gesellschaft für Meeresforschung
    In:  DGM-Mitteilungen, 2, 1998 . pp. 26-31.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-09
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    Advances in New Zealand's Tephrochronostratigraphy Using Marine Drill Sites: The Neogene (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Three volcanic arcs have been the source of New Zealand's volcanic activity since the Neogene: Northland arc, Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ) and Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ). The eruption chronology for the Quaternary, sourced by the TVZ, is well studied and established, whereas the volcanic evolution of the precursor arc systems, like the CVZ (central activity c. 18 to 2 Ma), is poorly known due to limited accessibility to, or identification of, onshore volcanic deposits and their sources. Here, we investigate the marine tephra record of the Neogene, mostly sourced by the CVZ, of cores from IODP Exp. 375 (Sites U1520 and U1526), ODP Leg 181 (Sites 1123, 1124 and 1125), IODP Leg 329 (Site U1371) and DSDP Leg 90 (Site 594) offshore of New Zealand. In total, we identify 306 primary tephra layers in the marine sediments. Multi-approach age models (e.g. biostratigraphy, zircon ages) are used in combination with geochemical fingerprinting (major and trace element compositions) and the stratigraphic context of each marine tephra layer to establish 168 tie-lines between marine tephra layers from different holes and sites. Following this approach, we identify 208 explosive volcanic events in the Neogene between c. 17.5 and 2.6 Ma. This is the first comprehensive study of New Zealand's Neogene explosive volcanism established from tephrochronostratigraphic studies, which reveals continuous volcanic activity between c. 12 and 2.6 Ma with an abrupt compositional change at c. 4.5 Ma, potentially associated with the transition from CVZ to TVZ. Key Points New Zealand's Neogene explosive volcanism based on the marine tephra record Geochemical fingerprinting of marine tephra layers across the study area to establish volcanic events Insights into geochemical variations with time, repose times and spatiotemporal distribution
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    Aerodynamic characteristics of a propeller powered high lift semispan wing (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted on the engine/airframe integration aerodynamics for potential high-lift aircraft configurations. The model consisted of a semispan wing with a double-isolated flap system and a Krueger leading edge device. The advanced propeller and the powered nacelle were tested and aerodynamic characteristics of the combined system are presented. It was found that the lift coefficient of the powered wing could be increased by the propeller slipstream when the rotational speed was increased and high-lift devices were deployed. Moving the nacelle/propeller closer to the wing in the vertical direction indicated higher lift augmentation than a shift in the longitudinal direction. A pitch-down nacelle inclination enhanced the lift performance of the system much better than vertical and horizontal variation of the nacelle locations and showed that the powered wing can sustain higher angles of attack near maximum lift performance.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-0388
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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    Ages of plutonium-beryllium neutrons in tungsten-water media (1966)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-30
    Description: Plutonium-beryllium source neutron dating in water and mixtures of tungsten rods and water
    Keywords: PHYSICS, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND NUCLEAR
    Type: NASA-TN-D-3695
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    Agricultural livelihoods, adaptation, and environmental migration in sub-Saharan drylands: a meta-analytical review (2022)
    In:  Environmental Research Letters
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: Drylands in sub-Saharan Africa are strongly affected by the impacts of climate change. Temperature increases, changes in rainfall patterns, and land degradation pose serious threats to food security, health, and water availability in the region. The increase in livelihood insecurity can in turn trigger migration as a way to adapt or cope with stress. Based on 89 original case studies, this study uses review and meta-analytical techniques to systematically explore the relationship between environmental change, adaptation, and migration in rural areas in sub-Saharan drylands. We show that households use a diverse range of strategies to respond to environmental hardships in different livelihood and ecological contexts. While migration is common in some communities, it is of less relevance to others, and it can take various forms. Our findings indicate that migration is often used as a complementary strategy to other forms of adaptation, which can vary depending on situational needs. We use cluster analysis to identify adaptation clusters and show how linked response strategies differ by socioeconomic conditions. We find that migration can serve as a last resort measure for highly vulnerable groups, or be used in combination with in-situ strategies for diversifying income and adapting agricultural practices. Our results have important implications highlighting the role of local conditions and complementary forms of coping and adaptation for understanding environmental migration.
    Language: English
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    AL590 Cruise Report - Monitoring ecological consequences of marine munition in the Baltic Sea 2023; 17th – 31st March 2023, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany), „MecoMM-BS - I“ (2023)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: ALKOR cruise AL590 took place as part of the project CONMAR (https://conmarmunition.eu/) which is part of the DAM mission sustainMare (https://www.sustainmare.de/). It was the continuation of the munition monitoring started within the BMBF‐funded project UDEMM (Environmental Monitoring for the Delaboration of Munition in the Sea; https://udemm.geomar.de/), the EMFF (European Maritime and Fisheries Fund) ‐funded projects BASTA (Boost Applied munition detection through Smart data detection in and AI workflows; https://www.basta‐munition.eu) and ExPloTect (Ex‐situ, near‐real‐time detection compound detection in seawater). ALKOR worked for two weeks in the Baltic Sea in the munition dumpsites Kolberger Heide, Falshöft, in Lübeck Bight and west of Rügen. Munition sites were mapped via hydroacoustic (multibeam and synthetic aperture sonar) and visual (ROV and towed camera) methods. Water samples were taken for explosive- type compounds and eDNA analysis and sediment samples for macro faunal distribution studies. A change of crew happened on 24th March in Neustadt i.H. with support of the Coast Guard t of the federal police.
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    Alexander von Humboldts Forschungsfahrt auf dem Kaspischen Meer 1829 (1994)
    Deutsche Gesellschaft für Meeresforschung
    In:  DGM-Mitteilungen, 1994 (3). pp. 3-9.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-03
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    Allochthonous Groundwater Microorganisms Affect Coastal Seawater Microbial Abundance, Activity and Diversity (2024)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a globally important process supplying nutrients and trace elements to the coastal environment, thus playing a pivotal role in sustaining marine primary productivity. Along with nutrients, groundwater also contains allochthonous microbes that are discharged from the terrestrial subsurface into the sea. Currently, little is known about the interactions between groundwater‐borne and coastal seawater microbial populations, and groundwater microbes' role upon introduction to coastal seawater populations. Here, we investigated seawater microbial abundance, activity and diversity in a site strongly influenced by SGD. In addition, through laboratory‐controlled bottle incubations, we mimicked different mixing scenarios between groundwater and seawater. Our results demonstrate that the addition of 0.1 μm filtered groundwater stimulated heterotrophic activity and increased microbial abundance compared to control coastal seawater, whereas 0.22 μm filtration treatments induced primary productivity and Synechococcus growth. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed a strong shift from a SAR11‐rich community in the control samples to Rhodobacteraceae dominance in the 〈0.1 μm treatment, in agreement with Rhodobacteraceae enrichment in the SGD field site. These results suggest that microbes delivered by SGD may affect the abundance, activity and diversity of intrinsic microbes in coastal seawater, highlighting the cryptic interplay between groundwater and seawater microbes in coastal environments, which has important implications for carbon cycling. Plain Language Summary Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important process where groundwater flows into the ocean along the coast. When the groundwater mixes with seawater, the microbes from both sources interact with each other, which can impact the diversity, activity, and amount of microbes in the coastal environment. Currently, little is known about how groundwater‐borne microbes affect marine microbial populations. Our research shows that when groundwater microbes are removed before mixing groundwater with seawater, the abundance and activity of certain microbes that consume organic matter significantly increase. Additionally, we noticed a significant difference in the types of microbes present between the sites where SGD occurs versus background (uninfluenced) coastal water, especially in terms of the microbes that consume organic matter. Overall, this study suggests that there is a connection between groundwater and seawater microbes, which can influence the delicate balance between organisms that produce carbon and those that consume it. This has important implications for how carbon cycles globally. Key Points Groundwater discharge into the coastal zone delivers both nutrients and allochthonous microbes Groundwater microbes interact with seawater populations, by which affecting the delicate autotroph‐heterotroph balance Subterranean microbial processes are key drivers of food webs, potentially affecting biogenic carbon fluxes in the ocean
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    Amazon Hydrology From Space: Scientific Advances and Future Challenges (2021)
    In:  Reviews of Geophysics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: As the largest river basin on Earth, the Amazon is of major importance to the world's climate and water resources. Over the past decades, advances in satellite-based remote sensing (RS) have brought our understanding of its terrestrial water cycle and the associated hydrological processes to a new era. Here, we review major studies and the various techniques using satellite RS in the Amazon. We show how RS played a major role in supporting new research and key findings regarding the Amazon water cycle, and how the region became a laboratory for groundbreaking investigations of new satellite retrievals and analyses. At the basin-scale, the understanding of several hydrological processes was only possible with the advent of RS observations, such as the characterization of "rainfall hotspots" in the Andes-Amazon transition, evapotranspiration rates, and variations of surface waters and groundwater storage. These results strongly contribute to the recent advances of hydrological models and to our new understanding of the Amazon water budget and aquatic environments. In the context of upcoming hydrology-oriented satellite missions, which will offer the opportunity for new synergies and new observations with finer space-time resolution, this review aims to guide future research agenda toward integrated monitoring and understanding of the Amazon water from space. Integrated multidisciplinary studies, fostered by international collaborations, set up future directions to tackle the great challenges the Amazon is currently facing, from climate change to increased anthropogenic pressure.
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    American economic policy in the 1990s (2002)
    Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States, Economic conditions, 1981-2001. ; United States, Economic policy, 1993-2001.
    Notes: U.S. monetary policy during the 1990s / N. Gregory Mankiw -- Fiscal policy and Social Security policy during the 1990s / Douglas W. Elmendorf, Jeffrey B. Liebman, David W. Wilcox -- Tax policy from 1990 to 2001 / Eugene Steuerle -- Between meltdown and moral hazard : the international monetary and financial policies of the Clinton administration / J. Bradford DeLong, Barry Eichengreen -- International trade policy in the 1990s / Robert Z. Lawrence -- The "new economy" and information technology policy / Pamela Samuelson, Hal R. Varian -- Antitrust policy in the Clinton administration / Robert E. Litan, Carl Shapiro -- Energy policy during the 1990s / Paul L. Joskow -- National environmental policy during the Clinton years / Robert W. Hahn, Robert N. Stavins -- Putting students and workers first? : education and labor policy in the 1990s / Alan B. Krueger, Cecelia E. Rouse -- The Clinton legacy for America's poor / Rebecca M. Blank, David T. Ellwood -- Health policy in the Clinton era : once bitten, twice shy / David Cutler, Jonathan Gruber -- Medicare / Joseph P. Newhouse -- The process of economic policy-making during the Clinton administration / Jonathan M. Orszag, Peter R. Orszag, Laura D. Tyson
    Pages: xii, 1119 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-44277-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=70951
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
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    Amphipodenfunde in der westlichen Ostsee (1940)
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-16
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    An acoustic view of ocean mixing (2010)
    In:  [Poster] In: 1. PhD students conference: Integrated climate and earth system sciences in Northern Germany, 04.-06.10.2010, Hamburg, Germany .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-06
    Description: Knowledge of the parameter K (turbulent diffusivity/"mixing intensity") is a key to understand transport processes of matter and energy in the ocean. Especially the almost vertical component of K across the ocean stratification (diapycnal diffusivity) is vital for research on biogeochemical cycles or greenhouse gas budgets. Recent boost in precision of water velocity data that can be obtained from vessel-mounted acoustic instruments (vmADCP) allows identifying ocean regions of elevated diapycnal diffusivity during research cruises - in high horizontal resolution and without extra ship time needed. This contribution relates acoustic data from two cruises in the Tropical North East Atlantic Oxygen Minimum Zone to simultaneous field observations of diapycnal diffusivity: pointwise measurements by a microstructure profiler as well as one integrative value from a large scale Tracer Release Experiment.
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    An Aircraft-Based Study of Strong Gap Flows in Nares Strait, Greenland (2018)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Monthly Weather Review, 146 (11). pp. 3589-3604.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-08
    Description: Gap flows and the stable boundary layer were studied in northwest Greenland during the aircraft-based Investigation of Katabatic Winds and Polynyas during Summer (IKAPOS) experiment in June 2010. The measurements were performed using the research aircraft POLAR 5 of Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI; Bremerhaven). Besides navigational and basic meteorological instrumentation, the aircraft was equipped with radiation and surface temperature sensors and a turbulence measurement system. In the area of Smith Sound at the southern end of the Nares Strait, a stable, but fully turbulent, boundary layer with strong winds of up to 22 m s−1 was found during conditions of synoptically induced northerly winds through the Nares Strait. Strong surface inversions were present in the lowest 100–200 m. As a consequence of channeling effects, a well-pronounced low-level jet system was documented for each of four flights. The wind maximum is located at 20–50-km distance from the exit of Smith Sound. The 3D boundary layer structure past this gap is studied in detail. The channeling process is consistent with gap flow theory. The flow through the gap and over the surrounding mountains leads to the lowering of isotropic surfaces and the acceleration of the flow. The orographically channeled flow through Smith Sound plays a key role for the formation of the North Water polynya being the largest ice-producing polynya in the Arctic.
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  • 43
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    An analysis of uncertainties and skill in forecasts of winter storm losses (2016)
    Copernicus Publications
    In:  Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 16 . pp. 2391-2402.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: This paper describes an approach to derive probabilistic predictions of local winter storm damage occurrences from a global medium-range ensemble prediction system (EPS). Predictions of storm damage occurrences are subject to large uncertainty due to meteorological forecast uncertainty (typically addressed by means of ensemble predictions) and uncertainties in modelling weather impacts. The latter uncertainty arises from the fact that local vulnerabilities are not known in sufficient detail to allow for a deterministic prediction of damages, even if the forecasted gust wind speed contains no uncertainty. Thus, to estimate the damage model uncertainty, a statistical model based on logistic regression analysis is employed, relating meteorological analyses to historical damage records. A quantification of the two individual contributions (meteorological and damage model uncertainty) to the total forecast uncertainty is achieved by neglecting individual uncertainty sources and analysing resulting predictions. Results show an increase in forecast skill measured by means of a reduced Brier score if both meteorological and damage model uncertainties are taken into account. It is demonstrated that skilful predictions on district level (dividing the area of Germany into 439 administrative districts) are possible on lead times of several days. Skill is increased through the application of a proper ensemble calibration method, extending the range of lead times for which skilful damage predictions can be made.
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  • 44
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    An case of extreme particulate matter concentrations over Central Europe caused by dust emitted over the southern Ukraine (2008)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8 . pp. 997-1016.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: On 24 March 2007, an extraordinary dust plume was observed in the Central European troposphere. Satellite observations revealed its origins in a dust storm in Southern Ukraine, where large amounts of soil were resuspended from dried-out farmlands at wind gusts up to 30 m s?1. Along the pathway of the plume, maximum particulate matter (PM10) mass concentrations between 200 and 1400 ?g m?3 occurred in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Germany. Over Germany, the dust plume was characterised by a volume extinction coefficient up to 400 Mm?1 and a particle optical depth of 0.71 at wavelength 0.532 ?m. In-situ size distribution measurements as well as the wavelength dependence of light extinction from lidar and Sun photometer measurements confirmed the presence of a coarse particle mode with diameters around 2?3 ?m. Chemical particle analyses suggested a fraction of 75% crustal material in daily average PM10 and up to 85% in the coarser fraction PM10?2.5. Based on the particle characteristics as well as a lack of increased CO and CO2 levels, a significant impact of biomass burning was ruled out. The reasons for the high particle concentrations in the dust plume were twofold: First, dust was transported very rapidly into Central Europe in a boundary layer jet under dry conditions. Second, the dust plume was confined to a relatively stable boundary layer of 1.4?1.8 km height, and could therefore neither expand nor dilute efficiently. Our findings illustrate the capacity of combined in situ and remote sensing measurements to characterise large-scale dust plumes with a variety of aerosol parameters. Although such plumes from Southern Eurasia seem to occur rather infrequently in Central Europe, its unexpected features highlights the need to improve the description of dust emission, transport and transformation processes needs, particularly when facing the possible effects of further anthropogenic desertification and climate change.
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  • 45
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    An improved method for the determination of dissolved nitric oxide (NO) in seawater samples (2015)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Ocean Science, 11 . pp. 937-946.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived intermediate of the oceanic nitrogen cycle, however, due to its high reactivity, measurements of dissolved NO in seawater are rare. Here we present an improved method to determine NO concentrations in discrete seawater samples. The set-up of our system consisted of a chemiluminescence NO analyser connected to a stripping unit. The limit of detection for our method was 5 pmol NO in aqueous solution which translates into 0.25 nmol L−1 when using a 20 mL seawater sample volume. Our method was applied to measure high resolution depth profiles of dissolved NO during a cruise to the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean. Our method is fast and comparably easy to handle thus it opens the door for deciphering the distribution of NO in the ocean and it facilitates laboratory studies on NO pathways.
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  • 46
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    An improved rocket ozonesonde (Rocoz-A). III - Northern mid-latitude ozone measurements from 1983 to 1985 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of the ozone measurements taken during rocket-busted flights of the rocket ozonesonde Rocoz-A at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility from August 1983 to September 1985 are presented. Nineteen profiles were obtained using Rocoz-A and electrochemical concentration cell ozonesondes, standard U.S. meteorological radiosondes, and Super-Loki datasondes. The results were found to agree with the Krueger and Minzner (1976) midlatitude ozone model for the 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 2239-225
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  • 47
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    Anaerobic Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbons: From Enzymatic Reactions to the Environment (2016)
    Karger
    In:  Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, 26 (1-3). pp. 5-28.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Hydrocarbons are abundant in anoxic environments and pose biochemical challenges to their anaerobic degradation by microorganisms. Within the framework of the Priority Program 1319, investigations funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft on the anaerobic microbial degradation of hydrocarbons ranged from isolation and enrichment of hitherto unknown hydrocarbon-degrading anaerobic microorganisms, discovery of novel reactions, detailed studies of enzyme mechanisms and structures to process-oriented in situ studies. Selected highlights from this program are collected in this synopsis, with more detailed information provided by theme-focused reviews of the special topic issue on 'Anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons' [this issue, pp. 1-244]. The interdisciplinary character of the program, involving microbiologists, biochemists, organic chemists and environmental scientists, is best exemplified by the studies on alkyl-/arylalkylsuccinate synthases. Here, research topics ranged from in-depth mechanistic studies of archetypical toluene-activating benzylsuccinate synthase, substrate-specific phylogenetic clustering of alkyl-/arylalkylsuccinate synthases (toluene plus xylenes, p-cymene, p-cresol, 2-methylnaphthalene, n-alkanes), stereochemical and co-metabolic insights into n-alkane-activating (methylalkyl) succinate synthases to the discovery of bacterial groups previously unknown to possess alkyl-/arylalkylsuccinate synthases by means of functional gene markers and in situ field studies enabled by state-of-the-art stable isotope probing and fractionation approaches. Other topics are Mo-cofactor-dependent dehydrogenases performing O-2-independent hydroxylation of hydrocarbons and alkyl side chains (ethylbenzene, p-cymene, cholesterol, n-hexadecane), degradation of p-alkylated benzoates and toluenes, glycyl radical-bearing 4-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase, novel types of carboxylation reactions (for acetophenone, acetone, and potentially also benzene and naphthalene), W-cofactor-containing enzymes for reductive dearomatization of benzoyl-CoA (class II benzoyl-CoA reductase) in obligate anaerobes and addition of water to acetylene, fermentative formation of cyclohexanecarboxylate from benzoate, and methanogenic degradation of hydrocarbons.
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  • 48
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    Anaerobic oxidation of methane above gas hydrates (2003)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 264 . pp. 1-14.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-02
    Description: At Hydrate Ridge (HR), Cascadia convergent margin, surface sediments contain massive gas hydrates formed from methane that ascends together with fluids along faults from deeper reservoirs. Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), mediated by a microbial consortium of archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria, generates high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the surface sediments. The production of sulfide supports chemosynthetic communities that gain energy from sulfide oxidation. Depending on fluid flow, the surface communities are dominated either by the filamentous sulfur bacteria Beggiatoa (high advective flow), the clam Calyptogena (low advective flow), or the bivalve Acharax (diffusive flow). We analyzed surface sediments (0 to 10 cm) populated by chemosynthetic communities for AOM, sulfate reduction (SR) and the distribution of the microbial consortium mediating AOM. Highest AOM rates were found at the Beggiatoa field with an average rate of 99 mmol m-2 d-1 integrated over 0 to 10 cm. These rates are among the highest AOM rates ever observed in methane-bearing marine sediments. At the Calyptogena field, AOM rates were lower (56 mmol m-2 d-1). At the Acharax field, methane oxidation was extremely low (2.1 mmol m-2 d-1) and was probably due to aerobic methane oxidation. SR was fueled largely by methane at flow-impacted sites, but exceeded AOM in some cases, most likely due to sediment heterogeneity. At the Acharax field, SR was decoupled from methane oxidation and showed low activity. Aggregates of the AOM consortium were abundant at the fluid-impacted sites (between 5.1 × 1012 and 7.9 × 1012 aggregates m-2) but showed low numbers at the Acharax field (0.4 × 1012 aggregates m-2). A transport-reaction model was applied to estimate AOM at Beggiatoa fields. The model agreed with the measured depth integrated AOM rates and the vertical distribution. AOM represents an important methane sink in the surface sediments of HR, consuming between 50 and 100% of the methane transported by advection.
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  • 49
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    Analysing Major Sudden Stratospheric Warmings in the coupled middle atmosphere ocean model MAECHAM5/MPI-OM (2010)
    In:  (Master thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany, 86 pp
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-06
    Description: In this study, the stratospheric winter circulation in the coupled middle atmosphere ocean model MAECHAM5/MPI-OM, is analysed. Due to the dynamical and thermodynamical interaction with the ocean, the simulated atmospheric circulation is affected by the internal variability of the ocean. Differences of the stratospheric winter circulation between MAECHAM5/MPI-OM and former MAECHAM5 simulations may be attributed to the interactive ocean. This work is divided into three parts: first the climatology of the model is examined, then major Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs), and at last the relationship between these warmings and tropospheric blockings. To examine how the model reproduces the stratospheric winter circulation, the climatology of the zonal mean zonal wind and of planetary waves of zonal wavenumber 1 to 3, are carefully analysed and compared with those obtained from ERA-40 observations. While the zonal mean zonal wind is in good agreement with observations, amplitudes and phases of zonal wavenumber 2 are not well represented. Major SSWs are analysed because of the strong impact that such phenomena can have throughout the atmosphere, influencing the weather at the surface for several weeks after the onset of the warming. To identify major SSWs, a new algorithm based on the 10 hPa zonal mean zonal wind at 60°N, is developed. This is done because a comparison between a recent study by Charlton and Polvani (2007) and the Freie Universität Berlin climatology of mid-winter major SSWs, reveals a significant disagreement. The new algorithm is applied to two databases: one obtained from the model simulation and one from the ERA-40 assimilation. ERA-40 data are used for validation of MAECHAM5/MPI-OM. Comparison of the obtained frequencies of major SSWs shows that in the model a slightly higher number of events occurs. While in ERA-40 the average frequency is of 0.60 events per year, in the model it is of 0.70 events per year. The seasonal distributions show also that the highest number of major SSWs occurs in January and in February respectively for ERA-40 and model data, which is improved for MAECHAM5/MPI-OM compared to former MAECHAM5 simulations. In this work, unlike previous model studies, the state of the polar vortex is also examined during the pre-warming phase of major SSWs, by analysing the planetary wave activity, to determine the behaviour of waves with different zonal wavenumbers. Only planetary waves of zonal wavenumber 1 and 2 appear to have a key role in the development of major SSWs, with wavenumber-1 events being more frequent than wavenumber-2 events and a ratio of 57:13 similar as observed. Because of the influence of tropospheric blockings on major SSWs via alteration of planetary waves, a correlation analysis is performed to determine if the model represents this relationship well. It appears that Pacific blockings are correlated with wavenumber-2 major SSWs although a larger number of wavenumber-2 events would be necessary to make such assertion. No significant correlation is instead obtained for wavenumber-1 major warmings.
    Keywords: Course of study: MSc Climate Physics
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 50
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    Analysis of atmospheric VSLS measurements during the DRIVE campaign in the tropical East Atlantic (2011)
    In:  (Diploma thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany, 87 pp
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-17
    Description: This diploma thesis investigates variations in mixing ratios of very short lived substances (VSLS) during the DRIVE (Diurnal and Regional Variability of halogen Emissions) campaign in the tropical East Atlantic conducted during P399 2/3 from May to June 2010. The main focus lies on the diurnal and regional variability of three halocarbons influenced by meteorological factors at six 24 h stations. For this reason, regular ship measurements of temperature, wind, air pressure and humidity were complemented by radiosonde launches and air samples for the trace gas investigation. According to the radiosonde measurements a changeover between tropical and extra tropical air masses is observed at about 30° N. In contrast to the dominating trade wind regime with northeasterly winds, the ship cruise was mainly exposed to north-northwesterly winds with moderate weather conditions. In addition, the height of the atmospheric boundary layer is determined from the atmospheric profile, ranging from 500 m – 1700 m over open ocean. At coastal areas, especially at the Mauritanian upwelling, the boundary layer stays at the surface. For an evaluation of the wind measurements, wind speed and direction are compared to a high resolution ERA-Interim data set and, to NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project 1 Data (NNRP-1). In situ ship measurements show higher correlations for the wind speed (ERA-Interim: r = 0.91, NNRP-1: r = 0.79) than for the wind direction (ERA-Interim: r = 0.69, NNRP-1: r = 0.67). Recalculating the correlation coefficients for the same temporal resolution (6-hourly) results in an improvement of the correlations, indicating a good agreement between the observed and simulated wind. For the determination of potential source regions, the trajectory model HYSPLIT is used to investigate the origin of the observed air masses. The air mass history is analyzed 315 h backwards, indicating an air mass origin mainly above the North Atlantic during leg 2 but also above the Arctic Ocean during leg 3. During the 24 h stations close to the coast predominantly younger and local sources seem to influence the observed trace gas mixing ratios (mean CH2Br2/CHBr3 ratio: 0.4) with a partly strong dependency on the wind direction (r 〉 0.81). Especially the methyl iodide mixing ratios show a strong relation to air masses originating at the Banc d’Arguin National Park. In contrast to that, bromoform and dibromomethane show an increase of the mixing ratios connected to trajectories passing the coastal areas of Mauritania and Western Sahara. Increased mixing ratios of the observed trace gases concentrations with highest values of 8.9 ppt (bromoform), 3.31 ppt (dibromomethane) and 1.25 ppt (methyl iodide) are observed in combination with lowest boundary layer heights. With correlation coefficients of r = -0.90 (bromoform), r = -0.91 (dibromomethane) and r = -0.63 (methyl iodide) especially the mixing ratios of the longer lived bromocarbons seem to be strongly connected to the boundary layer height. However, the highest atmospheric bromoform mixing ratio of 9.8 ppt was not observed at the Mauritanian upwelling (leg 2), but close to Lisbon (leg 3) with the Rio Tejo as a potential source region. This implies the significance of regional sources as well as the consideration of the current lower atmospheric state for the variations of the VSLS mixing ratios
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  • 51
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    Analysis of the surface mass balance for deglacial climate simulations (2021)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  The Cryosphere, 15 (2). pp. 1131-1156.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: A realistic simulation of the surface mass balance (SMB) is essential for simulating past and future ice-sheet changes. As most state-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs) are not capable of realistically representing processes determining the SMB, most studies of the SMB are limited to observations and regional climate models and cover the last century and near future only. Using transient simulations with the Max Planck Institute ESM in combination with an energy balance model (EBM), we extend previous research and study changes in the SMB and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) for the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets throughout the last deglaciation. The EBM is used to calculate and downscale the SMB onto a higher spatial resolution than the native ESM grid and allows for the resolution of SMB variations due to topographic gradients not resolved by the ESM. An evaluation for historical climate conditions (1980–2010) shows that derived SMBs compare well with SMBs from regional modeling. Throughout the deglaciation, changes in insolation dominate the Greenland SMB. The increase in insolation and associated warming early in the deglaciation result in an ELA and SMB increase. The SMB increase is caused by compensating effects of melt and accumulation: the warming of the atmosphere leads to an increase in melt at low elevations along the ice-sheet margins, while it results in an increase in accumulation at higher levels as a warmer atmosphere precipitates more. After 13 ka, the increase in melt begins to dominate, and the SMB decreases. The decline in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation after 9 ka leads to an increasing SMB and decreasing ELA. Superimposed on these long-term changes are centennial-scale episodes of abrupt SMB and ELA decreases related to slowdowns of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) that lead to a cooling over most of the Northern Hemisphere.
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  • 52
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    Anhang zu Band 12 (1911)
    Lipsius & Tischer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-09
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    Anhang zu Band 13 (1911)
    Lipsius & Tischer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-11
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  • 54
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    Anpassung an den Klimawandel durch räumliche Planung - Grundlagen, Strategien, Instrumente (2012)
    Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (ARL)
    In:  E-Paper der ARL
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 55
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Antarctic research : proceedings of a symposium, held at Potsdam GDR, 11-14 September 1989; Vol. 2: Glaciology and periglacial processes, sea ice analysis, hydrology, life sciences (1990)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: Q 2434(16) ; MOP Per 581(1/16) ; ZSP-319/A-16
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 16
    In: Antarctic research / edited by H.-J. Paech, D. Fritzsche, Vol. 2
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: Seiten 281-511 , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 16
    Language: English
    Note: Volume II: Glaciology & Periglacial Processes. - Soviet-French cooperation on the isotopic research of cores from Dome B - Vostok - Komsomolskaya - Mirny ice taverse, East Antarctica / C. Lorius ; Ye. S. Korotkevich ; N. I. Barkov ; V. N. Petrov. - On the genesis of the Shackleton Ice Shelf according to oxygen-isotope data / L. Savatyugin; R. Vaikmäe. - G.D.R isotope research in Queen Maud Land (Abstract) / R. Haberlandt. - Isotope data from ice-cored moraines suggest a higher ice sheet surface in Central Queen Maud Land (Antarctica) during cold stages / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - An oxygen-18 thermometer from snow of Northern Queen Maud Land / Antarctica / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - Initial processes of pedogenesis in the Schirmacher Oasis (Abstract) / W. Krüger ; J. Balke. - Periglacial of Antarctic continent as a source of paleoglacial information / V. I. Bardin. - Sea Ice Analysis. - The major features of ice conditions in the Bellingshausen Sea / V. V. Yevsyeyev. - The duration of the cycle of the Atlantic ice massif existence and typification of the processes causing its isolation / A. M. Kozlovsky. - Hydrology. - The hydrography of the Schirmacher Oasis (Abstract) / W. Richter. - Meteorological and hydrological conditions of meltwater genesis and distribution in Antarctica / A. Loopmann. - Hydrochemical and isotope hydrological investigations in the Bunger Oasis / E. Kaup ; V. Klokov ; R. Vaikmäe ; D. Haendel ; R. Zierath. - Extremely C-13 enriched biomass in a freshwater environment: examples from Antarctic lakes / U. Wand ; K. Mühle. - Biology & Human Biology. - Das Meereis als Lebensraum / G.Hernpel Das biologische Programm "Bellingshausen" - Bericht über die vergangenen 10 Jahre und die Konzeption künftiger Forschungsarbeit / H.Oehme. - Ecological studies in the southern gigant petrel Macronectes giganteus on southwestern parts of King George Island / H.-U. Peter ; M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer. - Development, torpor and energy balance of black-bellied storm-petrel chicks (Fregatta tropica) (Abstract) / T. Nadler ; H. Mix. - Morphometrical and ecological differences between south polar and brown skuas of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands / H.-U. Peter ; M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer. - Behavioural biology of the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) / A. Gebauer ; M. Kaiser ; H.-U. Peter. - Thermoregulation in the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) / M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer ; H.-U. Peter. - Parasitiological studies in the Antarctic by scientists from the G.D.R / K. Feiler. - New Amphipods from the sublittoral of King George Island - Faunistic contribution to ecological investigations / M. Rauschert. - The freshwater algae of the Schirmacher Oasis - Queen Maud Land / H. Pankow ; D. Haendel ; H. Richter. - The lichens of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter. - The bryoflora of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) in relations to hydrosphere and cryosphere / W. Richter. - The animals of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter ; D. Haendel ; P. Junghans. - Indoor climate and long-time-stays in Arctic and Antarctic regions (Abstract) / W. Bischof ; G. Schrader ; L. Banhidi. - Do psychical factors have an influence on the immunofunction of polar researchers and how could objective evidence be obtained? / F. Wietschel ; G. Schrader.
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 56
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    Anthropogenic Bromoform at the Extratropical Tropopause (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Key Points: - A new CHBr3 emission inventory based on natural and anthropogenic sources suggests that the latter account for 12%–28% of the global emissions - In the NH, new anthropogenic estimates increase known natural CHBr3 emissions by up to 70.5%, leading to higher atmospheric CHBr3 levels - At the NH extratropical tropopause, CHBr3 is enhanced by 0.9 ppt Br due to anthropogenic sources thus doubling natural CHBr3 abundances Bromoform (CHBr3) contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion but is not regulated under the Montreal Protocol due to its short lifetime and large natural sources. Here, we show that anthropogenic sources contribute significantly to the amount of CHBr3 transported into the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropical stratosphere. We present a new CHBr3 emission inventory comprised of natural and anthropogenic sources, with the latter estimated from ship ballast, power plant cooling and desalination plant brine water. Including anthropogenic sources in the new inventory increases CHBr3 emissions by up to 31.5% globally and 70.5% in the NH. In consequence, atmospheric CHBr3 is also significantly higher, especially over the NH extratropics during boreal winter. Here anthropogenic sources enhance bromine at the tropopause by 0.9 ppt Br, thus doubling natural CHBr3 abundances. For some latitudes, tropopause bromine increases by 2.4 ppt Br suggesting significant contributions of anthropogenic CHBr3 to the NH lowermost stratosphere.
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  • 57
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    Anthropogenic bromoform from industrial water treatment (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: The control and ban of man-made long-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) by the Montreal Protocol is expected to result in the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer in the course of the 21st century. However, short-lived ODSs, which belong to the very short-lived substances (VSLSs), are not controlled and also participate in stratospheric ozone depletion through catalytic cycles. VSLSs are produced naturally from macroalgae and phytoplankton, and anthropogenically as disinfection by-products (DBPs) from chemical treatment of industrial water. Chemical treatment of seawater, e.g. cooling water of coastal power plants, mainly produces brominated VSLSs, with bromoform as the major DBP. Bromoform is also the largest source of organic bromine from biological marine sources to the atmosphere. However, the contribution of anthropogenic VSLSs to the global bromine budget is still unclear. Industrial water treatment has increased substantially over the last years due to strong economic growth and progressing industrialisation in East Asia and India. The increasing input of anthropogenic VSLSs from emerging industries to the environment has not been quantified yet. Given the growing importance of brominated VSLSs in the face of declining long-lived ODSs, a quantification of anthropogenic VSLS sources is urgently needed. The aim of this thesis is to quantify the environmental input of anthropogenic brominated VSLSs from industrial water treatment, their distribution in the ocean and atmosphere, and their entrainment into the stratosphere. The assessment focusses on the major DBP bromoform. The global distribution of anthropogenic bromoform sources serves as the initial release field for Lagrangian simulations of bromoform pathways in the ocean and atmosphere, and as the basis for air-sea flux calculations. Oceanic trajectory simulations are performed with the ARIANE software to analyse seasonal to annual variations of bromoform distribution. Atmospheric bromoform mixing ratios are simulated with the FLEXPART model in order to analyse the tropospheric and stratospheric distribution. Combining the climatological bottom-up air sea flux estimate with the bromoform flux from coastal power plants, the global bromine budget increases by 8–35 % to 1.9–2.2 Gmol Br a-1. Over 96 % of treated cooling water originate from the regions East-Southeast Asia, Europe, North America, India and Arabia. Bromoform is usually released close to its oceanic source. An effective transport into the stratosphere mainly takes place in the tropics, whereas in extratropical regions the majority of bromoform stays in the lower troposphere and is rapidly removed by deposition, e.g. in Europe. About half of the global anthropogenic bromoform is released in the region around East-Southeast Asia. The majority of this is discharged in the extratropics along the coasts of the Yellow, Japan and East China Seas. Still about 20 % of the bromoform from this region is entrained into the stratosphere during boreal winter due to transport towards the tropical West Pacific by northeasterly winds. The tropical West Pacific, as well as the Indian Ocean are the most efficient regions for stratospheric entrainment of bromoform. Over the Indian Ocean, tropical convection and the monsoon circulation during boreal summer transport 40–50 % of bromoform from the marine boundary layer to the stratosphere. Thereby, anthropogenic emissions contribute 10–43 % to stratospheric bromoform entrainment over the Indian Ocean, and 4–25 % over the global inner tropics. The anthropogenic sources of brominated VSLSs are predicted to increase in the future. In particular, increased bromoform emissions from growing industries in tropical regions will likely lead to more bromine input into the stratosphere. In order to reduce the uncertainties of DBP concentration in treated seawater, as well as the number of missing sources in the bromoform air-sea flux estimate, additional observations along the coasts close to the industrial areas are necessary. A better understanding of all natural and anthropogenic sources of brominated VSLSs and their future trends will thus improve estimates of the global atmospheric bromine input.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Applications of the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI in Biometeorology : Latest Developments and Case Studies (2021)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Human geography. ; Climatology. ; Public health. ; Human physiology. ; Sustainable architecture. ; Buildings Environmental engineering. ; Human Geography. ; Climate Sciences. ; Public Health. ; Human Physiology. ; Sustainable Architecture/Green Buildings. ; Building Physics, HVAC.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Issues in UTCI Calculation from a Decade’s Experience -- Literature Review on UTCI Applications -- Sensitivity of UTCI thermal comfort prediction to personal and situational factors – residual analysis of pedestrian survey data -- Long and short-term acclimatization effects on outdoor thermal perception versus UTCI -- Regional adaptation of the UTCI: Comparisons between different datasets in Brazil -- Outdoor thermal environment and heat-related symptoms of pedestrians: An application of the UTCI for health risk assessment -- Mapping UTCI (in different scales) -- Application of the UTCI in high-resolution urban climate modeling techniques -- The universal thermal climate index as an operational forecasting tool of human biometeorological conditions in Europe -- Proposed framework for establishing a global database for outdoor thermal comfort research -- Afterword.
    Abstract: This book introduces the UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) and summarises progress in this area. The UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) was developed as part of the European COST Action Program and first announced to the scientific community in 2009. Since then a decade has followed of applicability tests and research results as well as knowledge gained from applying the UTCI in human adaptation and thermal perception. These findings are of interest to researchers in the interdisciplinary areas of biometeorology, climatology and urban planning. The book summarizes this progress, discussing the limitations found and provides pointers to future developments. It also discusses UTCI applications in the areas of human biometeorology and urban planning including possibilities of using UTCI and similar indices in climate-responsive urban planning. The book’s message is illustrated with many case studies from the real world. Chapter 10 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XII, 228 p. 50 illus., 43 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2021.
    ISBN: 9783030767167
    Series Statement: Biometeorology, 4
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76716-7
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76716-7
    DDC: 304.2
    Language: English
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    Aridity synthesis for eight selected key regions of the global climate system during the last 60 000 years (2020)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: A compilation of the published literature on dust content in terrestrial and marine sediment cores was synchronized with pollen data and speleothem growth phases on the Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) time axis. Aridity patterns for eight key areas of the global climate system have been reconstructed for the last 60 000 years. These records have different time resolutions and different dating methods, i.e. different types of stratigraphy. Nevertheless, all regions analysed in this study show humid conditions during early Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) and the early Holocene or deglaciation, but not always at the same time. Such discrepancies have been interpreted as regional effects, although stratigraphic uncertainties may affect some of the proposed interpretations. In comparison, most of the MIS2 interval becomes arid in all of the Northern Hemisphere records, but the peak arid conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Heinrich event 1 differ in duration and intensity among regions. In addition, we also compare the aridity synthesis with modelling results using a global climate model (GCM). Indeed, geological archives and GCMs show agreement on the aridity pattern for the Holocene or deglaciation, for the LGM and for late MIS3.
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    Assessing marine phytoplankton eco-evolutionary dynamics and physiological responses to environmental change (2018)
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 131 pp
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-17
    Description: Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) resulting from fossil fuel burning and changes in land use are affecting our marine environment; for example leading to ocean acidification or ocean warming. In order to understand how climate change will affect biological communities we need to understand all levels of biological responses. Community change as a response to environmental drivers are composed of three components: the physiological responses within an organism, described by its phenotypic plasticity or reaction norm and the ecological and evolutionary responses which are associated with changes on the species and genotype level, respectively. Moreover, there may be eco-evolutionary coupling, thus either ecological interactions such as competition that modify evolutionary responses to physico-chemical changes, or evolutionary change that feeds back to change ecological interactions. Here I study for the first time over the long-term (up to 220 generations) how among two competing phytoplankton species the different response types play out, and whether or not coupling of ecological and evolutionary processes can be found. Additionally I investigated the short-term inter- and intraspecific responses of three phytoplankton species to increased CO2 and what role competitive interactions play on the short-term in a two-species ´community´.
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    Assessing the biogeochemical role and controls of nitrogen fixation in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP), hosts an extensive Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) in the water column which has a major imprint on local and global marine biogeochemistry. Due to the low oxygen conditions within the OMZ, microbial processes of nitrogen (N) loss, such as anammox and denitrification are sustained in the water column. These processes result in a pronounced N deficit which reduces bioavailable N for primary productivity and thus influences fisheries production in the region. To maintain a balanced marine N inventory regionally in ETSP, the N deficit would have to be compensated by N inputs via upwelling or N2 fixation. A classical assumption is that N2 fixation is favoured by iron (Fe) availability and a surplus of inorganic phosphate relative to inorganic nitrogen (this relativity is defined as P*), both conditions are present in the ETSP. Over the past decades, this assumption has been integrated into most coupled circulation and N-cycle biogeochemical models. These models indicate that there is a close spatial link between areas of high N loss, generally confined to OMZs and N2 fixation. On the contrary, other biogeochemical models have revealed that a close spatial link between N loss and N2 fixation in OMZ areas may give rise to run-away loss of fixed N in the ETSP, ultimately destabilizing the regional marine N inventory. While N loss processes are relatively well understood in the ETSP, the lack of a comprehensive dataset that resolves N2 fixation rates in both space and time constraints an accurate assessment of the regional marine N inventory, potential feedback mechanisms, and their impact on N turnover and productivity. Therefore, the main objective of this doctoral dissertation was to investigate the spatial distribution of N2 fixation relative to N loss in the ETSP, in order to understand potential feedbacks in the regional N cycle.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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    Assessment of Climate Biases in OpenIFS Version 43R3 across Model Horizontal Resolutions and Time Steps (2024)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: We examine the impact of horizontal resolution and model time step on the climate of the OpenIFS version 43r3 atmospheric general circulation model. A series of simulations for the period 1979–2019 are conducted with various horizontal resolutions (i.e. ∼100, ∼50, and ∼25 km) while maintaining the same time step (i.e. 15 min) and using different time steps (i.e. 60, 30, and 15 min) at 100 km horizontal resolution. We find that the surface zonal wind bias is significantly reduced over certain regions such as the Southern Ocean and the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes and in tropical and subtropical regions at a high horizontal resolution (i.e. ∼25 km). Similar improvement is evident too when using a coarse-resolution model (∼100 km) with a smaller time step (i.e. 30 and 15 min). We also find improvements in Rossby wave amplitude and phase speed, as well as in weather regime patterns, when a smaller time step or higher horizontal resolution is used. The improvement in the wind bias when using the shorter time step is mostly due to an increase in shallow and mid-level convection that enhances vertical mixing in the lower troposphere. The enhanced mixing allows frictional effects to influence a deeper layer and reduces wind and wind speed throughout the troposphere. However, precipitation biases generally increase with higher horizontal resolutions or smaller time steps, whereas the surface air temperature bias exhibits a small improvement over North America and the eastern Eurasian continent. We argue that the bias improvement in the highest-horizontal-resolution (i.e. ∼25 km) configuration benefits from a combination of both the enhanced horizontal resolution and the shorter time step. In summary, we demonstrate that, by reducing the time step in the coarse-resolution (∼100 km) OpenIFS model, one can alleviate some climate biases at a lower cost than by increasing the horizontal resolution.
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    Assessment of the Quality of the Version 1.07 Temperature-Versus-Pressure Profiles of the Middle Atmosphere from TIMED/SABER (2008)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The quality of the retrieved temperature-versus-pressure (or T(p)) profiles is described for the middle atmosphere for the publicly available Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) Version 1.07 (V1.07) data set. The primary sources of systematic error for the SABER results below about 70 km are (1) errors in the measured radiances, (2) biases in the forward model, and (3) uncertainties in the corrections for ozone and in the determination of the reference pressure for the retrieved profiles. Comparisons with other correlative data sets indicate that SABER T(p) is too high by 1-3 K in the lower stratosphere but then too low by 1 K near the stratopause and by 2 K in the middle mesosphere. There is little difference between the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) algorithm results below about 70 km from V1.07 and V1.06, but there are substantial improvements/differences for the non-LTE results of V1.07 for the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (UMLT) region. In particular, the V1.07 algorithm uses monthly, diurnally averaged CO2 profiles versus latitude from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. This change has improved the consistency of the character of the tides in its kinetic temperature (T(sub k)). The T(sub k) profiles agree with UMLT values obtained from ground-based measurements of column-averaged OH and O2 emissions and of the Na lidar returns, at least within their mutual uncertainties. SABER T(sub k) values obtained near the mesopause with its daytime algorithm also agree well with the falling sphere climatology at high northern latitudes in summer. It is concluded that the SABER data set can be the basis for improved, diurnal-to-interannual-scale temperatures for the middle atmosphere and especially for its UMLT region.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: LF99-8198 , D17101 , Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres (ISSN 0148-0227); 113
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    Assessment of the Sensitivity and Response of Methane Gas Hydrate to Global Climate Change (2014)
    UNEP
    In:  In: Frozen Heat: a global outlook on methane gas hydrate. , ed. by Beaudoin, Y. C., Waite, W., Boswell, R. and Dallimore, S. R. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 51-75. ISBN 978-92-807-3429-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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    Assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor and ozone in reanalyses as part of S-RIP (2017)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17 (20). pp. 12743-12778.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Reanalysis data sets are widely used to understand atmospheric processes and past variability, and are often used to stand in as "observations" for comparisons with climate model output. Because of the central role of water vapor (WV) and ozone (O3) in climate change, it is important to understand how accurately and consistently these species are represented in existing global reanalyses. In this paper, we present the results of WV and O3 intercomparisons that have been performed as part of the SPARC (Stratosphere–troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate) Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP). The comparisons cover a range of timescales and evaluate both inter-reanalysis and observation-reanalysis differences. We also provide a systematic documentation of the treatment of WV and O3 in current reanalyses to aid future research and guide the interpretation of differences amongst reanalysis fields. The assimilation of total column ozone (TCO) observations in newer reanalyses results in realistic representations of TCO in reanalyses except when data coverage is lacking, such as during polar night. The vertical distribution of ozone is also relatively well represented in the stratosphere in reanalyses, particularly given the relatively weak constraints on ozone vertical structure provided by most assimilated observations and the simplistic representations of ozone photochemical processes in most of the reanalysis forecast models. However, significant biases in the vertical distribution of ozone are found in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in all reanalyses. In contrast to O3, reanalysis estimates of stratospheric WV are not directly constrained by assimilated data. Observations of atmospheric humidity are typically used only in the troposphere, below a specified vertical level at or near the tropopause. The fidelity of reanalysis stratospheric WV products is therefore mainly dependent on the reanalyses' representation of the physical drivers that influence stratospheric WV, such as temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer, methane oxidation, and the stratospheric overturning circulation. The lack of assimilated observations and known deficiencies in the representation of stratospheric transport in reanalyses result in much poorer agreement amongst observational and reanalysis estimates of stratospheric WV. Hence, stratospheric WV products from the current generation of reanalyses should generally not be used in scientific studies.
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    ASTRA-OMZ: Atmosphäre-Ozean-Wechsel-wirkung von Spurenelementen in der Sauerstoffminimumzone : Abschlussbericht zu SO-243 (2017)
    GEOMAR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: Laufzeit des Vorhabens:01.06.2015-30.11.2017
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    At Risk of Deprivation: The Multidimensional Well-Being Impacts of Climate Migration and Immobility in Peru (2023)
    Springer VS
    In:  Studien zur Migrations- und Integrationspolitik
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-19
    Description: This open access book examines how and why various forms of climate (im)mobilities can impact people's objective and subjective well-being. Worsening climate impacts are forcing subsistence farmers worldwide to decide between staying or leaving their homes. This mixed methods study analyzes cases of climate-related migration, displacement, relocation, and immobility in Peru's coastal, highland, and rainforest regions. The results reveal that numerous farmers experienced profound and often negative well-being impacts, regardless of whether they stayed or migrated. The higher the structural constraints, such as weak governance, and the more damaging the climate impacts were, the higher the risk of well-being declines. Additionally, the affected individuals often had limited agency and ability to mitigate losses. These findings challenge the notion of "migration as adaptation" and emphasize the importance of safeguarding the human rights and security of those affected while addressing loss and damage. Without significant investments in such efforts, climate impacts could sharply diminish the well-being of numerous subsistence farmers worldwide—irrespective of whether they stay or migrate.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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    Atlantic cod individual spatial behaviour and stable isotope associations in a no‐take marine reserve (2023)
    British Ecological Society | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Foraging is a behavioural process and, therefore, individual behaviour and diet are theorized to covary. However, few comparisons of individual behaviour type and diet exist in the wild. We tested whether behaviour type and diet covary in a protected population of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Working in a no-take marine reserve, we could collect data on natural behavioural variation and diet choice with minimal anthropogenic disturbance. We inferred behaviour using acoustic telemetry and diet from stable isotope compositions (expressed as δ13C and δ15N values). We further investigated whether behaviour and diet could have survival costs. We found cod with shorter diel vertical migration distances fed at higher trophic levels. Cod δ13C and δ15N values scaled positively with body size. Neither behaviour nor diet predicted survival, indicating phenotypic diversity is maintained without survival costs for cod in a protected ecosystem. The links between diet and diel vertical migration highlight that future work is needed to understand whether the shifts in this behaviour during environmental change (e.g. fishing or climate), could lead to trophic cascades.
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    Atmosphärenbedingte Erhöhungen der solaren Einstrahlung (2009)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss der bewölkten Atmosphäre auf die solaren Einstrahlung am Boden untersucht. Die zugrundeliegenden Messkampagnen wurden im Rahmen einer interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit des Leibniz - Instituts für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR) mit dem Institut für Medizinische Klimatologie der Universität Kiel in den Sommern 2004 und 2005 auf der Nordseeinsel Sylt durchgeführt. Dabei wurde der Wolkenkamera-Prototyp des IFM-GEOMAR zur Erfassung der Wolken verwendet. Zur Bestimmung der Güte der Bedeckungsgradbestimmungen aus den Kamerbildern wurden Vergleiche mit synoptischen Beobachtungen des Deutschen Wetterdienstes DWD vom nahegelegenen Flughafen Sylt angestellt, sowie für die Kampagne 2005 mit einem neuen Verfahren, dem APCADA-Algorithmus nach Dürr und Philipona (2004). Die Übereinstimmung der aus den Kamerabildern resultierenden Bedeckungsrade mit den synoptischen Beobachtungen beträgt 72(85) % innerhalb ± 1(2) Achtel. Verglichen mit den Beobachtungen unterschätzt APCADA die Bedeckungsgrade in 47 % aller Fälle mit Übereinstimmung von 60(74) % innerhalb ± 1(2) Achtel. Für Fälle ohne hohe Wolken, die APCADA nicht erkennen kann, erreicht APCADA deutlich bessere Übereinstimmungen mit 73(90) % innerhalb ± 1(2) Achtel. Diese Ergebnisse sind etwas schlechter als die Resultate von Dürr und Philipona (2004). Insgesamt ergeben also die Bedeckungsgrade aus den Kamerabildern, zumindest tagsüber, die bessere Wolkenklimatologie. Dank der zeitlich hochaufgelösten Strahlungsmessungen konnten Strahlungserhöhungen im Sichtbaren von maximal 522 W/m2 gegenüber der theoretischen Referenzstrahlung bei wolkenfreiem Himmel festgestellt werden, der zur Zeit größte international veröffentlichte Wert. Erhöhungen 〉 400 W/m2 treten, wie Fallstudien zeigen, bei recht unterschiedlichen Bedeckungssituationen auf. Die Dauer solcher Erhöhungen ist abhängig von deren Stärke und beträgt maximal 20 Sekunden für Erhöhungen 〉 400 W/m2 und 140 Sekunden für Erhöhungen 〉 200 W/m2. Selbst über längere Zeiträume (1h) gemittelt ergeben sich noch Erhöhungen von 50 W/m2. Im hautwirksamen UV-Bereich (Er-UV) treten zeitgleich Erhöhungen auf, maximal wurden 32 mW/m2 gemessen. Die relative Erhöhungen sind indess deutlich geringer als im Sichtbaren, maximal 59 % gegenüber 82 %. Diese Werte treten aber fast nur bei tiefstehender Sonne auf, wo die Gefahr für die menschliche Haut (Sonnenbrand) gering ist. Im Mittel wurden die stärksten Erhöhungen sowohl im Sichtbaren als auch im Er-UV-Bereich bei fast komplett bedecktem Himmel, mit Altocumuluswolken nahe der Sonnenscheibe erreicht, sowie bei tiefstehenden Cumuluswolken (z.B. Estupinan et al., 1996). Abschließende Strahlungstransportrechnungen für bewölkte 3D-Atmosphären mit dem am IFM-GEOMAR entwickelten Modell GRIMALDI bestätigen die beobachtete Wellenlängenabhängigkeit der relativen Strahlungserhöhungen (siehe auch Lovengreen et al., 2005) und stimmen zumindest im Sichtbaren relativ gut mit den Messungen überein. Zudem wird deutlich, dass diffuse Streuung bei allen untersuchten Wellenlängen einen erkennbar stärkeren Anteil an Strahlungserhöhungen hat, als Reflexion an Wolkenseiten, was die Messergebnisse bereits vermuten ließen.
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    Atmosphere-Ocean-Islands-Biogeochemical interactions in the Macaronesian Archipelagos of Cabo Verde, the Canaries and Madeira POS533: 28. February 2019- 22. March 2019 Mindelo (Cabo Verdes) – Las Palmas (Spain) AIMAC (2019)
    GEOMAR
    In:  GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, 70 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: Poseidon 533 – AIMAC (Atmosphere–ocean–island-biogeochemical interactions in the Macaronesian Archipelagos) investigated the influence of the Cape Verdes, the Canary Islands, and Madeira on the physics, chemistry and biology of the surrounding subtropical North- East Atlantic ocean. The air – sea exchange of halocarbons from marine sources impact tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, and therewith air quality and human health. High oceanic and atmospheric concentrations of iodinated, brominated and chlorinated methanes are often found near coastlines. In particular, bromoform (CHBr3) was recently detected at unexpectedly high concentrations in seawater of subtropical coasts, e.g. at Miami and Tenerife beaches. Bromoform is produced naturally from macro algae and phytoplankton and is the major marine vector of organic bromine to the atmosphere. Together with dibromomethane (CH2Br2), it is the main contributor to natural stratospheric bromine, involved in ozone depletion. Bromoform is also a major product during disinfection of seawater for many industrial and recreational purposes and during desalination processes. While the bromoform production from phytoplankton generally leads to picomolar concentrations in seawater, macroalgal production yields nanomolar concentrations and disinfection processes involving seawater can increase concentrations to micromolar levels. The latter has led to the occasional application of this compound as tracer for the effluents of power plants and wastewater discharges. Other disinfection by-products (DBP) in the effluents can lead to unfavorable effects on the environment and human health. As bromoform shows large concentrations in urbanized and industrialized regions, the elevated concentrations at many coasts may have a major and increasing contribution to the global budget.. We hypothesize, that populated coastlines show elevated bromoform concentrations from disinfection activities, related to the amount of population and industrial activities. Coastal alongshore currents may additionally trap the compound inshore. Therefore, bromoform can be a good tracer of the terrestrial and anthropogenic signal in the island mass effect, which describes the increase in nutrients and biological productivity in the surrounding water masses of an island. POS533 investigated the bromoform distribution in ocean and atmosphere in the subtropical East Atlantic and the islands of Madeira, Tenerife, Gran Canaria and the Cape Verde Archipelago, considering physical and biogeochemical parameters, phytoplankton distribution and carbon chemistry. During the cruise new scientific tools where applied, to differentiate between the islands natural and anthropogenic interactions with ocean and atmosphere. The measurements deliver the first comprehensive biogeochemical data set of phytoplankton, microbiology, trace gases, carbon, oxygen and nutrient cycling from this region close the islands in exchange with the open ocean. Despite the novel knowledge, current climate chemistry and chemical transport models used to understand the anthropogenic signal of marine halocarbon emissions and their effects on tropospheric oxidation and stratospheric ozone will benefit from the expedition's dataset.
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    Atmospheric gas-phase composition over the Indian Ocean (2022)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The Indian Ocean is coupled to atmospheric dynamics and chemical composition via several unique mechanisms, such as the seasonally varying monsoon circulation. During the winter monsoon season, high pollution levels are regularly observed over the entire northern Indian Ocean, while during the summer monsoon, clean air dominates the atmospheric composition, leading to distinct chemical regimes. The changing atmospheric composition over the Indian Ocean can interact with oceanic biogeochemical cycles and impact marine ecosystems, resulting in potential climate feedbacks. Here, we review current progress in detecting and understanding atmospheric gas-phase composition over the Indian Ocean and its local and global impacts. The review considers results from recent Indian Ocean ship campaigns, satellite measurements, station data, and information on continental and oceanic trace gas emissions. The distribution of all major pollutants and greenhouse gases shows pronounced differences between the landmass source regions and the Indian Ocean, with strong gradients over the coastal areas. Surface pollution and ozone are highest during the winter monsoon over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea coastal waters due to air mass advection from the Indo-Gangetic Plain and continental outflow from Southeast Asia. We observe, however, that unusual types of wind patterns can lead to pronounced deviations of the typical trace gas distributions. For example, the ozone distribution maxima shift to different regions under wind scenarios that differ from the regular seasonal transport patterns. The distribution of greenhouse gases over the Indian Ocean shows many similarities when compared to the pollution fields, but also some differences of the latitudinal and seasonal variations resulting from their long lifetimes and biogenic sources. Mixing ratios of greenhouse gases such as methane show positive trends over the Indian Ocean, but long-term changes in pollution and ozone due to changing emissions and transport patterns require further investigation. Although we know that changing atmospheric composition and perturbations within the Indian Ocean affect each other, the impacts of atmospheric pollution on oceanic biogeochemistry and trace gas cycling are severely understudied. We highlight potential mechanisms, future research topics, and observational requirements that need to be explored in order to fully understand such interactions and feedbacks in the Indian Ocean region.
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    Atmospheric histories, growth rates and solubilities in seawater and other natural waters of the potential transient tracers HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116 (2019)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Ocean Science, 15 (1). pp. 33-60.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: We present consistent annual mean atmospheric histories and growth rates for the mainly anthropogenic halogenated compounds HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116, which are all potentially useful oceanic transient tracers (tracers of water transport within the ocean), for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere with the aim of providing input histories of these compounds for the equilibrium between the atmosphere and surface ocean. We use observations of these halogenated compounds made by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of East Anglia (UEA). Prior to the direct observational record, we use archived air measurements, firn air measurements and published model calculations to estimate the atmospheric mole fraction histories. The results show that the atmospheric mole fractions for each species, except HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b, have been increasing since they were initially produced. Recently, the atmospheric growth rates have been decreasing for the HCFCs (HCFC-22, HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b), increasing for the HFCs (HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23) and stable with little fluctuation for the PFCs (PFC-14 and PFC-116) investigated here. The atmospheric histories (source functions) and natural background mole fractions show that HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125 and HFC-23 have the potential to be oceanic transient tracers for the next few decades only because of the recently imposed bans on production and consumption. When the atmospheric histories of the compounds are not monotonically changing, the equilibrium atmospheric mole fraction (and ultimately the age associated with that mole fraction) calculated from their concentration in the ocean is not unique, reducing their potential as transient tracers. Moreover, HFCs have potential to be oceanic transient tracers for a longer period in the future than HCFCs as the growth rates of HFCs are increasing and those of HCFCs are decreasing in the background atmosphere. PFC-14 and PFC-116, however, have the potential to be tracers for longer periods into the future due to their extremely long lifetimes, steady atmospheric growth rates and no explicit ban on their emissions. In this work, we also derive solubility functions for HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116 in water and seawater to facilitate their use as oceanic transient tracers. These functions are based on the Clark–Glew–Weiss (CGW) water solubility function fit and salting-out coefficients estimated by the poly-parameter linear free-energy relationships (pp-LFERs). Here we also provide three methods of seawater solubility estimation for more compounds. Even though our intention is for application in oceanic research, the work described in this paper is potentially useful for tracer studies in a wide range of natural waters, including freshwater and saline lakes, and, for the more stable compounds, groundwaters.
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  • 73
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    Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of Dynamics and Transport During the Record-Breaking 2009 Arctic Stratospheric Major Warming (2009)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: A major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) in January 2009 was the strongest and most prolonged on record. Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations are used to provide an overview of dynamics and transport during the 2009 SSW, and to compare with the intense, long-lasting SSW in January 2006. The Arctic polar vortex split during the 2009 SSW, whereas the 2006 SSW was a vortex displacement event. Winds reversed to easterly more rapidly and reverted to westerly more slowly in 2009 than in 2006. More mixing of trace gases out of the vortex during the decay of the vortex fragments, and less before the fulfillment of major SSW criteria, was seen in 2009 than in 2006; persistent well-defined fragments of vortex and anticyclone air were more prevalent in 2009. The 2009 SSW had a more profound impact on the lower stratosphere than any previously observed SSW, with no significant recovery of the vortex in that region. The stratopause breakdown and subsequent reformation at very high altitude, accompanied by enhanced descent into a rapidly strengthening upper stratospheric vortex, were similar in 2009 and 2006. Many differences between 2006 and 2009 appear to be related to the different character of the SSWs in the two years.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
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  • 74
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    Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of Dynamics and Transport during the record-breaking 2009 Arctic stratospheric Major Warming (2009)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 36 . L12815.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-13
    Description: A major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) in January 2009 was the strongest and most prolonged on record. Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations are used to provide an overview of dynamics and transport during the 2009 SSW, and to compare with the intense, long-lasting SSW in January 2006. The Arctic polar vortex split during the 2009 SSW, whereas the 2006 SSW was a vortex displacement event. Winds reversed to easterly more rapidly and reverted to westerly more slowly in 2009 than in 2006. More mixing of trace gases out of the vortex during the decay of the vortex fragments, and less before the fulfillment of major SSW criteria, was seen in 2009 than in 2006; persistent well-defined fragments of vortex and anticyclone air were more prevalent in 2009. The 2009 SSW had a more profound impact on the lower stratosphere than any previously observed SSW, with no significant recovery of the vortex in that region. The stratopause breakdown and subsequent reformation at very high altitude, accompanied by enhanced descent into a rapidly strengthening upper stratospheric vortex, were similar in 2009 and 2006. Many differences between 2006 and 2009 appear to be related to the different character of the SSWs in the two years.
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  • 75
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Ausgleichung des astronomisch-geodätischen Netzes I. Ordnung nördlich der europäischen Längengradvermessung in 52 Grad Breite; Heft 5. (1916)
    Berlin : Stankiewicz
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: 21/Q 39(68d) ; Q 448(68d) / Regal 14 ; Q 189(68d) / Regal 43
    In: Lothabweichungen
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Königlich Preussischen Geodätischen Institutes. Neue Folge
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IV, 134 S. : graph. Darst., Taf.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichung des Königlich Preussischen Geodätischen Instituts : N.F. 68
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  • 76
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    Auswirkungen des Sauerstoffmangels 1981 auf Makrozoobenthos und Bodenfische in der Kieler Bucht = Effects of oxygen depletion 1981 on macrozoobenthos and demersal fish in Kiel Bay (1985)
    Institut für Meereskunde Kiel
    In:  Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 138 . Institut für Meereskunde Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 122 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-19
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 77
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    Auswirkungen von Sauerstoffmangel auf die Bodenfauna der Kieler Bucht = Effects of oxygen depletion on the bottom fauna of Kiel Bay (1987)
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 299 pp . Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 176 . DOI 10.3289/ifm_ber_176 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/ifm_ber_176〉.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-09
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 78
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    Avoiding the avoidable: towards a European heat waves risk governance (2011)
    In:  International Journal of Disaster Risk Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 79
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    A~tropical West Pacific OH minimum and implications for stratospheric composition (2014)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14 (9). pp. 4827-4841.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-09
    Description: Most of the short-lived biogenic and anthropogenic chemical species that are emitted into the atmosphere break down efficiently by reaction with OH and do not reach the stratosphere. Here we show the existence of a pronounced minimum in the tropospheric column of ozone over the West Pacific, the main source region for stratospheric air, and suggest a corresponding minimum of the tropospheric column of OH. This has the potential to amplify the impact of surface emissions on the stratospheric composition compared to the impact when assuming globally uniform OH conditions. Specifically, the role of emissions of biogenic halogenated species for the stratospheric halogen budget and the role of increasing emissions of SO2 in Southeast Asia or from minor volcanic eruptions for the increasing stratospheric aerosol loading need to be reassessed in light of these findings. This is also important since climate change will further modify OH abundances and emissions of halogenated species. Our study is based on ozone sonde measurements carried out during the TransBrom cruise with the RV Sonne roughly along 140-150 degrees E in October 2009 and corroborating ozone and OH measurements from satellites, aircraft campaigns and FTIR instruments. Model calculations with the GEOS-Chem Chemistry and Transport Model (CTM) and the ATLAS CTM are used to simulate the tropospheric OH distribution over the West Pacific and the transport pathways to the stratosphere. The potential effect of the OH minimum on species transported into the stratosphere is shown via modeling the transport and chemistry of CH2Br2 and SO2.
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  • 80
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    Bacterial colonizers of Nematostella vectensis are initially selected by the host before interactions between bacteria determine further succession (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-14
    Description: The microbiota of multicellular organisms undergoes considerable changes during development but the general mechanisms that control community assembly and succession are poorly understood. Here, we use bacterial recolonization experiments in Nematostella vectensis as a model to understand general mechanisms determining bacterial establishment and succession. We compared the dynamic establishment of the microbiome on the germfree host and on inert silica. Following the dynamic reconstruction of microbial communities on both substrates, we show that the initial colonization events are strongly influenced by the host but not by the tube, while the subsequent bacteria-bacteria interactions are the main cause of bacterial succession. Interestingly, the recolonization pattern on adult hosts resembles the ontogenetic colonization succession. This process occurs independently of the bacterial composition of the inoculum and can be followed at the level of individual bacteria, suggesting that priority effects are neglectable for early colonization events in Nematostella . To identify potential metabolic traits associated with initial colonization success and potential metabolic interactions among bacteria associated with bacterial succession, we reconstructed the metabolic networks of bacterial colonizers based on their genomes. These analyses revealed that bacterial metabolic capabilities reflect the recolonization pattern, and the degradation of chitin might be a selection factor during early colonization of the animal. Concurrently, transcriptomic analyses revealed that Nematostella possesses two chitin synthase genes, one of which is upregulated during early recolonization. Our results show that early colonization events are strongly controlled by the host while subsequent colonization depends on metabolic bacteria-bacteria interactions largely independent of host development.
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  • 81
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    Bacterial Community Composition in the Sea Surface Microlayer Off the Peruvian Coast (2018)
    Frontiers
    In:  Frontiers in Microbiology, 9 . Art.Nr. 2699.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: The sea surface microlayer (SML) is located at the air-sea interface, with microorganisms and organic matter in the SML influencing air-sea exchange processes. Yet understanding of the SML bacterial (bacterioneuston) community composition and assembly remains limited. Availability of organic matter, UV radiation and wind speed have previously been suggested to influence the community composition of bacterioneuston. Another mechanism potentially controlling bacterioneuston dynamics is bacterioplankton attached to gel-like particles that ascend through the water column into the SML. We analyzed the bacterial community composition, Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) abundance and nutrient concentrations in the surface waters of the Peruvian upwelling region. The bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton communities were similar, suggesting a close spatial coupling. Four Bacteroidetes families were significantly enriched in the SML, two of them, the Flavobacteriaceae and Cryomorphaceae, were found to comprise the majority of SML-enriched operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The enrichment of these families was controlled by a variety of environmental factors. The SML-enriched bacterial families were negatively correlated with water temperature and wind speed in the SML and positively correlated with nutrient concentrations, salinity and TEP in the underlying water (ULW). The correlations with nutrient concentrations and salinity suggest that the enriched bacterial families were more abundant at the upwelling stations.
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  • 82
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    BALTIC GRID Pilot Study (2005)
    In:  BALTEX Newsletter, 8 . pp. 1-2.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-31
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 83
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    BASEWECS - Influence of the Baltic Sea and its annual ice coverage on the water and energy budget of the Baltic Sea (2005)
    In:  BALTEX Newsletter, 8 . pp. 11-14.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-06
    Description: BASEWECS is a contribution to the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM. The project started in May 2001 and lasted until December 2004. BASEWECS aimed at the investigation of the influence of the Baltic Sea and its annual ice coverage on the water and energy budget of the BALTEX area
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  • 84
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    Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling of Nitrate Concentration in a Forest Stream Affected by Large‐Scale Forest Dieback (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-21
    Description: The ecosystem function of vegetation to attenuate export of nutrients is of substantial importance for securing water quality. This ecosystem function is at risk of deterioration due to an increasing risk of large‐scale forest dieback under climate change. The present study explores the response of the nitrogen (N) cycle of a forest catchment in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany, in the face of a severe bark beetle (Ips typographus Linnaeus) outbreak and resulting large‐scale forest dieback using top‐down statistical‐mechanistic modeling. Outbreaks of bark beetle killed the dominant tree species Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) in stands accounting for 55% of the catchment area. A Bayesian hierarchical model that predicts daily stream NO3 concentration (C) over three decades with discharge (Q) and temperature (T) (C‐Q‐T relationship) outperformed alternative statistical models. A catchment model was subsequently developed to explain the C‐Q‐T relationship in top‐down fashion. Annually varying parameter estimates provide mechanistic interpretations of the catchment processes. Release of NO3 from decaying litter after the dieback was tracked by an increase of the nutrient input parameter cs0. The slope of C‐T relation was near zero during this period, suggesting that the nutrient release was beyond the regulating capacity of the vegetation and soils. Within a decade after the dieback, the released N was flushed out and nutrient retention capacity was restored with the regrowth of the vegetation.
    Description: Key Points: Pulse of nitrate export from a forest catchment in response to bark beetle infestation followed by recovery of nutrient retention capacity Top‐down, data‐driven Bayesian hierarchical model assists mechanistic interpretation of hydrochemical processes Concentration‐discharge‐temperature relationship is shaped by spatial heterogeneity of nutrient and seasonality of biogeochemical reactions
    Keywords: 551.48 ; Bark beetle ; Bayesian hierarchical modeling ; forest dieback ; nitrate
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  • 85
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Bedingungsgleichungen für Liniennetze und für Rückwärtseinschnitte (1908)
    Potsdam : Teubner ; 1885/86(1887) - 1938/39(1938)[?]
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: 21/Q 61(34d) ; Q 468(34d) / Regal 14 ; Q 380(34d) / Regal 43
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Königlich Preussischen Geodätischen Institutes. Neue Folge
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IV, 50 S.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichung des Königlich Preussischen Geodätischen Instituts : N.F. 34
    Location: Reading room
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  • 86
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Beiträge zur Berechnung von Lotabweichungssystemen (1898)
    Leipzig : Teubner
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: Q 493(5c) / Regal 43 ; 21/Q 238(5c) ; Q 88(5c)
    In: Veröffentlichung des Königlich Preussischen Geodätischen Institutes und Centralbureaus der Internationalen Erdmessung
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 106 S.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichung des Königlich Preussischen Geodätischen Institutes und Centralbureaus der Internationalen Erdmessung
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  • 87
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    Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Cirripedia Thoracica der Nord- und Ostsee (1919)
    Lipsius und Tischer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-30
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 88
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    Benthic element cycling, fluxes and transport of nutrients and trace metals across the benthic boundary layer in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (SFB 754), Cruise No. 137, 06.05. – 29.05.2017 Callao (Peru) – Callao (2019)
    DFG-Senatskommission für Ozeanographie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: The magnitude of nutrient and trace metal release from oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) sediments as well as their fate in the water column is of utmost importance for the pelagic nutrient budget and consequently for the ongoing expansion of OMZs. The major aim of this research cruise that was conducted within the framework of the Kiel collaborative research center SFB 754 (Climate – Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean), was to study the effects of variable environmental conditions on benthic element turnover and exchange with the bottom water under natural conditions of austral fall/winter but also during experiments. This allows the quantitative simulation of benthic-pelagic nutrient- and trace metal budgets over longer time periods. The experimental investigations aimed to specifically resolve the contribution of sulfur bacteria and denitrifying foraminifera controlling benthic N, P and S fluxes. The investigation of mixing processes in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) and quantification of diapycnal and advective fluxes across the BBL and the stratified water column will be used to resolve the fate of these substances. The multidisciplinary study mainly focused on a depth transect at 12°S and is scientifically closely linked to the METEOR cruises M135, M136 and M138. In order to achieve the scientific goals an intense physical, biogeochemical and biological working program was conducted in the water column and at the seafloor accompanied by shipboard experiments. Studies in the water column comprised 92 CTD, 65 microstructure CTD, 18 TM-CTD and 14 in situ pump deployments. Sediment samples were obtained during 47 mulitple-corer and 12 Lander deployments. Additionally, lander deployments were performed to obtain time series of physical parameters and the current regime in water depths of 76 and 128m. The deployment of these instruments covered the time period of cruises M136 and M137. We slightly deviated from the cruise proposal and spent a minor amount of the station time along a zonal transect at 12.3°S in order study the biogeochemistry during eddy formation. Eddy formation cannot be predicted and hence planned in a cruise proposal, however their study bears a high scientific potential and is a central part of the SFB745 research activities. Due to the good weather conditions all deployments were successful, hence all the data and sample material aimed for has been achieved. It is to expect that as planned all scientific questions can be addressed. Especially, the joined synthesis including the data of the other recent SFB cruises M135, M136 und M138 and their comparison with the earlier SFB-cruises M77, M92 harbor a high scientific potential.
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  • 89
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    Benthic Nitrogen Cycling Traversing the Peruvian Oxygen Minimum Zone (2011)
    Elsevier
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75 (20). pp. 6094-6111.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Benthic nitrogen (N) cycling was investigated at six stations along a transect traversing the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) at 11 °S. An extensive dataset including porewater concentration profiles and in situ benthic fluxes of nitrate (NO3–), nitrite (NO2–) and ammonium (NH4+) was used to constrain a 1–D reaction–transport model designed to simulate and interpret the measured data at each station. Simulated rates of nitrification, denitrification, anammox and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) by filamentous large sulfur bacteria (e.g. Beggiatoa and Thioploca) were highly variable throughout the OMZ yet clear trends were discernible. On the shelf and upper slope (80 – 260 m water depth) where extensive areas of bacterial mats were present, DNRA dominated total N turnover (less-than-or-equals, slant 2.9 mmol N m–2 d–1) and accounted for greater-or-equal, slanted 65 % of NO3– + NO2– uptake by the sediments from the bottom water. Nonetheless, these sediments did not represent a major sink for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = NO3– + NO2– + NH4+) since DNRA reduces NO3– and, potentially NO2–, to NH4+. Consequently, the shelf and upper slope sediments were recycling sites for DIN due to relatively low rates of denitrification and high rates of ammonium release from DNRA and ammonification of organic matter. This finding contrasts with the current opinion that sediments underlying OMZs are a strong sink for DIN. Only at greater water depths (300 – 1000 m) did the sediments become a net sink for DIN. Here, denitrification was the major process (less-than-or-equals, slant 2 mmol N m–2 d–1) and removed 55 – 73 % of NO3– and NO2– taken up by the sediments, with DNRA and anammox accounting for the remaining fraction. Anammox was of minor importance on the shelf and upper slope yet contributed up to 62 % to total N2 production at the 1000 m station. The results indicate that the partitioning of oxidized N (NO3–, NO2–) into DNRA or denitrification is a key factor determining the role of marine sediments as DIN sinks or recycling sites. Consequently, high measured benthic uptake rates of oxidized N within OMZs do not necessarily indicate a loss of fixed N from the marine environment.
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  • 90
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    Benthic nitrogen fixation in oxygen minimum zones (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-28
    Description: The distribution and magnitude of benthic N2 fixation in OMZs, and its relevance for the community inhabiting these sediments was investigated. A possible coupling to sulfate reducers was determined by rate measurements of N2 fixation and sulfate reduction, as well as by molecular analysis in the respective environment. In sediments of the Peruvian OMZ, N2 fixation and sulfate reduction occurred throughout the sediment and depth profiles largely overlapped, suggesting a coupling of both processes. This coupling was further supported by the molecular analysis. In the Mauritanian OMZ N2 fixation activity often overlapped with sulfate reduction, as well as with ferrous iron concentrations. The molecular analysis confirmed the presence of sulfate- and iron-reducing bacteria. Burrowing organisms potentially create a biogeochemical zonation pattern in sediments that enhanced N2 fixation in deeper sediment layers. To examine the marine benthic diazotrophic diversity, samples from OMZs, methane seeps and brackish water sediments were used for high-throughput sequencing. Results showed a small diversity of diazotrophs among sites and a dominance of sulfate reducers. The redundancy analysis showed a positive correlation between diazotrophs and sulfate reduction. To conclude, the detection of benthic N2 fixation in OMZs, as well as the diversity study of benthic diazotrophs from different environments, shows that it is a ubiquitous process in the benthic environment. The global distribution of benthic diazotrophs, as revealed by the diversity study, highlights its previously underestimated role in the benthic N cycle, as well as in the marine N budgets. The controlling factors of diazotrophs in marine sediments are: abundance of sulfate reducers; organic matter content in the sediments; and sulfide concentration in the porewater, as a potential inhibitor.
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  • 91
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    Benthic-pelagic coupling and isotopic fractionation of barium in Kiel Bight, SW Baltic Sea (2023)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Barium (Ba) isotopes are a promising new tracer for riverine freshwater input to the ocean and marine biogeochemical cycling. However, many processes that affect Ba cycling at continental margins have not yet been investigated with respect to Ba isotope fractionation. Here, we present a comprehensive data set of Ba concentration and isotope data for water column, pore water and sediment samples from Kiel Bight, a seasonally stratified and hypoxic fjord in the southwestern Baltic Sea. The surface water Ba concentration and Ba isotope inventory of the water column can generally be explained by mixing of riverine freshwater and Atlantic seawater. However, the deep-water below the seasonal pycnocline (10 - 15 m water depth) is characterized by a pronounced positive Ba concentration anomaly (up to 915 nM) that is accompanied by a δ138Ba of ~+0.25 ‰, which is lighter than expected from the seawater-freshwater mixing line (Ba: 77 nM, δ138Ba: +0.32 ‰ at a salinity of 18). Pore water profiles indicate a Ba flux across the sediment-water interface, which contributes to the enrichment in isotopically light Ba in the deep-water. Pore waters of surface sediments and deep-waters are oversaturated with respect to barite. Therefore, barite dissolution is unlikely to account for the benthic Ba flux. Water column Ba concentrations closely correlate with those of the nutrients phosphate and silica, which are removed from surface waters by biological processes and recycled from the sediment by diffusion across the sediment-water interface. As nutrient-to-Ba ratios differ among sites and from those observed in open-marine systems, we propose that Ba is removed from surface waters by adsorption onto biogenic particles (rather than assimilation) and regenerated within surface sediments upon organic matter degradation. Pore water data for subsurface sediments in Kiel Bight indicate preferential transfer of isotopically heavy Ba into an authigenic phase during early diagenesis. Quantifying the burial flux associated with this authigenic Ba phase along continental margins could potentially help to settle the isotopic imbalance between known Ba source and sink fluxes in the ocean.
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    Best practices for the provision of prior information for Bayesian stock assessment (2015)
    ICES
    In:  , ed. by Romakkaniemi, A. ICES Cooperative Research Report, 328 . ICES, Copenhagen, Denmark, 92 pp. ISBN 978-87-7482-174-8
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-29
    Description: This manual represents a review of the potential sources and methods to be applied when providing prior information to Bayesian stock assessments and marine risk analysis. The manual is compiled as a product of the EC Framework 7 ECOKNOWS project (www.ecoknows.eu). The manual begins by introducing the basic concepts of Bayesian inference and the role of prior information in the inference. Bayesian analysis is a mathematical formalization of a sequential learning process in a probabilistic rationale. Prior information (also called ”prior knowledge”, ”prior belief”, or simply a ”prior”) refers to any existing relevant knowledge available before the analysis of the newest observations (data) and the information included in them. Prior information is input to a Bayesian statistical analysis in the form of a probability distribution (a prior distribution) that summarizes beliefs about the parameter concerned in terms of relative support for different values. Apart from specifying probable parameter values, prior information also defines how the data are related to the phenomenon being studied, i.e. the model structure. Prior information should reflect the different degrees of knowledge about different parameters and the interrelationships among them. Different sources of prior information are described as well as the particularities important for their successful utilization. The sources of prior information are classified into four main categories: (i) primary data, (ii) literature, (iii) online databases, and (iv) experts. This categorization is somewhat synthetic, but is useful for structuring the process of deriving a prior and for acknowledging different aspects of it. A hierarchy is proposed in which sources of prior information are ranked according to their proximity to the primary observations, so that use of raw data is preferred where possible. This hierarchy is reflected in the types of methods that might be suitable – for example, hierarchical analysis and meta-analysis approaches are powerful, but typically require larger numbers of observations than other methods. In establishing an informative prior distribution for a variable or parameter from ancillary raw data, several steps should be followed. These include the choice of the frequency distribution of observations which also determines the shape of prior distribution, the choice of the way in which a dataset is used to construct a prior, and the consideration related to whether one or several datasets are used. Explicitly modelling correlations between parameters in a hierarchical model can allow more effective use of the available information or more knowledge with the same data. Checking the literature is advised as the next approach. Stock assessment would gain much from the inclusion of prior information derived from the literature and from literature compilers such as FishBase (www.fishbase.org), especially in data-limited situations. The reader is guided through the process of obtaining priors for length–weight, growth, and mortality parameters from FishBase. Expert opinion lends itself to data-limited situations and can be used even in cases where observations are not available. Several expert elicitation tools are introduced for guiding experts through the process of expressing their beliefs and for extracting numerical priors about variables of interest, such as stock–recruitment dynamics, natural mortality, maturation, and the selectivity of fishing gears. Elicitation of parameter values is not the only task where experts play an important role; they also can describe the process to be modelled as a whole. Information sources and methods are not mutually exclusive, so some combination may be used in deriving a prior distribution. Whichever source(s) and method(s) are chosen, it is important to remember that the same data should not be used twice. If the 2 | ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 328 plan is to use the data in the analysis for which the prior distribution is needed, then the same data cannot be used in formulating the prior. The techniques studied and proposed in this manual can be further elaborated and fine-tuned. New developments in technology can potentially be explored to find novel ways of forming prior distributions from different sources of information. Future research efforts should also be targeted at the philosophy and practices of model building based on existing prior information. Stock assessments that explicitly account for model uncertainty are still rare, and improving the methodology in this direction is an important avenue for future research. More research is also needed to make Bayesian analysis of non-parametric models more accessible in practice. Since Bayesian stock assessment models (like all other assessment models) are made from existing knowledge held by human beings, prior distributions for parameters and model structures may play a key role in the processes of collectively building and reviewing those models with stakeholders. Research on the theory and practice of these processes will be needed in the future.
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    Beziehungen zwischen Struktur und Funktion bakterieller Gemeinschaften in Mikrokosmos- und Freiwasser-Chemoklinen (1997)
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 153 pp . Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 295 . DOI 10.3289/ifm_ber_295 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/ifm_ber_295〉.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 94
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    Bidirectional coupling of the long-term integrated assessment model REgional Model of INvestments and Development (REMIND) v3.0.0 with the hourly power sector model Dispatch and Investment Evaluation Tool with Endogenous Renewables (DIETER) v1.0.2 (2023)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-20
    Description: Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are a central tool for the quantitative analysis of climate change mitigation strategies. However, due to their global, cross-sectoral and centennial scope, IAMs cannot explicitly represent the temporal and spatial details required to properly analyze the key role of variable renewable energy (VRE) in decarbonizing the power sector and enabling emission reductions through end-use electrification. In contrast, power sector models (PSMs) can incorporate high spatiotemporal resolutions but tend to have narrower sectoral and geographic scopes and shorter time horizons. To overcome these limitations, here we present a novel methodology: an iterative and fully automated soft-coupling framework that combines the strengths of a long-term IAM and a detailed PSM. The key innovation is that the framework uses the market values of power generations and the capture prices of demand flexibilities in the PSM as price signals that change the capacity and power mix of the IAM. Hence, both models make endogenous investment decisions, leading to a joint solution. We apply the method to Germany in a proof-of-concept study using the IAM REgional Model of INvestments and Development (REMIND) v3.0.0 and the PSM Dispatch and Investment Evaluation Tool with Endogenous Renewables (DIETER) v1.0.2 and confirm the theoretical prediction of almost-full convergence in terms of both decision variables and (shadow) prices. At the end of the iterative process, the absolute model difference between the generation shares of any generator type for any year is 〈 5 % for a simple configuration (no storage, no flexible demand) under a “proof-of-concept” baseline scenario and 6 %–7 % for a more realistic and detailed configuration (with storage and flexible demand). For the simple configuration, we mathematically show that this coupling scheme corresponds uniquely to an iterative mapping of the Lagrangians of two power sector optimization problems of different time resolutions, which can lead to a comprehensive model convergence of both decision variables and (shadow) prices. The remaining differences in the two models can be explained by a slight mismatch between the standing capacities in the real world and optimal modeling solutions based purely on cost competition. Since our approach is based on fundamental economic principles, it is also applicable to other IAM–PSM pairs.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Biodegradation of petroleum in marine seep sediments (2016)
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, 177 pp
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-19
    Description: This study presented for the first time the use of intact sediment cores in a continuous sediment-oil-flow-through (SOFT) system for investigating the degradation of petroleum under a simulated petroleum seepage.The biogeochemical response of sediments from hydrocarbon adapted sites like the Caspian Sea, North Alex Mud Volcano in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Santa Barbara Channel and non-adapted site like the Eckernfoerde Bay in the Baltic Sea to petroleum seepage was investigated and compared using the SOFT system.Distinct redox zonation was established in the sediment cores that evolved temporally and spatially during the upward migration of petroleum. Sulfate reduction and methanogenesis were identified as two major processes involved in the degradation of petroleum at seeps.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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    Biodiversity changes - causes, consequences and management implications : project acronym: BONUS BIO-C3 : BONUS BIO-C3 final report (01.01.2014-31.12.2017) (2018)
    GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
    In:  GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 1 Online-Ressource (110 Seiten, 1,91 MB), 110 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-17
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Bioenergetics of calcification in mytilid bivalves along the Baltic Sea salinity gradient (2018)
    In:  (PhD/ Doctoral thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 225 pp
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-17
    Description: The Baltic Sea salinity gradient provides an excellent system to investigate how seawater ion availability impacts calcification rates and the energetic costs of calcification. Additionally, the gradual changes in environmental conditions along this gradient also provide an excellent system to investigate how environmental salinity drives natural selection and local adaptation. In this thesis the effects of salinity on calcification rates and costs were investigated in mytilid mussels using laboratory experiments. In addition, the extent of local adaptation and salinity driven selection in Baltic mytilid larvae were also investigated as well as the mechanisms behind potential local adaptations. Findings suggest that calcification rates at low salinity are limited by calcium availability and the costs of calcification are higher at low salinity compared to high salinity. Costs of calcification in mussels were also found to constitute up to 58 % of available energy, considerably higher than previously estimated. Low salinity populations of Baltic mytilid mussels exhibit local adaptation to low salinities observed by better growth, lower mortality and higher settlement success at low salinities than high salinity adapted populations. The mechanisms behind these adaptations appear to be adaptive changes in intracellular osmolytes with low salinity populations containing higher concentrations of cations than high salinity populations. Overall, these findings suggest calcification is a costly process at low salinities and may be responsible for slow growth rates of mussels at low salinity. Additionally, salinity is a powerful selective force driving local adaptation and genetic divergence in Baltic Sea mussels and the mechanisms behind this adaptation appear to be changes in intracellular osmolytes and potentially, the cellular processes of calcification.
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    Biofouling in the Southern Caspian Sea: recruitment and successional patterns in a low diversity region (2019)
    Akademia Kiado
    In:  Community Ecology, 20 (2). pp. 110-120.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Biofouling is predicted to increase in the course of global warming, making the study and monitoring of its ecological and economic consequences of great importance. The present study describes, for the first time, recruitment and successional patterns of fouling communities in the Caspian Sea. During one year, short-term panels (STP; replaced every 2 months) and long-term panels (LTP; retrieved after 4, 8 and 12 months) were deployed in the Western Iranian coast of the Caspian Sea. Temporal trends in both sets of panels were evaluated through Generalized Additive Models and discussed in light of the environmental variables registered in each sampling event. Recruitment and successional patterns observed at the community level were mainly driven by barnacles and bryozoans, the dominant taxa over the entire sampling period. Panel coverage, biomass and inorganic to organic matter ratio exhibited clear seasonal patterns in STP, following temperature and chlorophyll a trends. In LTP, coverage and biomass increased over the study period, while the inorganic to organic matter ratio peaked in summer and decreased during autumn and winter months. These results represent a baseline for future studies on biofouling communities in the Caspian Sea, where this topic has been completely neglected.
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    Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source (2016)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16 . pp. 12219-12237.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Halocarbons are produced naturally in the oceans by biological and chemical processes. They are emitted from surface seawater into the atmosphere, where they take part in numerous chemical processes such as ozone destruction and the oxidation of mercury and dimethyl sulfide. Here we present oceanic and atmospheric halocarbon data for the Peruvian upwelling zone obtained during the M91 cruise onboard the research vessel METEOR in December 2012. Surface waters during the cruise were characterized by moderate concentrations of bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2) correlating with diatom biomass derived from marker pigment concentrations, which suggests this phytoplankton group is a likely source. Concentrations measured for the iodinated compounds methyl iodide (CH3I) of up to 35.4 pmol L−1, chloroiodomethane (CH2ClI) of up to 58.1 pmol L−1 and diiodomethane (CH2I2) of up to 32.4 pmol L−1 in water samples were much higher than previously reported for the tropical Atlantic upwelling systems. Iodocarbons also correlated with the diatom biomass and even more significantly with dissolved organic matter (DOM) components measured in the surface water. Our results suggest a biological source of these compounds as a significant driving factor for the observed large iodocarbon concentrations. Elevated atmospheric mixing ratios of CH3I (up to 3.2 ppt), CH2ClI (up to 2.5 ppt) and CH2I2 (3.3 ppt) above the upwelling were correlated with seawater concentrations and high sea-to-air fluxes. During the first part of the cruise, the enhanced iodocarbon production in the Peruvian upwelling contributed significantly to tropospheric iodine levels, while this contribution was considerably smaller during the second part.
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    Biogeochemical consequences of nonvertical methane transport in sediment offshore northwestern Svalbard (2020)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: A site at the gas hydrate stability limit was investigated offshore northwestern Svalbard to study methane transport in sediment. The site was characterized by chemosynthetic communities (sulfur bacteria mats, tubeworms) and gas venting. Sediments were sampled with in‐situ porewater collectors and by gravity coring followed by analyses of porewater constituents, sediment and carbonate geochemistry, and microbial activity, taxonomy, and lipid biomarkers. Sulfide and alkalinity concentrations showed concentration maxima in near‐surface sediments at the bacterial mat and deeper maxima at the gas vent site. Sediments at the periphery of the chemosynthetic field were characterized by two sulfate‐methane transition zones (SMTZ) at ~204 and 45 cm depth, where activity maxima of microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate were found. Amplicon sequencing and lipid biomarker indicate that AOM at the SMTZs was mediated by ANME‐1 archaea. A 1D numerical transport reaction model suggests that the deeper SMTZ‐1 formed on centennial scale by vertical advection of methane, while the shallower SMTZ‐2 could only be reproduced by non‐vertical methane injections starting on decadal scale. Model results were supported by age distribution of authigenic carbonates, showing youngest carbonates within SMTZ‐2. We propose that non‐vertical methane injection was induced by increasing blockage of vertical transport or formation of sediment fractures. Our study further suggests that the methanotrophic response to the non‐vertical methane injection was commensurate with new methane supply. This finding provides new information about for the response time and efficiency of the benthic methane filter in environments with fluctuating methane transport.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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