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  • 1
    Unknown
    Kent and Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biomass conversion ; Biotechnology ; Chemical Engineering ; Chemistry industry ; Industrial Chemistry ; Kent ; Riegel ; biochemical engineering
    Description / Table of Contents: Substantially revising and updating the classic reference in the field, this handbook offers a valuable overview and myriad details on current chemical processes, products, and practices. No other source offers as much data on the chemistry, engineering, economics, and infrastructure of the industry. The Handbook serves a spectrum of individuals, from those who are directly involved in the chemical industry to others in related industries and activities. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for important industry sectors, but also broad coverage of critical supporting topics. Industrial processes and products can be much enhanced through observing the tenets and applying the methodologies found in chapters on Green Engineering and Chemistry (specifically, biomass conversion), Practical Catalysis, and Environmental Measurements; as well as expanded treatment of Safety, chemistry plant security, and Emergency Preparedness. Understanding these factors allows them to be part of the total process and helps achieve optimum results in, for example, process development, review, and modification. Important topics in the energy field, namely nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum, are covered in individual chapters. Other new chapters include energy conversion, energy storage, emerging nanoscience and technology. Updated sections include more material on biomass conversion, as well as three chapters covering biotechnology topics, namely, Industrial Biotechnology, Industrial Enzymes, and Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 1562 pages)
    ISBN: 9780387278438
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-27843-8
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Calgary (2022)
    University of Calgary Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: How have our interactions with animals shaped Calgary? What can we do to ensure that humans and animals in the city continue to co-exist, and even flourish together? This wide-ranging book explores the ways that animals inhabit our city, our lives and our imaginations. Essays from animal historians, wildlife specialists, artists and writers address key issues such as human-wildlife interactions, livestock in the city, and animal performers at the Calgary Stampede. Contributions from some of Calgary's iconic arts institutions, including One Yellow Rabbit Performance Theatre, Decidedly Jazz Danceworks, and the Glenbow Museum, demonstrate how animals continue to be a source of inspiration and exploration for fashion, art, dance, and theatre. The full-colour volume is beautifully illustrated throughout with archival images, wildlife photography, documentary and production stills, and original artwork. Calgary: City of Animals is published in co-operation with the Calgary Institute for the Humanities.
    Keywords: Nature ; Animals ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFZ Animals & society
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Multispezies-Ethnographie (2021)
    transcript Verlag | transcript Verlag
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Wie werden Natur und Tiere durch die Multispezies-Ethnographie inklusiv in Forschungsprojekte integriert? Katharina Ameli fokussiert die inter- und multidisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit. Aus einer Untersuchung der Schnittstellen zwischen gesellschafts- und naturwissenschaftlich orientierten Fachdisziplinen ergibt sich eine komplexe Betrachtung von Natur, Mensch und Tier. Die Einblicke in Interdependenzen unterschiedlicher Fachdisziplinen verdeutlichen den Bedarf an einer Multispezies-Ethnographie zur Analyse von MenschenTiereNaturenKulturen.
    Keywords: Natur ; Mensch ; Tiere ; Naturverständnis ; Interdisziplinarität ; Qualitative Forschung ; Kultur ; Ethnographie ; Umwelt ; Tier ; Human-animal Studies ; Umweltsoziologie ; Kulturanthropologie ; Kultursoziologie ; Kulturwissenschaft ; Nature ; Human ; Animals ; Understanding of Nature ; Interdisciplinarity ; Qualitative Research ; Culture ; Ethnography ; Environment ; Animal ; Environmental Sociology ; Cultural Anthropology ; Sociology of Culture ; Cultural Studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBF Social and ethical issues::JBFU Animals and society ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNT Social impact of environmental issues ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    Animal Metropolis (2022)
    University of Calgary Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Animal Metropolis brings a Canadian perspective to the growing field of animal history, ranging across species and cities, from the beavers who engineered Stanley Park to the carthorses who shaped the city of Montreal. Some essays consider animals as spectacle: orca captivity in Vancouver, polar bear tourism in Churchill, Manitoba, fish on display in the Dominion Fisheries Museum, and the racialized memory of Jumbo the elephant in St. Thomas, Ontario. Others examine the bodily intimacies of shared urban spaces: the regulation of rabid dogs in Banff, the maternal politics of pure milk in Hamilton and the circulation of tetanus bacilli from horse to human in Toronto. Another considers the marginalization of women in Canada’s animal welfare movement. The authors collectively push forward from a historiography that features nonhuman animals as objects within human-centered inquiries to a historiography that considers the eclectic contacts, exchanges, and cohabitation of human and nonhuman animals. With contributions by: Kristoffer Archibald, Jason Colby, George Colpitts, Joanna Dean, Carla Hustak, Darcy Ingram, Sean Kheraj, William Knight, Sherry Olson, Rachel Poliquin, and Christabelle Sethna
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology ; Environmental Science ; History ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFZ Animals & society
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Human and Animal Models for Translational Research on Neurodegeneration: Challenges and Opportunities From South America (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Neurodegenerative diseases are the most frequent cause of dementia, representing a burden for public health systems (especially in middle and middle-high income countries). Although most research on this issue is concentrated in first-world centers, growing efforts in South America are affording important breakthroughs. This emerging agenda poses new challenges for the region but also new opportunities for the field. This book aims to integrate the community of experts across the globe and the region, and to establish new challenges and developments for future investigation. We present research focused on neurodegenerative research in South America. We introduce studies assessing the interplay among genetic, neural, and behavioral dimensions of these diseases, as well as articles on vulnerability factors, comparisons of findings from various countries, and works promoting multicenter and collaborative networking. More generally, our book covers a broad scope of human-research approaches (behavioral assessment, neuroimaging, electromagnetic techniques, brain connectivity, peripheral measures), animal methodologies (genetics, epigenetics, proteomics, metabolomics, other molecular biology tools), species (all human and non-human animals, sporadic, and genetic versions), and article types (original research, review, and opinion papers). Through this wide-ranging proposal, we hope to introduce a fresh approach to the challenges and opportunities of research on neurodegeneration in South America.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; South America ; Multicenter research ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurosciences ; Public Health ; Animals ; Clinical Protocols ; Research ; Human Experimentation ; Dementia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Integrated Chemical Processes in Liquid Multiphase Systems (2022)
    De Gruyter | De Gruyter
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The essential principles of green chemistry are the use of renewable raw materials, highly efficient catalysts and green solvents linked with energy efficiency and process optimization in real-time. Experts from different fields show, how to examine all levels from the molecular elementary steps up to the design and operation of an entire plant for developing novel and efficient production processes.
    Keywords: Process Engineering ; Chemical Engineering ; Technical Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Neuropharmacological, Neurobiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Learning and Memory (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: drugs ; Behavior ; Memory tasks ; pre-clinical ; clinical ; Humans ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World (2021)
    University Press of Colorado | University Press of Colorado
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World explores the current trends in the social archaeology of human-animal relationships, focusing on the ways in which animals are used to structure, create, support, and even deconstruct social inequalities. The authors provide a global range of case studies from both New and Old World archaeology—royal Aztec dog burial, the monumental horse tombs of Central Asia, and the ceremonial macaw cages of ancient Mexico among them. They explore the complex relationships between people and animals in social, economic, political, and ritual contexts, incorporating animal remains from archaeological sites with artifacts, texts, and iconography to develop their interpretations. Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World presents new data and interpretations that reveal the role of animals, their products, and their symbolism in structuring social inequalities in the ancient world. The volume will be of interest to archaeologists, especially zooarchaeologists, and classical scholars of pre-modern civilizations and societies.  Contributors: Alejandra Aguirre Molina, Benjamin S. Arbuckle, Levent Atici, Douglas V. Campana, Roderick Campbell, Ximena Chá­vez Balderas, Pam J. Crabtree, Susan D. deFrance, Kitty F. Emery, Abigail Holeman, H. Edwin Jackson, Leonardo López Lujá­n, Michael MacKinnon, Arkadiusz Marciniak, Sue Ann McCarty, Neil L. Norman, Gilberto Perez, Bernardo Rodriguez, William A. Saturno, Ashley E. Sharpe, Nawa Sugiyama, Charlotte K. Sunseri, Naomi Sykes, Fabiola Torres, Raul Valadez, Norma Valentin Maldonado, Adam S. Watson, Joshua Wright, Belem Zuniga-Arelleno
    Keywords: History ; Ancient ; Social Science ; Archaeology ; Nature ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHC Ancient history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::W Lifestyle, Hobbies and Leisure::WN Nature and the natural world: general interest::WNC Wildlife: general interest
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Feature Papers in Eng 2022 (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: The aim of this second Eng Special Issue is to collect experimental and theoretical re-search relating to engineering science and technology. The general topics of Eng are as follows: electrical, electronic and information engineering; chemical and materials engineering; energy engineering; mechanical and automotive engineering; industrial and manufacturing engineering; civil and structural engineering; aerospace engineering; biomedical engineering; geotechnical engineering and engineering geology; and ocean and environmental engineering. Therefore, the following editorial is a selection of representative works of these topics.
    Keywords: &nbsp ; Environment Management ; Environmental Engineering ; Chemical Engineering ; Materials Engineering&nbsp ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Sentient Ecologies (2022)
    Berghahn Books | Berghahn Books
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Employing methodological perspectives from the fields of political geography, environmental studies, anthropology, and their cognate disciplines, this volume explores alternative logics of sentient landscapes as racist, xenophobic, and right-wing. While the field of sentient landscapes has gained critical attention, the literature rarely seems to question the intentionality of sentient landscapes, which are often romanticized as pure, good, and just, and perceived as protectors of those who are powerless, indigenous, and colonized. The book takes a new stance on sentient landscapes with the intention of dispelling the denial of “coevalness” represented by their scholarly romanticization.
    Keywords: Social Science ; Sociology ; Rural ; Nature ; Animals ; Social Science ; Anthropology ; Cultural & Social ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSF Rural communities ; bic Book Industry Communication::W Lifestyle, sport & leisure::WN Natural history::WNC Wildlife: general interest ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Niphargus-Thiothrix associations may be widespread in sulphidic groundwater ecosystems: evidence from southeastern Romania. (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-25
    Description: Niphargus is a speciose amphipod genus found in groundwater habitats across Europe. Three Niphargus species living in the sulphidic Frasassi caves in Italy harbour sulphur-oxidizing Thiothrix bacterial ectosymbionts. These three species are distantly related, implying that the ability to form ectosymbioses with Thiothrix may be common among Niphargus. Therefore, Niphargus-Thiothrix associations may also be found in sulphidic aquifers other than Frasassi. In this study, we examined this possibility by analysing niphargids of the genera Niphargus and Pontoniphargus collected from the partly sulphidic aquifers of the Southern Dobrogea region of Romania, which are accessible through springs, wells and Movile Cave. Molecular and morphological analyses revealed seven niphargid species in this region. Five of these species occurred occasionally or exclusively in sulphidic locations, whereas the remaining two were restricted to nonsulphidic areas. Thiothrix were detected by PCR on all seven Dobrogean niphargid species and observed using microscopy to be predominantly attached to their hosts' appendages. 16S rRNA gene sequences of the Thiothrix epibionts fell into two main clades, one of which (herein named T4) occurred solely on niphargids collected in sulphidic locations. The other Thiothrix clade was present on niphargids from both sulphidic and nonsulphidic areas and indistinguishable from the T3 ectosymbiont clade previously identified on Frasassi-dwelling Niphargus. Although niphargids from Frasassi and Southern Dobrogea are not closely related, the patterns of their association with Thiothrix are remarkably alike. The finding of similar Niphargus-Thiothrix associations in aquifers located 1200 km apart suggests that they may be widespread in European groundwater ecosystems.
    Keywords: amphipods; ecology; sulphide; symbiosis; systematics; taxonomy ; 551 ; Amphipoda ; Animals ; DNA, Bacterial ; Ecosystem ; Groundwater ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Romania ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sulfur ; Symbiosis ; Thiothrix
    Language: English , English
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmentation and tracking of piglets in images (1995)
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 8 (1995), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Tracking ; Segmentation ; Pigs ; Animals ; Computer vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm was developed for the segmentation and tracking of piglets and tested on a 200-image sequence of 10 piglets moving on a straw background. The image-capture rate was 1 image/140 ms. The segmentation method was a combination of image differencing with respect to a median background and a Laplacian operator. The features tracked were blob edges in the segmented image. During tracking, the piglets were modelled as ellipses initialised on the blobs. Each piglet was tracked by searching for blob edges in an elliptical window about the piglet's position, which was predicted from its previous two positions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215814
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary relationships of eukaryotic kingdoms (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Small-subunit ribosomal RNA ; Phylogeny ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plants ; Alveolates ; Heterokonts ; Stramenopiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary relationships of four eukaryotic kingdoms—Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista—remain unclear. In particular, statistical support for the closeness of animals to fungi rather than to plants is lacking, and a preferred branching order of these and other eukaryotic lineages is still controversial even though molecular sequences from diverse eukaryotic taxa have been analyzed. We report a statistical analysis of 214 sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) gene undertaken to clarify these evolutionary relationships. We have considered the variability of substitution rates and the nonindependence of nucleotide substitution across sites in the srRNA gene in testing alternative hypotheses regarding the branching patterns of eukaryote phylogeny. We find that the rates of evolution among sites in the srRNA sequences vary substantially and are approximately gamma distributed with size and shape parameter equal to 0.76. Our results suggest that (1) the animals and true fungi are indeed closer to each other than to any other “crown” group in the eukaryote tree, (2) red algae are the closest relatives of animals, true fungi, and green plants, and (3) the heterokonts and alveolates probably evolved prior to the divergence of red algae and animal-fungus-green-plant lineages. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the branching order of the eukaryotic lineages that diverged prior to the evolution of alveolates may be generally difficult to resolve with the srRNA sequence data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198844
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from multiple protein data sets (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 238-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Cellular slime molds ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plantae ; Maximum-likelihood method ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from 18S rRNA data contradicts that from protein data. Protein trees always show the close affinity of Dictyostelium with animals, fungi, and plants, whereas in 18S rRNA trees the branching of Dictyostelium is placed at a position before the massive radiation of protist groups including the divergence of the three kingdoms. To settle this controversial issue and to determine the correct position of Dictyostelium, we inferred the phylogenetic relationship among Dictyostelium and the three kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae by a maximum-likelihood method using 19 different protein data sets. It was shown at the significance level of 1 SE that the branching of Dictyostelium antedates the divergence of Animalia and Fungi, and Plantae is an outgroup of the Animalia-Fungi-Dictyostelium clade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170678
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications for evolution of nuclear structures of animals, plants, fungi and protoctists
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biosystems 22 (1989), S. 103-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0303-2647
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell nucleus ; Evolution ; Plants ; Protoctista ; Taxonomy
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(89)90039-7
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air emissions (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 309-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Animals ; Indicators ; Air pollution ; Ecosystem responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With existing and proposed air-quality regulations, ecological disasters resulting from air emissions such as those observed at Copperhill, Tennessee, and Sudbury, Ontario, are unlikely. Current air-quality standards, however, may not protect ecosystems from subacute and chronic exposure to air emissions. The encouragement of the use of coal for energy production and the development of the fossil-fuel industries, including oil shales, tar sands, and coal liquification, point to an increase and spread of fossil-fuel emissions and the potential to influence a number of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the reported responses of ecosystems to air-borne pollutants and discusses the use of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to these pollutants. Animal species and populations can act as important indicators of biotic and abiotic responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These responses can indicate long-term trends in ecosystem health and productivity, chemical cycling, genetics, and regulation. For short-term trends, fish and wildlife also serve as monitors of changes in community structure, signaling food-web contamination, as well as providing a measure of ecosystem vitality. Information is presented to show not only the importance of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air-quality degradation, but also their value as air-pollution indices, that is, as air-quality-related values (AQRV), required in current air-pollution regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868030
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Separation of liquids by thermal diffusion (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 213-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data were obtained in flat-plate continuous-flow thermogravitational columns to check the theory developed by Furry, Jones, and Onsaer and a modification of this theory proposed by the authors. Separations of ethyl alcohol-water and benzene-n-heptane mixtures were measured, flow rate, column length, temperature difference, spacing between plates, and inclination of the plates being varied in the experiments. Theory and data are in qualitative agreement for the range of variables studied. Quantitative agreement exists between theory and experiment in the region of practical design for liquid-thermal-diffusion plants.Equations to aid in the design of thermal-diffusion plants are developed, and a plant to treat 1,000 bbl./day of a liquid aromatic-aliphatic mixture is designed and costs are estimated.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030216
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion in three-component gas mixtures (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 198-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution to the Stefan-Maxwell diffusion equations for equimolal countercurrent diffusion in a three-component gas mixture is obtained which is similar in form to Gilliland's equation for diffusion of two gases through a third inert gas. The important features of both types of diffusion are investigated and the conditions under which the following phenomena occur are determined: (1) diffusion barrier (the rate of diffusion of a component is zero even though its concentration gradient is not zero); (2) osmotic diffusion (the rate of diffusion of a component is not zero even though its concentration gradient is zero); (3) reverse diffusion (a component diffuses against the gradient of its concentration).A generalized driving force which describes these phenomena is introduced, and approximate equations are developed which give the individual rates of diffusion directly.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030214
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simplified flow calculations for tubes and parallel plates (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 208-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effective correlations of turbulent velocities and friction losses for tubes and parallel plates recently published have been analyzed further in order to simplify their use and to extend the range of Reynolds number.Working diagrams have been developed from which turbulent friction losses and local velocities for tubes and parallel plates can be calculated without interpolation or trial-and-error procedures. Tentative values of parallel-plate friction factors and average-to-maximum velocity ratios in the transition region are also included, and new experimental values of the velocity ratio in smooth tubes are reported. The working diagrams permit more rapid, accurate, and consistent calculations of fluid behavior to be made over a wider range of operating conditions than was previously possible.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030215
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction kinetic studies: Catalytic dehydrogenation of sec-butyl alcohol to methyl ethyl ketone (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 230-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reaction kinetics for the catalytic dehydrogenation of sec-butyl alcohol to methyl ethyl ketone has been investigated at atmospheric pressure and temperatures ranging from 650° to 750°F. in the presence of solid brass spheres, 1/8 in. in diameter. The nature of this catalyst permitted a direct evaluation of the surface involved in this reaction and allowed the definition of a surface-feed ratio to be expressed as S/F in place of the conventional weightfeed ratio W/F commonly used in catalytic studies. Feed compositions ranged from secbutyl alcohol to mixtures containing high percentages of methyl ethyl ketone and hydrogen.In these studies mass transfer effects were found to be significant and, for a proper representation of conditiated at the catalyst surface, must be taken into account. The effect of feed compositions on the initial rates of reaction showed that the rate-controlling step was the desorption of hydrogen involving a single-site mechanism.In addition, the results of these studies have been used to produce values of height of reactor unit HRU which have been found to correlate with mass velocity and temperature. The HRU provides a simple means of calculating the depth of catalyst necessary to effect a designated conversion.
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    Effect of wall roughness on convective heat transfer in commercial pipes (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 242-248 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer and friction measurements were made for air flow through a smooth copper pipe and six other commercial pipes, with a ratio of diameter to equivalent sand roughness varying from 640 to 64. The Reynolds number range was 10,000 to 80,000. Though some increase in heat transfer coefficients with roughness was found, the heat transmission per unit power loss always decreased.The momentum-heat-transfer anlogies of Reynolds and Colburn are shown to be inadequate for handling the experimental data. Those of Prandtl and Taylor, von Kármán, and Pinkel fail to show a required Reynolds number dependence of jh when friction factor has become independent of Reynolds number for a rough pipe. Martinelli's equation shows such dependence and, even in approximate form, gives good prediction of the experimental results.
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    Control of continuous-flow chemical reactors. I. Frequency-response relations for a continuously stirred tank reactor (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 248-256 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Surface tension of acetone-water solutions up to their normal boiling points (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 325-329 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The surface tensions against air of acetone-water solutions have been measured over the entire composition range from 20°C. to generally within 1° to 10°C. of the normal boiling points. The capillary-height method was employed and the results are thought to be accurate to better than ±0.5%.
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    Simple theory of an idealized turbulent mixer (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 329-330 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With stationary isotropic turbulence postulated, the rate of decrease in concentration fluctuations of a scalar contaminant is estimated in terms of the turbulence scale and the power input to the system.
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    Effect of water vapor on the catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 331-335 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extension of the kinetics of the catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide on activated carbon and silica gel confirms the rate-controlling step postulated by previous workers. The effect of variables including water vapor on the reaction rate is expressed by an equation containing the constants a, b, c, and w, which have been evaluated for both catalysts at 30°, 45°, and 60°C. The effect of water vapor is to reduce the reaction by reversible adsorption on the active sites of the catalyst. The value of w is dependent on temperature but independent of water-vapor concentration up to a relative humidity of 20%. Above 20% the value of w for activated carbon increases greatly with relative humidity, in agreement with the effect of capillary adsorption at high water contents.
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    Drying of sand on a hot surface (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 343-347 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Constant layer moisture at the hot surface is found to exist during the constant-rate period of drying of sand on a hot surface in still air. It accounts not only for the constantrate period of drying itself but also largely for the length of the period.Temperature of the air-surface interface usually has minor effects on the rate of vaporization because equilibrium between vapor and the bed is not established during periods of rapid vaporization.Numerical relationships have not been established.
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    Measured plate efficiencies and values predicted from single-phase studies (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 336-342 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plate efficiencies measured on 18-in.-diam. sieve plates are reported for the acetic acid-water system and for the methyl isobutyl ketone-water system at atmospheric pressure. In the former system the major resistance to mass transfer is in the gas phase; liquid-phase resistance to mass transfer is controlling in the latter. Efficiencies are also reported for the aniline-nitrobenzene system (gas-phase resistance controlling) at 5 mm. Hg absolute on 6-in.-diam. sieve plates. Pure gas- and liquid-phase efficiencies for both plate designs were determined by the adiabatic humidification of air and the desorption of oxygen from water into air. Predicted values of plate efficiency for each of the binary systems studied were computed from the pure phase efficiencies according to the procedure outlined by Gerster et al. A comparison between measured and predicted efficiencies is presented as a guide for future research in this field.
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    Graphical solution of turbulent-flow diffusion equations (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 353-360 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Linear partial-differential eqations are often encountered when thermal or material diffusion in flowing systems is considered. Analytic solutions of such equations are known for only the simplest situations. In two examples a graphical method of solution is presented and demonstrated which makes feasible, without excessive labor or special computing facilities, the use of available knowledge concerning turbulent flow in the prediction of thermal or material transfers in complex situations involving linear steady flow.
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    Heat transfer coefficients for condensing organic vapors of pure components and binary mixtures (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 348-352 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of the film coefficient of heat transfer for the condensation of organic vapor mixtures was investigated experimentally to establish a satisfactory basis for applying the Nusselt equation to binary systems. Five ideal and nonideal pairs, all of which gave miscible condensates, were studied; the work was carried out under conditions of almost total condensation on a horizontal condensing surface designed to comply as rigidly as possible with the conditions for which Nusselt's equation is valid.The same behavior was observed for all systems and all concentrations studied: the experimental coefficients fell between those for the pure components and followed the behavior pattern for pure components when the temperature difference was taken as that between the bubble point of the condensate and the surface temperature, rather than between the dew point or the measured vapor temperature and the surface temperature, Correlation of the film coefficient showed it to vary approximately linearly with composition if the coefficients were compared at a constant value of the temperature difference, defined as above. This permits determination of the coefficient for a mixture by interpolation between the coefficients for the pure components, which are easily obtained, in preference to making the calculations with the properties of the mixture obtained by laborious and uncertain weighting of the corresponding properties of the pure components.When results are interpreted in the light of the theories of Colburn and Drew, the presence of a vapor-phase resistance to heat and mass transfer, as postulated by them, is indicated.
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    Two-phase, steam-water critical flow (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 361-365 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase critical flow of steam-water mixtures has been investigated over a pressure range from 4 to 43 1b./sq.in. abs. and a quality range from saturated vapor to 1% (weight) vapor. Discharges were measured from 1/4-,1/2-, 3/4-, and 1-in. pipes and from annuli of intermediate cross-sectional areas. The experimental mass flow rates are always grteater than the values calculated on the basis of a homogeneous flow model. Several empirical methods for correlating the data were determined, and comparisons are presented of the predictions of several analytical flow models.
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    Catalyzed gas-liquid reactions in trickling-bed reactors (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 366-372 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies were made in a differential flow reactor of the hydogenation of α-methyl-styrene with the liquid trickling over a bed of catalyst pellets countercurrent to a stream of hydrogen. The catalysts consisted of palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, and nickel supported on the external surfaces of aluminal pellets.With palladium at pressures above 3 atm. the apparent rate-controlling step was a surface reaction between dissociated hydrogen and α-methylstyrene both adsorbed on different type of active sites. Below 3 atm. pressure the reactants competed for similar active sites. With platinum the apparent rate-controlling step was a surface reaction between dissociated hydrogen and α-methylstyrene on similar active sites. Rhodium and nickel catalyzed the polymerization α-methylstyrene together with slow hydrogenation. Ruthenium had negligible activity for catalyzing the hydrogenation under the moderate conditions used in this work.In all cases mass transfer resistances were negligible.
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    Studies on effective thermal conductivities in packed beds (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 373-381 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Applying both their own assumptions and the mechanism of lateral mixing proposed by Ranz (20), the authors obtained theoretical formulas for effective thermal conductivities ke in packed beds. Previously reported experimental data were analyzed with these equations, and the usable data for predicition of ke were shown.In order to see the influence of both packing characteristics and temperature on the effective thermal conductivities, experimental data were obtained with air for beds with various kinds of packing, i.e., iron spheres, porcelain packings, cement clinker, insulating fire brick, and Raschig rings. Correlation of these data with Equation (15) showed that this equation adequately expressed the heat transfer mechanisms in packed beds with motionless gases, especially at hight temperatures.
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    Behavior of suspended particles in a turbulent fluid (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 381-385 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat and mass transfer and coagulation are considered as related to the mean-square relative velocity between particle and fluid uR2 and eddy diffusion as described by the mean-square particle displacement, Xp2. The mathematical methods used are similar to those employed in the early calculations of the Brownian motion.The mean-square relative velocity is obtained as a function of particle characteristics, intensity of turbulence, and a fluid correlation coefficient. In the limiting case of equal particle and fluid density uR2 = 0, and for very heavy particles uR2 → uF2.A general expression for the eddy diffusivity is obtained is obtained which reduces to the same form as that of the fluid for the stationary state. However, the correlation coefficient to be used in the calculations depends on uR2. As a first approximation, it can be assumed that at a sufficiently long time from the introduction of the particles, fluid and particle diffusivities are equal.For short times after injection, the particle spread may be much less than that of the fluid. An illustrative calculation for the initial spreading of a jet of suspended particles is offered. In all cases an effort is made to organize the available experimental data within the framework of the theory.
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    Determination of the chemical properties of an oxide catalyst in a closed system (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 386-390 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bulk chemical properties of an impregnated chromia-alumina catalyst with respect to several gases, CO, CO2, C3H6, were determined as a function of the degree of oxidation of the surface of the catalyst. The importance of the results lies in the demonstration that a simple method described herein can be used to obtain significant data on catalytic surfaces. Briefly, the prior adsorption of oxygen by the catalyst tended to promote the adsorption of carbon monoxide and to prohibit the adsorption of carbon dioxide. Far more carbon monoxide was adsorbed by the highly oxidized surface than could be accounted for on the basis of adsorbed carbon dioxide. The quantity of propylene adsorbed also increased with an increase in the oxidation of the surface. The results are explained on the basis of two types of adsorbed oxygen atoms.
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    Evaluation of the heat requirements in batch distillation operations (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 391-394 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous method is presented for the evaluation of the heat requirements in binary batch fractionations which involve negligible column hold up. The method, in which the additional variables of the discontinuous process are taken into account, is a modification of the methods of Ponchon and Savarit for continuous operation. Two examples, one for a fractionation in which the composition of the product is constant and the other in which the reflux ratio is constant, are given as illustrations of the method.The application of the method permits more accurate evaluation of reboiler and condenser heat loads and, in turn, better design.
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    Gas mixing in a square duct (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 395-404 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Effects of bubbling and stirring on mass transfer coefficients in liquids (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 411-417 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene by means of a suspended palladium-alumina catalyst in a stirred reactor the mass transfer of hydrogen through the liquid is the rate-controlling step and the resistance to chemical reaction at the catalyst surface is negligible except at extremely rapid rates of stirring. This system therefore provides an excellent means of establishing the effects of operating variables and mechanical construction on mass transfer coefficients in liquids in stirred reactors. It is convenient to consider the total resistance to mass transfer as consisting of two separate resistaces: in the liquid adjoining the bubbles and in the liquid adjoining the suspended solid particles; thus R = Rb + Rs.A general equation was evaluated from experimental data based upon unit volume of liquid.
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    Thermal and material transfer in turbulent gas streams: Local transport from spheres (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 405-410 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local convective thermal transfer is difficult to predict for nonuniform three-dimensional boundary flows. Direct measurements of local transfer from objects of practical interest are therefore useful in the prediction of thermal transfer and in an understanding of multidimensional boundary flows.Measurements of the gross and local transfer were made upon a silver sphere 0.5 in. in diameter and a ceramic porous sphere of the same size from which n-heptane was permitted to evaporate. The air stream had a level of turbulence of approximately 5.4% and only small variation in velocity with position. Temperature distributions in the boundary flows around these spheres were determined, and from these distributions local transfer coefficients were established for the forward hemisphere. The gross transfers were established from the electrical energy added to the silver sphere and from the quantity of n-heptane evaporated from the porous sphere.The local thermal transfers were in reasonable agreement with some of the theoretical analyses based upon a three-dimensional laminar-boundary layer. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between spatial integration of the local transfer and the simultaneously measured over-all values. These, in turn, were in fair agreement with correlated values of the gross thermal and material transfer from spheres.
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    Effect of liquid physical properties and flow rates on the surface area of sprays from a pressure atomizer (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 418-427 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of the physical properties and volume flow rate of liquids on the surface area of sprays produced by a pressure type of atomizing nozzle were determined experimentally. the specific surface area of the sprays is correlated by an equation of two dimensionless groups in terms of the variables surface tension to the -1.0 power, kinematic viscosity to the -0.4 power, and volume flow rate to the 2.4 power. The volume flow rate is correlated by an equation of two dimensionless groups containing the variables viscosity to the 0.17 power, density to the -0.58 power, and spray pressure to the 0.42 power. The conversion of compression energy to surface-area energy appears to be constant at approximately 0.1%.
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    Chemical engineering kinetics. J. M. Smith. McGraw-Hill Book Cpmpany, Inc., New York (1956). 402 pages. $8.00. (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 12S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    On the correlation of data in nucleate pool boiling from a horizontal surface (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 9S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Critical constants of the aromatic hydrocarbons (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 428 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Following an approach similar to that presented for the aliphatic (6, 7) and naphthenic (8) hydrocarbons, methyl-group contributions have been developed that now make possible the calculation of van der Waals' constants for aromatic hydrocarbons of considerable size and complexity. These constants are then utilized to calculate the critical temperatures, pressures, and volumes for these aromatic hydrocarbons.In addition, simple relationships have been developed that permit the evaluation of both van der Waals' constants for the unsubstituted linearly fused aromatic hydrocarbons.Comparisons of calculated critical constants with values presented in the literature for over twenty aromatic hydrocarbons produced average absolute deviations of 0.70% for the critical temperature and 2.14% for the critical pressure.
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    Errata (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 7S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030401
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    George Granger Brown 1896-1957 (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 431-431 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Enrichment calculations in gaseous diffusion: Large separation factor (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 95-99 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general method has been devised for calculating gaseous-diffusion-stage requirements to separate gases of widely differing molecular weights. For such a mixture the actual separation factor is shown to be less than the ideal separation factor, depending on the undiffused-gas composition and the ratio of absolute pressures on each side of the barrier. The equilibrium relationship between the compositions of the diffused- and undiffused-gas streams leaving any stage is also derived by means of the Rayleigh concept. Application of the method is illustrated with a diagram, like that of McCabe and Thiele for distillation, on which are stepped off the required number of theoretical stages to separate a particular hydrogen-nitrogen mixture.
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    Approximate equations for time of batch fractionation (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analytical expressions are obtained for the calculation of the time required for batch rectification of binary feeds which may be treated by assuming constant relative volatility and no column holdup. The equations cover constant reflux operations and varying reflux constant product operations for the two cases involving either a large or a small number of theoretical stages. The latter type of calculation has hitherto been possible only by tedious graphical methods. This paper introduces novel pseudoequilibrium curves which lead to simple equations of considerable accuracy. The equations obtained may be rearranged or modified so that other factors such as sharpness of fractionation may be represented analytically.
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    A note on the additivity of diffusional resistances (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 129-129 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010120
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    A technique for contacting gases with coarse solid particles (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 157-164 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although coarse, uniformly sized particles are not amenable to fluidization, it has been found possible by use of either gases or liquids to impart a regular cycling motion to a bed of this type of material in which the solids are rapidly carried upward by the fluid in a central well-defined core within the bed. The particles move uniformly downward in the annular space surrounding the core, thus providing dense-phase countercurrent contact between the fluid and the solids. There is no wall separating the core from the annulus. This method is called the spouted-bed technique. The effect of column diameter, fluid inlet diameter, bed depth, and physical properties of solids and fluids on spouting behavior has been investigated. The minimum fluid velocity required for spouting has been correlated, and the flow pattern of the fluid and of the solids has been stuided. The technique has been applied to the drying of wheat.
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    Critical constants of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbonsComplete tabular matter is available from the American Documentation Institute, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, 25, D. C., as document 4563 for $1.25 for microfilm or photoprints. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 168-173 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Through the use of group contributions the van der Waals' constants, a and b, were estimated for a number of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons from a knowledge of the chemical structure of these compounds and were used to define the critical temperature and pressure of these substances.By the use of methane as the base group, both van der Waals' constants were estimated for a number of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons of considerable size and complexity through the additive contribution of methyl groups in the seccessive substitution of hydrogen until the desired structure of the substance was obtained. For the normal saturated hydrocarbons these contributions were found to be additive for the evaluation of a0.626 and b0.76 up through n-octane, and these exponents have been assumed to apply in the scaling up of larger normal and isomeric hydrocarbon molecules for which experimental data are lacking.The volume van der Waals' constant b alone serves to define the critical volume of these compounds through the expression γc = 3 β b, where β represents a factor which has been found to depend on the size and arrangement of the molecule.By following this procedure the critical temperatures, pressures and volumes of the normal saturated hydrocarbons through eicosane (C20H42), inclusive, and all the isomeric hydrocarbons up to and through the nonanes were calculated and compared, whenever possible, with values already available in the literature with an agreement of 0.43% for the estimation of the critical temperature, 0.69% for the critical pressure, and 0.86% for the critical volume. A combined consideration of these average deviations points to the estimation of the critical constants of the aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons with an average error of 0.7%.
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    Turbulence in falling liquid films (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 178-184 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On the basis of fluid dynamic and heat transfer studies on falling-film towers by various investigators, it has been commonly accepted by most workers that the liquid flow is essentially streamline in nature for liquid-film Reynolds numbers under 1,800 to 2,000; conseuquently it would be expected that the rate of physical gas absorption in such liquid films could be predicted directly from a knowledge of molecular diffusion rates.Measurements of the absorption of pure gases in falling liquid films at low Reynolds numbers substantiated the findings of other investigators that the mass transfer rates were manyfold greater than could have been predicted if molecular diffusion were the only transfer process. Increased interfacial area due to rippling of the liquid films could not account for the large increase in mass transfer rates found, and experiments with the addition of a dye stream to the liquid at the freer interface indicated turbulence.Dissolution rates of slightly soluble solids coated on the tube wall to liquid films were measured and showed that the liquid film was not in laminar flow even for Reynolds numbers as low as 300.An explanation is proposed which resolves these apparently conflicting results between momentum and heat and mass transfer, based on the fact that mass transfer measurements provide a more sensitive test for the presence of turbulence than do momentum or heat transfer measurements.
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    Performance of vaned-disk atomizers (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 200-209 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010212
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    Unsteady state heat transfer in stationary packed beds (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 513-516 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new solution is presented of the differential equations describing unsteady state heat transfer in stationary beds of small granular solid particles through which a fluid is flowing. Arbitrary initial solid temperature distribution and arbitrary variation of inlet gas temperature are allowed. The solution presented appears easier to apply in practice than those previously published and affords an example of the versatility of Fourier integrals and series. An application of the solution to the regeneration of Dow type-B butylene dehydrogenation catalyst is described.
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    Vapor-liquid equilibria and heat of mixing: n-octane-ethylbenzene-cellosolve system (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 517-522 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vapor-liquid equilibria of the systems n-octane-Cellosolve, ethylbenzene-Cellosolve, and n-octane-ethylbenzene-Cellosolve were determined at 760 mm. Hg. The activity coefficient data of Yang and Van Winkle (23) for the system n-octane-ethylbenzene and the data of this work on other systems were expressed by Wohl's three-suffix Margules equations. The ternary data are predicted satisfactorily from the binary constants and no noticeable ternary effects seem to exist for this ternary system.
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    Thermal resistance of an eddy (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 523-527 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By experimental means a relation is obtained between the thermal resistance of an eddy and its angular momentum. The eddy is stationary, and no extraneous motion is present. The secondary motion which may develop in the annulus between concentric rotating cylinders is used to obtain the eddies. The fluid motion is well defined at all times and at all points of space. Heat is passed through the eddies, and the Nusselt number is obtained, which varies linearly with the angular momentum. Both Nusselt number and angular momentum vary linearly with the peripheral velocity of the inner rotating cylinder, which can be interpreted in terms of a Reynolds number associated with fluid flow perpendicular to a cylinder.
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    Fundamentals of the hydrodynamic mechanism of splitting in dispersion processes (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 289-295 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The splitting of globules is an important phenomenon during the final stages of disintegration processes. Three basic types of deformation of globules and six types of flow patterns causing them are distinguished.The forces controlling deformation and breakup comprise two dimensionless groups: a Weber group NWe and a viscosity group NVi. Breakup occurs when NWe exceeds a critical value (NWe)crit. Three cases are studied in greater detail: (a) Taylor's experiments on the breakup of a drop in simple types of viscous flow, (b) breakup of a drop in an air stream, (c) emulsification in a turbulent flow.It is shown that (NWe)crit depends on the type of deformation and on the flow pattern around the globule. For case (a) (NWe)crit shows a minimum value ∼ 0.5 at a certain value of (NVi) and seems to increase indefinitely with either decreasing or increasing ratio between the viscosites of the two phases. For case (b) (NWe)crit varies between 13 and ∞, depending on NVi and on the way in which the relative air velocity varies with time, the lowest value refers to the true shock case and Nvi→0. For case (c) (NWe)crit, which determines the maximum drop size in the emulsion, amounts to ∼1, and the corresponding values of NVi appear to be small. A formula is derived for the maximum drop size.
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    Total pressure method for vapor-liquid equilibria at low absolute pressures: Aniline-nitrobenzene systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 312-317 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Binary vapor-liquid equilibrium data for use in the successful design and operation of mass transfer equipment at pressures down to approximately 5 mm. Hg may be advantageously obtained by the method of total pressures. In this method the desired equilibrium data are derived from pressure vs. temperature measurements on a convnient number of made-up solutions covering the entire composition range.With a modified Smith and Menzies isoteniscope, it is possible to measure accurately the data required for making the equilibrium calculations down to 2 mm. abs. pressure without the “bumping,” supercooling, and superheating encountered with equilibrium stills. The isoteniscope is simple to construct and operate from 1 atm. to 2 mm. abs.The use of the total pressure method and the isoteniscope is illustrated by the determination of the vapor-liquid equilibrium in the aniline-nitrobenzene system at 5 and 10 mm. abs. In nineteen out of twenty instances the vapor compositions for a given liquid composition are precise to within ± 0.9% and the relative volatility, which varied between 2.54 and 1.85 over the composition and temperature ranges, is precise within ± 1.5%.
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    Convective heat transfer from hightemperature air inside a tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 37-42 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local rates of convective heat transfer from air at high temperature to a cold wall were measured in the inlet region of a circular tube. Air entered the tube with a flat velocity and temperature profile at temperatures from 480° to 2,000°F. and flow rates corresponding to Reynolds numbers from 4,500 to 22,500. The inner surface of the 1.0-in. I.D. tube was maintained at approximately 100°F. by water cooling. Local rates of heat transfer were determined at 1.5, 4, 7, and 10 tube diameters from the entrance by measuring the radial temperature profile in thermally isolated, annular sections of the tube wall.The local rate data for all gas temperatures are well represented by previous correlations for small temperature differences if the gas properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature rather than at the film temperature. The data agree well with the data of previous investigators wherever the experimental ranges overlap.
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    Heat transfer from superheated vapors to a horizontal tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for condensing Freon-114 (tetrafluorodichloroethane) and steam at several pressures. The condition of the vapors ranged from saturation to 180°F. of superheat. The condensing tube containing embedded thermocouples was 3/4 in. in diameter and 3 ft. long. Visual observation showed that steam condensed by dropwise condensation in part. Increase of superheat in the vapor at constant pressure caused a lowering of the tube-wall temperature, which was indicative of a lowering of the surface temperature of the condensate. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature below the saturation temperature was computed from the experimental tube-wall temperatures, the heat flux, and Nusselt's equation for the condensate-film resistance. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature is correlated with degree of superheat. An interfacial coefficient of heat transfer between the superheated vapor and the condensate surface is reported based on the computed surface temperatures. Schrage's analysis and equations for relating mass and heat transfer with conditions at an interface were simplified and used to correlated the experimental condensing load with the degree of superheat.
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    A new electric analogue model for nonsteady state flow problems (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 49-52 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new, simple electric analogue model is demonstrated which gives solutions, accurate within ten %, to problems in nonsteady state flow of heat, diffusion, and flow of liquids in porous media. The analogue consists essentially of a sandwich of electrical conducting paper, polyethylene or polyester sheeting, and metal foil. One- or two-dimensional problems can be treated. This analogue provides a medium with distributed resistance and capacitance rather than the finite steps of conventional analogues; therefore two-dimensional problems of complex shape can easily be modeled. The analogue is pulsed by a square wave generator and the transient potential response is displayed on a cathode-ray oscilloscope.
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    A graphical method for solution of freezing problems (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 53-57 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Problems in heat conduction involving a moving boundary are encountered in the freezing of liquids and in other situations. Such problems are difficult to solve, and exact solutions are almost unknown. A graphical method for obtaining numerical solutions to problems of this type which can be described in terms of one space coordinate is derived and is demonstrated in two examples involving the freezing of liquids. The method, which does not require specialized knowledge or equipment, takes into account both sensible heats and latent heat.
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    Film boiling from vertical tubes (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 58-62 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer measurements were made with vertical stainless steel bayonet tubes, 3/8 to 3/4 in. O.D., with lengths from 2.6 to 6.5 in. The heat source was steam. The boiling film ΔT ranged from 154° to 314°F. for three organic liquids and from 547° to 788°F. for nitrogen, all at 1 atm. No forced convection was used. Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and nitrogen on the longer tubes had h values two or three times greater than predicted by the Bromley equation; however, the Reynolds numbers were found to exceed 2,000. Nitrogen on the 2.6-in. length obeyed the equation; the Reynolds numbers were less than 2,000, the flow was proved by photography to be turbulent and the h values were much higher than predicted for viscous flow. A correlation is given which fits all the data except for methanol. It shows that a vertical orientation is superior to the horizontal for liquids boiling outside tubes.
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    Fluid-particle heat transfer in packed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 69-74 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady state heat transfer experiments were carried out in a 4-in. I.D. transite tube packed with 3/8-, 1/4-, and 5/32-in. steel spheres. Heat was generated in the pellets by means of a high-frequency induction coil surrounding the test section. Average heat transfer coefficients between the bed of spheres and a stream of air passing through the bed were calculated for Reynolds numbers of from 200 to 10,400. To ensure the reproducibility of the data, the bed was repacked six times for each pellet size.A study of the effect of the tube-to-pellet-diameter ratio indicates that this effect is large for low values of the ratio, but much smaller for higher ratios. The results are presented both graphically and in terms of empirical equations. The analogies among heat, mass, and momentum transfer are discussed, and it was found that no simple relation between the heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor exists for packed beds with a gas as the fluid.An attempt is made to predict the heat transfer rates for packed beds from heat transfer data for single spheres and from pressure-drop measurements for the packed bed; however, the rates predicted from the pressure-drop measurements are somewhat lower than the experimental results.
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    Heat and momentum transfer in the flow of gases through packed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 63-68 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat and momentum transfer studies have been made for the flow of gases through fixed beds consisting of randomly packed, solid metallic particles. The experimental technique employed in these studies made possible for the first time the procurement of gas-film heat transfer data under steady state conditions and in the absence of mass transfer effects. Electric current passed through the metallic particles of the bed created within the particles a steady generation of heat, which was continuously removed by gases flowing through the bed. Several direct temperature measurements of both gases and solids within the bed made possible the direct calculation of the heat transfer coefficient for the gas film to produce the Colburn heat transfer factor jh, which has been found to correlate with the modified Reynolds number, Reh = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)ϕ]. The shape factor ϕ was established in these studies for cubes and cylinders and was found to be identical to their respective sphericities.Pressure-drop measurements produced a friction factor fk of the Blake type, which yielded separate curves for each shape when correlated with the modified Reynolds number Rem. No simple relationship was found to exist between the heat transfer and friction factors. A single correlation of the pressure-drop data was obtained for the modulus fkoϕn when correlated with a Reynolds number of the type Rem = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)]. The exponent n varies with the particle shape.Experimental runs have been carried out for 3/16, 1/4, 5/16-in. spheres, 1/4 and 3/8-in. cubes, and regular cylinders using hydrogen and carbon dioxide to extend the range of molecular weights beyond that of air, used for the majority of these runs. A particle-size, column-diameter effect was found to exist for both heat and momentum transfer. This effect becomes significant in the low Reynolds region.
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    Local boiling coefficients on a horizontal tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local boiling heat transfer coefficients were experimentally determined for nucleate boiling around the outer circumference of horizontal copper tubing. The tubes used were of 16 B.W.G. hard-temper copper with outside diameters of 1 1/4 and 2 in; the liquids boiled were methanol and n-hexane. The maximum peripheral variation occurred with the 1 1/4-in. tube in methanol where an over-all ΔT of 30.2°F. gave local outside coefficients varying between 249 and 548 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.). The minimum variation was found to occur in the same system, in which an over-all ΔT of 72.3°F. gave coefficients varying between 856 and 910 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(F.°). The results, plotted in polar coordinates, showed a cardioid configuration for methanol with the maximum coefficients occurring at the bottom of the tube. The n-hexane results had the general shape of horizontal ellipses with maximum coefficients occurring at the sides of the tube.
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    Natural-convection heat transfer in regions of maximum fluid density (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 81-89 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the important factors affecting the rate of heat transfer by natural convection is the temperature-density relationship of the convecting fluid. The importance of this factor is amplified when the heat is being transferred to a medium which has a maximum density.This investigation consisted of measuring the heat transfer rates, velocity gradients, and temperature profiles when heat is transferred from a flat vertical plate to water in the region of 4°C. In some experiments the flow in the boundary layer was observed to be downward while at other conditions of plate and fluid temperature a dual motion (both up and down) was noted, thus establishing a basic difference in the heat transfer mechanism and precluding a unified theory. Theoretical consideration is given to each mechanism and a criterion is derived to predict the flow regime which will prevail at fixed conditions of plate and bulk temperatures.An analogue computer was used to establish theoretical velocity and temperature profiles. The theoretical values agree reasonably well with the measured values; however, the experimental temperrature gradients near the wall were not sufficiently accurate to be extrapolated to determine a point heat transfer coefficent.
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    Film-penetration model for mass and heat transfer (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040118
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    Rates of flow through microporous solids (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 90-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of flow of pure gases, both those with no adsorption and those with appreciable adsorption, were studied as a function of pressure level, pressure drop, and temperature for flow through 1/2-in.-diameter cylindrical plugs of activated carbon and of unsintered Vycor glass. Adsorption isotherms for the pure gases on Vycor glass were measured over the range of variables covered in the flow studies. A few measurements were made for bulk liquid flowing through a Vycor plug.Permeabilities, which are proportional to the rate of flow per unit of pressure drop, were satisfactorily correlated for hydrogen, helium, argon, and nitrogen by employing existing gas-phase flow theory. Permeabilities considerably larger than the values predicted from the nonadsorbed gas correlation, sometimes more than seventeen times as large, were observed for ethylene, propylene, and isobutane flowing through a Vycor plug. For the hydrocarbon-Vycor systems, permeabilities for vapor flow are as much as sixty times larger than for bulk liquid flow.The unusual flow phenomena for the hydrocarbon-Vycor systems are attributed to a rapid transport in the adsorbed layer. The total transport is treated as being the sum of gas-phase and adsorbed-layer flow. An equation describing adsorbed-layer movement is derived by utilizing a force balance together with thermodynamic principles. The resulting equation has just one empirical constant, and its use requires adsorption-isotherm data. It correlates very well the surface flow rates for the major range of the variables covered in this investigation. Rate measurements were made for adsorbed-layer concentrations ranging from about one tenth of a monolayer up through the capillary condensation region. Deviations in the one constant form of the equation are observed below one tenth of a monolayer. The available literature data on flow in adsorbed layers are reasonably well correlated by the same equation.
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    Analysis of kinetic data for heterogeneous reactions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 59-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chemical engineer frequently has to correlate kinetic data for heterogeneous reactions simply and accurately in order to make useful predictions of reaction rates over a range of conditions. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood approach, which is frequently used for this purpose, does not have the theoretical validity commonly attributed to it, and its use leads to unnecessary mathematical complexity. A simpler method of analysis is suggested which is based on power dependencies of the rate on concetrations, the powers being restricted to integral of half-integral values. The data for several reactions are shown to be adquately correlated by the suggested procedure, which is simple and convenient.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Axial dispersion and void-cell mixing efficiency in fluid flow in fixed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 13M 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040121
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    Mass transfer from a soluble solid sphere (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 114-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer from 3/8- and 1/2-in.-diameter spheres of adipic acid and from 3/8-, 1/2-, 5/8- and 3/4-in.-diameter spheres of benzoic acid into a controlled stream of water passing in laminar flow through a 3-in.-diameter pipe is found to be correlated by the single equaton NSh = 2 + 0.95 NRe0.5 NSc0.33 for sphere Reynolds numbers between 100 and 700. The limitations on the application of this equation, due to mass transfer by natural convection, are discussed. Correlations are also obtained for transfer from separate regions of the sphere surface.Skin-friction-drag coefficients for single fixed spheres have been calculated from reported pressure distributions for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 1,000.Good agreement is obtained between the mass transfer j factor and other reported values for heat transfer, but comparison with the calculated frictional forces indicates that the equality proposed by Colburn (3) does not hold, because the distributions of the mass transfer and the skin friction over the surface differ.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    Heat transfer to water in turbulent flow in internally heated annuli (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nearly 900 values of local heat transfer coefficients were correlated for water flowing through long annuli 1/8, 1/4, and 3/8 in. wide, electrically heated at their inner surfaces and containing three spacer ribs. Both cosine and uniform lengthwise heat-flux distributions were employed. All heat transfer coefficients were computed for positions corresponding to (L/De) ratios larger than 150. Several methods of correlation were attempted and compared, especially with respect to the method of evaluating physical properties. The proportionality of the Colburn j factor to the Prandtl and Reynolds numbers with their usual exponents was verified, and the dependence of j upon D2/D1 was analyzed. There was no significant effect of cosine heat-flux distribution on the heat transfer coefficients. Evaluating physical properties at the usual film temperature gave the best correlation. A simplified dimensional equation for water at moderate temperatures and pressures was also developed.
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    Introduction to chemical engineering. Walter L. Badger and Julius T. Banchero. McGraw-Hill book company, Inc., New York (1955). 753 pages. $9.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 139-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020127
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    Masthead (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020201
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    Purity control in sodium-cooled reactor systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 153-156 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent advances in purity control in sodium systems are covered. Emphasis is placed on results from the prototype S.I.R. system as well as other unpublished data. Included are chemical and nuclear activation analyses of sodium, filtration data, and details and operation of cold traps and plugging indicators.
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    Liquid-metal extraction for processing of spent fuel (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 169-173 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plutonium and the fission products can be removed from irradiated uranium by liquidmetal extraction by use of another metal immiscible with uranium. Metals studied have been silver, cerium, and lanthanum. Plutonium removal by silver is high, by the rare-earth metals moderate. In all cases volatile elements, including cesium, strontium, and barium, are removed. Rare earths are efficiently removed. Ruthenium and molybdenum are largely unaffected. Experiments with synthetic fuels corresponding to long burn-up periods show improved removal of most elements. Repeated batch extractions indicate that a continuous process separating the fuel into uranium, plutonium, and fission-product fractions could be developed.
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    Estimation of the stage efficiency of simple, agitated vessels used in mixer-settler extractors (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 202-207 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of calcuation is presented by which estmates may be made of the stage efficiency of continuously operated, agitated, baffled vessels used in mixer-settler extractors. The calculations are limited to cases where the agitatiing impeller is a flat-blade turbine, and do not include estimates of the entrance and exit effects. The method has been tested with all the available experimental data, which include three different sizes of vessels, systems, and impeller sizes, and a variety of operating conditions including speeds of agitation, rates of flow, and ratios of contacted liquids. Because of limitations of the author's knowledge, the calculations are necessarily approximate, but they nevertheless correctly indicate the nature of the variations in stage efficiency to be expected with all of the design and operating variables for which tests could be applied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Viscous flow in multiparticle systems: Slow motion of fluids relative to beds of spherical particles (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 197-201 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical treatment is developed on the basis that two concentric spheres can serve as the model for a random assemblage of spheres moving relative to a fluid. The inner sphere comprises one of the particles in the assemblage and the outer sphere consists of a fluid envelope with a “free surface.” The appropriate boundary conditions resulting from these assumptions enable a closed solution to be obtained satisfying the Stokes-Navier equations omitting inertia terms. This solution enables rate of sedimentation or alternatively pressure drop to be predicted as a function of fractional void volume.Comparison of the theory is made with other relationships and data reported in the literature. Of special interest is its close agreement with the well known Carman-Kozeny equation which has been widely used to correlate data on packed beds as well as sedimenting and fluidized systems of particles. This is remarkable in view of the fact that the force on each particle in a packed bed can be up to several hundred times that exerted on a single particle in an undistrubed medium.
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    Flow of two-phase carbon dioxide through orifices (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 207-210 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental flow rate data are presented for saturated liquid, saturated vapor, and two-phase liquid-vapor carbon dioxide through a convergent nozzle and a square-edged orifice. The data cover the range from the triple-point pressure to the critical pressure. Charts have been prepared for this complete range at critical flow. Results are also presented for subcritical flow.The tests at various back pressures indicate that the saturated liquid behaved as a cold liquid without evaporation ahead of the throat.Saturated vapor became supersaturated in the nozzle, and the vapor behaved as if no condensation occurred.Equations are presented for the flow rates of saturated vapor, and two-phase mixtures in the critical flow region.A Mollier (pressure-enthalpy) diagram is used to determine the flow rates of saturated vapor and two-phase mixtures where supersaturtation takes place. In these cases, the lines of constant specific volume or density are extrapolated from the superheated region into the normal two-phase region to obtain values corrected for supersaturation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040216
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    Enthalpy of hydrocarbon mixtures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 343-347 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of estimating enthalpies of mixtures of light hydrocarbons is presented. Enthalpes so obtained are consistent with equilibrium-vaporization constants that have been correlated with the composition characterization factor, the molal average boiling point (M.A.B.P.).Values of the isothermal-pressure corrections to the enthalpy of ideal gas mixtures (H° — H) are presented on three plots with parameters of temperature, pressure, and molal-average boiling point. Pressures range from zero to 1,500 lb./sq. in. abs., temperatures from -200° to 500°F., and M.A.B.P. from -200° to 150°F.
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    Turbulent exchange of mass and momentum with a boundary (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 359-362 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Visual observations by Fage and Townend of the behavior of a turbulent-flow strean near a boundary and experimental data by Lin, Moulton, and Putnam of concentratiol profiles near a boundary contradict the commonly held concept of the “laminar sublayer.” A model developed by Higbie and Danckwerts which is consistent with the visual obser vations of Page and Townend is used to describe the exchange of mass and heat between a turbulent fluid and a solid surface. It is postulated that masses of fluid are contiuously moving to and from the wall. The exchange process then depends on the average contact time of these fluid masses with the wall.The agreement of the concentration profile predicted on the basis of the proposed model with experimental mass transfer data where the exchange process is rate controlling lends support to the usefulness of the model. No equivalent data are available for velocity profiles. Velocity data represent a condition where the transport process within the fluid is playing an important role; however, in the immediate vicinity of the wall the proposed model might serve as a rough approximation of the profile. Such an approximation is made in this paper, and the agreement obtained is much better than should be expected.
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    Turbulent diffusion in particulately fluidized beds of particles (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 372-380 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measuring the spreading of a tracer dye from a point source yields information on diffusion in glass-sphere beds fluidized in water. Particulately fluidized beds, which are here formed, are well described by the statistical turbulence equations of Taylor. Mixing parameters - eddy diffusivity, scale, and intensity of turbulence - are established. Transition of these variables is traced from fixed beds through fluidized beds in different degrees of bed expansion.Mixing characteristics of these “ideal” types of fluidization may provide a frame of reference for consideration of more complex systems.
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    Characteristics of porous beds and structures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 393-403 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Correlation of local velocities in tubes, annuli, and parallel plates (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 240-245 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A consistent method is presented for predicting local velocities in smooth tubes, concentric annuli, and parallel plates. Consideration is limited to the steady, isothermal, fully turbulent flow of constant-density fluids. Experimental data show the proposed correlation to be indepdent of Reynolds number and radius ratio. Intermediate quantities, calculated from friction data, permit local velocities to be determined over a wide range of operating conditions.
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    A note on kinetics data (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 246 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Mass transfer studies in an agitated vessel (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 412-419 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study of rates of dissolution of organic solid from a flat surface into turbulent liquid in a mixing tank of 6 in. I.D. is reported for five systems - benzoic acid-n-water, salicylic acid-water, salicylic acid-benzene, succinic acid-n-butanol, and succinic acid-acetone. Previous theories for the rates of mass transfer are reviewed and compared, and experimental results analyzed and correlated by an equation in terms of dimensionless groups similar to that of Hixson and Baum, Sherwood and Gilliland, and Rushton and Oldshue. The close agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the exponent of the Schmidt number in this equation may provide new and significant evidence for the applicability of the surface-renewal theory to mass transfer from a flat solid surface into a turbulent liquid.For free rotational agitation, a local mass transfer coefficient with respect to the position of a cast solid was detected quantitatively. However, the insertion of four baffles into the tank gave a uniform mass transfer coefficient regardless of the position of the cast solid. A decrease in the mass transfer coefficient was observed when baffles were used.The advantages of the constant and stationary interface, the stability and simplicity of the apparatus, the possibility of duplicating experimental results, and the success of the detection of a local mass transfer coefficient suggest that the present apparatus and procedures could be used for the study of the theory of mass transfer rates from flat surfaces.
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    Effect of wall proximity on the rate of rise of single air bubbles in a quiescent liquid (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 420-425 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The terminal velocity of air bubbles rising through distilled water, 61% glycerine, diethylene glycol, and a solution of a surface-active agent was measured in vertical cylindrical tubes of 2.09, 3.64, 4.91, 6.90, 9.50, and 15.25 cm. avg. I.D. An equation was developed to express a velocity-correction factor in terms of the ratio of bubble diameter to tube diameter and an empirical constant. The constant was a function of tube diameter and of the surface tension of the liquid. It seemed to be independent of liquid viscosity.
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    Distillation literature, index and abstracts, 1953-54. Arthur and Airabeih Rose. Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania (1955). 412 pages, $12.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 13S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020331
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    Phase equilibria in systems with ethylene above its critical temperature (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 20-27 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the mutual solubility of ethylene with various polar and nonpolar relatively high-molecular-weight organic compounds at temperatures 1° and 10° C. respectively above the critical temperature of ethylene and at pressures up to 1,500 Ib./sq.in.abs. For many compounds Henry's law was found to be applicable for the liquid phase up to approximately two thirds of the critical pressure of ethylene. In the critical region the solubility of ethylene was extremely sensitive to small changes in both temperature and pressure. The various types of phase behavior encountered were classified according to the nonideality involved. The results of this investigation indicate that a gas near its critical conditions is often capable of dissolving relatively nonvolatile materials in sufficient concentrations to warrant consideration of a separation process using such a gas as the extracting medium, namely fluid-liquid extraction.
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    Absorption of ethylene oxide in a packed column with various solventsThis article is contribution 49 from the Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, and is taken in part from the M. S. thesis written by Dr. Baron at the Johns Hopkins University in 1947. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 49-54 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data were obtained on the solubility of ethylene oxide gas in a number of aqueous and nonaqueous solvents at various temperatures and gas concentrations. Its absorption from high concentrations in air was studied in a packed column with a cooling jacket for removal of the heat evolved. The results can be correlated with adequate accuracy in terms of the conditions at the top or dilute end of the column. The values of (H.T.U.)G and (H.T.U.)L agree approximately with known values for other systems. For the solvents tested, the liquid-film resistance is controlling at room temperatures.
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    Fractionation of gas mixtures in a moving-bed adsorber. II. Equilibrium consideration (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 463-467 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for estimating adsorption equilibria based on a modification of the Polanyi adsorption-potential theory was developed for use in the investigation described in Part I of this article. In addition, the recently published correlation method of Lewis, Gilliland, Chertow, and Cadogan, suitably modified for the present application, was successfully employed in the correlation and extrapolation of the ternary equilibrium data.
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    Mass transfer rates in ion exchange (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 468-470 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of both the liquid-phase mass transfer and the internal-diffusion steps in ion exchange were studied by means of shallow-bed experiments. The mass transfer coeffcients obtained fitted the general correlations for other packed-bed operations when the Schmidt group was evaluated with experimentally determined ionic counterdiffusivities. An incremental calculation of the diffusion rates within the particles yielded a value of the counterdiffusivity in the resin phase. A general design procedure based on these findings is proposed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020410
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  • 94
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    Theoretical-plate concept in chromatography (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 477-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theoretical-plate concept in chromatography has been treated on the basis of continuous flow of eluent through the plates of the column. A treatment more precise in principle than the previous treatments is presented. General elution and deposition equations have been derived and applied to special cases of practical interest. The derived formulas have the advantage of precision, generality, and simplicity.The theory was found adaptable to the treatment of gradient elution and also to the calculation of the fraction of solute which has been eluted or still-adsorbed on the column during the elution process.A method for the determination of the number of theoretical plates in a chromatographic column is also described.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020412
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  • 95
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    Diffusion and reaction in viscous-flow tubular reactor (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 489-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect on point and integral average conversion of chemical reaction, coupled with radial diffusion and radial distribution of reaction times in viscous-flow tubular reactors, is reported. Solutions are given for first-order reaction over an extensive range of dimensionless rate and time variables. An expression is given for a criterion of the conditions when the contribution of diffusion is so small that it may safely be disregarded as a variable. Another criterion also is given for the situation when diffusivity is so large, in comparison with other system constants, that the simple plug flow solution may be used without incurring more than a specified error.The hydrolysis of acetic anhydride was studied in 1/4- and 1/2-in.-diam. reactors in 10- and 15-ft. lengths. Reynolds numbers were between 40 and 400 and temperatures between 25° and 35 °C. It was found that the derived equations form a proper description of experiments in the smaller tube. Deviations from theory in the larger tube are explained in terms of free convection arising from nonisothermal conditions and from concentration gradients in the tube. Grashof criteria for initiation of convection in the system are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020414
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  • 96
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    Effect of fluidization on catalytic cumene dealkylation (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 518-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports a direct experimental comparison of the cracking of cumene in a fluidized bed of silica-alumina catalyst with the same reaction in a fixed bed. The effects of fluidization on the kinetics of this reaction are interpreted in terms of an empirical approach using effectiveness factors and by a simplified mathematical model.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020418
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  • 97
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    Prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data for binary Hydrocarbon mixtures at various total pressures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 525-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An empirical method is suggested which permits the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data for binary hydrocarbon mixtures at various total pressures on the basis of equilibrium data at one constant pressure. This method has been tested with the vapor-liquid equilibrium data of six nonideal systems measured at twenty-one different experimental conditions. The total pressure range varies from 50 mm. of mercury to 4 atm. In all cases the predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020419
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  • 98
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    Single-phase blending of liquids (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 539-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020422
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  • 99
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    Gas absorption and oxidation in dispersed mediaComplete data are found in the Ph. D. Thesis of L. B. Andersen, obtainable on microfilm from University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption and subsequent liquid-phase reaction of oxygen was studied with two types of dispersion apparatus, the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser. The systems studied in both devices included the absorption of atmospheric oxygen by catalyzed sodium sulfite solutions and the simultaneous absorption of atmospheric oxygen with nitrogen dioxide and with sulfur dioxide by water.Very large values of the liquid-film mass transfer coefficient for oxygen absorption were measured in the atomization zone of the Venturi atomizer. Over-all recovery efficiencies were less than 2.3% for nitrogen dioxide but reached as much as 22% for sulfur dioxide. Oxidation efficiencies for sodium sulfite solutions ranged up to 80%, depending on the operating conditions.The fritted-glass disperser gave recovery efficiencies of nitrogen dioxide as high as 90% from air containing 10% of the gas. The recovery efficiency decreased at low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide for both the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010202
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
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    Heat and mass transfer in packed beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eddy mass diffusivities, effective thermal conductivities, and wall heat transfer coefficients were measured in an 8-in. tube packed with 1/2- and 3/4-in. glass spheres. Superficial mass velocities ranged from 110 to 1,640 Ib./(hr.) (sq. ft.), corresponding to modified Reynolds numbers of 100 to 2,000. Air was the main stream fluid in all cases.The modified Peclet group (DpV/E*td) was found to be constant at a value of about 12 in the region of fully developed turbulence. At lower Reynolds numbers this group varied with the flow rate. Effective thermal conductivities were correlated by an equation. Modified Peclet numbers for heat transfer were about 25% less than those for mass transfer. The wall heat transfer coefficient varied with the superficial mass velocity as hw = 0.090 (Go0.75).An explanation is suggested for the similarity in velocity dependence between these values and those for turbulent flow in an empty tube, based on channeling at the wall.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010211
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