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  • 1
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    Plastic additives in the ocean (2022)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Every piece of plastic is made up of a unique combination of the host polymer, with some residual monomers or catalysts, as well as chemical additives added during processing of the plastic. This chapter aims to introduce plastic additives with a focus on their chemistry and function, transport and fate, detection in marine environments, and toxicities. The extensive list of additives can be simplified by dividing the types of additives into three groups: functional additives, colorants, and fillers/reinforcements. Plasticizers are added to plastics to improve their flexibility, durability, and elasticity over a broad range of temperatures while also reducing the glass transition temperature and the melt flow. Additives are well known to leach from plastics in the marine environment. Like their plastic counterparts, plastic additives are also susceptible to oxidative degradation and biodegradation. The toxicity of plastic additives is quite variable given the diversity of their chemical classes.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Predation on Baltic sea yolk-sac herring larvae (Clupea harengus) by the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Highlights: • Mnemiopsis leidyi is capable of catching and digesting herring yolk-sac larvae. • Predation on herring larvae is decreasing with prey age and increasing with predator size. • Predation of M. leidyi on herring larvae is not affected by the presence of alternative natural prey represented by the copepod Acartia tonsa. • Substantial predation of M. leidyi on yolk-sac herring larvae may occur in the field, when both overlap spatially and temporarily. Western Baltic spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus, L.) is a commercially important fish stock currently suffering a strong decline. Larval survival is essential for stock recruitment and can be substantially decreased by predation. The comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865, is a lobate ctenophore which is invasive to the Baltic Sea and a known ichthyoplankton predator. However, predation on herring larvae in the Baltic Sea by M. leidyi has not been studied since its initial establishment in 2006. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted feeding experiments to investigate (1) the predation capability of M. leidyi on herring yolk-sac larvae, and (2) the influence of larval age, (3) predator size and (4) the presence of alternative prey on the clearance rate of M. leidyi on herring yolk-sac larvae. Our results showed that M. leidyi exhibited the ability to capture and digest herring larvae. The clearance rates of M. leidyi on herring larvae decreased with larval age and increased with predator size, while the presence of alternative prey had no effect on clearance rates. This finding suggests that M. leidyi can efficiently consume herring yolk-sac larvae under laboratory conditions. However, further investigations using mesocosm or field studies are necessary to evaluate the potential impact of M. leidyi on the mortality and recruitment of herring yolk-sac larvae under Baltic Sea field conditions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
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    AI-Application for Scientific Sensor Data collected onboard German Research Vessels (2024)
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: pdf
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  • 4
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    Whales and cephalopods in a deep‐sea arms race (2024)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Scientific Significance Statement Millions of predator–prey interactions between deep-diving toothed whales and cephalopods occur daily in the dark deep sea. While predatory whales developed traits to detect and hunt their prey, cephalopods had to expand their anti-predatory strategies specialized for visual predators, to counteract acoustic predators. Since toothed whale-cephalopod interactions have never been directly observed in the deep sea, it remains unknown what selective pressures and traits evolved from this arms race. Combining current knowledge, we formalize four hypotheses and associated research approaches that will guide future investigation on oceanic predator–prey systems. We identify whale echolocation as an unprecedented armament to hunt distant prey and propose that deep-sea squids avoid acoustic predators by (1) reducing their acoustic cross-section through body shape and posture, (2) deep-sea migration, and (3) not schooling. Toothed whale predation emerges as a potential driver of the cephalopod live-fast-die-young strategy—which may now leave cephalopods at competitive advantage under global change.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Navigating sex and sex roles: deciphering sex-biased gene expression in a species with sex-role reversal (Syngnathus typhle) (2024)
    The Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Sexual dimorphism, the divergence in morphological traits between males and females of the same species, is often accompanied by sex-biased gene expression. However, the majority of research has focused on species with conventional sex roles, where females have the highest energy burden with both egg production and parental care, neglecting the diversity of reproductive roles found in nature. We investigated sex-biased gene expression in Syngnathus typhle, a sex-role reversed species with male pregnancy, allowing us to separate two female traits: egg production and parental care. Using RNA sequencing, we examined gene expression across organs (brain, head kidney and gonads) at various life stages, encompassing differences in age, sex and reproductive status. While some gene groups were more strongly associated with sex roles, such as stress resistance and immune defence, others were driven by biological sex, such as energy and lipid storage regulation in an organ- and age-specific manner. By investigating how genes regulate and are regulated by changing reproductive roles and resource allocation in a model system with an unconventional life-history strategy, we aim to better understand the importance of sex and sex role in regulating gene expression patterns, broadening the scope of this discussion to encompass a wide range of organisms.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    Distribution of polysaccharidic and proteinaceous gel−like particles in three cyclonic eddies in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP), two prominent classes of gel−like particles in the ocean primarily produced by phytoplankton, play crucial roles in ecological and biogeochemical processes, influencing microbial nutrition, growth, and particle aggregation. The distribution of these particles is intricately linked to the spatiotemporal dynamics of phytoplankton. Mesoscale cyclonic eddies (CEs) are known to stimulate phytoplankton growth and influence particle transport, but their effects on TEP and CSP remain to be determined. In the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (ETNA), we examined three CEs: one off the Mauritanian coast during summer (Mau), one offshore during winter (Sal), and another near Brava island during winter. Mau and Brava CEs were in their intensification/maturity phase, while the Sal CE was in its decay phase. Both TEP and CSP concentrations correlated with primary productivity, but TEP increased with chlorophyll−a concentration, whereas elevated CSP coincided also with the highest abundance of pico−nanophytoplankton (〈20 µm), mainly Synechococcus. Both gels exhibited a positive correlation with bacterial biomass production, indicating their consumption by heterotrophic bacteria. TEP total area in the epipelagic waters of all CEs (Mau, Brava, and Sal) was elevated compared to surrounding waters, with on average 4, 2.5, and 1.6−fold higher values, respectively. However, no significant difference in TEP size distribution was observed within any CEs and their surroundings. Similarly, CSP total area increased in the epipelagic waters of Mau and Brava CEs, with on average 5 and 2.4−fold higher values, respectively, compared to surrounding waters. CSP particles were notably larger in these two eddies, while the Sal CE showed no significant difference from surrounding waters in CSP abundance and size. Overall, TEP and CSP exhibited distinct responses to CEs, with increased concentrations during their intensification/maturation stage and remineralization dominating during their decaying stage.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    Costs of Dust Collection by Trichodesmium : Effect on Buoyancy and Toxic Metal Release (2024)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: The marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium has the remarkable ability to interact with and utilize air‐borne dust as a nutrient source. However, dust may adversely affect Trichodesmium through buoyancy loss and exposure to toxic metals. Our study explored the effect of desert dust on buoyancy and mortality of natural Red Sea puff‐shaped Trichodesmium thiebautii . Sinking velocities and ability of individual colonies to stay afloat with increasing dust loads were studied in sedimentation chambers. Low dust loads of up to ∼400 ng per colony did not impact initial sinking velocity and colonies remained afloat in the chamber. Above this threshold, sinking velocity increased linearly with the colony dust load at a slope matching prediction based on Stoke's law. The potential toxicity of dust was assessed with regards to metal dissolution kinetics, differentiating between rapidly released metals, which may impact surface blooms, and gradually released metals that may impact dust‐centering colonies. Incubations with increasing dust concentrations revealed colony death, but the observed lethal dose far exceeded dust concentrations measured in coastal and open ocean systems. Removal of toxic particles as a mechanism to reduce toxicity was explored using SEM‐EDX imaging of colonies incubated with Cu‐minerals, yet observations did not support this pathway. Combining our current and former experiments, we suggest that in natural settings the nutritional benefits gained by Trichodesmium via dust collection outweigh the risks of buoyancy loss and toxicity. Our data and concepts feed into the growing recognition of the significance of dust for Trichodesmium 's ecology and subsequently to ocean productivity. Plain Language Summary Trichodesmium spp. are abundant cyanobacteria, forming extensive blooms in low latitude warm oceans, and contribute significantly to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fixation, recycling and export. Desert dust deposited on the ocean surface was shown to supply Trichodesmium with the scarce micronutrient iron. Spherical, millimeter‐sized colonies of Trichodesmium from different ocean basins were reported to actively accumulate dust in their cores. While dust accumulation likely helps Trichodesmium obtain nutrients, it may come at a cost. Metals released from dust may induce toxicity and the dust weight could send Trichodesmium to the ocean depth. Our experimental study with natural Red Sea colonies examined some trade‐offs of dust accumulation. Links between dust load and colony buoyancy were examined in sedimentation experiments. Toxicity thresholds for surface blooms and dust‐accumulating colonies were determined from mortality assays and dust dissolution measurements. We found that metal‐induced toxicity to Trichodesmium is unlikely at typical oceanic dust fluxes, and that dust‐containing colonies can remain buoyant. At high loads, dust weight determined the colony's sinking velocity. Our findings and concepts can be extended to additional aerosols and Trichodesmium ‐rich habitats, and may assist in assessing Trichodesmium 's distribution, ecophysiology, and contribution to C or N transport to the deep ocean. Key Points Dust collected by Trichodesmium colonies from seawater as a nutrient source may result in metal toxification and buoyancy loss At moderate dust loads, colonies kept their buoyancy, but above 400 ng, sinking velocities increased linearly with dust loads Desert dust induced Trichodesmium mortality through toxic metal release, yet the lethal dose far exceeded oceanic dust concentrations
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    Major and trace element concentrations in hydrological Critical Zone compartments in the Conventwald (Black Forest, Germany) (2024)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains element concentrations of six different hydrological compartments sampled on a daily basis over the course of one year in two neighboured first order headwater catchments located in the Conventwald (Black Forest, Germany). Critical Zone water compartments include above-canopy precipitation (bulk precipitation including rainwater, snow and fog water), below-canopy precipitation (throughfall), subsurface flow from three distinct soil layers (organic layer, upper mineral soil, deep mineral soil), groundwater, creek water and spring water. Element concentrations include major elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Si, S), trace elements (Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, P, Sr, Zn), anion (Cl), and dissolved organic elements (DOC, DON). The data were used to explore concentration (C) - discharge (Q) relationships and to calculate short-term element-specific chemical weathering fluxes, which were compared with previously published long-term element-specific chemical weathering fluxes. The ratio of both weathering fluxes, described by the so-called “Dissolved Export Efficiency” (DEE) metric revealed deficits in the stream dissolved load. These deficits were attributed to colloid-bound export and either storage in re-growing forest biomass or export in biogenic particulate form. Tables supplementary to the article, including data quality control, are provided in .pdf and .xlsx formats. In addition, data measured in the course of the study are also provided as machine readable ASCII files.
    Keywords: Critical Zone ; Major element concentration ; Trace element concentration ; Anion concentration ; Dissolved organic element concentration ; Stream water ; Groundwater ; Subsurface flow ; Throughfall ; Precipitation ; Spring water ; Time series ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 GROUND WATER 〉 GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 DISCHARGE/FLOW ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY 〉 NUTRIENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY 〉 TRACE METALS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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    DATA GFZ
  • 9
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    Preprint: Understanding the consequences of refaunation in coexistence landscapes: integrating social and ecological dimensions (2024)
    ##
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Human-wildlife conflict poses a significant challenge to 21st-century conservation, with a limited understanding of these interactions within the broader social and ecological context of coexistence. Specifically, the impact of large-scale refaunation efforts on social-ecological dynamics in landscapes shared by humans and wildlife remains poorly understood. This study aims to enhance this understanding by jointly analyzing the consequences of refaunation involving wildlife and cattle in a mixed-use landscape in sub-Saharan Africa. Applying an interdisciplinary approach encompassing ecology, soil science, agricultural economics, and environmental anthropology, we reconstruct the coupling processes in social-ecological systems triggered by refaunation over the last five decades in Namibia&039;s portion of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA). To assess ecological impacts of refaunation with cattle or elephants, space-for-time substitutions are used. The findings demonstrate that post-1960s increases in cattle numbers, and the surge in wildlife numbers since the 1990s have shaped the coexistence landscape. Elephant refaunation positively impacted herbaceous vegetation and soil conditions at intermediate elephant densities but negatively affected vegetation at higher densities. Wildlife refaunation, achieved through conservation and tourism, reduced income inequality. However, this effect was outweighed by the concentration of wealth among affluent cattle owners. Increasing rural inequality contributed challenges of local resource governance. Our study highlights that refaunation has profound ecological and socio-economic repercussions, challenging existing forms of resource governance in KAZA-TFCA and similar coexistence landscapes in Africa, and emphasizing the need for further research on the simultaneous increase of wildlife and cattle and its socio-ecological consequences.
    Description: Other
    Description: Article impact statement: Simultaneous refaunation with cattle and elephants poses both ecological and governance challenges, emphasizing the need for balanced conservation policies.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Environment ; Carbon ; Conservation Areas ; Ecology ; National Park ; Vegetation Structure ; Wildlife ; Livestock Grazing ; Future-making ; Economy ; Anthropology ; Human-Environment Interactions ; Tree-Grass Interactions ; Rewilding ; Refaunation
    Type: DataPaper , Scientific Publication
    Format: PDF
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  • 10
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    Patterns of parasitic infections in fish from a floodplain: use of functional traits and phylogeny from fish and parasites. (2024)
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Functional traits are the measurable properties of organisms that influence their performance through their effects on individual growth, survival, and reproduction. Therefore, the choice of functional characteristics is essential for drawing solid ecological conclusions and predicting ecosystem properties and interactions between organisms. The structure of the parasite community can vary over time and space, resulting from variations in host characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, and environmental characteristics. These can be examined at different levels of diversity: alpha (local diversity) and beta (variation in community composition between locations), including multiple facets such as taxonomic (TD), functional (FD), and phylogenetic (PD). We evaluated which host characteristics may be determinant in the composition of fish parasites from the upper Paraná River floodplain; and compared different facets of endoparasite biodiversity at the sampling unit level (α diversity or parasite diversity at the level of an individual host) and between sampling units (parasite diversity within (β1) or between (β2) host individuals of a species). The host's diet was the factor that had the greatest influence on the composition and similarity of endoparasites in floodplain fish. The α diversity of endoparasite species differed mainly in terms of TD and PPD. Regarding β diversity, the parasite communities presented patterns grouped at different levels (β1 and β2, respectively). To explain patterns in endoparasite diversity, functional traits, and fish phylogeny act as drivers of parasite community structure, with diet being one of the main factors. And the assembly patterns in the endoparasite infracommunities of different floodplain host species reflect the characteristics of their component and composite communities.
    Description: As características funcionais são as propriedades mensuráveis dos organismos que influenciam seu desempenho por meio de seus efeitos no crescimento, sobrevivência e reprodução individual. Dessa forma, a escolha das características funcionais são essencias para tirar conclusões ecológicas sólidas, bem como prever propriedades do ecossistema e interações entre organismos. A estrutura da comunidade parasitária pode variar ao longo do tempo e do espaço, resultante de variação das características dos hospedeiros, relações filogenéticas e características do ambiente. Estas podem ser examinadas em diferentes níveis de diversidade: alfa (diversidade local) e beta (variação da composição da comunidade entre locais), incluindo múltiplas facetas, como a taxonômica (TD), funcional (FD) e filogenética (PD). Avaliou-se quais características do hospedeiro podem ser determinantes na composição dos parasitas de peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná; e comparou-se as diferentes facetas da biodiversidade de endoparasitas no nível da unidade amostral (diversidade α ou diversidade parasitária no nível de um hospedeiro individual) e entre unidades amostrais (diversidade de parasitas dentro de (β1) ou entre (β2) indivíduos hospedeiros de uma espécie). A dieta do hospedeiro foi o fator que apresentou maior influência na composição e similaridade dos endoparasitas em peixes da planície de inundação. A diversidade α das espécies de endoparasitas diferiu principalmente em termos de TD e PPD. Quanto à diversidade β, as comunidades parasitárias apresentaram padrões agrupados em diferentes níveis (β1 e β2, respectivamente). Para explicar padrões na diversidade de endoparasitas, as características funcionais e a filogenia de peixes atuam juntas como impulsionadores da estrutura da comunidade parasitária, sendo a dieta um dos principais fatores. E os padrões de montagem nas infracomunidades de endoparasitas de diferentes espécies hospedeiras da planície de inundação refletem as características de suas comunidades componentes e compostas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Parasitismo animal ; Peixes de água doce ; Ictioparasitologia de água doce ; Interação parasita-hospedeiro ; Comunidades ; Comunidade endoparasitária ; Host-parasite relationships ; Endoparasitismo ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasitism ; ASFA_2015::I::Interactions ; ASFA_2015::E::Endoparasites ; ASFA_2015::E::Endoparasitism ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasitofauna ; ASFA_2015::F::Floodplains ; ASFA_2015::P::Parasites
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 75pp.
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