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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-03-10
    Description:    Gold Valley is typical of intermountain basins in Death Valley National Park (DVNP), California (USA). Using water-balance calculations, a GIS-based analytical model has been developed to estimate precipitational infiltration rates from catchment-scale topographic data (elevation and slope). The calculations indicate that groundwater recharge mainly takes place at high elevations (〉1,100 m) during winter (average 1.78 mm/yr). A resistivity survey suggests that groundwater accumulates in upstream compartmentalized reservoirs and that the groundwater flows through basin fill and fractured bedrock. This explains the relationship between the upstream precipitational infiltration in Gold Valley and the downstream spring flow in Willow Creek. To verify the ability of local recharge to support high-flux springs in DVNP, a GIS-based model was also applied to the Furnace Creek catchment. The results produced insufficient total volume of precipitational infiltration to support flow from the main high-flux springs in DVNP under current climatic conditions. This study introduces a GIS-based infiltration model that can be integrated into the Death Valley regional groundwater flow model to estimate precipitational infiltration recharge. In addition, the GIS-based model can efficiently estimate local precipitational infiltration in similar intermountain basins in arid regions provided that the validity of the model is verified. Content Type Journal Article Category Paper Pages 1-18 DOI 10.1007/s10040-012-0840-8 Authors Abdulaziz M. Abdulaziz, Mining, Petroleum, and Metallurgical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University Cairo, Cairo University Street, Giza, 12613 Egypt José M. Hurtado, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79902-5816, USA Abdalla Faid, Hydrology Department, The National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, P.O. Box 1564, Alf Maskan, Egypt Journal Hydrogeology Journal Online ISSN 1435-0157 Print ISSN 1431-2174
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    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-03-10
    Description:    The planned high-level nuclear waste repository at Forsmark, Sweden, will accommodate 6,824 containers with a total of 13,920 tonnes of uranium in burnt fuel at approximately 400 m depth in a fractured-granite aquifer. The transport of radionuclides, which may be released from the disposed waste, is simulated with the TOUGHREACT code for a three-dimensional model with 305,571 elements. The model performs coupled flow-transport simulations. It aims to achieve more realistic simulations of contaminant transport than the commonly used decoupled procedure consisting of three-dimensional flow and one-dimensional transport simulations. The model has a relatively small problem size because it is designed as a double-porosity model (one matrix continuum) that is the parameterised equivalent of a much larger multiple-interacting continua (MINC) model, i.e. a model with a finely discretised matrix (several matrix continua). The parameterisation is performed with two-dimensional models. Only one or two variables among three variables (diffusive transport distance between fracture and matrix, retardation factor and effective diffusivity) have to be parameterised. The results obtained with the parameterised three-dimensional model are very close to those that can be obtained with a much larger MINC model but may be quite different from those that can be obtained with the conventional decoupled procedure. Content Type Journal Article Category Paper Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s10040-012-0837-3 Authors Michael O. Schwartz, MathGeol, Postfach 101204, 30833 Langenhagen, Germany Journal Hydrogeology Journal Online ISSN 1435-0157 Print ISSN 1431-2174
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    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2012-02-07
    Description:    An integrated survey program involving geological, hydrogeological and geophysical techniques has been employed to characterize the aquifer geometry, recharge and circulation dynamics of thermal springs within a shallow aquifer system in Ethiopia. The selected springs for the case study are Sodere and Gergedi, which are situated within the tectonically active Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Geologically, the studied springs are located on Plio-Quaternary volcanic rocks. The geophysical results indicate the presence of subsurface weak zones represented by extensional tectonics and weathering zones which are responsible for thermal water circulation and facilitate recharge from the adjacent surface-water bodies. The structures inferred by the resistivity survey, both sounding and electrical tomography, present contrasts in rock resistivity response. The anomalous zones in the magnetic data are in good agreement with the zones that are revealed by geological mapping and surface manifestation of the thermal water discharge zones. The shallow aquifer of the central MER is under the influence of thermal water, which increases the groundwater temperature and mineral content. Content Type Journal Article Category Report Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s10040-012-0832-8 Authors Tigistu Haile, Department of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tamiru A. Abiye, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Pvt. Bag X3, Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa Journal Hydrogeology Journal Online ISSN 1435-0157 Print ISSN 1431-2174
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-02-14
    Description: Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): How does groundwater fit in? Content Type Journal Article Category Essay Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s10040-012-0831-9 Authors Stephen Foster, International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), PO Box 4130, Goring-on-Thames, Reading, RG8 6BJ UK Mohamed Ait-Kadi, Global Water Partnership (GWP), Drottninggatan 33, 111-51 Stockholm, Sweden Journal Hydrogeology Journal Online ISSN 1435-0157 Print ISSN 1431-2174
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2012-11-12
    Description:    A method is devised for estimating the potential permeability of fracture networks from attributes of fractures observed in outcrop. The technique, which is intended as a complement to traditional approaches, is based on type curves that represent various combinations of fracture lengths, fracture orientations and proportions (i.e., intensities) of fractures that participate in flow. Numerical models are used to derive the type curves. To account for variations in fracture aperture, a permeability ratio ( R ) defined as the permeability of a fracture network in a domain divided by the permeability of a single fracture with identical fracture apertures, is used as a dependent variable to derive the type curves. The technique works by determining the point on the type curve that represents the fracture characteristics collected in the field. To test the performance of the technique, permeabilities that were derived from fractured-rock aquifers of eastern Massachusetts (USA) are compared to permeabilities predicted by the technique. Results indicate that permeabilities estimated from type curves are within an order of magnitude of permeabilities derived from field tests. First-order estimates of fracture-network permeability can, therefore, be easily and quickly acquired with this technique before more robust and expensive methods are utilized in the field. Content Type Journal Article Category Paper Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s10040-012-0919-2 Authors Alex K. Manda, Department of Geological Sciences and Institute for Coastal Science and Policy, East Carolina University, 387 Flanagan Building, East 5th Street, Greenville, NC 27858, USA Stephen B. Mabee, Massachusetts Geological Survey, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 N. Pleasant St., 233 Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01002, USA David F. Boutt, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 N. Pleasant St., 233 Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01002, USA Michele L. Cooke, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 N. Pleasant St., 233 Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01002, USA Journal Hydrogeology Journal Online ISSN 1435-0157 Print ISSN 1431-2174
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-11-15
    Description:    Research on large northern rivers suggests that as permafrost thaws, deeper groundwater flowpaths become active, resulting in greater baseflow, increased concentrations of weathering ions and reduced concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in the streamflow. In contrast, at the headwater-catchment scale, where understanding of groundwater/surface-water interactions is developed, inter-annual variability in climate and hydrology result in complex hydrological and chemical responses to change. This paper reports on a 4-year runoff investigation in an alpine discontinuous permafrost environment in Yukon, Canada, using stable isotopes, major dissolved ions and hydrometric data, to provide enhanced insight into the inter-annual-variability runoff-generation processes. Stable isotope results suggest that pre-event (old) water stored within the catchment dominates the snowmelt hydrograph, and dissolved ion results reveal that groundwater pathways occur predominantly in the near-surface during freshet. Dissolved organic carbon varies inter-annually, reflecting changing melt patterns, whereas weathering ions generated from deeper flowpaths become diluted. The total snow-water equivalent does not have a major influence on the fraction of snowmelt water reaching the stream or the runoff ratio. Results from multiple years highlight the considerable variability over short time scales, limiting our ability to detect climate-change influences on groundwater at the headwater scale. Content Type Journal Article Category Paper Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s10040-012-0920-9 Authors Sean K. Carey, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada Jessica L. Boucher, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada Celina M. Duarte, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada Journal Hydrogeology Journal Online ISSN 1435-0157 Print ISSN 1431-2174
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-09-29
    Description:    A groundwater-monitoring network has been in operation in the Red River Delta, Vietnam, since 1995. Trends in groundwater level (1995–2009) in 57 wells in the Holocene unconfined aquifer and 63 wells in the Pleistocene confined aquifer were determined by applying the non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen’s slope estimator. At each well, 17 time series (e.g. annual, seasonal, monthly), computed from the original data, were analyzed. Analysis of the annual groundwater-level means revealed that 35 % of the wells in the unconfined aquifer showed downward trends, while about 21 % showed upward trends. On the other hand, confined-aquifer groundwater levels experienced downward trends in almost all locations. Spatial distributions of trends indicated that the strongly declining trends (〉0.3 m/year) were mainly found in urban areas around Hanoi where there is intensive abstraction of groundwater. Although the trend results for most of the 17 time series at a given well were quite similar, different trend patterns were detected in several. The findings reflect unsustainable groundwater development and the importance of maintaining groundwater monitoring and a database in the Delta, particularly in urban areas. Content Type Journal Article Category Report Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s10040-012-0889-4 Authors Duong Du Bui, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1–1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397 Japan Akira Kawamura, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1–1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397 Japan Thanh Ngoc Tong, Center of Water Resources Planning and Investigation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 10-42, Trancung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam Hideo Amaguchi, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1–1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397 Japan Naoko Nakagawa, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1–1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397 Japan Journal Hydrogeology Journal Online ISSN 1435-0157 Print ISSN 1431-2174
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-10-13
    Description:    Membrane behavior in naturally occurring and engineering systems refers to the restriction of solute migration through a membrane relative to the migration of the solvent. Hyperfiltration is the net flux that results when two solutions of different concentration are separated by a membrane and an external force is applied in excess of the osmotic pressure. Clay membranes containing layered fabric have higher efficiencies than membranes with random fabrics. Therefore, low-permeability rocks with a foliated fabric might exhibit membrane properties. Four hyperfiltration experiments were conducted on samples of Darrington Phyllite from the Easton Metamorphic Suite of the Northwest Cascades, Washington (USA). Chloride solutions were passed through thin, intact discs at relatively low heads. At the end of the experiments, dissolved chloride concentrations had increased 110–140 % and calculated reflection coefficients ranged from 0.87 to 0.88; this was attributed to partial solute rejection by the phyllite. Natural scenarios in which phyllite might exhibit membrane properties include (1) shallow perched aquifers bounded by phyllite, (2) overpressured aquifers bounded by phyllite, (3) phyllite-bounded aquifers with significant vertical groundwater flows, and (4) ultrafiltration during metamorphic devolatilization at depth. Membrane processes exhibited by phyllite may also contribute to the formation of some low-temperature ore bodies. Content Type Journal Article Category Report Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s10040-012-0905-8 Authors Megan Hart, Department of Civil Engineering, Saint Louis University, 3450 Lindell Blvd., Room 1033, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA Journal Hydrogeology Journal Online ISSN 1435-0157 Print ISSN 1431-2174
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-10-11
    Description:    Management of groundwater resources can be improved by using groundwater models to perform risk analyses and to improve development strategies, but a lack of extensive basic data often limits the implementation of sophisticated models. Dar es Salaam in Tanzania is an example of a city where increasing groundwater use in a Pleistocene aquifer is causing groundwater-related problems such as saline intrusion along the coastline, lowering of water-table levels, and contamination of pumping wells. The lack of a water-level monitoring network introduces a problem for basic data collection and model calibration and validation. As a replacement, local water-supply wells were used for measuring groundwater depth, and well-top heights were estimated from a regional digital elevation model to recalculate water depths to hydraulic heads. These were used to draw a regional piezometric map. Hydraulic parameters were estimated from short-time pumping tests in the local wells, but variation in hydraulic conductivity was attributed to uncertainty in well characteristics (information often unavailable) and not to aquifer heterogeneity. A MODFLOW model was calibrated with a homogeneous hydraulic conductivity field and a sensitivity analysis between the conductivity and aquifer recharge showed that average annual recharge will likely be in the range 80–100 mm/year. Content Type Journal Article Category Report Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s10040-012-0908-5 Authors Marc Van Camp, Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology and Soil Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), 9000 Ghent, Belgium Ibrahimu Chikira Mjemah, Department of Physical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O. Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania Nawal Al Farrah, Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology and Soil Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), 9000 Ghent, Belgium Kristine Walraevens, Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology and Soil Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), 9000 Ghent, Belgium Journal Hydrogeology Journal Online ISSN 1435-0157 Print ISSN 1431-2174
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-09-24
    Description:    Sustainable management of groundwater resources is vital for development of areas at risk from water-resource over-exploitation. In northeast Thailand, the Phu Thok aquifer is an important water source, particularly in the Thaphra area, where increased groundwater withdrawals may result in water-level decline and saline-water upconing. Three-dimensional finite-difference flow models were developed with MODFLOW to predict the impacts of future pumping on hydraulic heads. Four scenarios of pumping and recharge were defined to evaluate the system response to future usage and climate conditions. Primary model simulations show that groundwater heads will continue to decrease by 4–12 m by the year 2040 at the center of the highly exploited area, under conditions of both increasing pumping and drought. To quantify predictive uncertainty in these estimates, in addition to the primary conceptual model, three alternative conceptual models were used in the simulation of sustainable yields. These alternative models show that, for this case study, a reasonable degree of uncertainty in hydrostratigraphic interpretation is more impactful than uncertainty in recharge distribution or boundary conditions. The uncertainty-analysis results strongly support addressing conceptual-model uncertainty in the practice of groundwater-management modeling. Doing so will better assist decision makers in selecting and implementing robust sustainable strategies. Content Type Journal Article Category Report Pages 1-20 DOI 10.1007/s10040-012-0887-6 Authors Tussanee Nettasana, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada James Craig, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Bryan Tolson, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Journal Hydrogeology Journal Online ISSN 1435-0157 Print ISSN 1431-2174
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    Topics: Geosciences
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