ALBERT

Description: A new species of Conosiphon Becker, 1923, Conosiphon ianus Álvarez Fidalgo & van den Broek, sp. nov., is described from Spain, representing the first record of this genus for Europe. It is illustrated in high-resolution photographs and the first ecological information is provided, as well as a key to all species tentatively placed in this genus.

Description: Comprehensive metadata are key to making data FAIR. It is therefore essential to collect metadata in an organized and standardized way. For standardized data acquisition, ie. on research vessels, tools are already available and constantly improved. In land-based permafrost expeditions, however, the data and metadata are as diverse as the science questions behind them. We present an overview of this diversity in (meta)data and (meta)data collection and propose strategies to writing good and comprehensive metadata. We encourage to think about metadata right from the start and work on them steadily during the whole process from field work preparation to data collection and from data analysis to final publication. Easy to adapt templates and only choosing the tools that fit the specific data set increases the participation of the whole team.

Description: ABSTRACT. A 1995 surge of Variegated Glacier, Alaska, USA, is discussed in the context of its six 20thcenturypredecessors, especially the previous surge in 1982/83 which was studied in detail. The averagetime between surge initiations is 15 years. The 1995 surge was considerably weaker than itspredecessors, having a single phase or at most a very weak second phase. The 1995 surge confirmsthat there is a seasonal cycle, with surge initiation in winter and termination in the first part of the meltseason, and a correlation between weather and both surge termination date and surge extent. Two daysof record high temperature correlated with the termination of the 1995 surge. The most obvious issue isthe absence of a strong second surge phase (as there was in the 1982/83 surge) culminating in a surgeextent more in line with that of the predecessors. This is considered in the light of a simple criterion forsurge initiation and re-initiation which depends upon the evolving basal shear stress.

Description: The accurate interpretation of ice cores as climate archives requires detailed knowledge about the glaciological environment.We investigate the potential of ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys to obtain information about the internal structure of a cold alpine ice body to improve theinterpretation of two ice cores containing long-term climate information from Colle Gnifetti, Swiss-Italian Alps, retrieved as part of the ALPCLIM project.The GPR profiles connect several drill sites, parallel and perpendicular to the flow line, yielding a 3D picture of the subsurface.Observed internal reflection horizons are of isochronic origin, faciliating the transfer of age-depth relations between the ice cores.A third ice core record is used as independent means to estimate the accuracy of the GPR results in respect to flow modeling, based on glaciological surface data,which was used before for climate analysis of the ice cores.Our results demonstrate that GPR data is a mandatory tool for alpine ice core studies, as they allow to map major transitions in physical-chemical properties,transfer age-depth relations between sites, complement ambiguous peaks in core records for interpretation, and establish a detailed picture of the flow regimesurrounding the climate archive.

Description: Introduction: At the cellular level, acute temperature changes alter ionic conductances, ion channel kinetics, and the activity of entire neuronal circuits. This can result in severe consequences for neural function, animal behavior and survival. In poikilothermic animals, and particularly in aquatic species whose core temperature equals the surrounding water temperature, neurons experience rather rapid and wide-ranging temperature fluctuations. Recent work on pattern generating neural circuits in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system have demonstrated that neuronal circuits can exhibit an intrinsic robustness to temperature fluctuations. However, considering the increased warming of the oceans and recurring heatwaves due to climate change, the question arises whether this intrinsic robustness can acclimate to changing environmental conditions, and whether it differs between species and ocean habitats. Methods: We address these questions using the pyloric pattern generating circuits in the stomatogastric nervous system of two crab species, Hemigrapsus sanguineus and Carcinus maenas that have seen a worldwide expansion in recent decades. Results and discussion: Consistent with their history as invasive species, we find that pyloric activity showed a broad temperature robustness (〉30°C). Moreover, the temperature-robust range was dependent on habitat temperature in both species. Warm-acclimating animals shifted the critical temperature at which circuit activity breaks down to higher temperatures. This came at the cost of robustness against cold stimuli in H. sanguineus, but not in C. maenas. Comparing the temperature responses of C. maenas from a cold latitude (the North Sea) to those from a warm latitude (Spain) demonstrated that similar shifts in robustness occurred in natural environments. Our results thus demonstrate that neuronal temperature robustness correlates with, and responds to, environmental temperature conditions, potentially preparing animals for changing ecological conditions and shifting habitats.

Description: We studied the potential of a recently introduced species, the Asian brush-clawed crab (Hemigrapsus takanoi), to expand its distribution range further into the Baltic Sea. H. takanoi has been documented in the southwestern Baltic Sea since 2014. The ability to persist and further expand into the Baltic Proper will depend on their potential to sustain all stages of their complex life cycle, including pelagic larvae, under the Baltic Sea's conditions. Range limits may be established by the tolerance to low salinity, which in addition may be affected by water temperature. A key question is whether local populations at the distribution limit (within the Baltic Sea) show increased tolerance to low salinities and hence promote further expansion. We quantified the combined effects of salinity (10–33 PSU) and temperature (15–24 °C) on larval development in four populations of H. takanoi (two from the Baltic and two from the North Sea). We found substantial differences in larval performance between the populations from the Baltic and North Seas. Larvae from the North Sea populations always showed higher survival and faster development compared with those from the Baltic Sea. Only weak evidence of elevated tolerance towards low salinity was found in the larvae from the Baltic Sea populations. In addition, larvae from the population located near the range limit showed very low survival under all tested salinity-temperature combinations and no evidence of increased tolerance to low salinity. There was no apparent genetic differentiation among the studied populations in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit one gene (COI) implying high connectivity among the populations. In conclusion, the weak evidence of low salinity tolerance in Baltic Sea populations, and poor larval performance for the population located near the range limit, coupled with limited genetic differentiation suggest that subsidies are needed for populations to persist near the range limit. Alternatively, ontogenetic migrations would be required to sustain those populations. Monitoring efforts are needed to elucidate the underlaying mechanisms and document potential future range expansions.

Description: Vor dem Hintergrund einer kontinuierlich zunehmenden Pro-Kopf-Wohnfläche und den damit verbundenen negativen Auswirkungen auf Klima und Umwelt sollen mit dieser Arbeit die Bundesförderprogramme auf deren Anreizwirkung bezüglich eines achtsamen Umgangs mit der Ressource Wohnfläche überprüft werden. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt auf den durch die Förderbank KfW durchgeführten Bundesförderprogrammen, die ein wichtiges Instrument der Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie des Bundes im Bereich Wohngebäude bilden. Mithilfe eines Screenings der aktuellen Förderprogramme der KfW sowie durch Gespräche mit Vertretenden der KfW soll kritisch beleuchtet werden, wie sich die derzeit verfolgten Leitbilder der Förderung im Wohngebäudebereich zu dem Leitbild einer achtsamen Wohnflächennutzung verhalten. Zudem sollen mögliche Anknüpfungspunkte für Suffizienzstrategien im Handlungsfeld Wohnfläche identifiziert und in den Kontext des aktuellen Sach- und Forschungsstands gestellt werden. Auf Grundlage der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse soll gezeigt werden, wie Suffizienzstrategien im Handlungsfeld Wohnfläche anhand innovativen Modellvorhaben erprobt werden können, um daraus Erkenntnisse für die Bundesförderung abzuleiten.

Description: As currently delineated, Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini is a polyphyletic assembly within subg. Colorati, encompassing glutinous and pigmented taxa. According to available literature, between a dozen and twenty species may belong in the section, mostly represented in continental and boreal forests of Europe and North America. However, the limited phylogenetic and biogeographic coverage of the genus does not presently allow for a reliable assessment of its taxonomic boundaries, nor does it provide a complete picture of species diversity within sect. Olivaceoumbrini. In an ongoing effort to confer an evolutionary backbone to Hygrophorus systematics, we assembled and analysed a dataset comprising 268 intercontinental sequences, including holotypes of 7 taxa previously not positioned phylogenetically, and enriched with collections from largely unexplored Mediterranean and Anatolian ecosystems. Overall, 30 clades are identified within 5 distinct lineages, including 11 species putatively new to science. Seven of these are formally described here as H. agathosmoides, H. albofloccosus, H. canadensis, H. limosus, H. marcocontui, H. pinophilus and H. pustulatoides spp. nov. This enriched coverage of section Olivaceoumbrini s.lat. calls for a re-evaluation of its natural boundaries into a core monophyletic clade, including H. olivaceoalbus and five closely related lookalikes, as well as the assignment of the section rank to the four remaining lineages: sect. Fuscocinerei sect. nov., sect. Limacini sect. nov., sect. Nudolidi sect. nov. and sect. Tephroleuci, respectively. We also stabilize the usage of six historical names, H. glutinifer, H. hyacinthinus, H. mesotephrus, H. olivaceoalbus, H. pustulatus and H. tephroleucus, through designation of two neotypes, three lectotypes and four epitypes.

Description: This paper addresses the classification of images depicting the eruptive activity of Mount Etna, captured by a network of ground-based thermal cameras. The proposed approach utilizes Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), focusing on pretrained models. Eight popular pretrained neural networks underwent systematic evaluation, revealing their effectiveness in addressing the classification problem. The experimental results demonstrated that, following a retraining phase with a limited dataset, specific networks such as VGG-16 and AlexNet, achieved an impressive total accuracy of approximately 90%. Notably, VGG-16 and AlexNet emerged as practical choices, exhibiting individual class accuracies exceeding 90%. The case study emphasized the pivotal role of transfer learning, as attempts to solve the classification problem without pretrained networks resulted in unsatisfactory outcomes.

Description: Supported by Italian Research Center on High Performance Computing Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC), project funded by European Union—NextGenerationEU—and National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)—Mission 4 Component 2 within the activities of Spoke 3 (Astrophysics and Cosmos Observations). Sonia Calvari also acknowledges the financial support of the Project FIRST ForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano (Delibera n. 144/2020; Scientific Responsibility: S.C.) Vulcani 2019.

Description: Published

Description: 124-137

Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Time series data of physical oceanography (seawater conductivity, temperature, pressure, salinity) and ocean current velocities were obtained from mooring F2-19 in the Fram Strait in September 2018 - July 2020 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM76 and recovered during MSM93. The attached archive contains raw data files of 10 Seabird SBE56 temperature loggers (nominal depths: 26m, 42m, 59m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 350m, 400m, 450m; sampling interval 30 sec), three Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 54m, 250m, 777m; sampling interval 20 min), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 400m; sampling interval 1h) and one AADI RCM11 current meter (nominal depth: 758m; sampling interval 2h; failed in June 2019). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry and molecular biology were obtained from mooring F4-W-2 in the Fram Strait in August 2019 - June 2021 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS121, and recovered during PS126. The attached archive contains raw data files of one Seabird SBE37 microcat (nominal depths: 249m; sampling interval 1h), one Satlantics SUNA nitrate sensor (nominal depth: 249m; sampling interval 6h), one Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensor (nominal depth: 249m; sampling interval 2h) and one Sunburst SAMI-pH sensor (nominal depth: 249m; sampling interval 3h). The mooring also included a McLane RAS water sampler (nominal depth: 249m). The profiling SBE19plus system that was operated on the NGK winch (nominal depth: 153m) was lost. Additionally, the available data could not be downloaded from the main controller due to a corrupt SD card. Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry and molecular biology were obtained from mooring HG-IV-S-4 in the Fram Strait in August 2019 - June 2021 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS121, and recovered during PS126. The attached archive contains raw data files of three Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 18m, 23m, 47m; sampling interval 1h), two Seabird SBE56 temperature loggers (nominal depths: 28m, 38m; sampling interval 30s), one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 2h) and one Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 2h). One ISUS nitrate sensor (nominal depth: 23m) was flooded and no data is available. The mooring also included a McLane RAS water sampler (nominal depth: 23m) and a McLane PPS phytoplankton sampler (nominal depth: 25m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry, molecular biology and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring F4-S-3 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS121, and recovered during PS126. The attached archive contains raw data files of two Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 16m, 21m, 47m; sampling interval 1h), one Seabird SBE56 temperature logger (nominal depth: 38m; sampling interval: 30s), one Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 21m; sampling interval 2h), one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 21m; sampling interval 2h), one Satlantics SUNA nitrate sensor (nominal depth: 21m; sampling interval 6h), one Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensor (nominal depth: 21m; sampling interval 2h) and one Sunburst SAMI-pH sensor (nominal depth: 21m; sampling interval 3h). The mooring also included a McLane RAS water sampler (nominal depth: 21m), a McLane PPS phytoplankton sampler (nominal depth: 23m) and two sediment traps (nominal depths: 204m, 613m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, ocean current velocities and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring HG-IV-FEVI-40 in the Fram Strait in August 2019 - June 2021 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS121, and recovered during PS126. The attached archive contains raw data files of five Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 79m, 257m, 404m, 1204m, 2530m; sampling interval 1h), four Seabird SBE56 temperature loggers (nominal depths: 104m, 154m, 204m, 329m; sampling interval 30s), one Nortek Aquadopp current meter (nominal depth: 754m; sampling interval 20 min), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 413m; sampling interval 1h) and four AADI Seaguard current meters (nominal depths: 207m, 1234m, 2352m, 2528m; sampling interval 1h). The mooring also included three sediment traps (nominal depths: 200m, 1227m, 2345m) and one BioOptical Platform (nominal depth: 569m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, ocean current velocities and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring HG-N-FEVI-39 in the Fram Strait in September 2019 - June 2021 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS121, and recovered during PS126. The attached archive contains raw data files of two Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 57m, 2646m; sampling interval 1h), two AADI RCM11 current meters (nominal depths: 2468m, 2644m; sampling interval 1h/2h) and one AADI Seaguard current meter (nominal depth: 230m; sampling interval 1h). The mooring also included two sediment traps (nominal depths: 223m, 2461m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, ocean current velocities and hydroacoustics were obtained from mooring F4-19 in the Fram Strait in August 2019 - June 2021 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS121, and recovered during PS126. The attached archive contains raw data files of 7 Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 76m, 153m, 253m, 402m, 502m,731m, 1204m; sampling interval 1h), four Seabird SBE56 temperature loggers (nominal depths: 53m, 102m, 203m, 323m; sampling interval 30s), one upward-looking RDI Workhorse 300kHz ADCP (nominal depth: 53m; sampling interval 1h), one upward-looking RDI Workhorse Longranger ADCP (depth: 382m; sampling interval 1h) and two Nortek Aquadopp current meters (nominal depths: 730m, 1205m; sampling interval 20min). The 300 kHz ADCP stopped recording after 3 months due to a battery failure. The mooring also included an ASL Acoustic Zooplankton Fish Profiler (nominal depth: 103m; data archived elsewhere) and a Develogic Sonovault (nominal depth: 800m; data archived elsewhere). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography and ocean current velocities were obtained from mooring HG-N-S-1 in the Fram Strait in September 2019 - June 2021 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS121, and recovered during PS126. The attached archive contains raw data files of five Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 29m, 45m, 72m, 244m, 394m; sampling interval 1h), five Seabird SBE56 temperature loggers (nominal depths: 39m, 94m, 144m, 315m; sampling interval 30s), one upward-looking RDI Workhorse 300kHz ADCP (nominal depth: 44m; sampling interval 1h) and one upward-looking RDI Workhorse Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 394m; sampling interval 1h). The top float and attached SBE37 were lost a few months after deployment. Consequently, the upper 50 m of line, including one SBE37, two SBE56s and the 300kHz ADCP fell below the second set of floats at 50 m, which makes the ADCP data basically unusable. One SBE56 (nominal depth: 194m) was also lost due to a failure of the plastic attachment. Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography and ocean current velocities were obtained from mooring SCO2-1 in the Fram Strait from Aug 2018 to Aug 2022. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM76 and recovered during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of two Seabird SBE16 SeaCATs (nominal depths: 595m, 800m; sampling interval 1h), two SBE37 MicroCATs (nominal depths: 666m, 726m; sampling interval 10m), three SBE56 temperature logger (nominal depths: 626m, 696m, 766m; sampling interval 20s), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 796m; sampling interval 2h) and one AADI RCM11 current meter (nominal depth: 801m; sampling interval 2h). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams, and schedule files are also provided, if applicable. The ADCP had issues and only recorded data at irregular intervals up to several days.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, ocean current velocities, nutrient biogeochemistry, molecular biology and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring HG-EGC-6 in the Fram Strait in August 2019 - June 2021 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS121, and recovered during PS126. The attached archive contains raw data files of three Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 67m, 236m, 453m; sampling interval 1h), three AADI RCM11 current meters (nominal depths: 74m, 243m, 456m; sampling interval 1h), one AADI Seaguard current meter (nominal depth: 981m, sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 67m; sampling interval 2h), one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 67m; sampling interval 2h), two Satlantic SUNA nitrate sensors (nominal depths: 67m, 236m; sampling interval 6h), two Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensors (nominal depths: 67m, 236m; sampling interval 2h) and two Sunburst SAMI-pH sensors (nominal depths: 67m, 236m; sampling interval 3h). The mooring also included two McLane RAS water samplers (nominal depths: 67m, 236m) and two sediment traps (nominal depths: 449m, 522m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography and ocean current velocities were obtained from mooring F3-19 in the Fram Strait from July 2020 to July 2022 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM93 and recovered during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of three Seabird SBE37 MicroCATs (nominal depths: 49m, 245m, 764m; sampling interval 30m/1h), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 406m; sampling interval 2h) and two Nortek Aquadopp current meter (nominal depths: 763m, 1070m; sampling interval 1h). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams, and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, ocean current velocities and ocean acoustics were obtained from mooring F4-20 in the Fram Strait from June 2021 to July 2022 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS126 and recovered during PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of seven Seabird SBE37 MicroCATs (nominal depths: 76m, 153m, 253m, 402m, 502m, 727m, 1204m; sampling interval 15m/1h), four Seabird SBE56 temperature loggers (nominal depths: 53m, 103m, 203m, 323m; sampling interval 60s), one RDI Workhorse 300kHz ADCP (nominal depth: 53m; sampling interval 60s), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 382m; sampling interval 1h) and two AADI RCM11 current meter (nominal depths: 726m, 1205m; sampling interval 1h). The mooring also included an ASL Acoustic Zooplankton Fish Profiler (nominal depth: 103m, data archived elsewhere) and a Develogic Sonovault (nominal depth: 805m, data archived elsewhere). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams, and schedule files are also provided, if applicable. The SBE37 at 253m had power issues and stopped recording after ~5 months.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry, molecular biology and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring F4-S-5 in the Fram Strait from June 2021 to July 2022 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS126 and recovered during PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of four Seabird SBE37 MicroCATs (nominal depths: 17m, 22m, 46m, 241m; sampling interval 1h), one SBE56 temperature logger (nominal depth: 36m, sampling interval 60s), one Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 22m; sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 22m; sampling interval 2h), two Satlantics SUNA nitrate sensors (nominal depths: 22m, 241m; sampling interval 4h), two Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensors (nominal depths: 22m, 241m; sampling interval 1h) and two Sunburst SAMI-pH sensors (nominal depths: 22m, 241m; sampling interval 3h). The mooring also included two McLane RAS water samplers (nominal depths: 22m, 241m; data archived elsewhere), two sediment traps (nominal depths: 194m, 603m; data archived elsewhere), and four PE samplers (nominal depths: 64m, 248m, 503m, 1112m; data archived elsewhere). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams, and schedule files are also provided, if applicable. The pH sensor at 22 m and both SUNAs had issues and did not record any data.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography and ocean current velocities were obtained from mooring SCO1-1 in the Fram Strait from Aug 2018 to Aug 2022. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM76 and recovered during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of four Seabird SBE16 SeaCATs (nominal depths: 410m, 472m, 538m, 609m; sampling interval 1h), three SBE56 temperature logger (nominal depths: 442m, 502m, 630m; sampling interval 20s) and two AADI RCM11 current meter (nominal depths: 411m, 610m; sampling interval 2h). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams, and schedule files are also provided, if applicable. The data of one SBE16 (472m) could not be obtained because the instrument did not connect.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography and ocean current velocities were obtained from mooring SCO3-1 in the Fram Strait from Aug 2018 to Aug 2022. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM76 and recovered during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of two Seabird SBE16 SeaCATs (nominal depths: 246m, 405m; sampling interval 1h), one SBE37 MicroCAT (nominal depths: 296m; sampling interval 10m), two SBE56 temperature logger (nominal depths: 326m, 366m; sampling interval 20s) and one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 404m; sampling interval 2h). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams, and schedule files are also provided, if applicable. One SBE56 (366m), the ADCP (404m) and one SBE16 (405m) were lost during recovery.

Description: Underway temperature and salinity data was collected along the cruise track with two autonomous measurement systems. Usually, the systems are changed after 12 hours. While temperature is taken at the water inlet in about 6.5 m depth, salinity is estimated within the interior measurement container from conductivity and interior temperature. No calibration was done for temperature and salinity. For details to all processing steps see Data Processing Report.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, ocean current velocities and ocean acoustics were obtained from mooring F5-19 in the Fram Strait from July 2020 to July 2022 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM93 and recovered during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of three Seabird SBE37 MicroCATs (nominal depths: 59m, 240m, 724m; sampling interval 30m/1h), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 396m; sampling interval 2h) and one Nortek Aquadopp current meter (nominal depth: 723m; sampling interval 1h). The mooring also included an ASL Acoustic Zooplankton Fish Profiler (nominal depth: 139m; data archived elsewhere) and a Develogic Sonovault (nominal depth: 784m; data archived elsewhere). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams, and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Upper-ocean velocities along the cruise track of Maria S. Merian cruise MSM104 were continuously collected by a vessel-mounted Teledyne RD Instruments 75 kHz Ocean Surveyor ADCP. The transducer was located at 6.0 m below the water line. The instrument was operated in broadband mode with 16 m bins and a blanking distance of 8.0 m, while 50 bins were recorded using a pulse of 0.82 s. The ship's velocity was calculated from position fixes obtained by the Global Positioning System (GPS). Heading, pitch and roll data from the ship's gyro platforms and the navigation data were used by the data acquisition software VmDas internally to convert ADCP velocities into earth coordinates. Accuracy of the ADCP velocities mainly depends on the quality of the position fixes and the ship's heading data. Further errors stem from a misalignment of the transducer with the ship's centerline. Data post-processing included water track calibration of the misalignment angle (0.78° +/- 0.6134°) and scale factor (1.0133 +/- 0.0100) of the Ocean Surveyor signal. The average interval was set to 120 s.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry, molecular biology, and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring F4-S-3 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of two Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 23m, 50m; sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 2h), one Satlantic SUNA nitrate sensor (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 4h), one Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensor (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 1h) and one Sunburst SAMI-pH sensor (nominal depth: 23m; sampling interval 3h). The mooring also included a McLane RAS water sampler (nominal depth: 23m), a McLane PPS phytoplankton sampler (nominal depth: 25m) and two sediment traps (nominal depths: 204m, 613m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry, molecular biology and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring HG-EGC-5 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of three Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 72m, 241m, 508m; sampling interval 1h), three AADI RCM11 current meters (nominal depths: 79m, 248m, 511m; sampling interval 1h), one AADI Seaguard current meter (nominal depth: 987m, sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 72m; sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 72m; sampling interval 2h), two Satlantics SUNA nitrate sensors (nominal depths: 72m, 241m; sampling interval 4h), one Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensor (nominal depth: 241m; sampling interval 1h) and two Sunburst SAMI-pH sensors (nominal depths: 72m, 241m; sampling interval 3h). One Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensor (72m) was flooded and all data was lost. The mooring also included two McLane RAS water samplers (nominal depths: 72m, 241m) and one sediment trap (nominal depth: 504m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry and molecular biology were obtained from mooring F4-W-1 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of a profiling SBE19plus system on an NGK winch (nominal depth: 153m), two Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 157m, 252m; sampling interval 1h), one Satlantics SUNA nitrate sensor (nominal depth: 252m; sampling interval 4h), one Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensor (nominal depth: 252m; sampling interval 1h) and one Sunburst SAMI-pH sensor (nominal depth: 252m; sampling interval 3h). The mooring also included a McLane RAS water sampler (nominal depth: 252m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Upper-ocean velocities along the cruise track of Maria S. Merian cruise MSM104 were continuously collected by a vessel-mounted Teledyne RD Instruments 38 kHz Ocean Surveyor ADCP. The transducer was located at 6.0 m below the water line. The instrument was operated in broadband mode with 32 m bins and a blanking distance of 16.0 m, while 50 bins were recorded using a pulse of 1.65 s. The ship's velocity was calculated from position fixes obtained by the Global Positioning System (GPS). Heading, pitch and roll data from the ship's gyro platforms and the navigation data were used by the data acquisition software VmDas internally to convert ADCP velocities into earth coordinates. Accuracy of the ADCP velocities mainly depends on the quality of the position fixes and the ship's heading data. Further errors stem from a misalignment of the transducer with the ship's centerline. Data post-processing included water track calibration of the misalignment angle (0.41° +/- 1.2721°) and scale factor (1.0045 +/- 0.0274) of the Ocean Surveyor signal. The average interval was set to 120 s.

Description: Time series data of physical oceanography (seawater conductivity, temperature, pressure, salinity) and ocean current velocities were obtained from mooring F1-17 in the Fram Strait in September 2018 - July 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM76 and recovered during MSM93. The attached archive contains raw data files of one Seabird SBE37 microcat (nominal depth: 345m; sampling interval 20 min) and one RDI Quartermaster ADCP (nominal depth: 345m; sampling interval 1h). Although the mooring was recovered in July 2020, data is only available until July 2019 due to instrument power failures. The records show also evidence that the mooring was moved at the end of November 2018, most likely by a bottom trawler. Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, ocean current velocities and bio-optical seawater properties were obtained from mooring HG-IV-SWIPS-2019 (alternative name: HG-IV-W-4) in the Fram Strait in August 2019 - June 2021 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS121, and recovered during PS126. The attached archive contains raw data files of an integrated profiling SBE52plus system (nominal depth: 125m) and a single AADI Seaguard current meter (nominal depth: 154m; sampling interval: 1h). Due to technical issues with the SWIPS winch, the associated sensors only delivered useful profiling data during the first 2 months, albeit at a higher frequency than originally planned. Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring HG-IV-FEVI-38 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of four Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 52m, 253m, 1200m, 2526m; sampling interval 1h), two AADI RCM11 current meters (nominal depths: 203m, 1230m; sampling interval 1h), one Nortek Aquadopp current meter (nominal depth: 750m; sampling interval 20 min), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 409m; sampling interval 1h) and two AADI Seaguard current meters (nominal depths: 2348m, 2524m; sampling interval 1h). The mooring also included three sediment traps (nominal depths: 196m, 1223m, 2341m) and one BioOptical Platform (565m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: The annual glacier mass balance of Mullwitzkees in Hohe Tauern is measured since 2006-10-01 with the direct glaciological method in the fixed date system (1st October to 30th September of the following year). The accumulation of snow is measured by determination of the water equivalent in 6 snow pits, the ice ablation is measured with 15 stakes drilled into the ice. Results are the annual net mass balance in kg, the total accumulation and ablation, the glacier area and the portions of the area which are subject to ablation and accumulation, the elevation of the equilibrium line and the specific mass balance in kg/m**3 (= mm w.e.). The accumulation during the winter is determined by the 1st May. The project is funded by the "Hydrographischer Dienst der Abteilung Wasserwirtschaft des Amtes der Tiroler Landesregierung and National Park Hohe Tauern". New data will be added every year.

Description: The annual glacier mass balance of Hallstätter Gletscher in Austria is measured since 2006-10-01 with the direct glaciological method in the fixed date system (1st October to 30th September of the following year). The accumulation of snow is measured by determination of the water equivalent in 6 snow pits, the ice ablation is measured with 15 stakes drilled into the ice. Results are the annual net mass balance in kg, the total accumulation and ablation, the glacier area and the portions of the area which are subject to ablation and accumulation, the elevation of the equilibrium line and the specific mass balance in kg/m**2 (= mm w.e.). The accumulation during the winter is determined by the 1st May. The project is funded by the Amt der Oberösterreichischen Landesregierung and the Energie AG. The measurements are carried out by the Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research (http://www.mountainresearch.at/index.php/en/) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the company Blue Sky in Gmunden, Austria. New data will be added every year.

Description: The Venedigerkees in the Hohe Tauern National Park is the easternmost tributary glacier to the former tongue of Obersulzbachkees. As a result of the strong retreat of Obersulzbachkees, the glacier disintegrated into several tributary glaciers, with a large lake remaining at the location of a famous serac zone, the 'Türkische Zeltstadt'. Hydrological monitoring of the area is done by the Hydrological Survey of the Federal Government of Salzburg (DI Hans Wiesenegger) who initiated the mass balance monitoring programme together with Heinz Slupetzky and the Institute of Interdisciplinary Mountain Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The mass balance of the Venedigerkees is measured since 2011/12 with the direct or glaciological method. New data will be added every year.

Description: Data include area fractions of sea ice surface types (white ice/snow, bright melt ponds, dark melt ponds, open water, bare ice) obtained from aerial imagery during 29 research flights that were performed within the scope of the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) experiment from May 2020 until end of September 2020. The images were taken every four seconds by fisheye lens cameras (Canon EOS digital) installed on a helicopter or HELiPOD, a towed survey probe. The data set provides additional information about the attitude and geographic location of the helicopter/HELiPOD. Only images that passed the quality checks were included.

Description: The data sets contains the age model as well as bulk organic and n-alkane data of sediment core GeoTü SL167 to reconstruct changes of the oxygen minimum zone strength for the late Quaternary. The age model is based on 14C AMS measurements of planktonic foraminifera and is calibrated with the BACON v. 2.5.6 software for R (Blauuw & Christen, 2011) and a marine reservoir age of ΔR = 93 ± 61 years. The ΔR is based on the weighted mean of two regional marine reservoir corrections (Muscat) by Southon et al. (2002) using the marine calibration database (Reimer and Reimer, 2001, http://calib.org/marine/). Total organic carbon and nitrogen measurements were carried out with an Euro EA3000 elemental analyser and δ15N measurements with a Thermo Scientific Flash EA1112 coupled to a Finnigan MAT 252 IRMS. Total organic carbon mass accumulation rates (TOC MAR) based on calculation using the organic carbon content and total mass accumulation rates. A description of the calculation of the total mass accumulations rates is given in Burdanowitz et al 2021. The measurements of n-alkanes were carried out using Thermo Scientific Trace 1310 GC-FID and Thermo Scientific DSQ II (GC-MS). Gravity core GeoTü SL167, was retrieved at station no. 960 during R.V. METEOR cruise M74/1b in 2007 (Bohrmann et al., 2010) from the northwestern Arabian Sea off Oman, at 22°37.2'N, 59°41.5'E, 774 m water depth, core recovery 7.39 m. The sediment core was retrieved for the reconstruction of circulation and productivity changes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Quaternary with particular focus on changes in the Indian monsoon system.

Description: Data presented here were collected during the cruise MSM56 (Project MECAF) with the RV Maria S. Merian from Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway to Reykjavik, Iceland (July 01, 2016 to July 23, 2016). In total, 56 vertical CTD-hauls were conducted with the onboard CTD: in general, a deep cast up to bottom depth. The CTD system used was a Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. SBE 911plus, attached to a SBE 32 Carousel Water Sampler containing 24x 10-liter bottles. The system was equipped with: double temperature and conductivity probes, a pressure sensor (Digiquartz), an oxygen sensor (SBE 43), an altimeter (Benthos) and a chlorophyll fluorometer combined with a turbidity sensor (WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL). The sensors were pre-calibrated by the manufacturers for the ECO- AFL/FL additionally a post-cruise-calibration was done by the manufacturer. The data were recorded with the Seasave V 7.22 software and processed using SeaBird SBE Data Processing software. Data are visually checked. The ship position was derived from the shipboard GPS-system linked to the CTD data. The time zone is given in UTC. Salinity was quality checked by reference samples [n=20], measured with an Optimare Precision Salinometer (OPS S/N 003) 4 month after the cruise (S1: R² 0.9571).

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2013 in a network of three sites located in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area, near Naples (Italy) in the framework of the MONICA (Innovative Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Environment) Project. The aim of this activity is to acquire time series to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on geomorphological coastal processes, such as cliff retreat, landslides and beach erosion. The uploaded dataset includes data (temperature, relative humidity, wind, barometric pressure and rain) acquired at the Bacoli automatic weather station(model: DAVIS Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period Dec. 2013 - Oct. 2018. Automatic data transfer from the weather station to the ISMAR-CNRprocessing center of Naples is performed by an internet LAN connection.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2013 in a network of three sites located in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area, near Naples (Italy) in the framework of the MONICA (Innovative Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Environment) Project. The aim of this activity is to acquire time series to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on geomorphological coastal processes, such as cliff retreat, landslides and beach erosion. The uploaded dataset includes data (temperature, rain, wind, barometric pressure and humidity) acquired at the Capo Posillipo automatic weather station (model DAVIS Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period Dec. 2013 - Oct. 2018. The station is located in the western sector of the urban area of Naples (Italy). Automatic data transfer from the weather station to the ISMAR-CNR processing center, located in the Naples harbor, is routinely performed via an Internet LAN connection.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2015 at L.U.P.T. ("Laboratorio di Urbanistica e Pianificazione del Territorio Raffaele d'Ambrosio" of the University of Naples "Federico II"), located in Via Toledo, within the historical center of Naples. The meteorological station was installed in order to analyze and correctly understand the local process of Urban Heat Island, very challenging goal due to the complex orography and the closeness to the sea surface. The uploaded dataset includes data (temperature, relative humidity, wind, rain and barometric pressure) acquired at the L.U.P.T. automatic weather station (model: DAVIS Vantage Pro2 Plus - wireless) during the period Jan. 2017-Dec. 2018. From September to December 2018, the detected wind speed values were affected by a not quantifiable under-estimation due to a technical problem, so they were excluded by database.

Description: This entry contains two datasets from marine sediment core GeoB16204-2. While one dataset hosts geochemical (i.e., iron, titanium, calcium, ln(Fe/Ca), ln(Ti/Ca), calcium carbonate, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, stable hydrogen isotopic composition of C29 long-chain n-alkanes) and physical (i.e., porosity, wet bulk density, dry bulk density, fragmentation index, mass accumulation rate of the siliciclastic fraction and mass accumulation rate of the calcium carbonate fraction) data, the other hosts radiocarbon data.

Description: The glacier mass balance of Jamtalferner has been measured annually since 1988/1989 with the direct/glaciological method. Winter mass balance has been determined for 1st May in all years. The mass balance records are complemented by precipitation measurements at a gauge close to the glacier tongue and climate data recorded at the village of Galtür. New data will be added every year.

Description: The data contains upward broadband irradiance, as well as attitude corrected and uncorrected downward irradiance measurements that were performed during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) experiment between June and September 2020. Research flights were conducted by helicopter and the helicopter-borne probe HELiPOD. Measurements were taken by CMP22 broadband pyranometers (210-3600 nm). The data includes the attitude and geographic location of the helicopter/HELiPOD in a 10 Hz temporal resolution.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2013 in a network of three sites located in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area, near Naples (Italy) in the framework of the MONICA (Innovative Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Environment) Project. The aim of this activity is to acquire time series to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on geomorphological coastal processes, such as cliff retreat, landslides and beach erosion. The uploaded dataset includes data (temperature, rain, wind, barometric pressure and relative humidity) acquired at the Denza automatic weather station (model DAVIS Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period Jan. 2019 - Dec. 2019. Automatic data transfer from the weather station to the ISMAR-CNR processing center of Naples is performed by an internet LAN connection.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2013 in a network of three sites located in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area, near Naples (Italy) in the framework of the MONICA (Innovative Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Environment) Project. The aim of this activity is to acquire time series to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on geomorphological coastal processes, such as cliff retreat, landslides and beach erosion. The uploaded dataset includes data (temperature, rain, wind, barometric pressure and relative humidity) acquired at the Bacoli automatic weather station (model DAVIS Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period Jan. 2019 – Dec. 2019. Automatic data transfer from the weather station to the ISMAR-CNR processing center of Naples is performed by an internet LAN connection.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2015 at L.U.P.T. (“Laboratorio di Urbanistica e Pianificazione Territoriale - Raffaele d'Ambrosio” of the University of Naples “Federico II”), located in Via Toledo. The meteorological station was installed in order to study the process of Urban Heat Island in the historical center of Naples, very challenging goal due to the complex orography and the closeness to the sea surface. The uploaded dataset includes data (temperature, relative humidity, wind, solar radiation, UV radiation, rain and barometric pressure) acquired at the L.U.P.T. automatic weather station (model: DAVIS Vantage Pro2 Plus - wireless) during the period Jan. 2015-Dec. 2016.

Description: Weather monitoring is ongoing since 2013 in a network of three sites located in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area, near Naples (Italy) in the framework of the MONICA (Innovative Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Environment) Project. The aim of this activity is to acquire time series to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on geo-morphological coastal processes, such as cliff retreat, landslides and beach erosion. The uploaded dataset includes data (temperature, relative humidity, wind, barometric pressure and rain) acquired at the Bacoli automatic weather station (model: DAVIS Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period Jan. 2020 – Dec. 2020. Automatic data transfer from the weather station to the ISMAR-CNR processing center of Naples is performed by an internet LAN connection.

Description: Ion concentration data was obtained from the NGRIP1 ice core drilled in 1996 and 1997. NGRIP1 camp position 75.1N, 42.32W. All samples were cut and decontaminated using a microtome knife in a laminar-flow bench at the field site. In 1996, the 9.850 – 349.250 meter depth interval was cut continuously in 5 cm resolution. In 1997, selected sections from the Holocene, mainly containing volcanic signals, were cut in 5 cm or 2.5 cm depth resolution. Samples covering the 8.2 ka BP cold event were cut from the depth interval 1221-1237.5 m. The frozen samples were thawed in the laboratory and immediately after poured into sample vials for ion chromatography analyses. Bags 212-403 were measured in Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Sweden. The rest of the samples were measured at the Geophysics Department, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, on a Dionex 500 IC. The data are labeled "Sto" and "Cph" for samples analysed respectively in Stockholm and Copenhagen. Data measured in Stockholm were calibrated to a calibration curve established using eight standards, while data measured in Copenhagen were calibrated to a linear calibration curve established using a single standard. Ammonium concentrations measured in Copenhagen may be biased due to possible sample uptake of Ammonium from the air while in the liquid phase. In Stockholm, Li⁺ was not measured and F⁻ -concentrations may be biased due to methods that was not optimal for quantification of fast eluted ions. All values are ion concentrations given in µeq/L (micro-equivalent per liter melted ice). Data were collated November 2000 by Marie-Louise Siggaard-Andersen. Samples that are labeled PID (Possible Improper Decontamination) was marked in the field in cases where proper decontamination could be questioned. However, the amount of contamination is limited because the samples were in a solid state and the environment was very clean. Samples labeled PCL (Possible Contamination in the Liquid phase) was marked in the laboratory or during data evaluation in cases where contamination could be questioned. Samples labeled "remeasured" have been measured from a portion of the sample that has been kept in liquid state for several hours after thawing. The organic acids, formic acid and acetic acid, were measured but not quantified. A few sample are labeled "Organic Acid" because significant large amounts was observed in the chromatograms. The data file is released in connection with the ESSD paper of Rasmussen et al. (2023). Information about analysis setup can be found in Littot et al. (2002), Siggaard-Andersen et al. (2002), and Jonsell et al., (2007).

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2013 in a network of three sites located in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area, near Naples (Italy) in the framework of the MONICA (Innovative Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Environment) Project. The aim of this activity is to acquire time series to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on geomorphological coastal processes, such as cliff retreat, landslides and beach erosion. To this three sites has been added a new monitoring site in the Port of Naples, to delimit to the east the overall monitoring area. The uploaded dataset includes data (temperature, relative humidity, wind, barometric pressure and rain) acquired at the Port of Naples automatic weather station (model: DAVIS Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period Jan.2021-Dec. 2021. Automatic data transfer from the weather station to the ISMAR-CNR processing center of Naples is performed by an internet LAN connection.

Description: Raw data acquired by position sensors on board RV Polarstern during expedition PS131was processed to receive a validated master track which can be used as reference of further expedition data. During PS131 two Trimble Marine SPS461 GPS receivers and the iXBlue HYDRINS hydrographic survey inertial navigation system were used as navigation sensors. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. Processed data are provided as a master track with 1 sec resolution derived from the position sensors' data selected by priority and a generalized track with a reduced set of the most significant positions of the master track.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since late 2013 in a network of three sites located in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area, near Naples (Italy) in the framework of the MONICA (Innovative Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Environment) Project. The aim of this activity is to acquire time series to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on geomorphological coastal processes, such as cliff retreat, landslides and beach erosion. The uploaded dataset includes data (temperature, rain, wind, barometric pressure and relative humidity) acquired at the Denza automatic weather station (model DAVIS Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period Jan. 2014 - Dec. 2018. Automatic data transfer from the weather station to the ISMAR-CNR processing center of Naples is performed by an internet LAN connection.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2013 in a network of four sites located in the province of Naples in the framework of the MONICA (Innovative Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Environment) Project. The aim of this activity is to acquire time series to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on geomorphological coastal processes, such as cliff retreat, landslides and beach erosion. The uploaded dataset includes data (temperature, relative humidity, wind, barometric pressure and rain) acquired at the Lago Patria automatic weather station (model: DAVIS Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period Jan. 2021 – Dec. 2021. Automatic data transfer from the weather station to the ISMAR-CNR processing center of Naples is performed by an internet LAN connection.

Description: Raw data acquired by position sensors on board RV MERIAN during expedition MSM104 were processed to receive a validated master track which can be used as reference of further expedition data. During MSM104 the motion reference unit Kongsberg SeaTex AS MRU-5 combined with Kongsberg SeaTex AS Seapath 320 and the GPS receivers Trimble SPS855 and SAAB R4 were used as navigation sensors. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.bsh.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. Processing and evaluation of the data is outlined in the data processing report. Processed data are provided as a master track with 1 sec resolution derived from the position sensors' data selected by priority and a generalized track with a reduced set of the most significant positions of the master track.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2020 in two sites located in the urban area of the municipality of Naples. The aim of this activity, developed thanks to DICEA CIRES WATER funds, is to acquire time series of the most relevant meteorological parameters contributing to local scale climate (temperature, wind, rain) so to analyze the urban context and the physical processes there occurring, such as Urban Heat Island or flash floods. The final goal is to understand how these processes influence the comfort and safety of the population in an urban context in order to find solutions to improve the livability in indoor and outdoor space.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2020 in two sites located in the urban area of the municipality of Naples. The aim of this activity, developed thanks to DICEA CIRES WATER funds, is to acquire time series of the most relevant meteorological parameters contributing to local scale climate (temperature, wind, rain) so to analyze the urban context and the physical processes there occurring, such as Urban Heat Island or flash floods. The final goal is to understand how these processes influence the comfort and safety of the population in an urban context in order to find solutions to improve the livability in indoor and outdoor space.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2020 in two sites located in the urban area of the municipality of Naples. The aim of this activity, developed thanks to DICEA CIRES WATER funds, is to acquire time series of the most relevant meteorological parameters contributing to local scale climate (temperature, wind, rain) so to analyze the Urban context and the physical processes there occurring, such as Urban Heat Island or flash floods. The final goal is to understand how these processes influence the confort and safety of the population in a urban context in order to find solutions to improve the livability in indoor and outdoor space.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2020 in two sites located in the urban area of the municipality of Naples. The aim of this activity, developed thanks to DICEA CIRES WATER funds, is to acquire time series of the most relevant meteorological parameters contributing to local scale climate (temperature, wind, rain) so to analyze the Urban context and the physical processes there occurring, such as Urban Heat Island or flash floods. The final goal is to understand how these processes influence the confort and safety of the population in a urban context in order to find solutions to improve the livability in indoor and outdoor space.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since 2013 in a network of four sites located in the metropolitan area of Naples (Italy) in the framework of the MONICA (Innovative Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Environment) Project. The aim of this activity is to acquire time series to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on geomorphological coastal processes, such as cliff retreat, landslides and beach erosion. To this three sites has been added a new monitoring site in the Port of Naples, to delimit to the east the overall monitoring area. The uploaded dataset includes various meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, wind, barometric pressure and rain) acquired at the Naples's harbor automatic weather station (model: DAVIS Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period Jan. 2022 - Dec. 2022. Automatic data transfer from the weather station to the ISMAR-CNR processing center of Naples is performed by an internet LAN connection.

Description: Weather data monitoring is ongoing since March 2021 in Agnano, near Naples (Italy). The dataset includes thermo-hygrometric and pluviometric parameters, acquired at the Agnano automatic weather station (Model: DAVIS Instruments - Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period January 2022 - December 2022. The weather station is managed by Ippodromi Partenopei S. r. l. The data transfer from the weather station to remote server is performed by an Internet LAN connection. The main aim of this activity is to acquire rainfall dataseries in order to analyze the influence of pluviometry on recurrent volcanic seismic and/or microseismic activity (tremors) and landslides in the geographical area of Campi Flegrei.

Description: We aimed to explore the community compostion of benthic heterotrophic protists in three different regions of the southern Baltic Sea - Fehmarnbelt, Oderbank and Roennebank. Sediment samples where collected with a multicorer system and sliced into layered depth profile during three cruises in 2020, 2021 and 2022 with research vessels Elisabeth Mann Borgese (2020, EMB238 and 2021, EMB267) and Alkor (2022, AL570). We performed a paired-end NovaSeq sequencing (2 × 150 bp) run of the amplified V9 region of the 18S rDNA. This dataset includes the environmental data related to the sequencing study including sample IDs, region, sediment depth, station data, salinity and median grain size.

Description: We aimed to explore the community compostion of benthic heterotrophic protists in three different regions of the southern Baltic Sea - Fehmarnbelt, Oderbank and Roennebank. Sediment samples where collected with a multicorer system and sliced into layered depth profile during three cruises in 2020, 2021 and 2022 with research vessels Elisabeth Mann Borgese (2020, EMB238 and 2021, EMB267) and Alkor (2022, AL570). We performed a paired-end NovaSeq sequencing (2 × 150 bp) run of the amplified V9 region of the 18S rDNA. For subsequent quality measures during data analysis, we created an in vitro community, called a "mock community", comprising DNA of nine different protist cultures, adding this mixture to each individual sequencing run. After sequencing, the raw reads were demultiplexed and the barcode and primer sequences were clipped using cutadapt (Martin 2011). The data was further processed using the the dada2 package in R (Callahan et al. 2016). For taxonomic assignment we used the PR2 database (Protist Ribosomal Reference database, Guillou et al. 2012, https://pr2-database.org/ ) updated with 150 sequences obtained from our own collection using usearch_global (v2.18.0, Rognes et al. 2016). We discarded all Metazoa, fungi, autotrophic protists (determined on the basis of taxonomic assignment) and retained only heterotrophic protists' amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with a pairwise identity of 〉80% to a reference sequence. For the main dataset of samples, we then chose individual minimum thresholds per sample according to the accompanying mock community on the respective sequencing lane. For calculation of these thresholds, we used the proportion of the lowest read number of an ASV in the mock community data set that could be assigned to the cultured species.

Description: Ultrasound P-wave velocity was measured on 152 spherical samples (5 cm in diameter) prepared from various rocks sampled at various localities on several continents. The method developed by Pros and Babuška (1968) was used. The measurements were executed at confining pressures in majority corresponding to 13 steps of a pressurization-depressurization cycle: 0.1, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 0.1 MPa. For each sample and for each pressure step the P-wave velocity was measured in 132 independent directions corresponding to a regular grid of 15 times 15 degrees. The density of each sample was calculated from the sample weight and volume measured during the sample preparation. The P-wave velocity and density data were acquired from late 1960' to late 2010' corresponding to the operational period of the related laboratory at the Institute of Geophysics CAS where all the physical data were acquired. The measured data are supplemented by calculated P-wave velocity anisotropy and by minimum, mean and maximum P-wave velocity per each sample and confining pressure level. Basic petrographic properties of the samples were described. The petrographic description given in the dataset is based either on our own observations of thin sections under the optical microscope or reported from the literature or the historical record on the samples preserved in the archive of the Institute of Geophysics CAS. The data were collected for various research purposes during the laboratory history as documented in the references mentioned for some of the samples in the dataset. The most prominent research topics the data has been and can further be used for are: 1) deciphering the relation between the rock microstructure and the rock elastic properties, 2) revealing the orientation of microporosity (mostly of cracks) and its compliance with confining pressure (depth) and 3) introduction of the directly measured elastic properties into geophysical modeling based on indirect (typically seismic) methods.

Description: This dataset contains total and size-fractionated chlorophyll a samples in the micro-, nano- and pico-phytoplankton range collected in the upper layer (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 m depth).

Description: This dataset contains plankton samples collected with Niskin bottles in the upper layer (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 m depth) for composition and abundance of the micro-phytoplankton (microdiatoms) size fraction.

Description: This dataset contains nutrient measurements (nitrate, phosphate and silicate) from samples collected with Niskin bottles in the upper layer (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 m depth).

Description: Time series data of physical oceanography (seawater conductivity, temperature, pressure, salinity), ocean current velocities and hydroacoustics were obtained from mooring F4-18 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during Polarstern expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of 6 Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 63m, 150m, 250m, 500m, 731m, 1202m; sampling interval 1h), one RDI Workhorse Longranger ADCP (depth: 380m; sampling interval: 1h) and two AADI RCM11 current meters (depths: 730m, 1208m; sampling interval: 2h). The mooring also included a Develogic Sonovault (nominal depth: 800m; data archived elsewhere). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring HG-N-FEVI-37 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of two Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 48m, 2626m; sampling interval 1h), two AADI RCM11 current meters (nominal depths: 2448m, 2624m; sampling interval 1h) and one AADI Seaguard current meter (nominal depth: 210m; sampling interval 1h). The mooring also included two sediment traps (nominal depths: 203m, 2441m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, nutrient biogeochemistry and molecular biology were obtained from mooring HG-IV-S-3 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of two Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 26m, 52m; sampling interval 1h) and one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 24m; sampling interval 2h). The Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 24m; sampling interval 1h) was flooded and all data was lost. The mooring also included a McLane RAS water sampler (nominal depth: 24m) and a McLane PPS phytoplankton sampler (nominal depth: 26m). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable. The processed data of all sensors will be made available in separate entries.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, ocean current velocities and bio-optical seawater properties were obtained from mooring HG-IV-SWIPS-2018 in the Fram Strait in July 2018 - August 2019 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS114, and recovered during PS121. The attached archive contains raw data files of an integrated profiling SBE52plus system (nominal depth: 135m) and a single RCM11 current meter (nominal depth: 167m; sampling interval: 1h). Due to technical issues, the profiling winch only operated as intended for 1 month. Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time series data of physical oceanography (seawater conductivity, temperature, pressure, salinity) and ocean current velocities were obtained from mooring F3-18 in the Fram Strait in September 2018 - July 2020 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM76 and recovered during MSM93. The attached archive contains raw data files of four Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 54m, 200m, 250m, 760m; sampling interval 20 min), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 400m; sampling interval 1h) and two AADI RCM11 current meters (nominal depths: 759m, 1067m; sampling interval 2h). The ADCP suffered from a compass calibration issue. Both RCMs only measured for one year due to early power failures. Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time series data of physical oceanography (seawater conductivity, temperature, pressure, salinity), ocean current velocities, hydroacoustics and multi-frequency acoustic backscatter were obtained from mooring F5-18 in the Fram Strait in September 2018 - July 2020 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM76 and recovered during MSM93. The attached archive contains raw data files of three Seabird SBE37 microcats (nominal depths: 46m, 247m, 731m; sampling interval 20 min), one RDI 600kHz ADCP (nominal depth: 34m; sampling interval 30min), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 403m; sampling interval 1h) and one AADI RCM11 current meter (nominal depth: 730m; sampling interval 2h). The 600kHz ADCP wasn't aligned correctly in the water column due to issues with the attached flotations. Therefore, the data is likely not usable. The mooring also included one ASL Acoustic Zooplankton Fish Profiler (nominal depth: 135m; data archived elsewhere) and one Develogic Sonovault (nominal depth: 790m; data also archived elsewhere). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time series data of hydroacoustics and multi-frequency acoustic backscatter were obtained from mooring F4-OZA in the Fram Strait in September 2018 - July 2020 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM76 and recovered during MSM93. The mooring included one ASL Acoustic Zooplankton Fish Profiler (nominal depth: 155m; data archived elsewhere) and one Develogic Sonovault (nominal depth: 836m; data also archived elsewhere). The attached .zip file only contains the mooring diagrams.

Description: Time-series data of ocean current velocities and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring F4-W-3 in the Fram Strait from June 2021 to July 2022 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS126, and recovered during PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of one AADI RCM11 current meter (nominal depth: 143m; sampling interval 1h) and a profiling underwater winch (nominal depth: 114m). The mooring also included one BioOptical Platform (nominal depth: 420m; data archived elsewhere). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams and schedule files are also provided, if applicable. The winch had issues and did not record valid data, but the available files are included here for completeness.

Description: Time-series data of physical & biological oceanography, ocean current velocities, nutrient biogeochemistry, molecular biology and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring HG-EGC-7 in the Fram Strait from June 2021 to July 2022 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS126 and recovered during PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of three Seabird SBE37 MicroCATs (nominal depths: 38m, 232m, 484m; sampling interval 1h), three AADI RCM11 current meters (nominal depths: 45m, 239m, 487m; sampling interval 1h), one AADI Seaguard current meter (nominal depth: 993m, sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO PAR sensor (nominal depth: 38m; sampling interval 1h), one Wetlabs ECO Triplet fluorometer (nominal depth: 38m; sampling interval 2h), two Satlantics SUNA nitrate sensors (nominal depths: 38m, 232m; sampling interval 4h), two Sunburst SAMI-pCO2 sensors (nominal depths: 38m, 232m; sampling interval 1h) and two Sunburst SAMI-pH sensors (nominal depths: 38m, 232m; sampling interval 3h). The mooring also included two McLane RAS water samplers (nominal depths: 38m, 232m; data archived elsewhere), one sediment trap (nominal depth: 480m; data archived elsewhere), and four PE samplers (nominal depths: 51m, 239m, 482m, 893m; data archived elsewhere). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams, and schedule files are also provided, if applicable. The pH sensor at 38 m, the ECO Triplet at 38 m and the SUNA at 232m had issues and did not record any valid data.

Description: Time-series data of ocean acoustics were obtained from mooring F4-OZA-2 in the Fram Strait from July 2020 to July 2022 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM93 and recovered during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS131. The mooring included an ASL Acoustic Zooplankton Fish Profiler (nominal depth: 167m; data archived elsewhere), an MTE Aural M2 underwater recorder (nominal depth: 300m; data archived elsewhere) and a Develogic Sonovault (nominal depth: 836m; data archived elsewhere). The attached .zip file only contains the mooring diagrams and folder structure.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography, ocean current velocities and carbon/particle export were obtained from mooring HG-IV-FEVI-42 in the Fram Strait from June 2021 to July 2022 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS126 and recovered during PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of five Seabird SBE37 MicroCATs (nominal depths: 75m, 248m, 400m, 1200m, 2530m; sampling interval 1h), four Seabird SBE56 temperature loggers (nominal depths: 100m, 150m, 200m, 325m; sampling interval 60s), one Nortek Aquadopp current meter (nominal depth: 750m; sampling interval 20 min), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 404m; sampling interval 1h), three AADI Seaguard current meter (nominal depths: 198m, 1235m, 2348m; sampling interval 1h) and one AADI RCM11 current meter (nominal depth: 2524m; sampling interval 1h). The mooring also included three sediment traps (nominal depths: 191m, 1228m, 2341m; data archived elsewhere) and four PE samplers (nominal depths: 198m, 415m, 1178m, 2532m; data archived elsewhere). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams, and schedule files are also provided, if applicable.

Description: Time-series data of physical oceanography and ocean current velocities were obtained from mooring F2-20 in the Fram Strait from July 2020 to July 2022 as part of the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM) and the long-term monitoring program at AWI HAUSGARTEN. The mooring was deployed during RV MARIA S. MERIAN expedition MSM93 and recovered during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS131. The attached archive contains raw data files of three Seabird SBE37 MicroCATs (nominal depths: 17m, 251m, 777m; sampling interval 30m/1h), 10 Seabird SBE56 temperature loggers (nominal depths: 17m, 32m, 52m, 95m, 145m, 200m, 301m, 351m, 402m, 453m; sampling interval 60s), one RDI Longranger ADCP (nominal depth: 401m; sampling interval 2h) and one Nortek Aquadopp current meter (nominal depth: 726m; sampling interval 1h). Auxiliary information such as sensor calibration sheets, mooring diagrams, and schedule files are also provided, if applicable. The SBE56 at 402m was lost. The SBE37 at 251m had power issues and stopped recording after 2 months.

Description: 3D models, generated from underwater imagery, are a valuable asset for many applications. When acquiring images underwater, light is refracted as it passes the boundary layers between water, housing and the air inside the housing due to the different refractive indices of the materials. Thus the geometry of the light rays changes in this scenario and the standard pinhole camera model is not applicable. As a result, pinhole 3D reconstruction methods can not easily be applied in this environment. For the dense reconstruction of scene surfaces the added complexity is especially challenging, as these types of algorithms have to match vast amounts of image content. This work proposes the refractive adaptation of a PatchMatch Multi-View Stereo algorithm. The refraction encountered at flat port underwater housings is explicitly modeled to avoid systematic errors in the reconstruction. Concepts derived from the axial camera model are employed to handle the high demands of Multi-View Stereo regarding accuracy and computational complexity. Numerical simulations and reconstruction results on synthetically generated but realistic images with ground truth validate the effectiveness of the approach.

Description: Fishes occur in a wider range of habitats than any other vertebrate or invertebrate group, from the upper reaches of streams in high mountain ranges to the mouths of temperate and tropical rivers, and from the intertidal zone to the ocean's abyss. Fish grow in size, spawn and die, either from natural causes (predation, diseases, ageing) or from being caught in fishing nets if the population is exploited. These dynamical processes are expressed with mathematical equations and are used in population models to estimate fisheries reference points (stock assessment), which in turn provide the basis for fisheries management. Fish populations subjected to fisheries exploitation are called fish “stocks”. Fishing has been increasingly affecting fish stocks and ecosystems both directly and indirectly, and along with the human-induced climate change they pose major threats to fish biodiversity worldwide. Using the available data stored in local or global databases to assess the status of all stocks, even the data-poor fish stocks, and following an ecosystem approach to fisheries management that incorporates effort reduction through marine protected areas, may contribute to the sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources.

Description: Die kontinuierliche Aktivität basaltischer Vulkane an vielen Stellen der Erde produziert den Haupteil der globalen vulkanischen Masseneruptionsrate. Bei diesen Eruptionen bildet Magma mit der entmischten Gasphase eine homogene Zweiphasenströmung, wenn die Volatilsättigungstiefe relativ gering und die Aufstiegsrate des Magmas höher als die Beweglichkeit der Gasblasen ist. In niedrigviskosem Magma (μ 〈 500 Pa s) hingegen bewirkt die Beweglichkeit der Gasblasen eine separate Zweiphasen-Strömung, insbesondere wenn die Entgasung bereits in großer Tiefe beginnt (z.B. C02). Gasblasen können am Dach einer oberflächennahen Magmakammer akkumulieren und eine gasgetriebene Eruption auslösen, vorausgesetzt daß die Rate der Gasanreicherung den Verlust durch stille Entgasung ins Nebengestein übersteigt. Die Massenbilanz von extrudierter Lava zu Gasemission wird bei solchen gasgetriebenen Eruptionen vollständig vom Volatilenbudget des austretenden Magmas entkoppelt. Gaseruptionsraten werden nicht mehr durch Rekonstruktion des präeruptiven Volatilengehalts bilanzierbar. Stattdessen reguliert die Mischungskapazität der Zweiphasenströmung im Schlot dann die Massenbilanz. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden theoretische Strömungsmodelle für den separaten Gas-Magma Aufstieg entwickelt und das typische Eruptionsverhalten beschrieben. In skalierten Experimenten wurden die theoretischen Modelle bestätigt. Eine neue strömungsdynamisch fundierte Unterteilung basaltischer Eruptionstypen in • sporadisch pulsierende Fontäneneruption, • periodisch pulsierende Fontäneneruption und • stationäre Fontäneneruption wird statt der bisherigen Unterteilung in Strombolianische Explosionen und Hawaiianische Lavafontänen vorgeschlagen. Typisch für den Stromboli ist die sporadisch pulsierende Fontäneneruption, verursacht durch diskrete Großblasen (Slugs), die durch Verdampfung externen Wassers gebildet werden. Bei periodisch pulsierenden Fontäneneruptionen bricht die kontinuierliche Gaszufuhr in eine Zweiphasenströmung mit periodischen Folgen von Großblasen und Magma auf (Slug-Flow-Regime). Oberflächennahe, pulsierende Stösse magmatischer Fragmentierung in kurzen, regelmäßigen Zeitabständen resultieren aus dem periodischen Kollaps der Slugblasen. Steigerung der Gasfreisetzungsrate führt mit kontinuierlichem Übergang zur stationären Fontäneneruption mit annularem Strömungsregime im Schlot. Das Magma wird im Schlot zu Partikeln fragmentiert, die von der kontinuierlichen Gasphase mitgeführt werden. Der Strömungswiderstand der Zweiphasen-strömung wirkt an Stelle des lithostatischen Druckgradienten auf die Magmakammer. Der Druckgradient sinkt auf 1/3 des lithostatischen Wertes. Volatil-Übersättigung und beschleunigte Entgasung sind die Folge. Die Eruption endet abrupt, sobald die Gaszufuhr zur Aufrechterhaltung des Strömungsregimes nicht mehr ausreicht. Bildet die separate Gasphase eine ausgedehnte Gastasche in der Magmakammer, und überschreitet der sich entwickelnde Auftriebsdruck die Bruchfestigkeit des Vulkangebäudes, kollabiert die Gastasche in das sich öffnende Spaltensystem. Es entwickelt sich ein Supplied Slug, eine Riesenblase, die ständig von einem Gasstrom aus der Tiefe gespeist wird. Der Blasenkopf erreicht im offenen Schlot um eine Größenordnung höhere Geschwindigkeiten als bei fehlender Gaszufuhr (Unsupplied Slug). Die auflastende Magmasäule wird effusiv in der Art eines Kolbens ausgestossen. Öffnet sich die Blase, entwickelt sich ein annulares Strömungsregime mit stationärer Fontäneneruption. Dieser Vorgang wird als Auslöser der Pu'u O'o Eruptionsserie am Kilauea angesehen. Experimente mit kontinuierlicher Gaszufuhr zeigen eine Abhängigkeit der eruptiven Massenbilanz vom Strömungsregime, der Viskosität des Magmas, dem Mischungsgrad zwischen beiden Phasen, aber auch sehr stark von der Reibung im Schlotsystem. Im Slug-Flow-Regime wird das Magma durch die Blasenbewegung und das Längenwachstum der Slugblasen transportiert. Das Massenverhältnis von Flüssigkeit zu Gas sinkt mit steigender Viskosität. Die Experimente zeigen deutlich, daß die zylindrische Struktur der Slugblase und die Entwicklung eines runden, zentralen Strömungskanals weitgehend unabhängig von der äußeren Geometrie sind. Die Transportkapazität der Gasströmung begrenzt die Magmaförderrate im annularen Strömungsregime, so daß das Massenverhältnis von Partikeln zu Gas auf 50 〈 k 〈 80 eingegrenzt wird. In den Experimenten war k zusätzlich von der Reibung im magmatischen Fördersystem abhängig. Die Viskosität erhöht die Reibung und verringert k. Alle Experimente weisen daraufhin, daß vulkanischer Tremor durch Druckschwingungen entsteht, die aus Blasenbildungsprozessen herrühren, und das Frequenzspektrum des Tremors in typischer Weise mit dem Strömungsregime variiert. Slug-Flow erzeugt ein stark verrauschtes Signal, das in periodischen Abständen von den steilen Transienten der Slugbildung unterbrochen wird. Annulares Strömungsregime induziert eine Schlotresonanz mit starker Fluktuation der Resonanzfrequenz durch die turbulenten Schwankungen des Mischungsverhältnisses. Beim Aufstieg diskreter Slugblasen entwickelten sich in den Experimenten tieffrequente Druckschwingungen (〈 1 Hz). Wird die Blase als impulsangeregte Gasfeder aufgefaßt, die mit der Magmaauflast zum Schwingen angeregt wird, läßt sich ein quantitativer Zusammenhang zwischen der experimentellen Druckoszillation und Breitbandaufzeichnungen des natürlichen Tremors am Stromboli Vulkan finden. Drastische Druckverringerung in der Magmasäule während der negativen Amplitude der Schwingung führt zur oberflächennahen Freisetzung von Volatilen und so zu den sporadisch pulsierenden Fontäneneruptionen des Stromboli. Magmatransport auf der Grenzfläche der aufsteigender Blasen induziert starke, vertikale Konvektion im Schlot und sättigt die anstehende Magmasäule langfristig mit Volatilen. Erstmalig wurde die Radar-Doppler-Technik für in situ Geschwindigkeitsmessungen vulkanischer Ejekta von uns am Stromboli eingesetzt. Die neue Technik erwies sich als gut geeignet für den Aufbau eines Meßsystems zur dreidimensionalen, zeitlich und ortsaufgelösten Geschwindigkeitsanalyse der Eruptionsfontäne. In Kombination mit seismischen Messungen ist dies ein wesentlicher Schritt zu einem besseren Verständnis des Eruptionsdynamik.

Description: Cadmium (Cd) has a nutrient-like distribution in the ocean, similar to the macronutrient phosphate. Significant isotope fractionation induced by the biological cycling of Cd makes it a potential tracer for nutrients and productivity. However, the Cd flux and Cd isotope composition of marine sediments can also be influenced by local redox conditions and partial remineralization of organically hosted Cd. These confounding factors are under-constrained and render it challenging to use Cd as a reliable paleoproxy. To understand the relative importance of each of these processes, we examined the Cd isotope systematics of 69 modern sediments deposited across a wide range of environments. We complement these data with four profiles of particulate Cd isotope compositions from the Southern Ocean. We report three main results. First, we show that the sedimentary flux of Cd is tightly coupled to that of organic matter. Second, most Cd burial occurs in regions with some bottom-water oxygen, and the flux of CdS to anoxic regions is, globally, minor. Finally, we find that remineralization can substantially modify sedimentary Cd isotope compositions, though it is challenging to relate pelagic and sedimentary processes. For example, we find that the relationship between sedimentary Cd isotope compositions and surface seawater [Cd] is the reverse of that predicted by isotope reactor models. Likewise, sedimentary Cd isotope compositions are anti-correlated with bottom-water oxygen. While this pattern is consistent with preferential remineralization of isotopically heavy Cd, profiles of marine particulate matter reveal the reverse, whereby the Cd isotope composition of large particles, which are most likely to reach the seafloor, becomes increasingly ‘heavy’ with depth. These results highlight how productivity, redox, and remineralization all influence the flux and isotope composition of Cd to marine sediments. While our study suggests that there is no simple way to relate sedimentary Cd isotopes to surface nutrient utilization, our data point toward several potential controls that could form the basis of novel proxies for local redox conditions and remineralization.