ALBERT

Note: Inhalt: Vorwort. - Vorwort zur 2.Auflage. - TEIL I GRUNDLAGEN DER HISTORISCHEN KLIMAFORSCHUNG. - Klima in Perspektive: Eine Einführung. - Begründung und Forschungsansätze. - Forschungssituation in Mitteleuropa. - Auf Spurensuche: Quellen, Daten und Zitate. - Chroniken und Annalen: Die ersten Spuren von Wetter, Witterung und Klima. - Quelleninformation - Quellenbezug - Quellenkompilation: Die Dhein-Chronik. - Als das Wetter zum täglichen Ereignis wurde: Wetterjournale. - Vom Wetter auf See: Schiffsjournale. - Vom Wetter unterwegs: Itinerare. - Wetter nach Maß: Die Anfänge der Instrumentenmessung. - Gemalt, gepinselt und gehämmert: Bildhafte und plastische Informationen zum historischen Klima. - Klima auf Umwegen: Proxydaten. - Methoden zur Klimarekonstruktion. - "Hat man mir wahrhafftiglich versicheret": Die quellenkritische Interpretation von schriftlichen Quellenhinweisen. - Klima-, Witterungs- und Wettervorstellungen: Ein Beitrag zur Quellenkritik. - Quelle - Index - Klimawert: Die Transformation schriftlicher Klimahinweise. - Tägliche Wetteraufzeichnungen: Rückblicke der besonderen Art. - Historische Instrumentenmessdaten: Ein Brückenschlag zur Moderne. - Proxydaten: Ihre klimatische Interpretation. - Methoden: Eine Nachbetrachtung. - HISKLID: Aufbau und Struktur der Historischen Klimadatenbank. - TEIL II HITZE, FLUTEN, EIS UND STURM IM SPIEGELBILD DER QUELLEN. - Vom Optimum der Römerzeit über das Pessimum der Völkerwanderung ins Mittelalterliche Wärmeoptimum. - Prolog zum Mittelalterlichen Wärmeoptimum. - Das Klima von 1000 bis 1500. - Warme Zeiten - kalte Zeiten: Die Sommerverhältnisse von 1000 und 1500. - Aus der Kältekammer ins Treibhausklima: Die Winterverhältnisse von 1000 bis 1500. - Im Märzen der Bauer? Die Frühlingsverhältnisse von 1000 bis 1500. - Altweibersommer oder Herbststürme? Die Herbstverhältnisse von 1000 bis 1500. - Das Klima von 1500 bis 2000. - Der jährliche Witterungsgang von 1500 bis 1750. - Zur Kleinen Eiszeit - ein Epilog. - Aus der Kleinen Eiszeit ins Treibhausklima: Die Verhältnisse ab 1750. - Die derzeitigen Folgen. - Der Klimagang der letzten 1000 Jahre - eine Zusammenschau. - Der methodische Weg. - Zum Klimaverlauf ab dem Jahr 1000. - Zur Frage der Steuerungsmechanismen. - Klimarekonstruktionen und -simulationen der letzten 1000 Jahre auf der Basis von naturwissenschaftlichen Daten. - Wenn sich Wetter und Klima zur Katastrophe auswachsen. - Unwetter über Mitteleuropa. - Gewitter in Mitteleuropa. - Stürme und Orkane über Deutschland. - Die Sturmfluten an der deutschen Nord- und Ostseeküste. - Hochwasserereignisse an deutschen Flüssen. - Historische Hochwasser und Atmosphärische Zirkulationsdynamik. - Jahrhundert- und Jahrtausendhochwasser. - Höhenrauch - Sommerhitze - Winterstrenge - Hochwasser: Vier Schritte in die Katastrophe. - Die Hochwasserkatastrophe von 1824 am Neckar und aktuelle planerische Konsequenzen. - Klimakatastrophen in Mitteleuropa: Eine Nachlese. - Die zukünftige Entwicklung des Klimas und die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels in Mitteleuropa. - Die ökonomischen Folgen. - Erkenntniswege zum Treibhausklima. - Die historische Entwicklung des politischen Handlungsrahmens. - 1200 Jahre Klimageschichte: Ein Resümee. - Anhang. - Abkürzungen. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Sachregister. - Ortsregister.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Topography and hydrography. - Climate, glaciation, permafrost. - Notes on the scientific exploration of the area. - Sea level changes. - C-14 dates on shell material, corrections and errors. - Marine limits. - Emergence curves. - Marine faunas. - Glaciation history. - Pleistocene glaciation. - The Milne Land Moraines. - Glacial retreat, the Rødefjord stages. - Glacial readvance. - Climatic implications. - Comparison with other areas. - Pollen analytical investigations. - Field methods. - Lake sediments. - C-14 dates of lake sediments and rates of sedimentation. - Pollen preparation and calculation procedures. - Pollen identification. - Description of sites and pollen diagrams. - Notes on the present vegetation. - Discussion and reconstruction of vegetation types. - Plant immigration and climatic change. - Summary of the vegetation history. - Comparison with other areas. - General notes on the climatic development. - Acknowledgements. - References.

Note: Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 The necessity for measurements 1.2 Definition of a measurement 1.3 Historical aspects 2 Measurement basics 2.1 Overview of methods 2.1.1 Direct and indirect methods 2.1.2 In-situ and remote sensing methods 2.1.3 Instantaneous and integrating methods 2.1.4 On-line and off-line methods, post-processing 2.1.5 Flux measurements 2.2 Main measurement principles 2.3 Measurements by inversion 2.3.1 Inversion with one variable 2.3.2 Inversion with more than one variable 2.3.3 Well-posed and ill-posed problems 2.4 Measurement instruments 2.4.1 Active and passive instruments 2.4.2 Analogue and digital instruments 2.5 Measurement platforms 2.6 Measurement variables 2.7 General characteristics of measured data 2.8 Data logging 2.9 Quality assurance/quality control 3 In-situ measurements of state variables 3.1 Thermometers 3.1.1 Liquid-in-glass thermometers 3.1.2 Bimetal thermometers 3.1.3 Resistance thermometers, thermistors 3.1.4 Thermocouples, thermopiles 3.1.5 Sonic thermometry 3.1.6 Measurement of infrared radiation 3.1.7 Soil thermometer 3.1.8 Recommendations for temperature measurements 3.2 Measuring moisture 3.2.1 Hygrometer 3.2.2 Psychrometers 3.2.3 Dewpoint determination 3.2.4 Capacitive methods 3.2.5 Recommendations for humidity measurements 3.3 Pressure sensors 3.3.1 Barometers 3.3.2 Hypsometers 3.3.3 Electronic barometers 3.3.4 Microbarometer 3.3.5 Pressure balance 3.3.6 Recommendations for pressure measurements 3.4 Wind measurements 3.4.1 Estimation from visual observations 3.4.2 Wind direction 3.4.3 Cup anemometer 3.4.4 Pressure tube 3.4.5 Hot wire anemometer 3.4.6 Ultrasonic anemometer 3.4.7 Propeller anemometer 3.4.8 Recommendations for wind measurements 4 In-situ methods for observing liquid water and ice 4.1 Precipitation 4.1.1 Rain sensors (Present Weather Sensors) 4.1.2 Rain gauges (totalisators) 4.1.3 Pluviographs 4.1.4 Disdrometer 4.1.5 Special instruments for snow 4.1.6 Recommendations for precipitation measurements 4.2 Soil moisture 4.2.1 Gravimetric methods 4.2.2 Neutron probes 4.2.3 Time domain reflectrometry (TDR) 4.2.4 Tensiometers 4.2.5 Resistance block tensiometer 4.2.6 Recommendations for soil moisture measurements 5 In-situ measurement of trace substances 5.1 Measurement of trace gases 5.1.1 Physical methods 5.1.2 Chemical methods 5.1.3 Recommendations for the measurement of trace gases 5.2 Particle measurements 5.2.1 Determination of the particle mass 5.2.2 Measuring particle size distributions 5.2.3 Measurement of the chemical composition of particles 5.2.4 Measuring the particle structure 5.2.5 Saltiphon 5.2.6 Recommendations for particle measurements 5.3 Olfactometry 5.4 Radioactivity 5.4.1 Counter tubes 5.4.2 Scintillation counters 5.4.3 Recommendations for radioactivity monitoring 6 In-situ flux measurements 6.1 Measuring radiation 6.1.1 Measuring direct solar radiation 6.1.2 Measuring shortwave irradiance 6.1.3 Measuring longwave irradiance 6.1.4 Measuring the total irradiance 6.1.5 Measuring chill 6.1.6 Sunshine recorder 6.1.7 Recommendations for radiation measurements 6.2 Visual range 6.3 Micrometeorological flux measurements 6.3.1 Cuvettes 6.3.2 Surface chambers 6.3.3 Mass balance method 6.3.4 Inferential method 6.3.5 Gradient method 6.3.6 Bowen-ratio method 6.3.7 Flux variance method 6.3.8 Dissipation method 6.3.9 Eddy covariance method 6.3.10 Eddy accumulation methods 6.3.11 Disjunct eddy covariance method 6.3.12 Recommendations for the measurement of turbulent fluxes 6.4 Evaporation Atmometers 6.4.2 Lysimeters 6.4.3 Evaporation pans and tanks 6.4.4 Recommendations for evaporation measurements 6.5 Soil heat flux 6.6 Inverse emission flux modelling 7 Remote sensing methods 7.1 Basics of remote sensing 7.2 Active sounding methods 7.2.1 RADAR 7.2.2 Windprofilers 7.2.3 SODAR 7.2.4 RASS 7.2.5 LIDAR 7.2.6 Further LIDAR techniques 7.3 Active path-averaging methods 7.3.1 Scintillometers 7.3.2 FTIR 7.3.3 DOAS 7.3.4 Quantum cascade laser 7.4 Passive methods 7.4.1 Radiometers 7.4.2 Photometers 7.4.3 Infrared-Interferometer 7.5 Tomography 7.5.1 Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique 7.5.2 Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) 7.5.3 Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) 8 Remote sensing of atmospheric state variables 8.1 Temperature 8.1.1 Near-surface temperatures 8.1.2 Temperature profiles 8.2 Gaseous humidity 8.2.1 Integral water vapour content 8.2.2 Vertical profiles 8.2.3 Large-scale humidity distribution 8.3 Wind and turbulence 8.3.1 Small-scale near-surface turbulence 8.3.2 Horizontal wind fields 8.3.3 Vertical wind profiles 8.3.4 Turbulence profiles 8.3.5 Cloud winds 8.3.6 Ionospheric winds 8.4 Mixing-layer heights 8.4.1 LIDAR 8.4.2 SODAR 8.5 Turbulent fluxes 8.6 Ionospheric electron densities 8.7 Recommendations for remote sensing of state variables 9 Remote sensing of water and ice 9.1 Precipitation 9.1.1 RADAR 9.1.2 Precipitation measurements from satellites 9.2 Clouds 9.2.1 Cloud base 9.2.2 Cloud cover 9.2.3 Cloud movement 9.2.4 Water content 9.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of liquid water and ice 10 Remote sensing of trace substances 10.1 Trace gases 10.1.1 Horizontal path-averaging methods 10.1.2 Vertical column densities 10.1.3 Sounding methods 10.2 Aerosols 10.2.1 Aerosol optical depths (AOD) 10.2.2 Sounding methods 10.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of trace substances 11 Remote sensing of surface properties 11.1 Properties of the solid surface 11.1.1 Surface roughness 11.1.2 Land surface temperature 11.1.3 Soil moisture 11.1.4 Vegetation 11.1.5 Snow and ice 11.1.6 Fires 11.2 Properties of the ocean surface 11.2.1 Altitudes of the sea surface 11.2.2 Wave heights 11.2.3 Sea surface temperature 11.2.4 Salinity 11.2.5 Ocean currents 11.2.6 Ice cover, size of ice floes 11.2.7 Algae and suspended sediment concentrations 12 Remote sensing of electrical phenomena 12.1 Spherics 12.1.1 Directional analyses 12.1.2 Distance analyses 12.2 Optical lightning detection 13 Outlook on new developments Literature Subject index Appendix: Technical guidelines and standards Index to the Appendix

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Kt. u.d.T.: Part of Franz Josef Archipelago surveyed by the Ziegler Polar Expedition 1903-4-5 〈1 : 600.000〉 ; Map of Franz Josef Archipelago compiled from surveys of the Ziegler Polar Expeditions 1901--02, 1903-5, and from information published by Payer (1872-74), Leigh Smith (1880-81), Jackson (1894-97), Nansen (1895-96), Wellman (1898-99), the Duke of the Abruzzi (1899-1900) 〈1 : 750.000〉 , Contents: Introduction by Anthony Fiala. - Section A - Magnetic Observations and Reductions. - Section B - Notes and Sketches of the Auroræ Borealis. - Section C - Meteorological Observations and Compilations. - Section D - Tidal Observations and Reductions. - Section E - Astronomic Observations and Reductions. - Section F - Map construction and survey work

Note: Inhalt Vorwort Einleitung / Sonja Germer, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens Zur gegenwärtigen Situation der Fokusregion Berlin-Brandenburg / Sonja Germer, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens I. Umweltwandel und die Folgen für den Landschaftswasserhaushalt Einleitung / Sonja Germer, Barbara Köstner, Herbert Sukopp, Jost Heintzenberg Temperaturaufzeichnungen in Berlin für die letzten 310 Jahre / Ulrich Cubasch, Christopher Kadow Simulation des gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Regionalklimas von Brandenburg / Eberhard Schaller Simulation von Wasserhaushaltskomponenten unter dem Wandel des regionalen Klimas / Barbara Köstner, Matthias Kuhnert Reaktionen von Seeökosystemen auf Umweltveränderungen / Michael Hupfer, Brigitte Nixdorf, Klement Tockner Anthropogene Einflussfaktoren des Landschaftswasserhaushalts / Gunnar Lischeid Wasserhaushaltliche und wasserwirtschaftliche Bilanzen / Uwe Grünewald Kernaussagen / Barbara Köstner, Sonja Germer, Jost Heintzenberg II. Wandel von Landnutzungen und deren Konsequenzen für Wasserressourcen Einleitung / Inge Broer, Alfred Pühler, Mihaiela Rus Regionale Landwirtschaft im globalen Wandel / Konrad Hagedorn Den Rahmen setzen für die Entwicklung der Kulturlandschaften von morgen. Regionale Antworten auf globale Herausforderungen finden / Werner Konold Strategien zum Integrierten Land- und Wasserressourcenmanagement im märkischen Feuchtgebietsgürtel Oderbruch-Havelland / Joachim Quast Wassermanagement in der Landwirtschaft / Katrin Drastig, Annette Prochnow, Reiner Brunsch Waldbewirtschaftung unter den Bedingungen des Klimawandels in Brandenburg / Ralf Kätzel, Klaus Höppner Erzeugung und Verbrauch von landwirtschaftlichen Produkten aus Brandenburg in Berlin / Hans Kögl Neue Entwicklungen in der Pflanzenzüchtung und Systembetrachtungen der Pflanze-Umwelt-Interaktion / Inge Broer, Reiner Brunsch Kernaussagen / Inge Broer, Alfred Pühler, Mihaiela Rus III. Infrastrukturen neu denken: gesellschaftliche Funktionen und Weiterentwicklung / Eva Barlösius, Karl-Dieter Keim, Georg Meran, Timothy Moss, Claudia Neu Gegenwärtige Situation der Infrastrukturen Ausgangspunkt: LandInnovation Leistungen der Infrastrukturen in der Vergangenheit Wasser- und Bildungsinfrastrukturen: Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede Kernaussagen über Infrastrukturen IV. Handeln unter Bedingungen des globalen Wandels / Sonja Germer, Karl-Dieter Keim, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens, Rolf Emmermann, Reinhard F. Hüttl Übergeordnete Herausforderungen des globalen Wandels Brückenprinzipien als Handlungsorientierung für den Umgang mit dem globalen Wandel Stärkung der interdisziplinären Forschung und des Transfers Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Verzeichnis der Autorinnen und Autoren Verzeichnis der Mitglieder der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung Verzeichnis der Diskussionspapiere der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Was ist Statistische Datenanalyse? 1.2 Ziele 1.3 Hinweise 1.4 Literatur zur angewandten Statistik 1 Beschreibende Statistik 2 Beschreibung eindimensionaler Stichproben 2.1 Histogramme 2.2 Einige Bezeichnungen und Begriffe 2.3 Kennzahlen für eine quantitative Stichprobe 2.4 Klassierte Daten 2.5 Mehrere Stichproben 2.6 Transformationen von beobachteten Werten 2.7 Wertebereiche, Datensorten 2.8 Transformationen und Unterschiede zwischen Beobachtungen 3 Beschreibende Statistik mehrdimensionaler Daten 3.1 Grafische Darstellungen fur zwei zusammenhangende Grossen 3.2 Die Produktmomenten-Korrelation 3.3 Rangkorrelation 3.4 Zur Interpretation von Korrelationen 3.5 Regression 3.6 Multivariate Beobachtungen 3.7 Zeitreihen und räumliche Daten 3.8 Allgemeines zu grafischen Darstellungen 3.9 Wie weiter? Literatur zu Teil I II Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung 4 Wahrscheinlichkeit 4.1 Einleitung 4.2 Grundbegriffe und Grundeigenschaften 4.3 Zufallsvariable 4.4 Zufallszahlen 4.5 Zwei Zufallsvariable, gemeinsame Verteilung 4.6 Unabhangige Ereignisse und Zufallsvariable 4.7 Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit 4.8 Bedingte Verteilung 4.9 Der Satz von Bayes 4.10 Was ist eine Wahrscheinlichkeit? 4.11 Wie weiter? 5 Diskrete Verteilungen 5.1 Binomial-Verteilung 5.2 Die Poisson-Verteilung 5.3 Kennzahlen 5.4 Verteilungsfamilien 5.5 Die multinomiale Verteilung 5.6 Summen von Zufallsvariablen 5.7 Zufalls-Stichproben 5.8 Gesetze der grossen Zahl 5.9 Stochastische Prozesse 6 Stetige Verteilungen 6.1 Grundlagen 6.2 Grundbegriffe, Exponential-und uniforme Verteilung 6.3 Kennzahlen für stetige Verteilungen 6.4 Transformationen von Zufallsvariablen 6.5 Die Normalverteilung 6.6 Die Lognormal- Verteilung 6.7 Weitere stetige Verteilungsfamilien 6.8 Gemeinsame und bedingte Verteilung 6.9 Unabhangige Zufallsvariable und Correlation 6.10 Funktionen von mehreren Zufallsvariablen 6.11 Gausssche Fehler-Fortpflanzung 6.12 Der Zentrale Grenzwertsatz 6.13 Rückblick Literatur zu Teil II III Schliessende Statistik 7 Schätzungen 7.1 Drei Grundfragen der schliessenden Statistik 7.2 Schätzungen für B, V und M 7.3 Eigenschaften von Schätzungen 7.4 Die Maximum-Likelihood-Methode 7.5 Robuste Schätzungen 8 Tests 8.1 Einführende Beispiele und Begriffe 8.2 Test fiir eine Wahrscheinlichkeit 8.3 Die Teststatistik 8.4 Vorgehen bei einem statistischen Test 8.5 Tests für eine Stichprobe oder zwei gepaarte Stichproben 8.6 Interpretation von Testergebnissen 8.7 Bemerkungen zum P-Wert 8.8 Vergleich von zwei quantitativen Stichproben 8.9 Macht 8.10 Asymptotische Tests und Randomisierungs-Tests 8.11 Sinn und Unsinn statistischer Tests 9 Vertrauensintervalle 9.1 Vertrauensintervalle für Binomial-und Poisson-Verteilung 9.2 Die Grundeigenschaft von Vertrauensintervallen 9.3 Vertrauensintervalle für Lageparameter 9.4 Bootstrap und andere Resampling-Methoden 9.5 Vertrauens- und andere Intervalle 9.6 Schätzungen, Tests und Vertrauensintervalle im Vergleich 9.7 Wo stehen wir? Literatur zu Teil III IV Methoden der Datenanalyse 10 Nominate Daten 10.1 Multinomiale Verteilung und Chiquadrat-Test 10.2 Der Chiquadrat-Anpassungstest 10.3 Der Chiquadrat-Test in Kontingenztafeln 10.4 Die häufigsten Fehler beim Chiquadrat-Test 11 Überprüfung von Voraussetzungen 11.1 Problemstellung 11.2 Quantil-Quantil-Diagramme 11.3 Anpassungstests 11.4 Bedeutung von Tests zur Prüfung von Voraussetzungen 11.5 Unabhiingigkeit 12 Varianzanalyse 12.1 Vergleich mehrerer Stichproben, einfache Varianzanalyse 12.2 Multiple Vergleiche, multiple Tests 12.3 Mehrere verbundene Stichproben 12.4 Zweiweg-Varianzanalyse 12.5 Zufallige Effekte, Varianz-Komponenten 12.6 Ausblick Literatur 13 Regression 13.1 Das Modell der einfachen linearen Regression 13.2 Schätzung der Parameter 13.3 Tests und Vertrauensintervalle für die Koeffizienten 13.4 Vertrauens-und Vorhersage-Bereiche 13.5 Multiple lineare Regression 13.6 Vielfalt der Modelle der multiplen linearen Regression 13.7 Interpretation von Regressionskoeffizienten 13.8 Residuen-Analyse 13.9 Einflussreiche Beobachtungen 13.10 Modellwahl 13.11 Allgemeinere Modelle für stetige Zielgrossen 13.12 Verallgemeinerte lineare Modelle Literatur 14 Versuchsplanung 14.1 Einleitung 14.2 Allgemeine Überlegungen 14.3 Versuchsplane 14.4 Eine Checkliste Literatur 15 Multivariate Statistik 15.1 Mehrdimensionale Zufallsvariable 15.2 Schatzung von Erwartungswert und Kovarianz-Matrix 15.3 Die mehrdimensionale Normalverteilung 15.4 Statistik der Normalverteilung 15.5 Hauptkomponenten 15.6 Diskriminanz- Analyse Literatur 16 Zeitreihen 16.1 Fragestellungen 16.2 Auto-Korrelation 16.3 ARMA-Modelle 16.4 Statistik von Zeitreihen 16.5 Vorhersage 16.6 Zustandsraum-Modelle 16.7 Spektralanalyse 16.8 Raumliche Korrelation 16.9 Regression mit Zeitreihen Literatur 17 Stichproben-Erhebungen 17.1 Einleitung 17.2 Einfache Zufalls-Stichprobe 17.3 Geschichtete Stichproben 17.4 Weitere Stichproben-Plane 17.5 Weitere Schatzmethoden 17.6 Auswertung von Umfragen 17.7 Eine Checkliste Literatur 18 Ausblick 18.1 Bedeutung von Wahrscheinlichkeit-Modellen 18.2 Grosse Datensatze, beschreibende Modelle 18.3 Die Statistik und ihre Anwendungen Nachwort A Anhang: Kurzfassung des wichtigsten Stoffes Literaturverzeichnis Sachwortverzeichnis

Note: Contents: 1 The origins of ACSYS / Victor Savtchenko. - PART I OBSERVATIONS: 2 Advances in Arctic atmospheric research / James E. Overland and Mark C. Serreze. - 3 Sea-ice observation: advances and challenges / Humfrey Melling. - 4 Observations in the ocean / Bert Rudels, Leif Anderson, Patrick Eriksson, Eberhard Fahrbach, Martin Jakobsson, E. Peter Jones, Humfrey Melling, Simon Prinsenberg, Ursula Schauer, and Tom Yao. - 5 Observed hydrological cycle / Hermann Mächel, Bruno Rudolf, Thomas Maurer, Stefan Hagemann, Reinhard Hagenbrock, Lev Kitaev, Eirik J. Førland, Vjacheslav Rasuvaev, and Ole Einar Tveito. - 6 Interaction with the global climate system / T. A. McClimans, G. V. Alekseev, O. M. Johannessen, and M. W. Miles. - PART II MODELLING: 7 Mesoscale modelling of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer and its interaction with sea ice / Christof Lüpkes, Timo Vihma, Gerit Birnbaum, Silke Dierer, Thomas Garbrecht, Vladimir M. Gryanik, Micha Gryschka, Jörg Hartmann, Günther Heinemann, Lars Kaleschke, Siegfried Raasch, Hannu Savijärvi, K. Heinke Schlünzen, and Ulrike Wacker. - 8 Arctic regional climate models / K. Dethloff, A. Rinke, A. Lynch, W. Dorn, S. Saha, and D. Handorf. - 9 Progress in hydrological modeling over high latitudes: under arctic climate system study (ACSYS) / Dennis P. Lettenmaier and Fengge Su. - 10 Sea-ice-ocean modelling / Rüdiger Gerdes and Peter Lemke. - 11 Global climate models and 20th and 21st century Arctic climate change / Cecilia M. Bitz, Jeff K. Ridley, Marika Holland, and Howard Cattle. - 12 ACSYS: Scientific foundation for the climate and cryosphere (CliC) project / Konrad Steffen, Daqing Yang, Vladimir Ryabinin, and Ghassem Asrar.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - Zusammenfassung. - Abstract. - 1. Einleitung. - 1.1. Äußerer und innerer Bau der Torfmoose. - 1.2. Reproduktionsbiologie der Torfmoose. - 1.3. Forschungsgeschichte. - 1.4. Stammesgeschichte. - 1.5. Bestimmungshinweise. - 2. Schlüssel und Kurzbeschreibung der Sektionen. - 2.1. Schlüssel zu den Sektionen. - 2.2. Kurzbeschreibung der Sektionen. - 3. Schlüssel und Regionalfloren. - 3.1. Bestimmungsschlüssel. - 3.1.1. Europa. - 3.1.2. Asien. - 3.1.3. Afrika. - 3.1.4. Nord- und Mittelamerika. - 3.1.5. Südamerika. - 3.1.6. Australien, Neuseeland und Pazifik. - 3.2. Regionalfloren. - 3.2.1. Europa. - 3.2.2. Nordasien. - 3.2.3. Ostasien. - 3.2.4. Südasien. - 3.2.5. Südostasien. - 3.2.6. Westasien. - 3.2.7. Nordafrika. - 3.2.8. Zentralafrika. - 3.2.9. Südafrika. - 3.2.10. Madagaskar. - 3.2.11. Nordamerika. - 3.2.12. Mittelamerika Festland. - 3.2.13. Mittelamerika Antillen. - 3.2.14. Nordwestliches Südamerika. - 3.2.15. Östliches Südamerika. - 3.2.16. Gemäßigtes Südamerika. - 3.2.17. Australien. - 3.2.18. Neuseeland. - 3.2.19. Pazifik. - 4. Artbeschreibungen. - 4.1. Sphagnum sect. Sericea. - 4.2. Sphagnum sect. Lapazensis. - 4.3. Sphagnum sect. Sphagnum. - 4.4. Sphagnum sect. Rigida. - 4.5. Sphagnum sect. lnsulosa. - 4.6. Sphagnum sect. Acutifolia. - 4.7. Sphagnum sect. Squarrosa. - 4.8. Sphagnum sect. Polyclada. - 4.9. Sphagnum sect. Subsecunda. - 4.10. Sphagnum sect. Isocladus. - 4.11. Sphagnum sect. Hemitheca. - 4.12. Sphagnum sect. Cuspidata. - 4.13. Sphagnum sect. Mollusca. - 4.14. Ambuchanania. - 5. Verzeichnis der verwendeten Fachausdrücke. - 6. Literatur. - 7. Verzeichnis der Zeitschriften und Schriftenreihen. - 8. Abbildungsnachweis. - 9. Register. , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents: About the author. - About the technical reviewer. - Acknowledgments. - Introduction. - Chapter 1: Getting R and getting started. - Chapter 2: Programming in R. - Chapter 3: Writing reusable functions. - Chapter 4: Summary statistics. - Chapter 5: Creating Tables and graphs. - Chapter 6: Discrete probability distributions. - Chapter 7: Computing normal probabilities. - Chapter 8: Creating confidence intervals. - Chapter 9: Performing t tests. - Chapter 10: One-way analysis of variance. - Chapter 11: Advanced analysis of variance. - Chapter 12: Correlation and regression. - Chapter 13: Multiple regression. - Chapter 14: Logistic regression. - Chapter 15: Chi-square tests. - Chapter 16: Nonparametric tests. - Chapter 17: Using R for simulation. - Chapter 18: The 'new' statistics: resampling and bootstrapping. - Chapter 19: Making an R package. - Chapter 20: The R commander package. - Index

Note: Das Luftschiff als Forschungsmittel in der Arktis Einleitung und Vorgeschichte Witterung. Zeitpunkt der Fahrt Navigation Weg der Forschungsfahrt Die Konstruktion des Luftschiffes Wissenschaftliche Aufgaben Die internationale Studiengesellschaft zur Erforschung der Arktis mit dem Luftschiff Anlagen 1. Die meteorologischen Verhältnisse 2. Die Navigation in der Arktis 3. Die Funkanlagen für die Navigation und die Nachrichtenübermittlung 4. Über die Verwendung des Luftschiffes zu photogrammetrischen Vermessungen

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Table of contents = Table des matières. - Einleitung = Introduction = Introduction. - Bemerkungen zum Inhalt und zur Gestaltung des Buches = Comments on the Contents and lay-out of the book = Remarques quant au contenue et à la structure du livre. - Methode = Methods = Methode. - Oekogramm = Ecogram = Ecogramme. - Bestimmungsschlüssel = Identification key = Clé d'identification. - Charakterisierung der Makroreste = Description of the macro-remains = Description des macrorestes. - Weitere Makroreste = Further macro-remains = Autres macrorestes. - Literatur = Literature = Litterature. - Index der Arten = Index of species = Index des espèces. , Text dt., engl. u. franz.

Note: Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition 1. Images, Arrays, and Matrices 1.1 Multispectral Satellite Images 1.2 Algebra of Vectors and Matrices 1.2.1 Elementary Properties 1.2.2 Square Matrices 1.2.3 Singular Matrices 1.2.4 Symmetric, Positive Definite Matrices 1.2.5 Linear Dependence and Vector Spaces 1.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 1.4 Singular Value Decomposition 1.5 Vector Derivatives 1.6 Finding Minima and Maxima 1.7 Exercises 2. Image Statistics 2.1 Random Variables 2.1.1 Discrete Random Variables 2.1.2 Continuous Random Variables 2.1.3 Normal Distribution 2.2 Random Vectors 2.3 Parameter Estimation 2.3.1 Sampling a Distribution 2.3.2 Interval Estimation 2.3.3 Provisional Means 2.4 Hypothesis Testing and Sample Distribution Functions 2.4.1 Chi-Square Distribution 2.4.2 Student-t Distribution 2.4.3 F-Distribution 2.5 Conditional Probabilities, Bayes' Theorem, and Classification 2.6 Ordinary Linear Regression 2.6.1 One Independent Variable 2.6.2 More Than One Independent Variable 2.6.3 Regularization, Duality, and the Gram Matrix 2.7 Entropy and Information 2.7.1 Kullback-Leibler Divergence 2.7.2 Mutual Information 2.8 Exercises 3. Transformations 3.1 Discrete Fourier Transform 3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform 3.2.1 Haar Wavelets 3.2.2 Image Compression 3.2.3 Multiresolution Analysis 3.2.3.1 Dilation Equation and Refinement Coefficients 3.2.3.2 Cascade Algorithm 3.2.3.3 Mother Wavelet 3.2.3.4 Daubechies D4 Scaling Function 3.3 Principal Components 3.3.1 Primal Solution 3.3.2 Dual Solution 3.4 Minimum Noise Fraction 3.4.1 Additive Noise 3.4.2 Minimum Noise Fraction Transformation in ENVI 3.5 Spatial Correlation 3.5.1 Maximum Autocorrelation Factor 3.5.2 Noise Estimation 3.6 Exercises 4. Filters, Kernels, and Fields 4.1 Convolution Theorem 4.2 Linear Filters 4.3 Wavelets and Filter Banks 4.3.1 One-Dimensional Arrays 4.3.2 Two-Dimensional Arrays 4.4 Kernel Methods 4.4.1 Valid Kernels 4.4.2 Kernel PCA 4.5 Gibbs-Markov Random Fields 4.6 Exercises 5. Image Enhancement and Correction 5.1 Lookup Tables and Histogram Functions 5.2 Filtering and Feature Extraction 5.2.1 Edge Detection 5.2.2 Invariant Moments 5.3 Panchromatic Sharpening 5.3.1 HSV Fusion 5.3.2 Brovey Fusion 5.3.3 PCA Fusion 5.3.4 DWT Fusion 5.3.5 A Trous Fusion 5.3.6 Quality Index 5.4 Topographic Correction 5.4.1 Rotation, Scaling, and Translation 5.4.2 Imaging Transformations 5.4.3 Camera Models and RFM Approximations 5.4.4 Stereo Imaging and Digital Elevation Models 5.4.5 Slope and Aspect 5.4.6 Illumination Correction 5.5 Image-Image Registration 5.5.1 Frequency-Domain Registration 5.5.2 Feature Matching 5.5.2.1 High-Pass Filtering 5.5.2.2 Closed Contours 5.5.2.3 Chain Codes and Moments 5.5.2.4 Contour Matching 5.5.2.5 Consistency Check 5.5.2.6 Implementation in IDL 5.5.3 Resampling and Warping 5.6 Exercises 6. Supervised Classification: Part 1 6.1 Maximum a Posteriori Probability 6.2 Training Data and Separability 6.3 Maximum Likelihood Classification 6.3.1 ENVI's Maximum Likelihood Classifier 6.3.2 Modified Maximum Likelihood Classifier 6.4 Gaussian Kernel Classification 6.5 Neural Networks 6.5.1 Neural Network Classifier 6.5.2 Cost Functions 6.5.3 Backpropagation 6.5.4 Overfitting and Generalization 6.6 Support Vector Machines 6.6.1 Linearly Separable Classes 6.6.1.1 Primal Formulation 6.6.1.2 Dual Formulation 6.6.1.3 Quadratic Programming and Support Vectors 6.6.2 Overlapping Classes 6.6.3 Solution with Sequential Minimal Optimization 6.6.4 Multiclass SVMs 6.6.5 Kernel Substitution 6.6.6 Modified SVM Classifier 6.7 Exercises 7. Supervised Classification: Part 2 7.1 Postprocessing 7.1.1 Majority Filtering 7.1.2 Probabilistic Label Relaxation 7.2 Evaluation and Comparison of Classification Accuracy 7.2.1 Accuracy Assessment 7.2.2 Model Comparison 7.3 Adaptive Boosting 7.4 Hyperspectral Analysis 7.4.1 Spectral Mixture Modeling 7.4.2 Unconstrained Linear Unmixing 7.4.3 Intrinsic End-Members and Pixel Purity 7.5 Exercises 8. Unsupervised Classification 8.1 Simple Cost Functions 8.2 Algorithms That Minimize the Simple Cost Functions 8.2.1 K-Means Clustering 8.2.2 Kernel K-Means Clustering 8.2.3 Extended K-Means Clustering 8.2.4 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering 8.2.5 Fuzzy K-Means Clustering 8.3 Gaussian Mixture Clustering 8.3.1 Expectation Maximization 8.3.2 Simulated Annealing 8.3.3 Partition Density 8.3.4 Implementation Notes 8.4 Including Spatial Information 8.4.1 Multiresolution Clustering 8.4.2 Spatial Clustering 8.5 Benchmark 8.6 Kohonen Self-Organizing Map 8.7 Image Segmentation 8.7.1 Segmenting a Classified Image 8.7.2 Object-Based Classification 8.7.3 Mean Shift 8.8 Exercises 9. Change Detection 9.1 Algebraic Methods 9.2 Postclassification Comparison 9.3 Principal Components Analysis 9.3.1 Iterated PCA 9.3.2 Kernel PCA 9.4 Multivariate Alteration Detection 9.4.1 Canonical Correlation Analysis 9.4.2 Orthogonality Properties 9.4.3 Scale Invariance 9.4.4 Iteratively Reweighted MAD 9.4.5 Correlation with the Original Observations 9.4.6 Regularization 9.4.7 Postprocessing 9.5 Decision Thresholds and Unsupervised Classification of Changes 9.6 Radiometrie Normalization 9.7 Exercises Appendix A: Mathematical Tools A.l Cholesky Decomposition A.2 Vector and Inner Product Spaces A.3 Least Squares Procedures A.3.1 Recursive Linear Regression A.3.2 Orthogonal Linear Regression Appendix B: Efficient Neural Network Training Algorithms B.1 Hessian Matrix B.1.1 R-Operator B.1.1.1 Determination of Rv{n} B.1.1.2 Determination of Rv{δo} B.1.1.3 Determination of Rv{δh} B.1.2 Calculating the Hessian B.2 Scaled Conjugate Gradient Training B.2.1 Conjugate Directions B.2.2 Minimizing a Quadratic Function B.2.3 Algorithm B.3 Kaiman Filter Training B.3.1 Linearization B.3.2 Algorithm B.4 A Neural Network Classifier with Hybrid Training Appendix C: ENVI Extensions in IDL C.1 Installation C.2 Extensions C.2.1 Kernel Principal Components Analysis C.2.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform Fusion C.2.3 A Trous Wavelet Transform Fusion C.2.4 Quality Index C.2.5 Calculating Heights of Man-Made Structures in High-Resolution Imagery C.2.6 Illumination Correction C.2.7 Image Registration C.2.8 Maximum Likelihood Classification C.2.9 Gaussian Kernel Classification C.2.10 Neural Network Classification C.2.11 Support Vector Machine Classification C.2.12 Probabilistic Label Relaxation C.2.13 Classifier Evaluation and Comparison C.2.14 Adaptive Boosting a Neural Network Classifier C.2.15 Kernel K-Means Clustering C.2.16 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering C.2.17 Fuzzy K-Means Clustering C.2.18 Gaussian Mixture Clustering C.2.19 Kohonen Self-Organizing Map C.2.20 Classified Image Segmentation C.2.21 Mean Shift Segmentation C.2.22 Multivariate Alteration Detection C.2.23 Viewing Changes C.2.24 Radiometric Normalization Appendix D: Mathematical Notation References Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Cosmic rays. - 1.1 Origin and nature of cosmic rays. - 1.2 Interaction with magnetic fields. - 1.3 Interactions with the Earth's atmosphere. - 1.4 Interactions with the Earth's surface. - 1.5 Production of cosmogenic nuclides. - 1.6 Detection of cosmic rays. - 2 Cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.1 'Useful' cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.2 Stable cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.3 Cosmogenic radionuclides. - 2.4 Sample preparation. - 2.5 Analytical methods. - 3 Production rates and scaling factors. - 3.1 Deriving production rates. - 3.2 Scaling factors. - 3.3 Building scaling factors. - 4 Application of cosmogenic nuclldes to Earth surface sciences. - 4.1 Exposure dating. - 4.2 Burial dating. - 4.3 Erosion/denudation rates. - 4.4 Uplift rates. - 4.5 Soil dynamics. - 4.6 Dealing with uncertainty. - Appendix A: Sampling checklist. - Appendix B: Reporting of cosrnogenic-nudide data for exposure age and erosion rate determinations. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents I Review of Current Concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Sequence Stratigraphy: A New Paradigm? 1.2 From Sloss to Vail 1.3 Problems and Research Trends: The Current Status 1.4 Stratigraphic Terminology 2 Methods for Studying Sequence Stratigraphy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Erecting a Sequence Framework 2.2.1 The Importance of Unconformities 2.2.2 Facies Cycles 2.2.3 Stratigraphic Architecture: The Seismic Method 2.3 Methods for Assessing Regional and Global Changes in Sea Level, Other Than Seismic Stratigraphy 2.3.1 Areas and Volumes of Stratigraphic Units 2.3.2 Hypsometric Curves 2.3.3 Backstripping 2.3.4 Sea-Level Estimation from Paleoshorelines and Other Fixed Points 2.3.5 Documentation of Meter-Scale Cycles 2.4 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 3 The Four Basic Types of Stratigraphic Cycle 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 3.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 3.4 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 3.5 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 4 The Basic Sequence Model 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Terminology 4.3 Depositional Systems and Systems Tracts 4.4 Sequence Boundaries 4.5 Other Sequence Concepts 5 The Global Cycle Chart II The Stratigraphic Framework 6 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens to Hundreds of Millions of Years 6.1 Climate, Sedimentation, and Biogenesis 6.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 6.2.1 The Tectonic-Stratigraphic Model 6.2.2 The Phanerozoic Record 6.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 6.3.1 Intercontinental Correlations 6.3.2 Tectonostratigraphic Sequences 6.4 Main Conclusions 7 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 7.1 Extensional and Rifted Clastic Continental Margins 7.2 Foreland Basin of the North American Western Interior 7.3 Other Foreland Basins 7.4 Forearc Basins 7.5 Backarc Basins 7.6 Cyclothems and Mesothems 7;7 Carbonate Cycles of Platforms and Craton Margins 7.8 Evidence of Cyclicity in the Deep Oceans 7.9 Main Conclusions 8 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Neogene Clastic Cycles of Continental Margins 8.3 Pre-Neogene Marine Carbonate and Clastic Cycles 8.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 8.5 Lacustrine elastic and Chemical Rhythms 8.6 Clastic Cycles of Foreland Basins 8.7 Main Conclusions III Mechanisms 9 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 9.1 Mantle Processes and Dynamic Topography 9.2 Supercontinent Cycles 9.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 9.3.1 Eustasy 9.3.2 Dynamic Topography and Epeirogeny 9.4 Main Conclusions 10 Milankovitch Processes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Nature of Milankovitch Processes 10.2.1 Components of Orbital Forcing 10.2.2 Basic Climatology 10.2.3 Variations with Time in Orbital Periodicities 10.2.4 Isostasy and Geoid Changes 10.2.5 The Nature of the Cyclostratigraphic Data Base 10.2.6 The Sensitivity of the Earth to Glaciation 10.2.7 Glacioeustasy in the Mesozoic? 10.2.8 Nonglacial Milankovitch Cyclicity 10.3 The Cenozoic Record 10.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 10.5 The End-Ordovician Glaciation 10.6 Main Conclusions 11 Tectonic Mechanisms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Rifting and Thermal Evolution of Divergent Plate Margins 11.2.1 Basic Geophysical Models and Their Implications for Sea-Level Change 11.2.2 Some Results from the Analysis of Modern Data Sets 11.3 Tectonism on Convergent Plate Margins and in Collision Zones 11.3.1 Magmatic Arcs and Subduction 11.3.2 Tectonism Versus Eustasy in Foreland Basins 11.3.2.1 The North American Western Interior Basin 11.3.2.2 The Appalachian Foreland Basin 11.3.2.3 Pyrenean and Himalayan Basins 11.3.3 Rates of Uplift and Subsidence 11.3.4 Discussion 11.4 Intraplate Stress 11.4.1 The Pattern of Global Stress 11.4.2 In-Plane Stress as a Control of Sequence Architecture 11.4.3 In-Plane Stress and Regional Histories of Sea-Level Change 11.5 Basement Control 11.6 Other Speculative Tectonic Hypotheses 11.7 Sediment Supply and the Importance of Big Rivers 11.8 Environmental Change 11.9 Main Conclusions IV Chronostratigraphy and Correlation: Why the Global Cycle Chart Should Be Abandoned 12 Time in Sequence Stratigraphy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hierarchies of Time and the Completeness of the Stratigraphic Record 12.3 Main Conclusions 13 Correlation, and the Potential for Error 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The New Paradigm of Geological Time? 13.3 The Dating and Correlation of Stratigraphic Events: Potential Sources of Uncertainty 13.3.1 Identification of Sequence Boundaries 13.3.2 Chronostratigraphic Meaning of Unconformities 13.3.3 Determination of the Biostratigraphic Framework 13.3.3.1 The Problem of Incomplete Biostratigraphic Recovery 13.3.3.2 Diachroneity of the Biostratigraphic Record 13.3.4 The Value of Quantitative Biostratigraphic Methods 13.3.5 Assessment of Relative Biostratigraphic Precision 13.3.6 Correlation of Biozones with the Global Stage Framework 13.3.7 Assignment of Absolute Ages 13.3.8 Implications for the Exxon Global Cycle Chart 13.4 Correlating Regional Sequence Frameworks with the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.1 Circular Reasoning from Regional Data 13.4.2 A Rigorous Test of the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.3 A Correlation Experiment 13.4.4 Discussion 13.5 Main Conclusions 14 Sea-Level Curves Compared 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Exxon Curves: Revisions, Errors, and Uncertainties 14.3 Other Sea-Level Curves 14.3.1 Cretaceous Sea-Level Curves 14.3.2 Jurassic Sea-Level Curves 14.3.3 Why Does the Exxon Global Cycle Chart Contain So Many More Events Than Other Sea-Level Curves? 14.4 Main Conclusions V Approaches to a Modern Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework 15 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Definitions 15.2.1 The Hierarchy of Units and Bounding Surfaces 15.2.2 Systems Tracts and Sequence Boundaries 15.3 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Depositional Systems 15.3.1 Pluvial Deposits and Their Relationship to Sea-Level Change 15.3.2 The Concept of the Bayline 15.3.3 Deltas, Beach-Barrier Systems, and Estuaries 15.3.4 Shelf Systems: Sand Shoals and Condensed Sections 15.3.5 Slope and Rise Systems 15.4 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Depositional Systems 15.4.1 Platform Carbonates: Catch-Up Versus Keep-Up 15.4.2 Carbonate Slopes 15.4.3 Pelagic Carbonate Environments 15.5 Main Conclusions 16 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Sequences 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Model Design 16.3 Selected Examples of Model Results 16.4 Main Conclusions VI Discussion and Conclusions 17 Implications for Petroleum Geology 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 17.2.1 The Basis of the Methodology 17.2.2 The Development of an Allostratigraphic Framework 17.2.3 Choice of Sequence-Stratigraphic Models 17.2.4 The Search for Mechanisms 17.2.5 Reservoir Characterization 17.3 Controversies in Practical Sequence Analysis 17.3.1 The Case of the Tocito Sandstone, New Mexico 17.3.2 The Case of Gippsland Basin, Australia 17.3.3 Conclusions: A Modified Approach to Sequence Analysis for Practicing Petroleum Geologists and Geophysicists 17.4 Main Conclusions 18 Conclusions and Recommendations 18.1 Sequences in the Stratigraphic Record 18.1.1 Long-Term Stratigraphic Cycles 18.1.2 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 18.1.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 18.2 Mechanisms 18.2.1 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 18.2.2 Milankovitch Processes 18.2.3 Tectonic Mechanisms 18.3 Chronostratigraphy and Correlation 18.3.1 Concepts of Time 18.3.2 Correlation Problems, and the Basis of the Global Cycle Chart 18.3.3 Comparison of Sea-Level Curves 18.4 Modern Sequence Analysis 18.4.1 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 18.4.2 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Stratigraphic Sequences 18.5 Implications for Petroleum Geology 18.6 The Global-Eustasy Paradigm: Working Backwards from the Answer? 18.6.1 The Exxon Factor 18.6.2 Conclusions . 18.7 Recommendations References Author Index Subject Index

Note: Inhalt: Zusammenfassung. - Summary. - 1 Einführung. - 2 Das Arbeitsgebiet. - 2.1 Lage und Abgrenzung. - 2.2 Relief. - 2.3 Gewässernetz. - 2.4 Geologisch-tektonischer Bau und Festgesteine. - 2.5 Quartäre Lockersedimente. - 2.6 Klima. - 2.7 Vegetation. - 3 Vergletscherung. - 3.1 Pleistozäne Vergletscherung. - 3.1.1 Saale- und weichseleiszeitliche Vergletscherungen. - 3.1.2 Spätweichseleiszeitliche Deglaziation. - 3.2 Holozäne Vergletscherung. - 3.2.1 Vergletscherung vor der „Kleinen Eiszeit“. - 3.2.2 Vergletscherung von der „Kleinen Eiszeit“ bis heute. - 3.2.2.1 Glaziärer Formenschatz. - 3.2.2.2 Stauchmoränen. - 3.2.3 Gletschertypen und -dynamik. - 3.2.3.1 Temperaturregime. - 3.2.3.2 Massenbilanz. - 3.2.3.3 Fließgeschwindigkeit und „Surge“-Verhalten. - 3.3 Gletscher als Klimaindikatoren. - 4 Permafrostboden. - 4.1 Verbreitung, Mächtigkeit und Alter. - 4.2 Geomorphologische Erscheinungsformen. - 4.2.1 Blockgletscher. - 4.2.2 Eiskeilpolygone. - 4.2.3 Pingos. - 4.2.4 Palsas. - 4.2.5 Frostblister. - 4.3 Permafrost als Klimaindikator. - 5 Ausgewählte themenbezogene Wanderexkursionen in Nordenskiøldland und Umgebung. - 5.1 Longyearbyen – Adventtal – Eskertal – Sassental – Tempelfjord – Sassenfjord – De Geertal – Helvetiatal – Adventtal – Longyearbyen (ca. 150 km). - 5.2 Longyearbyen – Adventtal – Total – Gangtal – Reintal – Vengsletta – Vasstal – Fridtjovhamna – Berzeliustal –Skartal – Grøntal – (Abstecher nach Kap Linné) – Grønfjord – Barentsburg – Heerodden – Kap Laila – Colesbucht – Fartal – Ental – Longyearbyen (ca. 180 km zuzüglich ca. 100 km Abstecher nach Kap Linné). - 5.3 Longyearbyen – Adventtal – Brentskard – Trehøgdtal – Vendomtal – Sassental – Fulmartal – Marmorbre – Skruisbre – Kropotkinfjell – Elfenbeinbre – Agardhtal – Agardhbucht – Bellsundtal – Nordre Bellsundpaß – Kjellstrømtal (Abstecher nach Sveagruva / Kap Amsterdam) – Lundstrømtal – Reindalspaß – Reintal – Tverrtal – Bolterpaß – Boltertal – Adventtal – Longyearbyen (ca. 200 km zuzüglich ca. 50 km Abstecher nach Sveagruva / Kap Amsterdam). - 6 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick. - 7 Literaturverzeichnis. , Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: List of Contributors. - Preface. - Part I. Introduction: 1. Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue ; 2. The diatoms: a primer ; 3. Numerical methods for the analysis of diatom assemblage data ; Part II. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes: 4. Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms ; 5. Diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change in rivers, fluvial lakes and impoundments ; 6. Diatoms as indicators of surface-water acidity ; 7. Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication ; 8. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in shallow lakes ; 9. Diatoms as indicators of water-level change in freshwater lakes ; 10. Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes ; 11. Diatoms in ancient lakes ; Part III. Diatoms as Indicators in Arctic, Antarctic and alpine lacustrine environments: 12. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in subarctic and alpine regions ; 13. Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic ; 14. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in Antarctic and subantarctic freshwaters ; Part IV. Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments: 15. Diatoms and environmental change in large brackish-water ecosystems ; 16. Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments ; 17. Estuarine paleoenvironmental reconstructions using diatoms ; 18. Diatoms on coral reefs and in tropical marine lakes ; 19. Diatoms as indicators of former sea levels, earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes ; 20. Marine diatoms as indicators of modern changes in oceanographic conditions ; 21. Holocene marine diatom records of environmental change ; 22. Diatoms as indicators of paleoceanographic events ; 23. Reconsidering the meaning of biogenic silica accumulation rates in the glacial Southern Ocean ; Part V. Other applications: 24. Diatoms of aerial habitats ; 25. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in wetlands and peatlands ; 26. Tracking fish, seabirds, and wildlife population dynamics with diatoms and other limnological indicators ; 27. Diatoms and archaeology ; 28. Diatoms in oil and gas exploration ; 29. Forensic science and diatoms ; 30. Toxic marine diatoms ; 31. Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport ; 32. Diatoms as nonnative species ; 33. Diatomite ; 34. Stable isotopes from diatom silica ; 35. Diatoms and nanotechnology: early history and imagined future as seen through patents ; Part IV. Conclusions: 36. Epilogue: a view to the future ; Glossary, acronyms, and abbreviations ; Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 The environment of the polar regions. - 1.2 The role of the polar regions in the global climate system. - 1.3 Possible implications of high latitude climate change. - 2. Polar climate data and models. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Instrumental observations. - 2.3 Meteorological analysis fields. - 2.4 Remotely sensed data. - 2.5 Proxy climate data. - 2.6 Models. - 3. The high latitude climates and mechanisms of change. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Factors influencing the broadscale climated of the polar regions. - 3.3 Processes of the high latitude climates. - 3.4 The mechanisms of high latitude climate change. - 3.5 Atmospheric circulation. - 3.6 Temperature. - 3.7 Cloud and precipitation. - 3.8 Sea ice. - 3.9 The ocean circulation. - 3.10 Concluding remarks. - 4. The last million years. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 The Arctic. - 4.3 The Antarctic. - 4.4 Linking high latitude climate change in the two hemispheres. - 5. The Holocene. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Forcing of the climate system during the Holocene. - 5.3 Atmospheric circulation. - 5.4 Temperature. - 5.5 The ocean circulation. - 5.6 Sea ice and sea surface temperatures. - 5.7 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 5.8 The cryosphere, precipitation and sea level. - 5.9 Concluding remarks. - 6. The instrumental period. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The main meteorological elements. - 6.3 Changes in the atmospheric circulation. - 6.4 The ocean environment. - 6.5 Sea ice. - 6.6. Snow cover. - 6.7 Permafrost. - 6.8 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 6.9 Terrestrial ice and sea level. - 6.10 Attribution of recent changes. - 6.11 Concluding remarks. - 7. Predictions for the next 100 years. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Possible future greenhouse gas emission scenarios and the IPCC models. - 7.3 Changes in the atmospheric circulation and the modes of climate variability. - 7.4 The main meteorological elements. - 7.5 The ocean circulation and water masses. - 7.6 Sea ice. - 7.7 Seasonal snow cover and the terrestrial environment. - 7.8 Permafrost. - 7.9 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 7.10 Terrestrial ice, the ice shelves and sea level. - 7.11 Concluding remarks. - 8. Summary and future research needs. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Gaining improved understanding of past climate change. - 8.3 Modelling the high latitude climate system. - 8.4 Data required. - 8.5 Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.