ALBERT

Description: Mick Smith: Against Ecological Sovereignty: Ethics, Biopolitics, and Saving the Natural World Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9534-z Authors Nabin Baral, Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA Journal Human Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9915 Print ISSN 0300-7839

Description:    Shifting cultivation systems have been blamed as the primary cause of tropical deforestation and are being transformed through various forms of conservation and development policies and through the emergence of new markets for cash crops. Here, we analyze the outcomes of different policies on land use/land cover change (LUCC) in a traditional, shifting cultivation landscape in the Atlantic Forest (Brazil), one of the world’s top biodiversity hotspots. We also investigate the impacts of those policies on the environment and local livelihoods in Quilombola communities, which are formed by descendants of former Maroon colonies. Our findings show that conservation and social policies have had mixed effects both on the conservation of the Atlantic Forest and on the livelihoods of the Quilombola . We conclude that future interventions in the region need to build on the new, functional links between sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity, where less restrictive state policies leave room for new opportunities in self-organization and innovation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-19 DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9529-9 Authors Cristina Adams, Laboratory of Human Ecology, Department of Environmental Management, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio, 1000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 03828-000 Lucia Chamlian Munari, Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, R. do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 05508-090 Nathalie Van Vliet, Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Rui Sergio Sereni Murrieta, Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, R. do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 05508-090 Barbara Ann Piperata, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 4054 Smith Laboratory, 174 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA Celia Futemma, NEPAM - University of Campinas, Rua dos Flamboyants, 155, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil 13083-867 Nelson Novaes Pedroso Jr., Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, R. do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 05508-090 Carolina Santos Taqueda, Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, R. do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 05508-090 Mirella Abrahão Crevelaro, Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, R. do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 05508-090 Vânia Luísa Spressola-Prado, Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, R. do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 05508-090 Journal Human Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9915 Print ISSN 0300-7839

Description:    Religious beliefs and practices have long influenced human perceptions and uses of nature. Animals in particular play a prominent role in magico-religious practices and given the historical and cultural depth of these relationships, understanding human-faunal relations is often fundamental to the cause of meaningful wildlife conservation. This study investigates the domestic and wild harvested species used for spiritual and religious purposes by adherents of the Afro-Brazilian religion Candomblé. Introduced by enslaved Africans, this belief system combines animal and plant traditions derived from Africa with many others assimilated from Amerindians. We identified a total of 129 species of animals (or animal derived products) used and/or sold for magico-religious purposes; of these, 34. 8 % ( n  = 45) are included in some list of threatened species. Most animals reported were mammals ( n  = 29), followed by mollusks (20), fishes (19), birds (18) and reptiles (16); the majority (78 %) of reported species were wild-caught from terrestrial habitats (62 %), followed by marine and estuarine (24 %), and freshwater (14 %). We identified an extensive commercial network of collectors, middlemen/distributors, shop owners, and consumers. Rarity of a given species was often positively associated with economic value. Considering the ubiquity and underground nature of these practices, future conservation strategists are encouraged to work with Candomblé practitioners. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-30 DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9516-1 Authors Rômulo R. N. Alves, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. das Baraúnas, 351/Campus Universitário, Bodocongó, 58109-753 Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil Ierecê L. Rosa, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brasil Nivaldo A. Léo Neto, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brasil Robert Voeks, Department of Geography, California State University, Fullerton, USA Journal Human Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9915 Print ISSN 0300-7839

Description:    Local communities in central Brazil harvest buriti palm ( Mauritia flexuosa ) fruit from swamp forests as well as using them for agriculture and cattle and pig farming. This study describes the intensity of forest use by buriti fruit harvesters and identifies how their socioeconomic conditions influence resource use. We visited 75 swamp forests where buriti fruits are harvested and interviewed the head of the nearest household. Agriculture was practiced in 72 % of forests and cattle farming in 52 %. For almost half (48 %) of households agriculture and buriti fruit harvest were the main sources income. Forests resources were equally important to all socioeconomic classes, even richer farmers. The intensity of fruit harvest did not differ between collective and private use regimes of forests. Market access was a limitation to fruit harvest intensity. The high intensity of swamp forest use suggests that their conservation will require change to current management practices. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9519-y Authors Maurício Bonesso Sampaio, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Tamara Ticktin, Botany Department, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Cristiana Simão Seixas, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais – NEPAM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, 13083-867 Campinas, SP, Brazil Flavio Antonio Maës dos Santos, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Journal Human Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9915 Print ISSN 0300-7839

Description:    Several Southeast Asian states have been working feverishly to design and implement REDD policy frameworks to fulfil their commitment to global climate change mitigation. In doing so, state agencies will be challenged to design REDD plus policies that value and conserve forest carbon in ways that align with national policies and local priorities for managing forest landscapes defined by complex property rights regimes. However, as with other market-based policies, the expeditious delivery of REDD could bypass critical analysis of potential interactions with national tenure regimes, customary property rights, and local livelihoods. Drawing on the case of Palawan Island—a forested frontier island in the Philippines—we examine how nascent REDD policies can articulate with state sanctioned tenure, customary tenure, and forest uses in changing livelihood contexts. This paper draws on research among Tagbanua and Pala’wan people to illustrate how complex and changing tenure structures, commodity markets and livelihood dynamics may influence how REDD plus interventions affect indigenous customary lands and forest use. We argue that the ability of indigenous forest users to maintain stored carbon and improve livelihoods is contingent upon the ‘socio-material’ form of carbon—a commodity defined in relation to the resources and social processes of which it is part. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9527-y Authors Wolfram Dressler, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Melanie McDermott, Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA Will Smith, School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Juan Pulhin, Department of Social Forestry and Forest Governance, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines Journal Human Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9915 Print ISSN 0300-7839

Description:    Forest carbon is a new commodity to be produced and traded through market mechanisms that reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). This paper examines the likely origins and effects of forest carbon through analysis of property relations associated with a REDD-like scheme in Cambodia. Two contracts in the Cardamom Mountains are compared, both implemented by an international conservation organisation with the Cambodian Forestry Administration since 2006. Although the contracts do not yet enable the sale of forest carbon, they do illustrate its processes of production, which are essentially interventions in land and forest property because they involve land-use planning, delineation of forest boundaries, and identification of rights-holders. Ethnographic examination of these processes shows how, in spite of technical standardisation, they interact with local property relations in unpredictable and paradoxical ways. The fictitious and ephemeral nature of forest carbon is therefore exposed, along with the ideals and assumptions of REDD-market proponents. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9526-z Authors Sarah Milne, Crawford School of Public Policy, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, 0200 Australia Journal Human Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9915 Print ISSN 0300-7839

Description: Perception, Interaction, and Extinction: A Reply to Premo Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9530-3 Authors C. Michael Barton, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Julien Riel-Salvatore, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 103, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA Journal Human Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9915 Print ISSN 0300-7839

Description: Gregory Button: Disaster Culture: Knowledge and Uncertainty in the Wake of Human and Environment Catastrophe Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9482-7 Authors Karina Benessaiah, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Journal Human Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9915 Print ISSN 0300-7839

Description:    By reconstructing the nutrient balance of a Catalan village circa 1861–65 we examine the sustainability of organic agricultural systems in the northwest Mediterranean bioregion prior to the green revolution and the question of whether the nutrients extracted from the soil were replenished. With a population density of 59 inhabitants per square km, similar to other northern European rural areas at that time, and a lower livestock density per cropland unit, this village experienced a manure shortage. The gap was filled by other labour-intensive ways of transferring nutrients from uncultivated areas into the cropland. Key elements in this agricultural system were vineyards because they have few nutrient requirements, and woodland and scrublands as sources of relevant amounts of nutrients collected in several ways. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9485-4 Authors Enric Tello, Department of Economic History and Institutions, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 690, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Ramon Garrabou, Department of Economics and Economic History, Faculty of Economics and Business Studies, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain Xavier Cussó, Department of Economics and Economic History, Faculty of Economics and Business Studies, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain José Ramón Olarieta, Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, Higher Technical School of Agrarian Engineering, University of Lleida, 25198 Lerida, Spain Elena Galán, Department of Economic History and Institutions, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 690, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Journal Human Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9915 Print ISSN 0300-7839

Description:    A basic ecological and epidemiological question is why some women enter into commercial sex work while other women in the same socio-economic environment never do. To address this question respondent driven sampling principles were adopted to recruit and collect data for 161 female sex workers and 159 same aged women who never engaged in commercial sex in Kibera, a large informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. Univariate analysis indicated that basic kinship measures, including number of family members seen during adolescence and at present, not having a male guardian while growing up, and earlier times of ending relationships with both male and female guardians were associated with commercial sex work in Kibera. Multivariate analysis via logistic regression modeling showed that not having a male guardian during childhood, low education attainment and a small number of family members seen at adolescence were all significant predictors of entering sex work. By far the most important predictor of entering sex work was not having any male guardian, e.g., father, uncle, older brother, etc. during childhood. Results are interpreted in light of the historic pattern of sub-Saharan African child fostering and their relevance for young women in Kibera today. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s10745-012-9478-3 Authors Elizabeth N. Ngugi, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Cecilia Benoit, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Helga Hallgrimsdottir, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Mikael Jansson, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Eric A. Roth, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Journal Human Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9915 Print ISSN 0300-7839