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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-07-16
    Description:    An area of convergence appears to be emerging between the approaches of conservation planning and the concepts of multifunctional landscapes, which if exploited correctly may assist in overcoming the resource and other constraints faced by biodiversity conservation, while at the same time furthering the aims of multifunctional landscapes to improve production abilities and overall sustainability. Using a multi-zone conservation planning approach, we explore the conservation costs, benefits to biodiversity conservation and possible ecosystem service payments associated with various land-use configurations, in the Little Karoo of South Africa, in order to develop and showcase a multifunctional landscape planning approach and its data requirements, as well as the possible cost savings to conservation agencies. The study uses four conservation planning scenarios, five land-use types, their conservation costs and biodiversity benefits, as well as possible payments from carbon sequestration and tourism. We find that the costs and biodiversity benefits associated with different land-uses varies substantially between land-uses, and also spatially within a land-use type. By incorporating this variation into a multi-zone conservation planning approach land-uses can be allocated in a way that achieves biodiversity targets while at the same time reducing costs by up to 50 % when compared with traditional binary approaches to conservation. Despite some challenges presented by cost and ecosystem service value data and the determination of land-use impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services, the ability of conservation planning approaches to reflect differential contributions of particular land-uses to biodiversity targets and ecosystem services holds much potential for conservation planning, for multifunctional landscape objectives and for growing the resources and partnerships available to the establishment of sustainable and resilient landscapes. Content Type Journal Article Category Research Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s10980-012-9761-0 Authors Belinda Reyers, Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599 South Africa Patrick J. O’Farrell, Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599 South Africa Jeanne L. Nel, Natural Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599 South Africa Kerrie Wilson, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia Journal Landscape Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9761 Print ISSN 0921-2973
    Print ISSN: 0921-2973
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-9761
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-06-09
    Description:    Anthropogenic noise is becoming a dominant component of soundscapes across the world and these altered acoustic conditions may have severe consequences for natural communities. We modeled noise amplitudes from gas well compressors across a 16 km 2 study area to estimate the influence of noise on avian habitat use and nest success. Using species with noise responses representative of other avian community members, across the study area we estimated gray flycatcher ( Empidonax wrightii) and western scrub-jay ( Aphelocoma californica ) occupancy, and gray flycatcher nest success, which is highly dependent on predation by western scrub-jays. We also explore how alternative noise management and mitigation scenarios may reduce area impacted by noise. Compressor noise affected 84.5% of our study area and occupancy of each species was approximately 5% lower than would be expected without compressor noise. In contrast, flycatcher nest success was 7% higher, reflecting a decreased rate of predation in noisy areas. Not all alternative management and mitigation scenarios reduced the proportion of area affected by noise; however, use of sound barrier walls around compressors could reduce the area affected by noise by 70% and maintain occupancy and nest success rates at levels close to those expected in a landscape without compressor noise. These results suggest that noise from compressors could be effectively managed and, because habitat use and nest success are only two of many ecological processes that may change with noise exposure, minimizing the anthropogenic component of soundscapes should be a conservation priority. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9609-z Authors Clinton D. Francis, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Juan Paritsis, Department of Geography, Biogeography Laboratory, UCB 260, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Catherine P. Ortega, San Juan Institute of Natural and Cultural Resources, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, USA Alexander Cruz, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Journal Landscape Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9761 Print ISSN 0921-2973
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    Electronic ISSN: 1572-9761
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-06-09
    Description:    In studies of vegetation dynamics, data points describing the changes are often sparse, because changes were not recognized in early stages or investigations were part of different projects. The snapshots at hand often leave the nature of the dynamics unrevealed and only give a rough estimation of the directions of changes. Extrapolation of the dynamics with traditional cellular automaton modeling is also complicated in such cases, because rules often cannot be deduced from field data for each interaction. We developed a Bayesian MCMC method, using a discrete time stochastic cellular automaton model to reconstruct vegetation dynamics between vegetation maps available and provide estimation of vegetation pattern in years not surveyed. Spread capability of each vegetation type was characterized by a lateral spread parameter and another for establishment from species pool. The method was applied to a series of three vegetation maps depicting vegetation change at a grassland site following abandonment of grazing in north-eastern Hungary. The Markov chain explored the missing data space (missing maps) as well as the parameter space. Transitions by lateral expansion had a greater importance than the appearance of new vegetation types without spatial constraints at our site. We estimated the trajectory of change for each vegetation type, which bore a considerable non-linear element in most cases. To our best knowledge, this is the first work that tries to estimate vegetation transition parameters in a stochastic cellular automaton based on field measurements and provides a tool to reconstruct past dynamics from observed pattern. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-18 DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9610-6 Authors Imelda Somodi, Institute for Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2-4 Alkotmány utca, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary Klára Virágh, Institute for Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2-4 Alkotmány utca, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary István Miklós, Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 13-15 Reáltanoda utca, 1053 Budapest, Hungary Journal Landscape Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9761 Print ISSN 0921-2973
    Print ISSN: 0921-2973
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-9761
    Topics: Biology
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-06-09
    Description:    Prioritizing habitat for animal conservation in heterogeneous landscapes requires an understanding of where animal occurrence coincides with human influences on demographic performance. We related broad-scale patterns of occurrence with risk of mortality among female Rocky Mountain elk ( Cervus elaphus ) in a human-modified landscape to develop a spatially-explicit framework for animal conservation at the landscape level. Variability in the spatial pattern of elk occurrence was driven by preference for specific habitat types as well as responses to human activity. In contrast, risk of mortality was a function of human modification of the landscape with little variation explained by habitat. Proximity to industrial development was associated with increased risk of mortality whereas proximity to residences and agricultural structures was associated with decreased risk. Individual-level results revealed added complexity, whereby risk of mortality was associated with a consistent pattern of occurrence relative to industrial development, yet the association between risk and occurrence relative to structures was highly variable and likely a function of disparate land-use priorities. Approaches to managing human-mediated risk at the landscape level are most effective when they decompose human activity into constituent parts influencing risk, and when individual variation relative to the population response is investigated. Conservation interventions need to target factors that have a consistent influence across the population rather than risk uncertainty that would arise from targeting factors that influence individuals in variable or situation-specific ways. The spatial tools developed herein provide guidance for sustainable landscape planning in the study area, while the concept of linking occurrence and demographic performance within a hierarchical modeling framework has general application for animal conservation in landscapes subject to change, human-caused or otherwise. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9607-1 Authors Matthew R. Dzialak, Hayden-Wing Associates LLC, Natural Resource Consultants, 2308 S. 8th St., Laramie, WY 82070, USA Stephen L. Webb, Hayden-Wing Associates LLC, Natural Resource Consultants, 2308 S. 8th St., Laramie, WY 82070, USA Seth M. Harju, Hayden-Wing Associates LLC, Natural Resource Consultants, 2308 S. 8th St., Laramie, WY 82070, USA Jeffrey B. Winstead, Hayden-Wing Associates LLC, Natural Resource Consultants, 2308 S. 8th St., Laramie, WY 82070, USA John J. Wondzell, Hayden-Wing Associates LLC, Natural Resource Consultants, 2308 S. 8th St., Laramie, WY 82070, USA James P. Mudd, Hayden-Wing Associates LLC, Natural Resource Consultants, 2308 S. 8th St., Laramie, WY 82070, USA Larry D. Hayden-Wing, Hayden-Wing Associates LLC, Natural Resource Consultants, 2308 S. 8th St., Laramie, WY 82070, USA Journal Landscape Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9761 Print ISSN 0921-2973
    Print ISSN: 0921-2973
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-9761
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-06-15
    Description:    Graph-theoretic connectivity analyses have received much attention in connectivity evaluation during the last few years. Here, we explore the underlying conceptual differences of various graph-theoretic connectivity measures. Based on connectivity analyses from three reserve networks in forested landscapes in Central Finland, we illustrate how these conceptual differences cause inconsistent connectivity evaluations at both the landscape and patch level. Our results also illustrate how the characteristics of the networks (patch density) may affect the performance of the different measures. Many of the connectivity measures react to changes in habitat connectivity in an ecologically undesirable manner. Patch prioritisations based on a node removal analysis were sensitive to the connectivity measure they were based on. The patch prioritisations derived from different measures showed a disparity in terms of how much weight they put on patch size versus patch location and how they value patch location. Although graphs operate at the interface of structure and function, there is still much to do for incorporating the inferred ecological process into graph structures and analyses. If graph analyses are going to be used for real-world management and conservation purposes, a more thorough understanding of the caveats and justifications of the graph-theoretic connectivity measures will be needed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-17 DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9620-4 Authors A. Laita, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Survontie 9, Jyväskylä, 40014 Finland J. S. Kotiaho, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Survontie 9, Jyväskylä, 40014 Finland M. Mönkkönen, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Survontie 9, Jyväskylä, 40014 Finland Journal Landscape Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9761 Print ISSN 0921-2973
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-06-21
    Description:    Landscape ecology has a high potential to contribute to sustainability in the interactions of people and nature. Landscape ecologists have already made considerable progress towards a more general understanding of the relevance of spatial variation for ecosystems. Incorporating the complexities of societies and economies into landscape ecology analyses will, however, require a broader framework for thinking about spatial elements of complexity. An exciting recent development is to explicitly try to integrate landscape ecology and ideas about resilience in social–ecological systems through the concept of spatial resilience. Spatial resilience focuses on the importance of location, connectivity, and context for resilience, based on the idea that spatial variation in patterns and processes at different scales both impacts and is impacted by local system resilience. I first introduce and define the concepts of resilience and spatial resilience and then discuss some of their potential contributions to the further interdisciplinary integration of landscape ecology, complexity theory, and sustainability science. Complexity theorists have argued that many complex phenomena, such as symmetry-breaking and selection, share common underlying mechanisms regardless of system type (physical, social, ecological, or economic). Similarities in the consequences of social exclusion and habitat fragmentation provide an informative example. There are many strong parallels between pattern–process interactions in social and ecological systems, respectively, and a number of general spatial principles and mechanisms are emerging that have relevance across many different kinds of system. Landscape ecologists, with their background in spatially explicit pattern–process analysis, are well placed to contribute to this emerging research agenda. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9623-1 Authors Graeme S. Cumming, Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701 South Africa Journal Landscape Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9761 Print ISSN 0921-2973
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-06-15
    Description:    Human land-use practices have dramatically altered the composition and configuration of native habitats throughout many ecosystems. Within heterogeneous landscapes generalist predators often thrive, causing cascading effects on local biological communities, yet there are few data to suggest how attributes of fragmentation influence local population dynamics of these species. We monitored 25 raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) populations from 2004 to 2009 in a fragmented agricultural landscape to evaluate the influence of local and landscape habitat attributes on spatial and temporal variation in demography. Our results indicate that agricultural ecosystems support increased densities of raccoons relative to many other rural landscapes, but that spatial and temporal variation in demography exists that is driven by non-agricultural habitat attributes rather than the availability of crops. At the landscape scale, both density and population stability were positively associated with the size and contiguity of forest patches, while at the local scale density was positively correlated with plant diversity and the density of tree cavities. In addition, populations occupying forest patches with greater levels of plant diversity and stable water resources exhibited less temporal variability than populations with limited plant species complexity or water availability. The proportion of populations comprised of females was most strongly influenced by the availability of tree cavities and soft mast. Despite the abundance of mesopredators in heterogeneous landscapes, our results indicate that all patches do not contribute equally to the regional abundance and persistence of these species. Thus, a clear understanding of how landscape attributes contribute to variation in demography is critical to the optimization of management strategies. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9619-x Authors James C. Beasley, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 195 Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Zachary H. Olson, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 195 Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Guha Dharmarajan, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 195 Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Timothy S. Eagan, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 195 Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Olin E. Rhodes, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 195 Marsteller Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Journal Landscape Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9761 Print ISSN 0921-2973
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-06-21
    Description:    Riparian communities have been well-studied along individual streams, but not within the context of networks of which streams are a part. To study networks, hydrologists use Horton–Strahler ordering to assign streams to discrete categories in which increasing numerical value (ω) reflects increasing size of the stream and complexity of the network. A key use of this classification method has been to demonstrate scaling relations between hydrogeomorphic variables and order. These relations now provide a foundation to determine how ecological processes are associated with the geometry and topology of river networks. We used geographic information systems (GIS) to map and measure the stream network and riparian vegetation of the Whitewater River basin of eastern Kansas, USA. With the resulting data, we tested if (1) riparian vegetation scaled with order, and (2) riparian vegetation at confluences of two streams differed from that found along constituent streams. Most characteristics of riparian vegetation scaled with order. In confluence zones, density and diversity of riparian vegetation generally were equivalent to that of the largest constituent stream. Scaling relations between riparian vegetation and order provide a framework to quantify the role of riparian vegetation in the water balance of stream networks and a tool to predict area and distribution of riparian vegetation from network topology. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9622-2 Authors William C. Dunn, Department of Biology, 1 MSC 03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA Bruce T. Milne, Department of Biology, 1 MSC 03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA Ricardo Mantilla, IIHR—Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Vijay K. Gupta, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Journal Landscape Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9761 Print ISSN 0921-2973
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-06-25
    Description:    Reintroduction projects represent viable options for animal conservation. They allow the establishment of new local populations and may contribute to recreating functional networks within a metapopulation. In the latter case, landscape connectivity may be a major determinant of the phase of spread of the reintroduced populations. Here, we deal with an example of a red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) translocation planned to enable the connection among existing isolated populations of the species in the Italian Alps. Our aim was to assess whether the analysis of landscape suitability and the simulation of dispersal of released individuals could shed light on the actual process of population spread. For these purposes, we adopted a modelling approach using radiotracking data to develop a habitat suitability map. On the basis of this map, we simulated the dispersal of the animals after release and we then compared the simulation results with the outcome of null models and with the observed population redistribution. The results suggest that the spread of the subpopulation was easier north-westward than southward. Taking into account landscape suitability, our simulations produced a reliable estimate of the ease of colonization of the valleys neighbouring the release-site and they allowed the identification and validation of a potential pathway for animal dispersal. The suitability model based on the monitoring of individuals in the earliest phase of establishment shed light on the spread of the population and on its potential connections with other deer subpopulations. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9621-3 Authors V. La Morgia, Department of Animal Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy Elisa Malenotti, Department of Animal Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy Guido Badino, Department of Animal Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy Francesca Bona, Department of Animal Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy Journal Landscape Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9761 Print ISSN 0921-2973
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-06-15
    Description:    Information describing spatial and temporal variability of forest fuel conditions is essential to assessing overall fire hazard and risk. Limited information exists describing spatial characteristics of fuels in the eastern deciduous forest region, particularly in dry oak-dominated regions that historically burned relatively frequently. From an extensive fuels survey of unmanaged forest lands (1,446 plots) we described fuel loadings and spatial patterns of fine and coarse fuels. We attempted to explain the variability in fuel loading of each time-lag fuel class using landscape and seasonal variables through a multiple regression modeling approach. Size class distributions of woody fuels were generally homogeneous across the region except in the glaciated portions of Illinois where loadings appeared lower. Temporally, litter depths progressively decreased from leaffall (November). A fire hazard model that combined seasonal changes in litter depth and fuel moisture content depicted the degree of regional spatial variability during the transition between extreme dry and wet conditions. In the future, fire hazard indices could be paired with ignition probabilities in order to assess spatio-temporal variability of fire risk within the region. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9618-y Authors Michael C. Stambaugh, Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 203 ABNR Building, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Daniel C. Dey, US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 202 ABNR Building, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Richard P. Guyette, Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 203 ABNR Building, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Hong S. He, Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 203 ABNR Building, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Joseph M. Marschall, Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 203 ABNR Building, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Journal Landscape Ecology Online ISSN 1572-9761 Print ISSN 0921-2973
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    Topics: Biology
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