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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-02-13
    Description:    The survival and development of Liaodong oak ( Quercus liaotungensis Koidz) stump sprouts were studied for 6 years under leave-tree, as well as 60 and 75% crown closure uniform shelterwood in the Huanglong Mountains of China. Stump sprout survival rate, number of sprouts, and sprout height under the three partial harvests during the first year post-harvest did not differ. Six years post-harvest, 78.32% of the stumps had living sprouts. No variation in sprout survival was found among the treatments throughout the study period. The number of living sprouts per stump was 13.77 ± 0.50 in the first growing season after harvest, and dropped to 6.49 ± 0.22 after 6 years. This result indicated the occurrence of self-thinning within the sprout clumps. Moreover, the height of dominant sprout increased from 52.88 ± 1.62 cm (in the first year) to 132.82 ± 2.35 cm (in the sixth year) post-harvest. Sprout height in the leave-tree harvest type was higher than those in the two shelterwoods in the fifth and sixth years after logging. Annual height growth was approximately 8–96 cm during the first growing season, and then decreased at a rate of 1–44 cm per year in the following years. A negative relationship was found between sprout height and the number of sprouts per stump. This result indicated a trade-off between the number of sprouts and height growth. The number of sprouts per stump decreased by about 0.2 stem for each 1 m 2 /ha increased in residual basal area. Therefore, sprouting may play an important role in the restoration of the secondary forest after harvesting. Content Type Journal Article Category Report Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11056-011-9299-z Authors Li Rong, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100 China Zhang Wenhui, Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology of Education Ministry in West China, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100 China He Jingfeng, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100 China Zhou Jianyun, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100 China Journal New Forests Online ISSN 1573-5095 Print ISSN 0169-4286
    Print ISSN: 0169-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5095
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-02-13
    Description:    Economic pressures have driven an ever-widening period during which foresters use machines to plant Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. In Fennoscandia, this period has recently stretched to the entire growing season. To evaluate the performance of seedlings planted during this extended period, three experiments were carried out in Central and Northern Finland over 2 years. One-year-old and current-year seedlings were planted in mounds or disc-trenched furrows when soil temperatures were 〉0°C. When 1-year-old seedlings grown for spring planting and overwintered outdoors were planted after mid-June, more needles browned and growth was reduced, possibly because seedlings were oversized with respect to planting density and the volume of growth media. When current-year seedlings sown in spring were planted from July to November, those planted in late September and October grew less in later years than those planted earlier, but survival was unaffected. No large differences in field performance were found with respect to whether seedlings were planted in mounds or disc-trenched furrows. In conclusion, Scots pine seedlings can be machine planted in mounds or furrows during May and early June (later in the North) and then continued from early August until late September, provided climatic conditions in late spring and early autumn are typical and similar to those experienced in Central Finland. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s11056-012-9307-y Authors Jaana Luoranen, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki Research Unit, Juntintie 154, 77600 Suonenjoki, Finland Risto Rikala, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki Research Unit, Juntintie 154, 77600 Suonenjoki, Finland Journal New Forests Online ISSN 1573-5095 Print ISSN 0169-4286
    Print ISSN: 0169-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5095
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2012-02-13
    Description:    Genetic improvement of Eucalyptus genotypes for drought and frost resistance is essential for successful intensive management of commercial plantations. Understanding the physiological mechanisms that relate water use and frost resistance for highly deployed genotypes may allow for better prediction of their future performance, genetic selection and seedling management for site specific purposes. We studied whether instantaneous water use efficiency ( WUE i ) may serve as drought, freezing and photoinhibition tolerance predictor by studying its response on six E. globulus clones (Eg1–Eg6) and four E. globulus  ×  E. nitens hybrid seedlings (Egn1–Egn4) under drought and irrigated (control) treatments. Net photosynthesis ( A ) and transpiration ( E ) were studied using a gas exchange system in order to calculate WUE i ( A / E ). Simultaneous chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were performed to assess the non photochemical quenching components. Frost tolerance of plants under control and drought treatments were evaluated by measuring temperatures that exert 50% photoinactivation of photosystem II. Finally, drought tolerance was evaluated by plant survival within each genotype after rehydration. Our results showed significant genotype variability in the rate of soil and xylem water potential decrease during drought. While most of the genotypes reached −4.0 MPa in about 35 days of drought, genotypes Eg6 and Egn4 required 56 days of drought to reach this xylem water potential. WUE i exhibited significant differences among genotypes and irrigation treatments. Genotypes Eg5 and Egn4 increased their WUE i between 70 and 80% after drought. This was associated with a more conservative control of water loss at the stomatal level combined with maintenance of relatively higher rates of net photosynthesis than the other genotypes under drought conditions. Plants exposed to drought were more freezing tolerant than control plants, having in average 3°C lower LT 50 than well irrigated ones. There was no a clear correlation between WUE i and drought tolerance or drought-induced photoinhibition, however WUE i was inversely correlated with LT 50 . Our results suggest that WUE i is not suitable by itself to select drought tolerant genotypes, but may provide evidence for discarding drought sensitive genotypes. In addition, it could provide valuable information to select for freezing tolerance. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s11056-012-9305-0 Authors Darío Navarrete-Campos, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Correo 3, Concepción, Chile León A. Bravo, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 01145 Temuco, Chile Rafael A. Rubilar, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Correo 3, Concepción, Chile Verónica Emhart, Forestal Mininco S.A., Avenida Alemana 751, Los Ángeles, Chile Rebeca Sanhueza, Seed Production Technologies S.A., Quillota, Chile Journal New Forests Online ISSN 1573-5095 Print ISSN 0169-4286
    Print ISSN: 0169-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5095
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-02-13
    Description:    The Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe initiated a hybrid breeding program of Eucalyptus grandis with E. tereticornis (G × T) and E. camaldulensis (G × C) in order to provide suitable genotypes for planting in areas that are marginal for E. grandis in terms of drought and frost. A total of seven hybrid trials were established at four sites, representative of low to medium rainfall. The female parents were from E. grandis preselected for superior volume production. No pure species were included in the trials to act as controls and allow for estimation of hybrid vigour. Survival, growth and stem straightness were assessed at 18 and 43 months from planting. Survival was generally above 80% for all hybrids across sites. G × C hybrids performed better than G × T hybrids, showing a 20% difference in mean height at 43 months. Female and male variances were generally insignificant ( P  〉 0.05) and in some cases, the estimates were 0. This was not unexpected, as the parents for the hybrids were preselected for superior height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume production as pure species. Ratio of dominance to phenotypic variance ( ^ d   2   ) was significant for all traits for all hybrids ( P  〈 0.05). Trait–trait dominance correlations ( r D ) at 43 months between height and DBH were generally large and positive, above 0.6. Type-B dominance correlation ( r BD ) suggested evidence of genotype-by-environment interaction (G × E), but one high elevation site contributed most to the observed G × E. If these results are confirmed in larger mating designs with progeny established on multiple sites, it seems that the most appropriate breeding strategy for E. grandis  ×  E. tereticornis and E. grandis  ×  E. camaldulensis hybrids may be one that exploits both additive and dominance genetic variance, such as the reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS) scheme or RRS with forward selection. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-22 DOI 10.1007/s11056-011-9302-8 Authors Tasiyiwa Madhibha, Forest Research Centre, Forestry Commission, P.O. Box HG595, Highlands, Harare, Zimbabwe Ruramai Murepa, Forest Research Centre, Forestry Commission, P.O. Box HG595, Highlands, Harare, Zimbabwe Cossy Musokonyi, 17 Clarence Street, Macquarie Fields, NSW 2564, Australia Washington Gapare, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Journal New Forests Online ISSN 1573-5095 Print ISSN 0169-4286
    Print ISSN: 0169-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5095
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2012-02-13
    Description:    Forest plantations in the northeastern United States comprise a small proportion of the total forest area. Most plantations are typically softwood dominated and managed for sawlog and pulpwood production, while high-yield hardwood plantations for bioenergy feedstocks have not been as widely investigated. The objective of this study was to compare the biomass production of planted white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and hybrid poplar ( Populus spp.) plantations (four clones) in monoculture, and in mixture of the two on a typical reforestation site in Maine. Three years following planting, hybrid poplar height and ground line diameter growth rates began to diverge among clones, and by 6 years, the Populus nigra  ×  Populus maximowiczii (NM6) clone clearly outperformed three Populus deltoides  ×  Populus nigra clones (D51, DN10 and DN70) both in pure stands and in mixtures with white spruce. In mixture, we found the yield of white spruce to decline as the yield of hybrid poplar increased. Overall, yields of white spruce monocultures were comparable to those reported in eastern Canada, while the hybrid poplar biomass yields were substantially lower than those reported from studies on abandoned agricultural lands, likely due to the harsher soil conditions at our site. The dominance of rocky and poorly drained sites (like the one tested in this study) across Maine will likely limit the feasibility of widespread hybrid poplar plantations, and thus constrains their potential use as a bioenergy feedstock. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s11056-011-9296-2 Authors A. S. Nelson, School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5755, USA M. R. Saunders, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2061, USA R. G. Wagner, School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5755, USA A. R. Weiskittel, School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5755, USA Journal New Forests Online ISSN 1573-5095 Print ISSN 0169-4286
    Print ISSN: 0169-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5095
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-02-13
    Description:    Poor seed germination is a significant problem for propagation of teak and it particularly hampers the deployment of genetically improved material into plantations. Seed dormancy is the putative cause for delayed and sporadic germination of teak seed but specific dormancy mechanisms have not been proven. In this paper we investigate whether physical or mechanical dormancy could affect teak germination. Physical dormancy was disproved when we observed water in every examined locule of fruit which had been immersed for 12–24 h ( n  = 1,700 fruits from six diverse sources). Mechanical dormancy was found to affect teak seed germination by means of valve structures which must open for the radicle to emerge. All 1,450 germinating seeds in 16 samples emerged from the endocarp via the detachment of a valve. Germination over 16 days was compared between extracted seeds (ex situ) and seeds within their endocarp (in situ) to determine the effect of mechanical dormancy on germination. Significantly greater germination of the ex situ seeds (62 ± 2% SE; n  = 486) than of the in situ seeds (32 ± 2% SE; n  = 564) indicated that mechanical dormancy is an important factor in the poor germination of teak. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11056-011-9298-0 Authors Nigel J. Slator, School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia Andrew N. Callister, Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, 3363 Australia J. Doland Nichols, School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia Journal New Forests Online ISSN 1573-5095 Print ISSN 0169-4286
    Print ISSN: 0169-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5095
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-02-13
    Description:    To test how efficiently plantations and seed orchards captured genetic diversity from natural Anatolian black pine ( Pinus nigra Arnold subspecies pallasiana Holmboe) seed stands, seed sources were chosen from 3 different categories (seed stands (SS), seed orchards (SO) and plantations (P)) comprising 4 different breeding zones of the species in Turkey. Twenty-five trees (mother trees) were selected from each SS, SO and P seed sources and were screened with 11 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Estimated genetic diversity parameters were found to be generally high in all Anatolian black pine seed sources and the majority of genetic diversity is contained within seed sources (94%). No significant difference in genetic diversity parameters (numbers of effective alleles, % of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity) among seed source categories was found, except for a slight increase in observed heterozygosities in seed orchards. For all seed source categories, observed heterozygosity values were higher (H o  = 0.49 for SS, 0.55 for SO and 0.49 for P) than expected ones (H e  = 0.40 for SS, 0.39 for SO and 0.38 for P) indicating the excess of heterozygotes. In general, genetic diversity in seed stands has been transferred successfully into seed orchards and plantations. However, the use of seeds from seed orchards can increase the amount of genetic diversity in plantations further. The study also demonstrated that number of plus-tree clones (25–38) used in the establishment of seed orchards was adequate to capture the high level of diversity from natural stands. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11056-011-9282-8 Authors Burcu Çengel, Forest Tree Seeds and Tree Breeding Research Directorate, Gazi, 06560 Ankara, Turkey Yasemin Tayanç, Forest Tree Seeds and Tree Breeding Research Directorate, Gazi, 06560 Ankara, Turkey Gaye Kandemir, Forest Tree Seeds and Tree Breeding Research Directorate, Gazi, 06560 Ankara, Turkey Ercan Velioglu, Forest Tree Seeds and Tree Breeding Research Directorate, Gazi, 06560 Ankara, Turkey Murat Alan, Forest Tree Seeds and Tree Breeding Research Directorate, Gazi, 06560 Ankara, Turkey Zeki Kaya, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey Journal New Forests Online ISSN 1573-5095 Print ISSN 0169-4286
    Print ISSN: 0169-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5095
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-02-13
    Description:    The financial viability of using improved seed material of Scots pine was assessed in Finnish conditions. Based on a few dozen field trials, a range of genetic gains for height growth was incorporated into a stand simulator. Technically genetic gain was modelled into individual growth models by applying the Chapman-Richards type function and using genetic gain estimates as asymptotic scaling parameters. Stand projections, including the effect of genetic gain, were further converted into monetary terms by calculating bare land values, i.e. BLVs according to the Faustman rotation model. Following this, the financial attractiveness of using improved seed material from Scots pine was determined by comparing the BLVs between stands with and without genetic gain. The study focused on the private forest owner’s point of view, reflecting the primary demand conditions for improved seed material. Comparisons between BLVs indicated that using improved seed material of Scots pine would be financially viable for private forest owners in most parts of Finland, the discount rate being 3%. The main results were robust, with pertinent changes in silvicultural costs and stumpage prices. This study demonstrates the need for financial analysis in decision-making in the context of regeneration material. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11056-011-9284-6 Authors A. Ahtikoski, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Northern Finland Regional Unit, Eteläranta 55, 96300 Rovaniemi, Finland R. Ojansuu, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Southern Finland Regional Unit, Jokiniemenkuja 1, PO Box 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland M. Haapanen, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Southern Finland Regional Unit, Jokiniemenkuja 1, PO Box 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland J. Hynynen, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Southern Finland Regional Unit, Jokiniemenkuja 1, PO Box 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland K. Kärkkäinen, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Northern Finland Regional Unit, Kirkkosaarentie 7, 91500 Muhos, Finland Journal New Forests Online ISSN 1573-5095 Print ISSN 0169-4286
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-10-13
    Description:    Estimation of accurate biomass of different forest components is important to estimate their contribution to total carbon stock. There is lack of allometric equations for biomass estimation of woody species at sapling stage in tropical dry forest (TDF), and therefore, the carbon stored in this forest component is ignored. We harvested 46 woody species at sapling stage in a TDF and developed regression models for the biomass estimation of foliage, branch, bole and the total aboveground part. For foliage and branch biomass, the models with only stem diameter as estimator showed greater R 2 . For bole and aboveground biomass, the models including wood specific gravity or wood density exhibited higher R 2 than those without wood density. Also, the model consisting of wood density, stem diameter and height had the lowest standard error of estimate for bole and aboveground biomass. Moreover, the R 2 values are very similar among models for each component. The measurement error of height and the use of a standard value of wood density together may introduce more than 2 % error into the models. Therefore, we suggest using diameter-only model, which may be more practical and equally accurate when applied to stands outside our study area. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11056-012-9359-z Authors R. K. Chaturvedi, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India A. S. Raghubanshi, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India Journal New Forests Online ISSN 1573-5095 Print ISSN 0169-4286
    Print ISSN: 0169-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5095
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-07-14
    Description:    The field survival of Pinus patula seedlings in South Africa is frequently below acceptable standards. From numerous studies it has been determined that this is largely due to the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum . Other commercial pines, such as P. elliottii and P. taeda , show good tolerance to this pathogen and better survival, but have inferior wood properties and do not grow as well as P. patula on many sites in the summer rainfall regions of South Africa. There is, thus, an urgent need to improve the tolerance of P. patula to F. circinatum . Operational experience indicates that when P. patula is hybridized with tolerant species, such as P. tecunumanii and P. oocarpa , survival is greatly improved on the warmer sites of South Africa. Field studies on young trees suggest that this is due to the improved tolerance of these hybrids to F. circinatum . In order to test the tolerance of a number of pine hybrids, the pure species representing the hybrid parents, as well as individual families of P. patula  ×  P. tecunumanii , a series of greenhouse screening trials were conducted during 2008 and 2009. The results indicated that species range in tolerance and hybrids, between P. patula and these species, are intermediate in tolerance to F. circinatum . Within P. patula  ×  P. tecunumanii , large family variation exists when pollen from the high elevation source of P. tecunumanii is used. The results of these studies illustrate the importance of developing pine hybrid breeding programs to overcome the susceptibility of our pure species to pathogens such as F. circinatum . Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11056-012-9355-3 Authors R. G. Mitchell, York Timbers, Sabie, South Africa M. J. Wingfield, Forests and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa G. R. Hodge, Camcore, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA E. T. Steenkamp, Forests and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa T. A. Coutinho, Forests and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Journal New Forests Online ISSN 1573-5095 Print ISSN 0169-4286
    Print ISSN: 0169-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5095
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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