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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Description: A new species of Conosiphon Becker, 1923, Conosiphon ianus Álvarez Fidalgo & van den Broek, sp. nov., is described from Spain, representing the first record of this genus for Europe. It is illustrated in high-resolution photographs and the first ecological information is provided, as well as a key to all species tentatively placed in this genus.
    Keywords: Almería ; Asilinae ; endemic ; Iberian Peninsula ; identification key ; Spain
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: 3D models, generated from underwater imagery, are a valuable asset for many applications. When acquiring images underwater, light is refracted as it passes the boundary layers between water, housing and the air inside the housing due to the different refractive indices of the materials. Thus the geometry of the light rays changes in this scenario and the standard pinhole camera model is not applicable. As a result, pinhole 3D reconstruction methods can not easily be applied in this environment. For the dense reconstruction of scene surfaces the added complexity is especially challenging, as these types of algorithms have to match vast amounts of image content. This work proposes the refractive adaptation of a PatchMatch Multi-View Stereo algorithm. The refraction encountered at flat port underwater housings is explicitly modeled to avoid systematic errors in the reconstruction. Concepts derived from the axial camera model are employed to handle the high demands of Multi-View Stereo regarding accuracy and computational complexity. Numerical simulations and reconstruction results on synthetically generated but realistic images with ground truth validate the effectiveness of the approach.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: Fishes occur in a wider range of habitats than any other vertebrate or invertebrate group, from the upper reaches of streams in high mountain ranges to the mouths of temperate and tropical rivers, and from the intertidal zone to the ocean's abyss. Fish grow in size, spawn and die, either from natural causes (predation, diseases, ageing) or from being caught in fishing nets if the population is exploited. These dynamical processes are expressed with mathematical equations and are used in population models to estimate fisheries reference points (stock assessment), which in turn provide the basis for fisheries management. Fish populations subjected to fisheries exploitation are called fish “stocks”. Fishing has been increasingly affecting fish stocks and ecosystems both directly and indirectly, and along with the human-induced climate change they pose major threats to fish biodiversity worldwide. Using the available data stored in local or global databases to assess the status of all stocks, even the data-poor fish stocks, and following an ecosystem approach to fisheries management that incorporates effort reduction through marine protected areas, may contribute to the sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Keywords: Course of study: BSc Physics of the Earth System
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: Die kontinuierliche Aktivität basaltischer Vulkane an vielen Stellen der Erde produziert den Haupteil der globalen vulkanischen Masseneruptionsrate. Bei diesen Eruptionen bildet Magma mit der entmischten Gasphase eine homogene Zweiphasenströmung, wenn die Volatilsättigungstiefe relativ gering und die Aufstiegsrate des Magmas höher als die Beweglichkeit der Gasblasen ist. In niedrigviskosem Magma (μ 〈 500 Pa s) hingegen bewirkt die Beweglichkeit der Gasblasen eine separate Zweiphasen-Strömung, insbesondere wenn die Entgasung bereits in großer Tiefe beginnt (z.B. C02). Gasblasen können am Dach einer oberflächennahen Magmakammer akkumulieren und eine gasgetriebene Eruption auslösen, vorausgesetzt daß die Rate der Gasanreicherung den Verlust durch stille Entgasung ins Nebengestein übersteigt. Die Massenbilanz von extrudierter Lava zu Gasemission wird bei solchen gasgetriebenen Eruptionen vollständig vom Volatilenbudget des austretenden Magmas entkoppelt. Gaseruptionsraten werden nicht mehr durch Rekonstruktion des präeruptiven Volatilengehalts bilanzierbar. Stattdessen reguliert die Mischungskapazität der Zweiphasenströmung im Schlot dann die Massenbilanz. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden theoretische Strömungsmodelle für den separaten Gas-Magma Aufstieg entwickelt und das typische Eruptionsverhalten beschrieben. In skalierten Experimenten wurden die theoretischen Modelle bestätigt. Eine neue strömungsdynamisch fundierte Unterteilung basaltischer Eruptionstypen in • sporadisch pulsierende Fontäneneruption, • periodisch pulsierende Fontäneneruption und • stationäre Fontäneneruption wird statt der bisherigen Unterteilung in Strombolianische Explosionen und Hawaiianische Lavafontänen vorgeschlagen. Typisch für den Stromboli ist die sporadisch pulsierende Fontäneneruption, verursacht durch diskrete Großblasen (Slugs), die durch Verdampfung externen Wassers gebildet werden. Bei periodisch pulsierenden Fontäneneruptionen bricht die kontinuierliche Gaszufuhr in eine Zweiphasenströmung mit periodischen Folgen von Großblasen und Magma auf (Slug-Flow-Regime). Oberflächennahe, pulsierende Stösse magmatischer Fragmentierung in kurzen, regelmäßigen Zeitabständen resultieren aus dem periodischen Kollaps der Slugblasen. Steigerung der Gasfreisetzungsrate führt mit kontinuierlichem Übergang zur stationären Fontäneneruption mit annularem Strömungsregime im Schlot. Das Magma wird im Schlot zu Partikeln fragmentiert, die von der kontinuierlichen Gasphase mitgeführt werden. Der Strömungswiderstand der Zweiphasen-strömung wirkt an Stelle des lithostatischen Druckgradienten auf die Magmakammer. Der Druckgradient sinkt auf 1/3 des lithostatischen Wertes. Volatil-Übersättigung und beschleunigte Entgasung sind die Folge. Die Eruption endet abrupt, sobald die Gaszufuhr zur Aufrechterhaltung des Strömungsregimes nicht mehr ausreicht. Bildet die separate Gasphase eine ausgedehnte Gastasche in der Magmakammer, und überschreitet der sich entwickelnde Auftriebsdruck die Bruchfestigkeit des Vulkangebäudes, kollabiert die Gastasche in das sich öffnende Spaltensystem. Es entwickelt sich ein Supplied Slug, eine Riesenblase, die ständig von einem Gasstrom aus der Tiefe gespeist wird. Der Blasenkopf erreicht im offenen Schlot um eine Größenordnung höhere Geschwindigkeiten als bei fehlender Gaszufuhr (Unsupplied Slug). Die auflastende Magmasäule wird effusiv in der Art eines Kolbens ausgestossen. Öffnet sich die Blase, entwickelt sich ein annulares Strömungsregime mit stationärer Fontäneneruption. Dieser Vorgang wird als Auslöser der Pu'u O'o Eruptionsserie am Kilauea angesehen. Experimente mit kontinuierlicher Gaszufuhr zeigen eine Abhängigkeit der eruptiven Massenbilanz vom Strömungsregime, der Viskosität des Magmas, dem Mischungsgrad zwischen beiden Phasen, aber auch sehr stark von der Reibung im Schlotsystem. Im Slug-Flow-Regime wird das Magma durch die Blasenbewegung und das Längenwachstum der Slugblasen transportiert. Das Massenverhältnis von Flüssigkeit zu Gas sinkt mit steigender Viskosität. Die Experimente zeigen deutlich, daß die zylindrische Struktur der Slugblase und die Entwicklung eines runden, zentralen Strömungskanals weitgehend unabhängig von der äußeren Geometrie sind. Die Transportkapazität der Gasströmung begrenzt die Magmaförderrate im annularen Strömungsregime, so daß das Massenverhältnis von Partikeln zu Gas auf 50 〈 k 〈 80 eingegrenzt wird. In den Experimenten war k zusätzlich von der Reibung im magmatischen Fördersystem abhängig. Die Viskosität erhöht die Reibung und verringert k. Alle Experimente weisen daraufhin, daß vulkanischer Tremor durch Druckschwingungen entsteht, die aus Blasenbildungsprozessen herrühren, und das Frequenzspektrum des Tremors in typischer Weise mit dem Strömungsregime variiert. Slug-Flow erzeugt ein stark verrauschtes Signal, das in periodischen Abständen von den steilen Transienten der Slugbildung unterbrochen wird. Annulares Strömungsregime induziert eine Schlotresonanz mit starker Fluktuation der Resonanzfrequenz durch die turbulenten Schwankungen des Mischungsverhältnisses. Beim Aufstieg diskreter Slugblasen entwickelten sich in den Experimenten tieffrequente Druckschwingungen (〈 1 Hz). Wird die Blase als impulsangeregte Gasfeder aufgefaßt, die mit der Magmaauflast zum Schwingen angeregt wird, läßt sich ein quantitativer Zusammenhang zwischen der experimentellen Druckoszillation und Breitbandaufzeichnungen des natürlichen Tremors am Stromboli Vulkan finden. Drastische Druckverringerung in der Magmasäule während der negativen Amplitude der Schwingung führt zur oberflächennahen Freisetzung von Volatilen und so zu den sporadisch pulsierenden Fontäneneruptionen des Stromboli. Magmatransport auf der Grenzfläche der aufsteigender Blasen induziert starke, vertikale Konvektion im Schlot und sättigt die anstehende Magmasäule langfristig mit Volatilen. Erstmalig wurde die Radar-Doppler-Technik für in situ Geschwindigkeitsmessungen vulkanischer Ejekta von uns am Stromboli eingesetzt. Die neue Technik erwies sich als gut geeignet für den Aufbau eines Meßsystems zur dreidimensionalen, zeitlich und ortsaufgelösten Geschwindigkeitsanalyse der Eruptionsfontäne. In Kombination mit seismischen Messungen ist dies ein wesentlicher Schritt zu einem besseren Verständnis des Eruptionsdynamik.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: Cadmium (Cd) has a nutrient-like distribution in the ocean, similar to the macronutrient phosphate. Significant isotope fractionation induced by the biological cycling of Cd makes it a potential tracer for nutrients and productivity. However, the Cd flux and Cd isotope composition of marine sediments can also be influenced by local redox conditions and partial remineralization of organically hosted Cd. These confounding factors are under-constrained and render it challenging to use Cd as a reliable paleoproxy. To understand the relative importance of each of these processes, we examined the Cd isotope systematics of 69 modern sediments deposited across a wide range of environments. We complement these data with four profiles of particulate Cd isotope compositions from the Southern Ocean. We report three main results. First, we show that the sedimentary flux of Cd is tightly coupled to that of organic matter. Second, most Cd burial occurs in regions with some bottom-water oxygen, and the flux of CdS to anoxic regions is, globally, minor. Finally, we find that remineralization can substantially modify sedimentary Cd isotope compositions, though it is challenging to relate pelagic and sedimentary processes. For example, we find that the relationship between sedimentary Cd isotope compositions and surface seawater [Cd] is the reverse of that predicted by isotope reactor models. Likewise, sedimentary Cd isotope compositions are anti-correlated with bottom-water oxygen. While this pattern is consistent with preferential remineralization of isotopically heavy Cd, profiles of marine particulate matter reveal the reverse, whereby the Cd isotope composition of large particles, which are most likely to reach the seafloor, becomes increasingly ‘heavy’ with depth. These results highlight how productivity, redox, and remineralization all influence the flux and isotope composition of Cd to marine sediments. While our study suggests that there is no simple way to relate sedimentary Cd isotopes to surface nutrient utilization, our data point toward several potential controls that could form the basis of novel proxies for local redox conditions and remineralization.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: other
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: The exploitation of marine resources has caused drastic declines of many large predatory fishes. Amongst these, sharks are of major conservation concern due to their high vulnerability to overfishing and their ecological role as top predators. The 2 protected and endangered shark species tope Galeorhinus galeus and smooth hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena use overlapping coastal areas around the globe as essential fish habitats, but data to assess their trophic ecology and niche partitioning are scarce. We provide the first comparative assessment of the trophic ecology, ontogenetic shifts, and niche partitioning of the co-occurring tope and juvenile smooth hammerhead around the Azores Islands, mid-north Atlantic, based on delta 13C, delta 15N, and delta 34S (CNS) stable isotope analysis of muscle tissue of the sharks and their putative prey species. Overall, isotopic niches of both species indicated a reliance on similar resources throughout the sampled sizes (tope: 35-190; smooth hammerhead 54-159 cm total length), with significant ontogenetic shifts. Topes displayed a gradual shift to higher trophic levels and a more generalist diet with increasing size (increasing delta 15N values and isotopic niche volumes, respectively), whereas smooth hammerhead diet shifted towards prey with lower delta 34S at a constant trophic level and a more specialized diet than tope of comparable body size (decreasing delta 34S and constant delta 15N and delta 13C values, respectively). Our results indicate contrasting ontogenetic shifts in delta 13C and delta 34S along with pronounced differences between niche overlap of life stages pointing to intra- and interspecific niche partitioning of habitat and prey.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: Promoting effects of aluminum addition on chlorophyll biosynthesis and growth of two cultured iron‐limited marine diatoms Linbin Zhou CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‐resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China Marine Biogeochemistry Division GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Germany University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7230-4116 Fengjie Liu Marine Biogeochemistry Division GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Germany Grantham Institute—Climate Change and the Environment, Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London London UK Eric P. Achterberg Marine Biogeochemistry Division GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Germany Anja Engel Marine Biogeochemistry Division GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Germany https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1042-1955 Peter G.C. Campbell Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Eau Terre Environnement Quebec Canada https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7160-4571 Claude Fortin Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Eau Terre Environnement Quebec Canada https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-1869 Liangmin Huang CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‐resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Yehui Tan CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‐resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Abstract Aluminum (Al) may play a role in the ocean's capacity for absorbing atmospheric CO 2 via influencing carbon fixation, export, and sequestration. Aluminum fertilization, especially in iron (Fe)‐limited high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll ocean regions, has been proposed as a potential CO 2 removal strategy to mitigate global warming. However, how Al addition would influence the solubility and bioavailability of Fe as well as the physiology of Fe‐limited phytoplankton has not yet been examined. Here, we show that Al addition (20 and 100 nM) had little influence on the Fe solubility in surface seawater and decreased the Fe bio‐uptake by 11–22% in Fe‐limited diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii in Fe‐buffered media. On the other hand, the Al addition significantly increased the rate of chlorophyll biosynthesis by 45–60% for Fe‐limited T. weissflogii and 81–102% for Fe‐limited Thalassiosira pseudonana , as well as their cell size, cellular chlorophyll content, photosynthetic quantum efficiency ( F v / F m ) and growth rate. Under Fe‐sufficient conditions, the Al addition still led to an increased growth rate, though the beneficial effects of Al addition on chlorophyll biosynthesis were no longer apparent. These results suggest that Al may facilitate chlorophyll biosynthesis and benefit the photosynthetic efficiency and growth of Fe‐limited diatoms. We speculate that Al addition may enhance intracellular Fe use efficiency for chlorophyll biosynthesis by facilitating the superoxide‐mediated intracellular reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II). Our study provides new evidence and support for the iron–aluminum hypothesis.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a globally important process supplying nutrients and trace elements to the coastal environment, thus playing a pivotal role in sustaining marine primary productivity. Along with nutrients, groundwater also contains allochthonous microbes that are discharged from the terrestrial subsurface into the sea. Currently, little is known about the interactions between groundwater‐borne and coastal seawater microbial populations, and groundwater microbes' role upon introduction to coastal seawater populations. Here, we investigated seawater microbial abundance, activity and diversity in a site strongly influenced by SGD. In addition, through laboratory‐controlled bottle incubations, we mimicked different mixing scenarios between groundwater and seawater. Our results demonstrate that the addition of 0.1 μm filtered groundwater stimulated heterotrophic activity and increased microbial abundance compared to control coastal seawater, whereas 0.22 μm filtration treatments induced primary productivity and Synechococcus growth. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed a strong shift from a SAR11‐rich community in the control samples to Rhodobacteraceae dominance in the 〈0.1 μm treatment, in agreement with Rhodobacteraceae enrichment in the SGD field site. These results suggest that microbes delivered by SGD may affect the abundance, activity and diversity of intrinsic microbes in coastal seawater, highlighting the cryptic interplay between groundwater and seawater microbes in coastal environments, which has important implications for carbon cycling. Plain Language Summary Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important process where groundwater flows into the ocean along the coast. When the groundwater mixes with seawater, the microbes from both sources interact with each other, which can impact the diversity, activity, and amount of microbes in the coastal environment. Currently, little is known about how groundwater‐borne microbes affect marine microbial populations. Our research shows that when groundwater microbes are removed before mixing groundwater with seawater, the abundance and activity of certain microbes that consume organic matter significantly increase. Additionally, we noticed a significant difference in the types of microbes present between the sites where SGD occurs versus background (uninfluenced) coastal water, especially in terms of the microbes that consume organic matter. Overall, this study suggests that there is a connection between groundwater and seawater microbes, which can influence the delicate balance between organisms that produce carbon and those that consume it. This has important implications for how carbon cycles globally. Key Points Groundwater discharge into the coastal zone delivers both nutrients and allochthonous microbes Groundwater microbes interact with seawater populations, by which affecting the delicate autotroph‐heterotroph balance Subterranean microbial processes are key drivers of food webs, potentially affecting biogenic carbon fluxes in the ocean
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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