ALBERT

Description: Pelagic observations were collected via horizontal video transects using the pelagic in situ observation system PELAGIOS from 50-1000 m during MSM49. The collected video was annotated using the video and annotation reference system (VARS) developed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. In total more than 40 hours of video were collected and annotated, and 43 taxonomic groups were annotated, mostly consisting of gelatinous zooplankton. The data consists of counts of taxonomic groups (〉1 cm) linked to location and depth in the Cape Verde region. These counts are converted to abundance data (ind./m3).

Description: This dataset includes a high temporal resolution stable carbon isotopic (δ13C) record of the deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia truncatulinoides from sediment core GL-1180. This core is located in the western tropical Atlantic and the record spans the last 300 kyr.

Description: This dataset includes a high temporal resolution stable carbon isotopic (δ13C) record of the benthic foraminifera Cibicides spp. from sediment core GL-1180. This core is located in the western tropical Atlantic and the record spans the last 300 kyr.

Description: Submarine mud volcanoes develop through the extrusion of methane-rich fluids and sediments onto the seafloor. The morphology of a mud volcano can record its extrusive history and processes of erosion and deformation affecting it. The study of offshore mud-volcano dynamics is limited because only few have been mapped at resolutions that reveal their detailed surface structures. More importantly, rates and volumes of extruded sediment and methane are poorly constrained. The 100 m high twin cones of Venere mud volcano are situated at ~1600 m water depth within Squillace Canyon along the Ionian Calabrian margin, Mediterranean Sea. Seafloor bathymetry, and backscatter data obtained by a ship-based system and an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) allow mapping of mudflow deposits of the mud volcano and bedforms in the surrounding canyon. Repeated surveying by AUV document active mud movement at the western summit in between 2014 and 2016. Through sediment coring and tephrochronology, ages of buried mudflow deposits are determined based on the sedimentation rate and the thickness of overlying hemipelagic sediments. An average extrusion rate of 27000 m^3/year over the last ~882 years is estimated. These results support a three-stage evolutionary model of Venere mud volcano since ~4000 years ago. It includes the onset of quiescence at the eastern cone (after ~2200 years ago), erosive events in Squillace Canyon (prior to ~882 years ago), and mudflows from the eastern cone (since ~882 years). This study reveals new interactions between a mud volcano and a canyon in the deep sea.

Description: In 2003, the Chapopote asphalt flow was discovered in the southern Gulf of Mexico at a depth of 2,900 m. Subsequent exploration has expanded the known extent of asphalt volcanism across abyssal depths in much of this region. Aspects of asphalt flow morphology are analogous to ropy pāhoehoe flows known from eruptions of basaltic lava on land, but the timing and formation sequence of asphalt flows has been difficult to infer because limited visibility in the deep ocean makes it challenging to image large areas of the seafloor. Combining data from autonomous underwater vehicle mapping and remotely operated vehicle navigation with powerful optical mosaicking techniques, we assembled georeferenced images of the Chapopote asphalt flows. The largest image captured an area of 3,300 m² with over 15 billion pixels and resolved objects at centimeter scale. Augmenting this optical resolution with microbathymetry led to the recognition that very large asphalt pavements exhibiting highly varied morphologies and weathering states comprised a series of at least three separate flow units, one on top of another. The Chapopote asphalt volcano likely erupts during phases of intensified activity separated by periods of reduced activity. After extrusion, chemical and physical changes in the asphalt generate increasing viscosity gradients both along the flow path and between the flow's surface and core. This allows the asphalt to form pāhoehoe lava-like shapes and to support dense chemosynthetic communities over timescales of hundreds of years.

Description: Numerous articles have recently reported on gas seepage offshore Svalbard, because the gas emission from these Arctic sediments was thought to result from gas hydrate dissociation, possibly triggered by anthropogenic ocean warming. We report on findings of a much broader seepage area, extending from 74° to 79°, where more than a thousand gas discharge sites were imaged as acoustic flares. The gas discharge occurs in water depths at and shallower than the upper edge of the gas hydrate stability zone and generates a dissolved methane plume that is hundreds of kilometer in length. Data collected in the summer of 2015 revealed that 0.02?7.7% of the dissolved methane was aerobically oxidized by microbes and a minor fraction (0.07%) was transferred to the atmosphere during periods of low wind speeds. Most flares were detected in the vicinity of the Hornsund Fracture Zone, leading us to postulate that the gas ascends along this fracture zone. The methane discharges on bathymetric highs characterized by sonic hard grounds, whereas glaciomarine and Holocene sediments in the troughs apparently limit seepage. The large scale seepage reported here is not caused by anthropogenic warming.

Description: Stubacher Sonnblickkees (SSK) is located in the Hohe Tauern Range (Eastern Alps) in the south of Salzburg Province (Austria) in the region of Oberpinzgau in the upper Stubach Valley. The glacier is situated at the main Alpine crest and faces east, starting at elevations close to 3050 m and in the 1980s terminated at 2500 m a.s.l. It had an area of 1.7 km² at that time, compared with 1 km² in 2013. The glacier type can be classified as a slope glacier, i.e. the relief is covered by a relatively thin ice sheet and there is no regular glacier tongue. The rough subglacial topography makes for a complex shape in the surface topography, with various concave and convex patterns. The main reason for selecting this glacier for mass balance observations (as early as 1963) was to verify on a complex glacier how the mass balance methods and the conclusions - derived during the more or less pioneer phase of glaciological investigations in the 1950s and 1960s - could be applied to the SSK glacier. The decision was influenced by the fact that close to the SSK there was the Rudolfshütte, a hostel of the Austrian Alpine Club (OeAV), newly constructed in the 1950s to replace the old hut dating from 1874. The new Alpenhotel Rudolfshütte, which was run by the Slupetzky family from 1958 to 1970, was the base station for the long-term observation; the cable car to Rudolfshütte, operated by the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB), was a logistic advantage. Another factor for choosing SSK as a glaciological research site was the availability of discharge records of the catchment area from the Austrian Federal Railways who had turned the nearby lake Weißsee ('White Lake') - a former natural lake – into a reservoir for their hydroelectric power plants. In terms of regional climatic differences between the Central Alps in Tyrol and those of the Hohe Tauern, the latter experienced significantly higher precipitation , so one could expect new insights in the different response of the two glaciers SSK and Hintereisferner (Ötztal Alps) - where a mass balance series went back to 1952. In 1966 another mass balance series with an additional focus on runoff recordings was initiated at Vernagtfener, near Hintereisferner, by the Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich. The usual and necessary link to climate and climate change was given by a newly founded weather station (by Heinz and Werner Slupetzky) at the Rudolfshütte in 1961, which ran until 1967. Along with an extension and enlargement to the so-called Alpine Center Rudolfshütte of the OeAV, a climate observatory (suggested by Heinz Slupetzky) has been operating without interruption since 1980 under the responsibility of ZAMG and the Hydrological Service of Salzburg, providing long-term met observations. The weather station is supported by the Berghotel Rudolfshütte (in 2004 the OeAV sold the hotel to a private owner) with accommodation and facilities. Direct yearly mass balance measurements were started in 1963, first for 3 years as part of a thesis project. In 1965 the project was incorporated into the Austrian glacier measurement sites within the International Hydrological Decade (IHD) 1965 – 1974 and was afterwards extended via the International Hydrological Program (IHP) 1975 – 1981. During both periods the main financial support came from the Hydrological Survey of Austria. After 1981 funds were provided by the Hydrological Service of the Federal Government of Salzburg. The research was conducted from 1965 onwards by Heinz Slupetzky from the (former) Department of Geography of the University of Salzburg. These activities received better recognition when the High Alpine Research Station of the University of Salzburg was founded in 1982 and brought in additional funding from the University. With recent changes concerning Rudolfshütte, however, it became unfeasible to keep the research station going. Fortunately, at least the weather station at Rudolfshütte is still operating. In the pioneer years of the mass balance recordings at SSK, the main goal was to understand the influence of the complicated topography on the ablation and accumulation processes. With frequent strong southerly winds (foehn) on the one hand, and precipitation coming in with storms from the north to northwest, the snow drift is an important factor on the undulating glacier surface. This results in less snow cover in convex zones and in more or a maximum accumulation in concave or flat areas. As a consequence of the accentuated topography, certain characteristic ablation and accumulation patterns can be observed during the summer season every year, which have been regularly observed for many decades . The process of snow depletion (Ausaperung) runs through a series of stages (described by the AAR) every year. The sequence of stages until the end of the ablation season depends on the weather conditions in a balance year. One needs a strong negative mass balance year at the beginning of glacier measurements to find out the regularities; 1965, the second year of observation resulted in a very positive mass balance with very little ablation but heavy accumulation. To date it is the year with the absolute maximum positive balance in the entire mass balance series since 1959, probably since 1950. The highly complex ablation patterns required a high number of ablation stakes at the beginning of the research and it took several years to develop a clearer idea of the necessary density of measurement points to ensure high accuracy. A great number of snow pits and probing profiles (and additional measurements at crevasses) were necessary to map the accumulation area/patterns. Mapping the snow depletion, especially at the end of the ablation season, which coincides with the equilibrium line, is one of the main basic data for drawing contour lines of mass balance and to calculate the total mass balance (on a regular-shaped valley glacier there might be an equilibrium line following a contour line of elevation separating the accumulation area and the ablation area, but not at SSK). – An example: in 1969/70, 54 ablation stakes and 22 snow pits were used on the 1.77 km² glacier surface. In the course of the study the consistency of the accumulation and ablation patterns could be used to reduce the number of measurement points. - At the SSK the stratigraphic system, i.e. the natural balance year, is used instead the usual hydrological year. From 1964 to 1981, the yearly mass balance was calculated by direct measurements. Based on these records of 17 years, a regression analysis between the specific net mass balance and the ratio of ablation area to total area (AAR) has been used since then. The basic requirement was mapping the maximum snow depletion at the end of each balance year. There was the advantage of Heinz Slupetzky's detailed local and long-term experience, which ensured homogeneity of the series on individual influences of the mass balance calculations. Verifications took place as often as possible by means of independent geodetic methods, i.e. monoplotting , aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, more recently also the application of PHOTOMODELLER and laser scans. The semi-direct mass balance determinations used at SSK were tentatively compared with data from periods of mass/volume change, resulting in promising first results on the reliability of the method. In recent years re-analyses of the mass balance series have been conducted by the World Glacier Monitoring Service and will be done at SSK too. – The methods developed at SSK also add to another objective, much discussed in the 1960s within the community, namely to achieve time- and labour-saving methods to ensure continuation of long-term mass balance series. The regression relations were used to extrapolate the mass balance series back to 1959, the maximum depletion could be reconstructed by means of photographs for those years. R. Günther (1982) calculated the mass balance series of SSK back to 1950 by analysing the correlation between meteorological data and the mass balance; he found a high statistical relation between measured and determined mass balance figures for SSK. In spite of the complex glacier topography, interesting empirical experiences were gained from the mass balance data sets, giving a better understanding of the characteristics of the glacier type, mass balance and mass exchange. It turned out that there are distinct relations between the specific net balance, net accumulation (defined as Bc/S) and net ablation (Ba/S) to the AAR, resulting in characteristic so-called 'turnover curves'. The diagram of SSK represents the type of a glacier without a glacier tongue. Between 1964 and 1966, a basic method was developed, starting from the idea that instead of measuring years to cover the range between extreme positive and extreme negative yearly balances one could record the AAR/snow depletion/Ausaperung during one or two summers. The new method was applied on Cathedral Massif Glacier, a cirque glacier with the same area as the Stubacher Sonnblickkees, in British Columbia, Canada. during the summers of 1977 and 1978. It returned exactly the expected relations, e.g. mass turnover curves, as found on SSK. The SSK was mapped several times on a scale of 1:5000 to 1:10000. Length variations have been measured since 1960 within the OeAV glacier length measurement programme. Between 1965 and 1981, there was a mass gain of 10 million cubic metres. With a time lag of 10 years, this resulted in an advance until the mid-1980s. Since 1982 there has been a distinct mass loss of 35 million cubic metres by 2013. In recent years, the glacier has disintegrated faster, forced by the formation of a periglacial lake at the glacier terminus and also by the outcrops of rocks (typical for the slope glacier type), which have accelerated the meltdown. The formation of this lake is well documented. The glacier has retreated by some 600 m since 1981. - Since August 2002, a runoff gauge installed by the Hydrographical Service of Salzburg has recorded the discharge of the main part of SSK at the outlet of the new Unterer Eisboden See. The annual reports – submitted from 1982 on as a contractual obligation to the Hydrological Service of Salzburg – document the ongoing processes on the one hand, and emphasize the mass balance of SSK and outline the climatological reasons, mainly based on the met-data of the observatory Rudolfshütte, on the other. There is an additional focus on estimating the annual water balance in the catchment area of the lake. There are certain preconditions for the water balance equation in the area. Runoff is recorded by the ÖBB power stations, the mass balance of the now approx. 20% glaciated area (mainly the Sonnblickkees) is measured andthe change of the snow and firn patches/the water content is estimated as well as possible. (Nowadays laserscanning and ground radar are available to measure the snow pack). There is a net of three precipitation gauges plus the recordings at Rudolfshütte. The evaporation is of minor importance. The long-term annual mean runoff depth in the catchment area is around 3.000 mm/year. The precipitation gauges have measured deficits between 10% and 35%, on average probably 25% to 30%. That means that the real precipitation in the catchment area Weißsee (at elevations between 2,250 and 3,000 m) is in an order of 3,200 to 3,400 mm a year. The mass balance record of SSK was the first one established in the Hohe Tauern region (and now since the Hohe Tauern National Park was founded in 1983 in Salzburg) and is one of the longest measurement series worldwide. Great efforts are under way to continue the series, to safeguard against interruption and to guarantee a long-term monitoring of the mass balance and volume change of SSK (until the glacier is completely gone, which seems to be realistic in the near future as a result of the ongoing global warming). Heinz Slupetzky, March 2014 -------------------- Addendum 2021-04-22: Today, the research site is coordinated by the Hydrographic Survey of Salzburg and the Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS at the University of Salzburg (PLUS). The conducted long term research is integrated to global networks and monitoring systems such as LTER (LTER Site Oberes Stubachtal). Such long term ecosystem research is a main part of global efforts in understand ecosystems better and in ensuring a sustainable livelihood. All activities are in accordance with the climate and energy stategy Salzburg 2050.

Description: Here we present results from a paleolimnological study on the currently endorheic Central Tibetan lake Taro Co. We critically compare a record from the central part of the lake to a record from the near-shore area, using multiple proxies of sedimentological and paleoecological (chironomid, diatom, pollen) indicators. The results show three stages of lake-wide ecosystem change (〉 ca. 5,000, ca. 5,000 to ca. 2,200 and 〈 ca. 2,200 cal. yr. BP) along a continuous drying trend throughout the Mid and Late Holocene. Besides this lake-wide, regional development, we observe two local events in the sediment core from the southeastern part of the lake, including (1) a hiatus between 10,600 and 4,900 cal. yr. BP and (2) a 1,300 year-long period of distinctly different paleoenvironmental conditions (4,900–3,600 cal. yr. BP). We hypothesize that both events were caused by the relocation of a river southeast of the near-shore core location. We propose that the first relocation resulted in an erosion event that removed sediment and caused the hiatus. During the following 1,300 years the core location in the southeastern basin was potentially located on the river delta before another river relocation at 4,000 cal. yr. BP established the modern prodelta situation.

Description: Pelagic observations were collected via horizontal video transects using the pelagic in situ observation system PELAGIOS from 50-1000 m during MSM49. The collected video was annotated using the video and annotation reference system (VARS) developed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. In total more than 40 hours of video were collected and annotated, and 43 taxonomic groups were annotated, mostly consisting of gelatinous zooplankton.

Description: The presence-absence data for macrobenthic fauna that has been collected in Mingulay Reef Complex (Scotland, UK) across 79 stations over the years 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010 and 2011. The collection of the benthic samples has been carried out using a Van-Veen grab, mainly from hard habitats (e.g. live and dead coral framework). About 60% of the macrofaunal specimens have been identified at species level using high quality taxonomic keys and advice from taxonomy experts. Most common taxonomic groups analysed here are molluscs, polychaetes, arthropods, bryozoans, anthozoans, tunicates and brachiopods. The collection of the specimens is now deposited at the National Museums of Scotland (see the attached excel file for details). The enviromental data contains information about coordinates and environmental settings at stations where macrobenthic samples mentioned above, were collected. The environmental settings that are included in the file refer to the years 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2011. For more information on the environmental variables have a look in Henry et al. 2010 (doi:10.1007/s00338-009-0577-6) and Henry et al. 2013 (doi:10.5194/bg-10-2737-2013). The environmental variables included in the excel file are: type of macrohabitat (i.e. muddy sand, rubble, rock, live coral, dead framework, live & dead framework), depth (m), slope, ruggedness, broad-scale bathymetric position index, fine-scale bathymetric position index, average current speed (m/s), maximum current speed (m/s), northness, eastness, winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index (same year), winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index (previous year), annual average bottom temperature (same year), annual average bottom salinity (same year). Extraction of bathymetric (depth) and topographic data [slope, aspect, northness, eastness, ruggedness, standardised broad-scale bathymetric position index (BPI; with an inner radius of 1 cell and an outer radius of 5 cells), fine-scale BPI (with an inner radius of 1 cell and an outer radius of 3 cells)] was based on multibeam echosounder data, using the Spatial Analyst and Benthic Terrain Modeler toolboxes in ArcGIS v.10.6.1 Average and maximum current speed values (m/s) were extracted by the ArcGIS v. 10.6.1 Spatial Analyst toolbox using data generated by a high-resolution 3D ocean model created for the MRC by Moreno-Navas et al. (2014). Data for the winter NAOI (DJFM) (Hurrell et al., 2003) were downloaded from the National Center for Atmospheric Research/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research website (climatedataguide.ucar.edu; data accessed on 28/02/2019).

Description: Stable carbon isotopic (δ13C)minimum events have been widely described in marine archives recording the properties of the thermocline and intermediate waters during glacial terminations. However, the mechanisms associated with these events remain ambiguous. Here we present three high temporal resolution deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifera δ13C records from the main thermocline and one benthic δ13C record from the modern core of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). Our cores are distributed along the western South Atlantic from the equator to the subtropics, with the longest record spanning the last ~300 kyr. The results show that δ13C minimum events were pervasive features of the last three glacial terminations and Marine Isotope Stage 4/3 transition in the western South Atlantic. Two distinct mechanisms were responsible for the δ13C minima at thermocline and intermediate depth of the Atlantic, respectively. We suggest that the δ13C minimum events at the thermocline were mostly driven by the thermodynamic ocean-atmosphere isotopic equilibration, which is supported by calculated δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon in the subtropical western South Atlantic as well as by previously published model simulations. On the other hand, the intermediate depth δ13C mini-mum events in the tropics were likely caused by the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Over-turning Circulation (AMOC) and the associated accumulation of isotopically light carbon at mid and intermediate depths of the Atlantic Ocean.

Description: This dataset provides geochemistry data for the Holocene sediment sequence retrieved from Lake Uddelermeer (The Netherlands) in 2012. Concentrations of sedimentary pigments, fossil sterols and stanols as well as elemental (C, N) measurements are presented against both depth (cm) and age (cal yr. BP). A total of 92 samples were analysed for C, N and sedimentary pigment content; a subset of 30 samples was analysed for sterol and stanol compounds. The data provides an insight in the natural variability of the lake ecosystem and has been used to identify the anthropogenic drivers of the change to the turbid conditions that currently characterize this lake. Cores were retrieved from the centre of the lake using a 3-m long handheld piston corer deployed from a floating coring platform during field work in April and May 2012. Samples were obtained from splits of the core and processed in the laboratory of the University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) using standard protocols, including the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine sedimentary pigment concentrations and full scan as well as selective ion monitoring (SIM) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis to determine sterol and stanol concentrations. Name of the Campaign: UDD Event Label: UDD-E Method: Uwitec piston corer Latitude: 52.24652778 Longitude: 5.76097222 Elevation: 24m asl Date/Time of event: 2012-05-01T14:00:00 Further information about event: Lake sediment sequence retrieved using a 60 mm piston corer deployed from a floating platform.

Description: This dataset provides the geochemistry data for the Holocene sediment sequence retrieved from Lake Uddelermeer (The Netherlands) in 2012. Additionally, alkane concentrations for a set of modern leaf samples are provided. Concentrations of fossil alkanes, GDGTs as well as elemental (C, N, S, H) and compound-specific delta Deuterium measurements are presented against both depth (cm) and age (cal yr. BP). A total of 59 samples were analysed. Modern leaf alkane concentrations are presented as concentrations, 10 samples were analysed. The geochemical data provides information about regional vegetation change as well as changes in effective precipitation. It was produced to inform on the age and duration of major environmental transitions during the middle and late Holocene. Cores were retrieved from the lake using a 3-m long handheld piston corer deployed from a floating coring platform during field work in April and May 2012. Samples were obtained from splits of the core and processed in the laboratory of the University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) using standard protocols (CNHS, alkane concentrations), the laboratory of Utrecht University (the Netherlands; GDGT concentrations) and at GFZ Potsdam (Germany; delta Deuterium). Name of the Campaign: UDD Event Label: UDD-E Method: Uwitec piston corer Latitude: 52.24652778 Longitude: 5.76097222 Elevation: 24m asl Date/Time of event: 2012-05-01T14:00:00 Further information about event: Lake sediment sequence retrieved using a 60 mm piston corer deployed from a floating platform.

Description: This dataset provides palaeoecological and sedimentological data for the Late-glacial and Holocene sediment sequence retrieved from Lake Uddelermeer (The Netherlands) in 2012. Counts of pollen and chironomids are presented against both depth (cm) and age (cal yr. BP), and a loss-on ignition record is presented against depth. A total of 110 samples were analysed for their pollen content; a subset of 32 samples was analysed for sterol and stanol compounds. A total of 1412 samples were analysed for their organic content, approximated through loss-on-ignition. The data provides information on changes in the local and regional vegetation, changes in the within-lake ecosystem and changes in minerogenic input into the lake. The dataset has been used to identify Holocene lake level changes at the site. Cores were retrieved from the centre of the lake using a 3-m long handheld piston corer deployed from a floating coring platform during field work in April and May 2012. Samples were obtained from splits of the core and processed in the laboratory of the University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) using standard protocols. Individual pollen grains and chironomid head capsules were identified using high-power microscopy, and loss-on-ignition was determined using combustion in a 550C oven. Name of the Campaign: UDD Event Label: UDD-E Method: Uwitec piston corer Latitude: 52.24652778 Longitude: 5.76097222 Elevation: 24m asl Date/Time of event: 2012-05-01T14:00:00 Further information about event: Lake sediment sequence retrieved using a 60 mm piston corer deployed from a floating platform. Pollen classification as used by Engels et al. (2016) is provided: TS = Trees and Shrubs Hea = Heathland taxa HI = Upland herbaceous taxa SP = Spore plants SA = Swamp and Aquatic plants Alg = Algae Fun = Fungi Oth = Other (/unclassified)

Description: This dataset provides the sedimentological, palaeoecological and geochemical data for the Lateglacial sediment sequence retrieved from Lake Hämelsee (Germany) in 2013. Loss-on-ignition, XRF, n-alkane, delta-Deuterium and GDGT measurements as well as counts of chironomids, diatoms and Pediastrum are presented against both depth (m) and age (cal yr. BP). The data provides information on the Lateglacial development of the landscape around lake Hämelsee, the local climate dynamics, and the changes in the lake ecosystem itself and has been used to identify the effects of external drivers on biodiversity parameters (alpha diversity, compositional turnover and productivity). Cores were retrieved from the lake using a 3-m long UWITEC piston corer deployed from a floating coring platform during field work in July 2013. Following LOI analysis, ITRAX core scanning and sampling for thin section analysis, core segments spanning between 1325-1687 cm sediment depth were subsampled into contiguous 1-cm-thick subsamples. These subsamples formed the basis for the subsequent chronological, sedimentological and palaeoecological analyses and were processed in various laboratories as specified below. Where appropriate, datasets are processed through amalgamation of consecutive samples to e.g. ensure high count sums or concentrations.

Description: The aim of the cruise was to explore gas emissions using the echosounders of the ship along the slope of the Barents Sea up to Svalbard to find more evidence for dynamic changes of gas hydrates and emissions of free gas. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry post-processing and its products. Description of processed data sources: During the cruise HE450 the Kongsberg EM710 shallow multibeam echosounder with a nominal sounding frequency of 70-100 kHz was utilized. 256 beams (and up to 800 soundings with equidistant and dual swath mode) are formed for each ping with a 1°(Tx)/2°(Rx) footprint while the seafloor is detected using amplitude and phase information for each beam sounding. For further information consult: http://epic.awi.de/26726/1/Kon2007b.pdf. During the surveys the EM710 experienced a few crashes (acquisition software and/or processing unit) but was otherwise stable during the cruise. The wobbling problem detected during the HE387 cruise (Sahling, 2012) is still present over the EM710 data. Responsible person during this cruise / PI: Christian dos Santos Ferreira (cferreira@marum.de) and Paul Wintersteller (pwintersteller@marum.de). Chief Scientist: G. Bohrmann (gbohrmann@marum.de) CR: not available CSR: https://www2.bsh.de/aktdat/dod/fahrtergebnis/2015/20150037.htm A special thanks goes to the watchkeeper during HE450: Chieh-Wie Hsu & Markus Loher

Description: Bathymetry based on data recorded during MSM15-2 between 10.05.2010 and 02.06.2010 in the Black Sea. The aim of the cruise was to perform AUV and ROV pre-site surveys of potential drill sites that represent deposits where shallow gas hydrates have already been sampled by gravity and piston coring and where gas emissions to the water column have been detected.

Description: Abstract & Purpose of the cruise M114 At the so-called asphalt volcanoes in the southern Gulf of Mexico heavy oil is seeping at the seafloor where it remains as asphalt deposits. Discovered and preliminarily surveyed during SO174 and M67/2 expeditions, these sites are subject for detail studies during M114 focusing on mapping with autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV MARUM-SEAL), deep-towed sidescan sonar (DTS-1), sediment echosounder (Parasound), multibeam echosounder (EM122), and remotely operated vehicle MARUM-ROV Quest. The overarching objective is to better understand the impact, fate, and decay rates of oil in the deep-sea environment. Heavy oil and gas bubbles are emitted from the 1200 to 2900 m deep seafloor in the hy-drocarbon province Campeche Knolls in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The viscous heavy oil flows across the seafloor, loses volatile compounds, solidifies, and is converted to asphalt with time. Due to the fact that the heavy oil remains at the seafloor, these sites are natural laboratories to study the impact of oil on deep-sea ecosystems, and the time scales of oil and asphalt degradation. These subjects are very timely, and can help understanding effects of deep water oil spills as caused by the 2010 Deepwater Horizon accident in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We propose to study the extent of oil emissions and asphalt deposits using sidescan sonar and to investigate them further employing ROV Quest. A further major topic of the proposed cruise addresses the question whether or not methane can reach the sea surface and may contribute to the pool of greenhouse gases. The fact that seepage of oil-coated gas bubbles leads to oil slicks at the sea surface and enhanced methane concentrations was recently shown in the north-ern Gulf. It can be assumed that similar efficient transport processes for methane exists in the area of the Campeche Knolls, where oil slicks have been observed in association with about ~30 individual seafloor structures.

Description: Purpose of the cruise M114 At the so-called asphalt volcanoes in the southern Gulf of Mexico heavy oil is seeping at the seafloor where it remains as asphalt deposits. Discovered and preliminarily surveyed during SO174 and M67/2 expeditions, these sites are subject for detail studies during M114 focusing on mapping with autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV MARUM-SEAL), deep-towed sidescan sonar (DTS-1), sediment echosounder (Parasound), multibeam echosounder (EM122), and remotely operated vehicle MARUM-ROV Quest. The overarching objective is to better understand the impact, fate, and decay rates of oil in the deep-sea environment. Heavy oil and gas bubbles are emitted from the 1200 to 2900 m deep seafloor in the hy-drocarbon province Campeche Knolls in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The viscous heavy oil flows across the seafloor, loses volatile compounds, solidifies, and is converted to asphalt with time. Due to the fact that the heavy oil remains at the seafloor, these sites are natural laboratories to study the impact of oil on deep-sea ecosystems, and the time scales of oil and asphalt degradation. These subjects are very timely, and can help understanding effects of deep water oil spills as caused by the 2010 Deepwater Horizon accident in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We propose to study the extent of oil emissions and asphalt deposits using sidescan sonar and to investigate them further employing ROV Quest. A further major topic of the proposed cruise addresses the question whether or not methane can reach the sea surface and may contribute to the pool of greenhouse gases. The fact that seepage of oil-coated gas bubbles leads to oil slicks at the sea surface and enhanced methane concentrations was recently shown in the north-ern Gulf. It can be assumed that similar efficient transport processes for methane exists in the area of the Campeche Knolls, where oil slicks have been observed in association with about ~30 individual seafloor structures.

Description: I attach here 2 excel files: The 1st one is entitled "KAZANIDIS ET AL_ATLAS MINGULAY REEF COMPLEX_MACROBENTHOS DATA". This file contains a presence-absence matrix for macrobenthic fauna that has been collected in Mingulay Reef Complex (Scotland, UK) across 79 stations over the years 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010 and 2011. The 2nd one is entitled "KAZANIDIS ET AL_MINGULAY REEF COMPLEX_ENVIRONMENTAL DATA". This files contains information about coordinates and environmental settings at stations where macrobenthic samples mentioned above, were collected. Please mention that it is quite important that these two excel files stay together

Description: This dataset includes a high temporal resolution stable carbon isotopic (δ13C) record of the deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia inflata from sediment core GL-1090. This core is located in the subtropical Southwestern Atlantic and the record spans the last 180 kyr.

Description: Multibeam echosounder (MBES) data recorded during RV METEOR cruise M134 between 16.01.2017 and 18.02.2017 around South Georgia. The main objective of was to investigate emissions of free gas from cross‐shelf troughs of South Georgia, their distribution, quantification, and sources for methane ebullition sites in sub‐Antarctic waters. Another objective was the mapping of the glacial bathymetry on the shelf. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry raw data ingest and approval. Description of the data sources: During the cruise RV METEOR M134/1 the hull-mounted Kongsberg EM710 with a nominal sounding frequency of 70-100 kHz was utilized. 256 beams with an acoustical footprint of 1°(Tx)/1°(Rx) are formed for each ping. For further information consult: http://epic.awi.de/26726/1/Kon2007b.pdf. The main purposes of most of the surveys were mapping for bathymetry and searching for gas flares in the water column. The EM710 was recording almost continuously. During this cruise the swath width was set to 130° and the use of the high-density equidistant and the dual-swath mode of the EM710 resulted in up to 800 soundings per ping. The survey speed was kept between 6-10 knots depending on weather conditions and flare surveying. Responsible person during this cruise / PI: Wilhelm Weinrebe (wweinrebe@geomar.de) & Paul Wintersteller (pwintersteller@marum.de). Chief Scientist: G. Bohrmann (gbohrmann@marum.de) CR: https://elib.suub.uni-bremen.de/edocs/00106081-1.pdf CSR: http://www.bsh.de/aktdat/dod/fahrtergebnis/2017/20170002.htm A special thanks goes to the watch keeper during M134/1: Viola Bihler, Maximilian Grahs, Miriam Römer and Nikolas Stange

Description: This dataset includes a high temporal resolution stable carbon isotopic (δ13C) record of the deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina dutertrei from sediment core GL-1248. This core is located in the western equatorial Atlantic and the record spans the last 124 kyr.

Description: Gridded bathymetry is based on data recorded during HE450 between 25.08.2015 and 08.09.2015 in the Norwegian Sea. The aim of the cruise was to explore gas emissions using the echosounders of the ship along the slope of the Barents Sea up to Svalbard to find more evidence for dynamic changes of gas hydrates and emissions of free gas. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry post-processing and its products.