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Control of Cambrian evaporites on fracturing in fault-related anticlines in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt

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Abstract

Orientation and distribution of fractures in the Oligocene–Early Miocene Asmari Formation (a major reservoir rock of the Zagros petroleum system) were investigated in two anticlines of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. The Sim and Kuh-e-Asmari anticlines developed in the areas of the Zagros characterized by the occurrence and absence of Cambrian evaporites at the bottom of the stratigraphic pile, respectively. The aim was to outline major differences in terms of fracture spacing and saturation. Organic matter maturity and clay minerals-based geothermometers suggest that the depth of deformation for the top of the Asmari Formation in the Kuh-e-Asmari anticline was in the range of 1.5–2.7 km assuming a geothermal gradient of 22.5 °C/km. The Asmari Formation in the Sim anticline probably experienced a slightly deeper sedimentary burial (maximum 3 km) with a geothermal gradient of 20 °C/km. The spacing of fractures is generally 2–3 times larger (i.e., strain accommodated by fracturing is smaller) in the Sim anticline than in the Kuh-e-Asmari anticline. This is consistent with regional geological studies, analogue, and numerical models that suggest that thrust faults geometry and related folds are markedly different in the absence or presence of a weak decòllement (evaporites). The larger spacing in the Sim anticline is also consistent with higher temperature predicted for the Asmari Formation in this area. By contrast, the orientation of fractures with respect to the fold axes is the same in both anticlines. The fracture systems are rather immature in both anticlines. The amount and density of fractures in the twofolds are controlled by regional (occurrence/absence of salt and probably different burial), rather than local features (fold geometry).

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Acknowledgments

Financial support from the Darius Programme is acknowledged. The coordinators of the Darius Programme are thanked for invitation to submit our project and for continuous assistance. Andrea Zanchi is acknowledged for continuous help. The National Iranian Oil Company is thanked for assistance in the organization of the fieldwork and for perfect logistics. Sergio Lo Mastro is warmly thanked for providing facilities for XRD analysis in Roma Tre laboratories. Mr Mohsen Hadisy and Mr Ali Nejati drove us safely throughout the Zagros. Mr Morteza Rezaee is thanked for organizing logistics in the Asmari and Sim areas. Discussions with personnel from NIOC during a visit of EC and LA in Tehran and with the participants to the congress “ Evolution of the Zagros-Makran Fold Belts, Darius Workshop,” held in Barcelona in May 2012 were stimulating and are acknowledged. The Topic Editor (Soumyajit Mukherjee), Olivier Lacombe, and two other reviewers provided constructive criticisms that greatly improved the quality of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Eugenio Carminati, Luca Aldega & Sabina Bigi

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy

    Sveva Corrado

  3. Servizio Geologico d’Italia, ISPRA, Rome, Italy

    Chiara D’Ambrogi

  4. National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran

    Peyman Mohammadi, Ali Shaban & Shahram Sherkati

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  1. Eugenio Carminati
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Carminati, E., Aldega, L., Bigi, S. et al. Control of Cambrian evaporites on fracturing in fault-related anticlines in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 102, 1237–1255 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0858-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0858-0

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