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Temperature mediates the outcome of species interactions in early life-history stages of two sympatric kelp species

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Abstract

Ocean warming can mediate species interactions and provoke changes in community structure worldwide. Species interactions vary along environmental gradients and life-history stages and increasing temperatures may change competitive dominance between species. Kelps, being marine foundation species, have a complex heteromorphic life cycle, with the early developmental stages being a bottleneck for successful establishment of the adult population. Here, we investigated how temperature influences interactions in early life-history stages of two kelp species with different thermal affinities (Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata from Spitsbergen) by cultivating them in mono- and co-culture and different temperatures. Irrespectively of cultivation treatment, spore germination, gametogenesis, and sporophyte development of both species were mostly positively stimulated by a temperature increase from mean ambient summer temperatures (4–5 °C) to a global warming scenario for the Arctic future (9–10 °C) but not at 15 °C which is the southern temperature limit of A. esculenta. At 15 °C gametogenesis and sporophyte formation of A. esculenta were greatly inhibited in monoculture but not so in L. digitata. On the other hand at 5 °C and 10 °C, gametogenesis and sporophyte growth were generally faster in A. esculenta than in L. digitata, leading to a competitive advantage of A. esculenta over L. digitata in the co-cultivation treatments. The interactive effects of co-cultivation and temperature were evident, where development of A. esculenta was accelerated in the presence of L. digitata at 9 °C but not at 4 °C. Although the mechanisms triggering interspecific interactions were not determined in this study, future global warming was found to give competitive advantage of A. esculenta over L. digitata, which could affect community structure and dominance in coastal environments.

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Acknowledgements

This research was performed at the Ny Ålesund International Research and Monitoring Facility on Svalbard as part of the long-term project KOL 06 ‘The biology of Arctic benthic algae’. We would like to thank the diving group under the leadership of Max Schwanitz for sampling the fertile kelps and the AWIPEV team 2014 for their logistic support, as well as Andreas Wagner for establishing the gametophyte culture material and Claudia Daniel for taking care of experiment 2. We further thank the four reviewers and the associated editor of Marine Biology for their very valuable comments on the manuscript. Special thanks goes to J. Bartsch for the English editing. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in the framework of the priority program “Antarctic Research with comparative investigations in Arctic ice areas” by a grant Za735/1-1. ADM thanks the EMBC + program for financial support.

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  1. Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Katharina Zacher, Miriam Bernard, Alberto Daniel Moreno & Inka Bartsch

  2. Wageningen Marine Research, Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT, Yerseke, The Netherlands

    Miriam Bernard

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  1. Katharina Zacher
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Zacher, K., Bernard, M., Daniel Moreno, A. et al. Temperature mediates the outcome of species interactions in early life-history stages of two sympatric kelp species. Mar Biol 166, 161 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3600-7

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