Abstract
Aerial insectivorous birds such as swallows have been the steepest declining groups of birds in North America over the last 50 years but whether such declines are linked to contaminants has not been examined. We sampled feathers from five species of swallow at multiple locations to assess total mercury [THg] exposure for adults during the non-breeding season, and for juveniles on the breeding grounds. We assessed Hg exposure to juvenile birds in crop- and grass-dominated landscapes to determine if land-use practices influenced feather [THg]. We assayed feathers for stable isotopes (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N) as proxies for relative habitat use and diet to determine their potential influence on feather [THg]. Feather [THg] was highest in adult bank swallows (Riparia riparia) and purple martins (Progne subis) from Saskatchewan and adult cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) from western regions, indicating differential exposure to Hg on the non-breeding grounds. Juvenile bank, barn (Hirundo rustica) and tree (Tachycineta bicolor) swallows had lower feather [THg] in crop-dominated landscapes than grass-dominated landscapes in Saskatchewan, potentially resulting from lower use of wetland-derived insects due to wetland drainage and intensive agriculture. Feather [THg] was related to juvenile feather stable isotopes for several species, suggesting complex interactions with diet and environmental factors. Many individuals had feather [THg] values >2 µg/g, a threshold at which deleterious effects may occur. Our findings indicate differential Hg exposure among species of swallow, regions and land-uses and highlight the need for additional research to determine dietary and finer-scale land-use impacts on individual species and populations.
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Acknowledgements
Funding for this research was provided by Environment and Climate Change Canada (KAH, KJK, GWM, ME), Canada Foundation for Innovation (TDJ) and Western University (KAH). We are thankful to G. Koehler and C. Gryba from the Stable Isotope Hydrology and Ecology Lab for feather stable isotope analysis, to K. Painter, L. Flahr, J. Keating and A. Conan for assistance with mercury analysis and to P. Sinclair and M. Cadman (Canadian Wildlife Service), K. Courtney, A. Diaz and G. Albrecht (Seattle Zoo) for assistance with collecting feathers. Samples for this project were collected under Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Western and Northern Animal Care permits #EC-PN-14-KH01, 15KH01, 16KH01, 17KH01 and 2017-005 (Western University). We thank two anonymous reviewers who provided constructive feedback on the manuscript.
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This study was funded through operational grants to KAH, KJK, and TDJ from Environment and Climate Change Canada, University of Saskatchewan and Western University.
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Feather samples for this project were collected under Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Western and Northern Animal Care permits #EC-PN-14-KH01, 15KH01, 16KH01, 17KH01 and Western University’s Animal Care Committee 2017-005. All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.
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Kardynal, K.J., Jardine, T.D., Génier, C.S.V. et al. Mercury exposure to swallows breeding in Canada inferred from feathers grown on breeding and non-breeding grounds. Ecotoxicology 29, 876–891 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02249-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02249-6